Upload
jimmy
View
225
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
1/41
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
2/41
HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE
ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES I 1. THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE COUNTRYS NAME
3. KINGDOMS THAT MAKE UP THE UK
4. THE PEOPLE WHO MAKE UP THE UK
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
3/41
ORIGIN OF THE NAME FULL NAME THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
BRITAIN NAME GIVEV BY THE ROMANS TO THEWHOLE ISLAND CONTAINING MODERN DAY:ENGLAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND
IRALAND HIBERNIA
SCOTLAND CALEDONIA
17 C ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND JOIN AND MAKE UPGREAT BRITAIN
18C IRELAND JOINS AND MAKE UP THE FULL NAME
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
4/41
ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE - GERMANIC LANGUAGE
INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN
BROUGHT BY GERMANIC SETTLERS (Angles,Saxons, Jutes) AND ROMAN TROOPS FROMNORTHERN GERMANY AND NETHERLANDS
LATIN WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE OF THEGERMANIC PEOPLE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
5/41
A short history of the origins
and development of EnglishArrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain
during the 5th century AD (Angles, Saxons and Jutes),who crossed the North Sea from what today isDenmark and northern Germany.
At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic
language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushedwest and north by the invaders - mainly into what isnow Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
6/41
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
7/41
FORMS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE OLD ENGLISH (450-1100 AD) Derived from the
dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, later stronglyinfluenced by North Germanic and Norse, spoken bythe Vikings. The words be, strong and water, forexample, derive from Old English. Old English was
spoken until around 1100. MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-1500) Norman French
(Anglo-Norman)
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800) developedin the period of Shakespeare (mid-late 16 c) withinfluence of Latin and Greek especially since theRenaissance
Late Modern English new vocabulary. IndustrialRevolution; technolo ; the British Em ire
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
8/41
BRITISH PRE-HISTORY Some 10,000 years ago hunters and gatherers arrived
from the European continent to Britain. New findings claim its history started when it was part
of a bigger land mass. The separation from landhappened some 9,000 years ago. The earliest human
bones are dated from this period. In the New Stone Age period (8300 - 2000 BC) Iberians
from Spain and Portugal arrived and settled south-west England, Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man and
western Scotland) Around 2,000 BC these stone-age people started
erecting huge monuments of giant rock possibly forreligious purposes, amongst which the most famous
one is Stonehenge
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
9/41
STONEHENGE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
10/41
STONEHENGE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
11/41
STONEHENGE
Stonehenge at least 5 phases the first phase musthave begun 1800 years before the arrival of theRomans. Others have dated him from around the 5thcentury BC, and later in the XVII century, it has been
related to the druids, priests that the Romans have meton their arrival to Britain.
Stonehenge I built some 4500 5000 years ago is ofgreat astronomical and archaeological importance.
Stonehenge II (G. S. Hawkins DecipheringStonehenge), places the importance on the measuringof time and seasons.
Stonehenge III modified, related to funerals
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
12/41
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
13/41
Roman Britain (c. 55 BC c. AD
440) Beginnings of British History- for 4 centuries Britain
was an integral part of a the Roman Empire a singlepolitical system that stretched from Turkey toPortugal, and from the Red Sea to Tyne.
written sources mostly as inscriptions on stones.
coined money (Roman coinage) which had aparticularly important part in the politics and
economics of the Roman world. Roman-British society was literate more than at any
other time till the end of the Middle Ages
Therefore, the Roman period can be defined as a
countrys emergence from prehistory to history.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
14/41
The Importance of the Roman
Presence in Britain The earliest records of British inhabitants come
from the Romans as they are the first ones who have
recorded their history. it is Rome that introduces Britain to Christianity
the development of coined money
road net, cities (London)
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
15/41
FIRST ROMAN ARRIVALS First to arrive Julius Caesar 55, 54 BC
His British enterprise made a lasting impression on
Rome. Britain was a remote island across the Ocean.After conquering Gaul he found it attractive to try aninvasion on Britain. In none of his two attempts did hemanage to trigger a Roman settlement in Britain.However, in two briefs campaigns Caesar had putBritain on the Roman map. He imposed an annual taxto be paid to Rome.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
16/41
How did Britain look to Cesar? The people were Barbarinas, in war with each other,
fractioned.
