REPUBLIC (509-27 BCE)

MONARCHY & REPUBLIC

EARLY EMPIRE

HIGHEMPIRE

LATE EMPIRE

•Hellenization of architecture•Veristic portraiture•1st and 2nd styles of Pompeii painting•509 BCE Romans overthrew Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan King.•Established a senate/council of elders•146 BCE Greece became a Roman province. Romans loved and emulated Greek art and architecture •Julius Ceasar was murdered(44 BCE)•Civil war lasted until 31 BCE

• Octavian/Augustus became emperor after defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt

• Revival of Classical Style in art and architecture

• 3rd and 4th style of Pompeii painting

• Concrete Construction

•Trajan extends Roman Empire•Pantheon is built

•Late antique style•Portraits of soldier Emperors•Constantine founds a NEW ROME at Constantinople

753BCE

27 CE 96 CE 192 CE 337 CE

EARLY EMPIRE (27 BCE – 96 CE)

HIGH EMPIRE (96-192 CE)

LATE EMPIRE (193-337 CE)

Temple of Portunus , 75 BCE

Roman Concrete Construction• Concrete revolutionized

architectural design. • Made with lime mortar, volcanic

sand, water, and small stones• After mixing the concrete it was

poured into wooden molds to dry. Once dry, it was removed from the molds.

• Could be cast in any shape• Romans often covered the rough

concrete with stucco or marble• cost effective and allowed Romans

to make shapes unachievable in masonry construction such as huge vaulted and domed rooms without internal supports

• Used instead of post and lintel

• All of the elements of the arch rest on each other so the weight in distributed evenly

• Useful for doors and openings

ARCH

Barrel Vaults

Great Hall Interior, Trajan's Market, Rome, 100 CE

• Used as a roof• Extended arch• Needs a continuous

form of support

Groin Vaults• formed by the

intersection of two barrel vaults

• Weight is concentrated at corners

• Eliminates need for continuous support like with barrel vaults

• Openings on 4 sides provides light

Baths of Diocletian, 300 CE

• Clerestory- high windows above eye level. The purpose is to bring outside light, fresh air, or both into the inner space.

Basilica Nova, Rome, 310 ce

Hemispherical Dome• Hemispherical dome- Rests on a

concrete cylindrical drum. Concrete domes can be opened up at the apex with a circular oculus allowing light to reach the vast space underneath.

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, 10 BCE

• Augustus brought peace to the Roman world that lasted for 2 centuries called Pax Romana.

• During Pax Romana the Roman emperors commissioned a large number of public works (bridges, theaters, etc.)

• Monuments covered with reliefs documenting the emperors’ great accomplishments to remind people that Rome was a place of great prosperity (not truthful, used as propaganda)

• Figural reliefs• 4 panels on east and west

depict mythological subjects

Mother Earth/Tellus, Ara Pacus Augustae, 10 BCE, 5’3” high

• Embodies the fruits of Pax Augusta• Surrounded by earth and animals• Personifications of refreshing breezes (female figures on the sides)• Elements of earth, sky, and water are all represented

Procession of the Royal Family, Ara Pacus, 10 BCE

• Modeled after procession frieze on the Parthenon• Depicts a specific event, possibly the inauguration ceremony for the arch• Children? Served as moral example due to Augustus’ concern about a declining birth

rate

Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, 10 CE

• Believed to be modeled after the Forum of Augustus in Rome, that does not survive today. • Augustan Neo-Classical Style• dominated the forum of the Roman city, forming a rectangle almost twice as long as it• The façade is dominated by a deep portico almost a third of the building's length. It is• Hexastyle design with six Corinthian columns under the Pediment at either end• Pseudoperipteral in that twenty engaged columns are embedded along the walls of the cella• Above the columns, the architrave is divided by two recessed rows of petrified water drips into

three levels • Egg-and-dart decoration divides the architrave from the frieze. The frieze is decorated with fine

ornamental relief carvings of rosettes and leaves beneath a row of very fine dentils

Pont-du- Gard, Nimes, France, 16 BCE

• Aqueduct-bridge• Romans built aqueducts to carry water from mountain

sources to their city on the Tiber. As their power spread, more aqueducts were built to carry water to their many colonies.

• Channels were built on a gradual decline so water could flow by gravity

The Colosseum, Flavian amphitheater, Rome, 80 CE

• Built during the Flavian dynasty (Vespasian and sons Titus and Domitian)

• Public arena for gladiator fights and other spectacles

• Barrel vaulted corridors held up enormous seating area

• Substructures for gladiators, animal cages, etc.

• cloth awning • 160 feet high (height of a 16 story

building)

• Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders

• Engaged columns with lintel and frame

• Combo of Greek and Roman architectural elements

Arch of Titus (West ), Rome, 80 CE

• Erected in Titus’ honor by his younger brother

• Triumphal arch (freestanding)

• Engaged columns

• Roman Composite Capitals (Ionic and Corinthian)

• Reliefs of personifications of victory

• Inscription (to honor GOD Titus)

• Reliefs inside of arch: parade of Titus after the end of Jewish wars (conquest of Judea) Carrying spoils

• Relief: Titus in his chariot with Victory who places wreath on his head (celebration of imperial values)

• First depiction of mortals and immortals in roman architecture

Trajan’s Market, 100 CE, Rome

• Trajan was emperor from 98CE until his death• Soldier-emperor, non-patrician, led empire to it’s maximum territorial extent• Large complex believed to be the world’s first mall• Part of Trajan’s Forum• Multilevel• Marble Floors• Library