Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Digital Library Numis (DLN) - sites.google.com/site/digitallibrarynumis
Citation preview
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
Edited byNicholas Holmes
GLASGOW 2011
All rights reserved by The International Numismatic Council
ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6
Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ETPrinted and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.
International Numismatic Council
British Academy
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
I
PrefaceEditor’s note
Inaugural lecture
‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW
Antiquity: Greek
I Delfi ni (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO
Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL
Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol: una verifi ca della documentazione disponibile, by Marta BARBATO
Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by Rachel BARKAY
Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case of Koshary, by Jarosław BODZEK
The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’s Period V, by Lee L. BRICE
Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO
Les monnaies préromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by Laurent CALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI
Mode iconografi che e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico, by Benedetto CARROCCIO
La phase postarchaïque du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-Albert CHEVILLON
A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ
Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, by Antonio CRISÀ
La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografi a numismatica come fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO
1819
23
35
42
48
52
58
67
73
81
89
97
105
114
123
CONTENTS
CONTENTS2
New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER- GEORGIADES
The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV
The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in the Seleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT
ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères qui défi nissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT
On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA
Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA
Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’antica Caulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO
La circulation monétaire à Argos d’après les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA (École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN
Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by Jean HOURMOUZIADIS
Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, by Panagiotis P. IOSSIF
Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN
Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ
Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-Marie KNOBLAUCH
The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis, by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS
The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS
Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer Savas LENGER
131
140
163
170
178
184
189
199
203
213
230
237
246
251
259
265
CONTENTS 3
Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necrópolis Feno-Púnica de los cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana María RUIZ TINOCO
Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU
Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischen Münzen, by Katharina MARTIN
Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by Elena MORENO PULIDO
Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by Lucian MUNTEANU
‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA
Le trésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép. de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ
The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classifi cation and dating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV
Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258 a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI
Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by Isabel RODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA
‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personifi cazioni cittadine, by Grazia SALAMONE
The coin fi nds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – third century AD, by Ziad SAWAYA
Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO
Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by Lavinia SOLE
La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI
269
280
285
293
304
310
319
331
337
350
357
365
376
382
393
405
CONTENTS4
Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI
Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by Clive STANNARD
The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN
Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER
Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI
La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria Daniela TRIFIRÒ
Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A. TZAMALIS
The pattern of fi ndspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN
The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by Franck WOJAN
The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV
Antiquity: Roman
The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN
Coin fi nds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland). Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins from the Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN
The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin fi nds from Kalkriese, by Frank BERGER
Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. fi rst - fourth century AD, by Line BJERG
The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ
417
427
436
441
447
461
473
487
497
500
509
514
527
533
538
CONTENTS 5
Die Münzprägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus (161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER
The denarius in the fi rst century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING
Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO
La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by Raffaella CASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO
Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipio di Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI
I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by Alessia CHIAPPINI
Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during the Tetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J. FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA
L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE
Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DE PACE
A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina (Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH
Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth in the culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING
Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le règne de Maxence (306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST
Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in the Flavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS
‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRose EVANS
La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort de Septime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK
545
557
569
576
580
592
595
605
613
621
629
635
645
657
662
CONTENTS6
Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations aux études numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Florian TÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE
New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO
Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués à Toulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE
Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Roman coins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DI GENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI
Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA
Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius: iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’s correspondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER
The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F. HAYMANN
The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Roman empire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND
Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS
Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS
Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN
New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fi fth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ
Die augusteischen Münzmeisterprägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeld zwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER
Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN
The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH
Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius après la mort de César, by Raphaëlle LAIGNOUX
668
676
686
696
709
715
720
726
732
742
749
757
765
772
780
785
CONTENTS 7
L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA
Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by Barbara LICHOCKA
La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan et Siscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT
La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur au premier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN
The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC
A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare (Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI
Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colección antigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORA SERRANO
Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI
Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI
La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse, by Yves MUHLEMANN
Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt der Kommission für alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ
Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romana de Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, Daniel VÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA
I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by Andrea PANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA
Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fi fth-century context coming from the N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI
Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografi a, by Rossella PERA
Could the unoffi cial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identifi ed with the offi cinae of Châteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON
794
800
809
816
822
828
839
846
856
864
872
878
888
893
901
906
CONTENTS8
Coin fi nds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA
El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): una aproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ
The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: refl ections on cultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by Vagner Carvalheiro PORTO
The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI
Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-eastern Alps, by Andrej RANT
A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI
L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude des frappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI
The infl ow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia (Mazowsze) and Podlachia (Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI
Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the fi nds from the Basilica Hilariana, by Alessia ROVELLI
Communicating a consecratio: the deifi cation coinage of Faustina I, by Clare ROWAN
An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO & Alessandro CAVAGNA
Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria and Mesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER
Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpine area and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione ed innovazione, by Alessandra SERRA
A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS
911
916
926
933
941
954
964
973
983
991
999
1004
1013
1019
1020
1025
CONTENTS 9
La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by Giovanni Maria STAFFIERI
The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica in the second and fi rst centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD
Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI
Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperial issues, by Yannis STOYAS
Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problème de l’atelier de Nîmes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND & Michel AMANDRY
The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA
Gold and silver fi rst tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. Scott VANHORN
Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., by Daniela WILLIAMS
Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA
Antiquity: Celtic
La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior: consideraciones sobre su cronología y función, by Marta CAMPO
Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by Philippe CHARNOTET
Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.) entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER
Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER & Julia GENECHESI
Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña de Tajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS
Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, Michel PERNOT & François ALLIER
1037
1045
1056
1067
1073
1082
1092
1103
1115
1135
1142
1148
1155
1165
1173
CONTENTS10
Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ
Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Stéphane MARTIN
Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Niederösterreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ
New coin fi nds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany) and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?, by Michael NICK
Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de ba s titre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE & Gérard AUBIN
Antiquity: general
La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. ARÉVALO GONZÁLEZ
Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen, by Angela BERTHOLD
Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by Alessandra BOTTARI
Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches to reading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL
The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov (1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER
Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum, by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI
Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES
La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by Rosa Maria NICOLAI
The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD
Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at the Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER
1182
1191
1198
1207
1218
1231
1240
1247
1254
1261
1266
1278
1292
1303
1310
CONTENTS 11
Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI
Il volume 21 delle Antichitá Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie da Cesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’, by Patrizia SERAFIN
Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. Özlem YALCIN
Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)
The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN
Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe, by Anne-Francine AUBERSON
Die Pegauer Brakteatenprägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223): Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER
Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI
Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD
Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo di Antinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO
Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche, medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI
La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña, by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL
Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE
Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Frédéric ELFVER
Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankish empire, by Hubert EMMERIG
Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY
Münzen des Moskauer Grossfürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij Ivanowitsch Donskoj (1359-1389) (über die Veröffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpus der russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN
1323
1334
1344
1355
1360
1372
1382
1392
1401
1408
1411
1418
1426
1431
1436
1441
CONTENTS12
Brakteatenprägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK
A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN
Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON
Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by Charlie KARUKSTIS
Interpreting single fi nds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, by Richard KELLEHER
Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & Marcin WOŁOSZYN
Die früheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by Ivar LEIMUS
Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late Byzantine Chalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS
Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI
The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and its implications, by Michael MATZKE
Überlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle für Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM
Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ
Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presencia aragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ
L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMY TOURNELLE
1452
1458
1464
1470
1477
1492
1500
1509
1517
1535
1542
1552
1557
1564
1570
CONTENTS 13
La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino de León, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS
New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoard revisited, by Elina SCREEN
The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fi fth and sixth centuries in Klapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ
A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J. SIMENSEN
A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD
The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by Peter SPUFFORD