The northern borders of England have never beenconquered by Romans, and a huge number of Celtsremained outside the borders.
Cesar arrived at Kent. More than 12 tribes are
identified during roman invasion. Romans met manyarmies led by women, Boadicea being the most famousone.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
17/41
FIRST CONQUEROR Claudius is the firs emperor to really conquer
Britain in AD 43.
Between this Caesars expedition and this invasion, thetrading ties between some of the British tribes andRome have strengthened (Trinovantes).
Much of the Roman mission was dedicated to
civilization or as Tacitus said, those uncivilizedpeople should give up for the sake of peace andtranquillity.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
18/41
Christianity was introduced in Britain in the II
century. Christianity was mainly present among asmall group of aristocrats but the majority remained
pagan and no big Roman church-like structures havebeen recorded.
Most famous the Hadrian wall started in 122 adlasting 6 years to keep away the Brits from the Uplands
Antonine Wall from Edinburgh to Glasgow separating North from South tribes
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
19/41
Sequence of Events until the 8 cAD 213 and 342 peaceful period. Romans gave the
cities a cage like pattern.
IV century-golden age of Britain
395-423 during Honorie, the situation worsens whenthe Roman troops already withdrew to protect Italyfrom the Alarics Goths.
410-600 Arrival of Angles and Saxons
Theres a rich oral tradition of the Saxons. The GodsVotan and Tor gave the names to the days of the week,which remain as such until present times. Beowolf675-875, talks about the mean monsters, rings, beauty
and power of nature.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
20/41
SAXON NAMES OF GODS
Mona- Moon Tiu-War
Woden-Cunning God
Tor-Thuder
Freya- Love
Sunne- Sun
The first Saxon king we have a record of is Etelbert of
Kent who embraced Christianity.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
21/41
KING ARTHUR
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
22/41
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who,according to medieval histories and romances, led thedefense of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the
early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story aremainly composed of folklore and literary invention,and his historical existence is debated and disputed bymodern historians
Malory, 1469 famous for his bookMorte dArthur(The Death of Arthur) Arthur was probably a Celticruler who fought the Anglo-Saxons.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
23/41
Invasions from the 8c. on 8 c. was a peaceful period of cultural vitality.
Late 8th c. 9th c. - attacks of Vikings starting from theNorth. (Nors people from the North - Norwegeanfirst, then Danish)
10th c. England falls under Danish rule
Viking a verb going off as a pirate 1066-Normans, mostly seen by historians as a triumph
of military method and equipment changes theBritish history forever
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
24/41
EXERCISE PEOPLE DATE CHARACTER/ACHIEV.
1. Iberians 3000 B.C. Metal working/first civlisation
2. ..
3. ..
4. ..
5. ..
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
25/41
1066 AND ALL THAT FOLLOWED 1066. The event?
The Battle of Hastings. The most famous date and themost famous battle in English history. The year thatWilliam Duke of Normandy crossed the Channel
William conquered only England
The Battle of Hastings didnt put him on the throne ofScotland, Ireland or Wales. Yet, the Norman Conquestchanged everything, for everyone.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
26/41
The Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Normanvictory in the Norman Conquest of England.
The battle took place on 14 October 1066, between the
Norman army of Duke William of Normandy fromFrance, and the English army led by King Harold II.
Harold II is widely regarded as the last Anglo-SaxonKing of England before the Norman Conquest.
It seems likely that around 5,000 English and 3,000
Normans were killed during the battle.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
27/41
Norman Possessions in 12th c.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
28/41
Norman conquest consequences Norman conquest had social, political, and cultural
consequences on Britain.
The old English nobility had lost its land and hence,its influence, and a new, more adjustable aristocracy(French speaking followers), has ceased over thepower.
1100 at least 500 Norman castles were built -WindsorCastle stands as most prominent (the largestinhabited castle in the world, one of the official Royal
residences) Saxon bishops were thrown off their positions and
taken over by the Normans.
England also started its very close cultural
relationships with the other side of La Manche.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
29/41
WINDSOR CASTLE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
30/41
WINDSOR CASTLE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
31/41
LANGUAGE CHANGES
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
32/41
LANGUAGE CHANGES This period was characterized by a lingual gap
between the local inhabitants and the new
landowners. Latin was the language of mysteries andthe Roman Catholic Church, the Norman French was alanguage of law and authorities.
