Rogers State University1 Cardiovascular System Chapter 5

Rogers State University 1

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Chapter 5Chapter 5


Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

pump and delivery systempump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and supply trillions of cells with oxygen and

other nutrients vital for survivalother nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate transport cellular waste to appropriate

organs for removalorgans for removal


StructuresStructures

heart - pumpheart - pump vessels - containervessels - container blood - liquidblood - liquid


The HeartThe Heart

hollow muscular organhollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle)(cardiac muscle)

pump to circulate bloodpump to circulate blood blood to oxygenate cells blood to oxygenate cells

and remove waste and remove waste productsproducts

Cardi/o - heartCardi/o - heart


Location and ProtectionLocation and Protection

located between the located between the lungs and above the lungs and above the diaphragmdiaphragm

PericardiumPericardium Pericardial FluidPericardial Fluid EpicardiumEpicardium MyocardiumMyocardium EndocardiumEndocardium


Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesBlood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o angi/o and and vas/ovas/o

arteries - carry blood away from heart, arteries - carry blood away from heart, oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood

veins - carry blood to the heart, veins - carry blood to the heart, deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood

Blood Vessels


ArteriesArteries arteriarteri/o/o blood propelled by heartblood propelled by heart arteries are thick with three layersarteries are thick with three layers pulse-surge of bloodpulse-surge of blood oxygenated blood - bright redoxygenated blood - bright red arteries to arterioles to capillaries arteries to arterioles to capillaries


CapillariesCapillaries system of microscopic system of microscopic

vesselsvessels one epithelial cell thickone epithelial cell thick connect arterial/venous connect arterial/venous

systemssystems blood flow much slower blood flow much slower

through capillaries to allow through capillaries to allow for exchangefor exchange

blood cells travel in single blood cells travel in single filefile


VeinsVeins low-pressure collecting low-pressure collecting

systemsystem ven/ven/o and o and phlebphleb/o/o venules - small veins venules - small veins veins have valvesveins have valves deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood venae cavae - venous venae cavae - venous

blood to Right Atriumblood to Right Atrium


HeartHeart

myocardium - muscle layermyocardium - muscle layer pericardium - sac containing the heartpericardium - sac containing the heart


Heart Chambers

RightAtrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle

Apex


Internal Heart ChambersInternal Heart Chambers


Heart Valves

Apex

Left

Right

Tricuspid

Mitral

Pulmonary

Arte

ry

Aor

ta

Vena C

ava

Pulmonary Veins


Blood Supply to HeartBlood Supply to Heart

Coronary Artery SystemCoronary Artery System– right coronaryright coronary– left coronaryleft coronary

» left anterior descendingleft anterior descending

» circumflexcircumflex


Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation– All parts of body except lungsAll parts of body except lungs

Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation– pulmonary arterial systempulmonary arterial system


Conduction System

1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2-AV Node3-Bundle of His4-Perkinje fibers


Normal Sinus RhythmNormal Sinus Rhythm


Arrhythmias or DysrhythmiasArrhythmias or Dysrhythmias

Palpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heartPalpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heart Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with

no coordinationno coordination atrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregularatrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregular ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm

that can be life-threateningthat can be life-threatening Bradycardia: <60 bpmBradycardia: <60 bpm Tachycardia: >100 bpmTachycardia: >100 bpm


PulsePulse

pulse-rhythmic pulse-rhythmic expansion and expansion and contraction of an contraction of an artery produced by artery produced by pressure of blood pressure of blood moving through the moving through the arteryartery


Blood PressureBlood Pressure Measurement of amount Measurement of amount

of pressure exerted of pressure exerted against the walls of the against the walls of the vessels.vessels.

SystolicSystolic - highest - highest pressure result of pressure result of ventricular contractionventricular contraction

DiastolicDiastolic - lowest - lowest pressure when ventricles pressure when ventricles relaxedrelaxed


Pathology of the Cardiovascular Pathology of the Cardiovascular systemsystem


AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis sclerosesscleroses hypercholesterolemiahypercholesterolemia ischemiaischemia thrombosis, embolusthrombosis, embolus occlusionocclusion aneurysmaneurysm


AneurysmAneurysm

A localized balloon-A localized balloon-like enlargement of like enlargement of an artery.an artery.


Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Diseases of coronary circulationDiseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and

sudden deathsudden death myocardial ischemiamyocardial ischemia

– angina, dyspneaangina, dyspnea myocardial infarctionmyocardial infarction

– diaphoresis, pallor, dyspneadiaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea


ProceduresProceduresOpening Blocked ArteriesOpening Blocked Arteries

Percutaneous transluminal coronary Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)angioplasty (PTCA)

Carotid endarterectomyCarotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass surgeryCoronary artery bypass surgery

– revascularizationrevascularization


Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHDIschemic Heart Disease OR IHD

cardiac disability due to cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart oxygenated blood to heart

caused by constriction or caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary arteryobstruction of coronary artery

Ischemia - deficiency of Ischemia - deficiency of blood supplyblood supply


Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumpingImpaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial , caused by myocardial

infarction, ischemic heart disease, or infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.cardiomyopathy.

Failure of the ventricle Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficientlyto eject blood efficiently causes pulmonary congestioncauses pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart; elevated right heart


Varicose VeinsVaricose Veins Incompetent valvesIncompetent valves

– esophageal varicesesophageal varices– anal hemorrhoidsanal hemorrhoids– legslegs

Edema (localized, generalized)Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitisphlebitis, thrombophlebitis


Blood CompositionBlood Composition

55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)55% plasma (liquid portion of blood) 45% blood cells45% blood cells


Blood TypesBlood Types

4 blood types: A, B, AB, O4 blood types: A, B, AB, O Blood type is determined by surface Blood type is determined by surface

antigensantigens


PharmacologyPharmacology AntianginalsAntianginals antihypertensivesantihypertensives beta blockersbeta blockers calcium channel blockerscalcium channel blockers diureticsdiuretics heparinheparin inotropics, cardiotonicsinotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) StatinsStatins

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Rogers State University1 Cardiovascular System Chapter 5