A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL, Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO
OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspects of German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by Sebastian STEINBACH
Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by Stanislaw SUCHODOLSKI
Palaeologian coin fi ndings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their refl ections. by Ceren ÜNAL
The hoard of Tetín (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions in thirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ
The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fi fteenth century, by Michal ZAWADZKI
Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)
Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN
The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST
Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC
1580
1591
1597
1605
1614
1620
1625
1633
1640
1649
1664
1671
1679
1687
1693
CONTENTS14
A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI
The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: a starting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA
Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG
The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER
Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN
Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por el ayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZ PASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ
Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIEŃKOWSKI
Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista - USP, by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO
Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen Könige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER
La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ
Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI
The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins from Jáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the fi rst half of the sixteenth century, by Petr VOREL
The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to the English Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV
Oriental and African coinages
The meaning of the character 寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH
Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura, by Pratipal BHATIA
1704
1713
1719
1725
1734
1744
1748
1752
1758
1765
1774
1778
1783
1789
1796
CONTENTS 15
Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches on Stanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE
The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG
The fi rst evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, a dirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfi q IBRAHIM
L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI
Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage. Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO
The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS
A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER
Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth – nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH
Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK
Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde, by A.V. PACHKALOV
Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVIe au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN
Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires, by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND
À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY
Glass jetons from Sicily: new fi nd evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato, by Christian WEISS
Medals
Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER
1807
1813
1821
1826
1832
1841
1847
1852
1862
1869
1874
1884
1890
1897
1907
CONTENTS16
Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection of the numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA
De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efi gie de Juan VIII Paleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS
Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI
Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in der deutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND
The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by Jan PELSDONK
Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenth century?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN
‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO
General numismatics
Dall’iconografi a delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO
Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon BERESKA
The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François de CALLATAŸ
Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifi co in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI
Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER
Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz Borba FLORENZANO
A prosopography of the mint offi cials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA
Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN
1920
1931
1937
1945
1959
1965
1978
1985
1993
1999
2004
2012
2017
2022
2027
CONTENTS 17
Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), by Jacques MEISSONNIER
Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarian museums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & Svetoslava FILIPOVA
„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER
Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT
The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of the International Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS
The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON
Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT
From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI
Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU
Index of Contributors
2036
2044
2046
2047
2058
2072
2082
2089
2100
2102
2112
2118
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY
ANNA ZAPOLSKA
Introduction
The territory of West Balt settlement, on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic, is a region excep-tional for the entire European Barbaricum. First of all, it has rich deposits of amber, which were exploited during the Roman Period; we have a report from Tacitus in his Germania on this subject. Next, the region has produced a remarkable number of fi nds of large Roman bronze coins, unlike anywhere else. These are sestertii, issues from the time of the Flavian emperors until the mid third century. It is characteristic that the bronze coins – issued by the central mint in the city of Rome – are practically the only fi nds of Roman coinage here. For more than 3500 sestertii fi nds, we have no more than 150 denarii as well as just a few bronzes struck in eastern mints.
The discussed area is located on the north-east periphery of Barbaricum; it covered the Lake District of Mazury, Sambian Peninsula, the basin of the Lower Neman river and the Kuronian Lagoon. From the west, it extended to the Elbląg Heights, the area settled by the people of the Wielbark Culture, now identifi ed with Gothic tribes; in the south, its neighbours were people of the Nidzica Group of the Przeworsk Culture, who were probably the Germanic Vandals; during the Late Roman period this area was settled by the people of the Wielbark Culture (Fig. 1). The eastern boundary of West Balt territory is less easy to defi ne. At the present stage of research we assume that West Balt cultures extended to the Lower Neman Group, established on the lower reaches of that river. We fi nd the fi rst reference to Balt tribes in the Germania of Tacitus. He reports that these people lived on the Suevian Sea, or, the Baltic. He called them Aestyans and noted that they were gatherers of amber.
In the period between the eighteenth century and the Second World War much of the area of interest to us formed the province of East Prussia. Only a small fragment – the region of Suwałki – was part of the Polish state. At present the region is divided between Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia.
Archaeological fi nds from fi eldwork going back to mid nineteenth century or so mostly passed into the keeping of Prussia Museum which was housed in the castle at Königsberg, now Kalin-ingrad. When the collections of Prussia Museum were being evacuated at the end of the Second World War, many of them were destroyed or lost. A part was taken out west, to Germany, the rest was placed in hiding in Königsberg. Fortunately, in recent years a part of the holdings of the for-mer Prussia Museum – collections and archival documentation – have started coming back into circulation. At present, they are stored in the Prussia Sammlung department of the Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin; others resurfaced in fort no. 3 in Kaliningrad. In case of the coin collection, a part of which was discovered in fort no. 3, we are lucky to have at hand a cata-logue of Roman coins developed by Sture Bolin.1
1 Bolin 1926.
ANNA ZAPOLSKA1116
2 On the subject of Roman coin fi nds in the Przeworsk Culture and Wielbark Culture, Ciołek 2008.
Fig. 1. The western part of West Balt Territory (1-4): 1. Dollkeim Kovrovo Culture, 2. Bogacze-wo Culture, 3. West Lithuanian Group, 4. Lower Neman Group (Bitner-Wróblewska 2001, p. 22).
