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31-10-13 TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory Delft University of Technology Role of Gas During Explosive la!!ing I.M. Richardson E.P. Carton Y. van der Drift H. van der Linde 

Role of Gas During Explosive Cladding

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31-10-13

TNO Prins MauritsLaboratoryDelft University ofTechnology

Role of Gas DuringExplosive la!!ing

I.M. Richardson

E.P. Carton

Y. van der Drift 

H. van der Linde 

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

Outline

• "ntro!uction

• Mo!el of #eat Transfer

• Mo!el Pre!ictions

• Experi$ental Observations

• Te$perature Measure$ents

• onclusions

"ntro!uction

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%asics& Operation

explosive

gap

b' During

detonato

r

Mediumexplosive

 eta' %efore

c' En!

"ntro!uction

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 !1, "1  !0, "0

%asics& Effect of GaseousMe!iu$

• (lyer plate generates a shoc) *ave• The co$presse! gas *ill have a higher

te$perature

  Ther$al effects + #eat transfer to the plate

  Mechanical effects + Possible gap variation

"ntro!uction

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31-10-13Richardson Carton van der Drift van der Linde

 #eat Transfer Mo!el

• Gas te$perature

• "nteraction ti$e of the

gas *ith the $etal

• #eat flux fro$ the gas

into the $etal&

• onservation ofEnergy&

)( interfacegas   T T hq   −=      D      i     s      t     a     n     c     e

gas

plate

temperature

 !gas

 !plate

#eat Transfer

T t 

T C  p

2∇=

∂κ  ρ 

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 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

1

2

3

4

2000 4000 6000 8000

1

2

3

4

air 

argon

   k   (   W   /  m   /   K

   )

T(K)

   T   h  e  r  m  a   l   C  o  n   d  u  c   t   i  v   i   t  y

   (   W   m

  -   1   K  -   1   )

Temperature (K)

 Argon

 Air 

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

1/6   1/4   V/V0

P/P0

P0, V0

     d     i   a    t   o   m

     i   c

   m   o   n   o   a    t   o   m

     i   c

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 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

• (or an i!eal gas

1

11

0

00   ,

a

u M 

a

u M    ==

 ρ γ   P 

a   =2

)1()1(1

212

0

2

02

1

1 −− −+=γ  γ  

γ   M 

 M  M 

M # Mach $o%ux # &elocit'

ax # (peed of sound" # "ressureρ  # Densit'γ   # )dia*atic constantσ  # 1st "ressurecoefficient

 ! # !emperature

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 Gas Properties

#eat Transfer

M # Mach $o%ux # &elocit'

ax # (peed of sound" # "ressureρ  # Densit'γ   # )dia*atic constantσ  # 1st "ressurecoefficient

 ! # !emperature

σ 01   P  P  =

1)-(M1

2+1   2

1+=

γ  

γ  σ 

02

1

2

1   T1)M(

)1)M-(+(2T   1

+=

γ  

γ  σ 

o ρ γ  

γ   ρ 

2

1

2

11

1)M-(2

1)M(

+

+=

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• The length of the heate! gas region s is

  *here uc is the collision point velocity an! us the shoc) front velocity

 Gas Metal "nteraction

#eat Transfer

   

  

 =

 su x s   cu-1

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12

400

800

1200

1600 Air vd = 3 x 103 m !1

0.01 "ar 

0.1 "ar 

0.5 "ar 

1 "ar 

   T  #  m  $  #  r  a   %  &

  r  #   (   K   )

'#$% (mm)

Mo!el

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

Mo!el

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

000

500

0 0!02 0!04 0!06 0!0" 0!1 0!12 0!14 0!16 0!1" 0!2

Depth (mm)

   T  e  m  p  e  r  a   t  u  r  e   (   K   )

#tain$ess #tee$Titanium

%o&&er 

Titanium 'eta-21s

($uminium

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Mo!el Pre!ictions

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12

400

600

800

1000

= 105 a

 Argon 3 km !1

 Air

2.0 km !1 

 Air

2.5 km !1

 Air 2.8 km !1

   T  #  m  $  #  r  a   %  &  r  #   (   K   )

'#$% (mm)

Mo!el

#i h - ! -t )

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#igh,-pee! -trea) a$era"$age

Observations

Th l Eff t !

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Ther$al Effects an!Microstructure

• Ti(e an! Ti(e. 

inter$etallics in a

Ti/(e cla!!ing

• Effect of the

para$eters&

pressure an! type

of gas

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

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Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etallics

GasType

0112 3ir

412 3rgon

512 6acuu$

Observations

T t M t

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Te$perature Measure$ent&-tatic,$etho!

• "nterrupte! cla!!ing process• Measure time averaged temperature of a metal

foil heated *' shoc+ed gas

• se calorimetric principles to determine heat

transferred from the gas to the metal

#x$*oi#+ 

"ov#n$*aa%

o*,m##r 

-%a*#n %ri$

ond#r$*aa%

x$*oiv#

/*,#r $*a%#

o*,m#r 

Tin o$$#r +oi* Anvi**

a#

Te$perature

T t M t

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Te$perature Measure$ent&-tatic,$etho!

• Experi$ental result on u,

foil

Te$perature

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

-10.0

-20.0

Time (s)

   T  e  m  p  e  r  a   t  u  r  e    (

   °   C   )

Te$perature Measure$ent&

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Te$perature Measure$ent&Dyna$ic,$etho!

• Thin ther$ocouple *ires• eat up fairl' homogeneousl' in thic+ness .d/

0 micron

Te$perature

Te$perature Measure$ent&

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Te$perature Measure$ent&Dyna$ic,$etho!

"reliminar' result2

Te$perature

Time (μs)

   V  o   l   t  a  g  e    (

  m   V

-t'pe2 ! 4 1506C

ud 7 3 +m s-1

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onclusions

Ther$al effects&

• -i$ple $o!el sho*s

• Reduced surface temperature 8ith reduced gas pressure

• Reduced surface temperature 8ith monatomic gas

• Reduced surface temperature and increased thermal

penetration 8ith increased .metal thermal conductivit'

• Experi$ents in!icate

• 9as in the gap emits visi*le radiation during cladding

• :ntermetallic formation is consistent 8ith model predictions• Callorimetric .static and thin 8ire thermocouple .d'namic

temperature measurements can provide an indication of metal

surface temperatures%

onclusions