Anglo-Norman (spoken by Norman kings and
nobility, a vernacular of the court, law, school,university, parliament) a variety of French, commonlyused for administrative purposes from the 13th untilthe 15th century in England. Knowledge only of the
written language. The English language underwent many changes and
remained the language of common people
Middle English literature (1350-1485) Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir
Thomas Malory, William Langland, Margery Kempe.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
33/41
THE DOMESDAY BOOK The Domesday Book was commissioned in December
1085 by William the Conqueror
DOMESDAY BOOK
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
34/41
DOMESDAY BOOK The Domesday Book, a valuable albeit an incomplete
representation of the English country and its people. It
represented the habits of an old society rather thansome radical changes.
One of the main purposes of the survey was to find outwho owned what so they could be taxed on it, and the
judgment of the assessors was final whatever thebook said about who owned the property, or what itwas worth, was the law, and there was no appeal.
It was written in Latin, although there were some
vernacular words inserted for native terms.
"Domesday" (Middle English spelling of Doomsday) -to emphasize its definitiveness and authority (theanalogy refers to the Christian belief of a LastJudgment.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
35/41
FEUDALISMWilliam the Conqueror was crowned a king, thus
gaining a huge amount of land. The whole countrybelonged to the crown, and all the great landowners towho William had given lend were his vassals.
They received the land in exchange for their services asprotectors of the king, that is, knights. The historianswho interpreted the Norman society referred to thisperiod asfeudalism, used as a term for the first time in
theXVII century by the lawyers.
The system, in its most basic essence, is the granting
of land in return for military service.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
36/41
The center of the feudal system in medieval Europe was
the king - a warrior.
He needed knights. In return for providing the king with warriors, tenants-in-
chief (barons) were granted large holding of land. A grant
of land was known as a "feud" or a "fief": hence the term
"feudalism". The barons received their lands directly from the king
and, in turn, leased parts of their estates to the knights,
who in their turn gave leases to yeomen (minor
landowner).
Feudalism, by its very nature, gave rise to a hierarchy ofrank, to a predominantly static social structure in which
every man knew his place, according to whom it was that
he owed service and from whom it was that he received
his land
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
37/41
THE LOSS OF NORMANDY Henry II (1106)was the first unquestioned ruler of the
English throne and his empire stretched from theScottish border to the Pyrenees.
Henry II followers - first his son Richard and then hisson John.
King John was very unpopular mainly because he was
very greedy. He was asking for high fees from feudallords when their daughter would get married, and alsofor an inheritance of land.
In 1204 England lost Normandy.
MAGNA CARTA
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
38/41
MAGNA CARTA In 1215 King John was forced by his barons to sign a
new agreement - Magna Carta the Great Charter-a
symbol of political freedom. The Magna Carta requested that there be a
consent when raising taxes. It also promised that allfreemen would have the right to fair and legal trial (at
the time less than were freeman, so it gave no realfreedoms to the majority of people).
Nobles wrote the document and forced John to sign it,so that he does not go beyond his rights as a feudal
lord. Magna Carta - stage in the collapse offeudalism
later incorporated in the English constitutionalinheritance, as it contained clauses which could be
translated into the language of justice and freedom.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
39/41
EVENTS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Origins ofParliament (started off by selecting
knights who represented Shires at meetings of theKing and Barons on administrative and financial issues
Edward I 1295 Model Parliament, where the
House of Commons resulted from the meeting of theknights
The Hundred Years' War - conflict between Franceand England, lasting 116 years (1337 to 1453). Fought bythe English kings for claims to the French throne
Ended in the expulsion of the English from France,
with the exception of the Calais.
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
40/41
MAP OF THE 100 YEARS WAR
THE DAWNING OF THE MIDDLE
7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map
41/41
THE DAWNING OF THE MIDDLE
AGES
(Black Death- plague) The dawning of the middleage started with the big epidemy of Black Death
It took place in 1348 and 1349. It occurred probably as aresult of the presence of the black rats coming overfrom continental Europe. The second wave of Black
Death took place in 1361. By the end of the century, thetotal population of England, which figured around 5million before the Black Death, was reduced to 2million.