The coin fi nds: context
Setting out to analyse Roman coin fi nds from the territory of West Balt settlement we observe at once that, unlike in the Przeworsk Culture, identifi ed with Vandals, and the ‘Gothic’ Wielbark cul-ture,2 where the dominant denomination comprises Roman denarii, from our study area we mainly have larger bronze coins – the sestertii. West Balt territory is virtually the only area of Barbaricum to show such an outstanding concentration of sestertii from the second century and the fi rst half of
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY 1117
3 Bursche 2006, p. 222.4 Cf. Farkas / Torbágyi 2008.5 This could be due to the unsatisfactory level of research on settlements
and also the fact that a corroded bronze coin escapes detection more easily,
cf. Bursche 1996a, p. 39.6 Bolin 1926, p. 206, no. 3; p. 221, no. 71; p. 233, no. 152; Nowakowski
2001, pp. 49, 97, 106-107.
the third century. The distribution range of the sestertii is limited even within the Empire, mainly to northern Italy.3 Let us note also that these coins tend to occur mostly in graves, and this is the only area of Barbaricum (except for the territory settled by Sarmatians4), where this custom was widespread on such a large scale.
The situation just described is not uniform for the entire West Balt territory; nevertheless, larger bronzes dominate among fi nds of coinage. Also characteristic is a complete lack of fi nds of gold coins from this area.
TABLE 1. Context of Coin Finds within West Balt Territory
Bogaczewo Culture
Dollkeim-KovrovoCulture
West Lithuanian Group
Lower Neman Group
grave fi nd 76 297 524 13
stray fi nd 38 256 78 40
hoard 109 over 1672 over 181 36
single fi nd 35 20 34 6
fi nd from settlement 7 5 1
unknown 23 32 17 9
total 228 2277 837 105
As already noted, specifi c regions of the West Balt territory show some differences. Initially, it is possible to distinguish three zones of Roman coin infl ow:
1. southern zone – Bogaczewo Culture 2. northern zone – Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture3. eastern zone –West Lithuanian and Lower Neman GroupIn the southern zone, the region of the Bogaczewo Culture, we see a domination of larger
bronze issues from the second half of the fi rst century until the mid third century. These coins are recorded mostly in cemeteries (as stray fi nds), in cremation graves and, much more seldom, in settlements.5 We have three hoards – deposits of bronze coins and denarii deposits.6 The hoards do not differ in their composition from other fi nds – they are dominated by issues of emperors from the Flavian, Antonine and Severan dynasties up to emperor Gordian III, with a small representa-tion of third- and fourth-century coins (Figs. 2 and 3). Their presence may be the result of infl u-ence from the eastern part of the Balt cultures (Sudovian Culture), who were receiving the largest number of these coins, without interruption, until the fourth century. Mazury is an area with the greatest number of denarii fi nds. Eleven of these come from graves and cemeteries, two from set-tlements and 83 from two hoards (from Szczytno, distr. loco, and from Skandawa, distr. Kętrzyn). This could be the result of direct contacts with the people of the Wielbark Culture who received a great quantity of denarii.
ANNA ZAPOLSKA1118
0
5
10
15
20
25
Wespazjan Tytus Domitian Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marc Aurel Pius or Aurel Commodus SeptimiusSeverus
Fig. 2. Denarius hoard from Szczytno, district loco (former Ortelsburg, Kr. Ortelsburg).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nero
Wes
pazja
nTraj
an
Hadria
n
Antonin
us P
ius
Marcus
Aurel
Pius or
Aurel
Commod
us
Antonin
e
Septim
ius S
everu
s
Caraca
lla
Diadum
enian
Severu
s Alex
ande
r
Maxim
inus T
hrax
Gordian
III
Philip
the A
rab
Decius
Herenn
ius Etru
scus
Volusia
nus
unde
termine
d
grave cemetery
Fig. 3. The Roman Coins from graves and cemeteries of the Bogaczewo Culture.
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY 1119
7 Bolin 1926, p. 210, no. 18; p. 217, no. 55:I; p. 215, no. 44; p. 214, no. 36:I; p. 209, no. 14.
8 Sambian settlements are virtually unknown. The results from 1920s
and 1930s investigation of settlement sites were never published; cf. Nowakowski 1996, p. 64.
The largest number of Roman coin fi nds is recorded in Sambia (Dollkeim-Kovorovo Cul-ture). They occurred in contexts similar to those in Mazury, namely as stray fi nds in cemeteries, in graves (cremation and inhumation) and in hoards. At present, we know of eight hoards from Sambia,7 and jointly of 1672 coins (Table 1). The dominant form of deposit in Sambia comprises hoards of bronze coins (one of them of fourth-century bronzes) and no pure hoards of denarii are recorded. They do not differ in their chronology from hoards recorded in Mazury (Fig. 4). Finds from cemeteries are also dominated by issues of the Flavian and Antonine emperors. A very small percentage is represented by coins struck during the second half of the third and during the fourth centuries (Fig. 5). Of 553 coins recorded in graves and as stray fi nds, 19 were denarii. What is exceptional for cemeteries in Sambia is a greater proportion of Hadrian’s issues. This suggests that Roman coins reached the area and came into use somewhat earlier than in the rest of the West Balt territory. Finally, the absence of fi nds from settlements is the result of an unsatisfactory level of publication.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marc Aurel Commodus
Fig. 4. Sestertius Hoard from Moršanskoe, District Gur’evski (former Schreitlacken, Kr. Fischhausen)
ANNA ZAPOLSKA1120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Galba
Vespa
sian
Domitia
nNerv
aTraj
an
Hadria
n
Antonin
us P
ius
Marcus
Aurel
Pius or
Aurel
Commod
us
Marcus
or C
ommod
us
Antonin
e
Septim
ius S
everu
s
Caraca
lla
Severu
s Alex
ande
r
Maxim
inusT
hrax
Gordian
III
Philip
the A
rab
Victori
nus
Consta
ntius
I
unde
termine
d
grave cemetery
Fig. 5. The Roman Coins from graves and cemeteries of the Dollkeim-Kovorovo Culture
An entirely separate zone is the eastern zone, that of the West Lithuanian Group and Lower Neman Group.
From the territory of the West Lithuanian Group we have coins from graves, stray fi nds from cemeteries, fi nds from settlements and hoards. It is striking that, as in Mazury, more coins are recorded in graves than as stray fi nds in cemeteries. This is the reverse of what is seen in Sambia, where stray fi nds exceed the number of coins discovered in graves (Table 1). Moreover, among coins recorded in graves and cemeteries – as in Mazury and Sambia – issues of the Flavian and Antonine emperors are the most dominant (Fig. 6). It is characteristic that from the territory of the West Lithuanian Group we have relatively the highest percentage of coins discovered in graves and in cemeteries, as compared to the number of sites. Single fi nds are not frequent; most often in a single cemetery several dozen Roman coins were recorded (eg Oberhof, Kapseda, Rucava, Stragna).
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY 1121
9 Michelbertas 1995, p. 82; Nowakowski 1996, p. 83.10 Michelbertas 1995, pp. 81-87.11 Michelbertas 2001, pp. 37, 39, 43, 45, 53, 57; Bolin 1926, p. 227, no.
130; p. 232, no. 141.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
NeroNerv
aTraj
an
Hadria
n
Trajan
or H
adria
n
Flavian
Antonin
us P
ius
Marcus
Aurel
Pius or
Aurel
Commod
us
Antonin
e
Septim
ius S
everu
s
Caraca
lla
Diadum
enian
Elogab
al
Severu
s Alex
ande
r
Maxim
inus T
hrax
Gordian
III
Philip
the A
rab
Philip
II
Detius
Trebon
ianus
Gall
us
unde
termine
d
grave cemetery
Fig. 6. The Roman Coins from graves and cemeteries of the West Lithuanian Group
Some of the coin fi nds from the area of the West Lithuanian Group are from inhumation graves enclosed within a special sort of setting.9 To this feature we owe our better understanding of the exact position of the coin in the grave. Detailed studies of this subject were taken up in 1995 by M. Michelbertas.10
Finally, the West Lithuanian Group is marked by a great number of hoards; there are nine of them, but only one is well documented and better understood.11 The hoards include deposits of bronze coins and a small number of denarii. The composition of the denarius hoards and of the sestertius hoards is similar to what we see in Mazury and Sambia (Fig. 7).
ANNA ZAPOLSKA1122
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marc Aurel Antonine Commodus Geta undetermined
Fig. 7. Sestertius Hoard from Saulažoliai, District Klaipėda
In the Lower Neman Group all coin fi nds come from cemeteries; the pool of these coins is basically no different from the pool of coins recorded on the territory of the West Lithuanian Group (Fig. 8). As in the Bogaczewo Culture, we have here a more signifi cant participation of coins from eastern mints.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Claudiu
s
Vespa
sian
Trajan
Hadria
n
Antonin
us P
ius
Marcus
Aurel
Commod
us
Septim
ius S
everu
s
Severu
s Alex
ande
r
Maksim
inus T
hrax
Gordian
III
Detius
Aurelia
n
unde
termine
d
grave cemetery
Fig. 8. The Roman Coins from graves and cemeteries of the Lower Neman Group
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY 1123
12 Bursche 1992, p. 233.13 Eggers 1951.14 Cf Bursche 1992, p. 231; Nowakowski (1995, p. 59) quoting J. Werner
(1966, pp. 28-39) draws attention to the interest and respect which the unlettered peoples have for writing. Letters may have been treated as an attractive ornament; a case in point are buckles with an inscription AVE MARIA popular among the pagan Prussians (cf Gaerte 1929, fi g. 330 a-c).
15 Cf Godłowski 1974.16 Bursche 1992, p. 238; Bursche 1996b, p. 37.17 Bursche 1996c, pp. 125-26.18 Bursche 1996c, p. 126.19 This hypothesis needs to be substantiated by more detailed studies
of the composition of hoards from these regions. This aspect will be the subject of future research.
Chronology and direction of infl ow
A feature characteristic of the West Balt territory is the deliberate selection of coin types as early as at the level of infl ow,12 or the living culture (lebende Kultur) distinguished by Eggers.13 Pre-sumably the local people selected brass coins over others for their more attractive look. The shiny sestertii could be mistaken easily for gold coins. Their size was impressive too, decorated with the image of the emperor on the obverse and an eye-catching inscription.14
Infl ow of sestertii to West Balt territory was of a short duration; it began during the period of the Marcomannic wars and lasted until the mid third century. This is supported by the fact that most coins which reached the region are issues of the Antonine emperors, with the latest issues from the time of Valerian. An important piece of evidence is, in this case, the dating of the grave context of the coin fi nds. Among grave inventories which included coins a decided majority is dated only to phase C1b and later (in absolute dating, to approximately AD 200-250).15 The leading chronologically diagnostic form is that of crossbow tendril brooches. Earlier specimens (struck under Trajan or Hadrian) could have remained in circulation longer and have arrived in the compa-ny of the sestertii of the Antonine emperors.16 The only exception is an inventory from a Sambian cemetery at Lauth; here, a Marcus Aurelius coin, minted for Lucilla in Rome, was in an association with an elbow brooch. On this basis the inventory may be dated to the time of transition from the Early to the Late Roman period – B2/C1 (in absolute dating – AD 160-180). This suggests that Ro-man coins reached the territory of Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture in Sambia slightly earlier and that the practice of depositing Roman coins in graves also came into use earlier.
The majority of coin fi nds from West Balt territory are issues of the central mint in Rome. A very small percentage of coins from eastern mints is observed in Bogaczewo Culture and in the Lower Neman Group and less still in the West Lithuanian Group. The presence of these coins may be the result of contacts of the local people with their eastern neighbours (for Bogaczewo Culture – Sudovian Culture, or the Central Lithuanian Group, found to the east of the Lower Neman Group). Finds from the territory of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo Culture are the least heterogeneous.
We may connect the presence of bronze coins on West Balt with the amber trade. The area settled by West Balt tribes was rich in deposits of this valuable resource; the Romans presumably paid for amber in sestertii. Contacts of the Romans with Balts were especially lively during the second quarter of the third century; possibly there was a direct connection with northern Italy, since the link with Pannonia had been broken at an earlier time.17 This is confi rmed also by the coin fi nds. Most are issues of the central mint in the city of Rome. Sporadically, mainly in the Bogaczewo Culture and the Lower Neman Group, we see coins struck in autonomous mints. A much larger number of these issues is recorded in the eastern part of West Balt settlement.
The interruption in the fl ow of coinage around the middle of the third century may be connected with the shift of Germanic tribes towards the Rhine (attacks of the Alamans in AD 254, invasions of the Franks), which increased the risk of organising distant sea expeditions for amber.18 Presum-ably the eastern direction of infl ow started to become more dominant in the late third and during the fourth centuries of our era.19 At this time coins mainly reached the eastern territory of Balt cultures.
ANNA ZAPOLSKA1124
A considerable number of coins were deposited in the form of hoards - coins only, or mixed with other objects, most often jewellery. The hoards included silver and bronze pieces, but sestertii were always the most dominant. In this case we probably have to consider thesaurisation.
Finally, I believe that the small number of coin fi nds recorded in settlements should be treated as random losses. Unfortunately the lack of more specifi c information on coins discovered in set-tlements makes more detailed research diffi cult.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bitner-Wróblewska A. (2001), From Samland to Rogaland. East-West Connections in the Baltic Basin during the Early Migration Period, Warszawa.
Bolin S. (1926), ‘Die Funde römischer und byzantinischer Münzen in Ostpreußen’, Prussia 26, pp. 203-40.
Bursche A. (1992), ‘Roman coinage in the Westbalt circle’, Barbaricum, vol. 2, Warszawa, pp. 231-44.
Bursche A. (1996a), ‘Monety rzymskie z cmentarzyska kultury bogaczewskiej w Wyszemborku gm. Mrągowo’, in: Nowakowski W. (ed.), Concordia. Studia ofi arowane Jerzemu Okuliczowi--Kozarynowi w sześćdziesiątą piątą rocznicę urodzin, Warszawa, pp. 37-39.
Bursche A. (1996b), ‘Contacts between the later Roman Empire and North-Central Europe’, The Antiquaries Journal 76, pp. 31-50.
Bursche A. (1996c), Later Roman-Barbarian Contacts in Central Europe: Numismatic Evidence, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, vol. 11, Berlin.
Bursche A. (2006), ‘Relations between the late Roman world and barbarian Europe in the light of coins evidence’, Bulletin du Cercle d’études numismatiques 43, pp. 221-27.
Ciołek R. (2008), ‘Ein Beitrag zur Funktion Römischer Münzen in der Wielbark- und in der Prze-worsk-Kultur’, in: Bursche A. / Ciołek R. / Wolters R. [eds.] Roman Coins Outside the Empire. Ways and Phases, Context and Functions. Proceedings of the ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop, Radziwiłł Palace, Nieborów (Poland), 3-6 September 2005, Warszawa, pp. 157-70.
Eggers H.J. (1951), Der römische Import im freien Germanien, Atlas der Urgeschichte, vol. 1, Hamburg.
Farkas E. / Torbágyi M. (2008), ‘Sarmatians and the Roman coins’, in: Bursche A. / Ciołek R. / Wolters R. [eds.] Roman Coins Outside the Empire. Ways and Phases, Context and Functions. Proceedings of the ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop, Radziwiłł Palace, Nieborów (Poland), 3-6 September 2005, Warszawa, pp. 255-66.
Gaerte W. (1929), Urgeschichte Ostpreußens, Königsberg.
Godłowski K. (1974), ‘Chronologia okresu późnorzymskiego i wczesnego okresu wędrówek lu-dów w Polsce północno-wschodniej’, Rocznik Białostocki XII, pp. 9-109.
Michelbertas M. (1995), ‘Römische Münzen in den Gräberfeldern Litauens’, Archeologia Baltica
ROMAN COINS FROM THE WESTERN PART OF WEST BALT TERRITORY 1125
1, pp. 81-87.
Michelbertas M. (2001), Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum. Litauen, Vilnius.
Nowakowski W. (1995), Od Galinadi do Galinditae. Z badań nad pradziejami bałtyjskiego ludu z pojezierza Mazurskiego, Barbaricum, Bd. 4, Warszawa.
Nowakowski W. (1996), Das Samland in der römischen Kaiserzeit und seine Verbindungen mit dem römischen Reich und der barbarischen Welt, Marburg, Warszawa.
Nowakowski W. (2001), Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum. Masuren, Warszawa.
Werner J. (1966), Das Aufkommen von Bild und Schrift in Nordeuropa, Sitzungsberichte der Bay-erischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, H. 4, München.
