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Coinage of Greece and Rome 2020/21

Module convenor and tutor:Prof. Suzanne Frey-Kupper S.Frey-Kupper@warwick.ac.uk

Standard Reference Works, History of Research & Reception Studies

How to refer to coins?For coins, just as for literary texts or for inscriptions, conventions exist of how to refer to them. Conventions have been created in order to standardise basic information and thus to facilitate communication among scholars.

References to standard reference works

Standard reference works are authoritative catalogues that include a full list of coin types of a given period or geographic area for a given class of coins. For ancient coins, three classes of coins exist, and these are their standard reference works:

Greek coinsHistoria Numorum (HN3)

Roman coins of Rome:Roman Republican coins Roman Republican Coinage (RRC)Roman Imperial coins Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC)

Roman coins of the Provinces Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC)

HN3 and RPC have not been completed yet, and work on the new edition of several RIC-volumes is in due course. Thus other catalogues have to be used to complete these reference works: For Greek and Roman provincial coins mainly the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (SNG) or other specialised catalogues which contain coins of specific collections. The disadvantage of these catalogues is that they include only the coins present in the respective collections or taken into account by the author of these books, and thus they will not cover all coin types. HN3, RRC and RPC are all well illustrated and therefore coins can easily be found on the plates. RIC - which is complete – on the other hand is, with the exception of its recent volumes (esp. the revised 2nd edition of vols I and II), poorly illustrated; but illustrations of Roman coins can be found in the volumes of the British Museum Coin Catalogue (BMC) which includes coins of the Emperors up to Balbinus and Pupienus (both reigned in AD 238).

Yet, whenever a reference is available for a coin in HN3, RRC, RIC and RPC it is preferable to give a reference from these books.

When you give a reference, please use the abbreviation of the work, and give the full details for the coins’ location in the book, i.e. the volume, the page, and the number and eventually the plate.

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Examples:HN3, Italy, p. 158, no. 1946.

RIC VIII, p. 272, no. 253.

SNG Cop., North Africa, nos 109-19.

If you are discussing specific coins in detail, you should give somewhere, either in a note or in a caption, a reference to the standard reference work.

For the full references of the above mentioned catalogues, see the list at the bottom of this document (which is identical to the handout of the first lesson of the coin module).

Please list the abbreviations of the standard reference works you use at the top of your bibliography as you do with works of ancient authors or for inscriptions. Put them under the title ‘Abbreviations of standard reference works and catalogues’, and list the remaining bibliography under the title ‘Secondary sources’ (unless you give references to ancient authors which you would list in a special section).

Figures and captionsPlease number your figures (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.) and refer to these figures in the text by inserting the figure’s number in brackets, e.g. ‘(Fig. 1).

Give in a caption the following elements: Minting authority, mint, denomination, date.

For Greek coins, the minting authority and the mint are often identical and therefore have not to be repeated (e.g. as for Athens, Corinth or any other city state and community). In some instances, especially of Greek coins, denominations are not known. Please give then the metal.

The data you present are those from the reference book or from the source you use.

Examples:Fig. 1. Rubi, diobol, c. 325-275 (for HN3, Italy, p. 91, no. 808).

Fig. 2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Sidon, tetradrachm, 285-246 BC (for SNG Cop., Egypt, no. 506-7).

Fig. 3. Constantius II, Rome, Aes 2, 352-355 AD (for RIC VIII, p. 272, no. 253).

Fig. 4. Panormos, bronze, 50/40-30/20 BC (for Gàbrici 1927, p. 161, nos 305-312).

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Or you may like to give a multiple legend as here:

Fig. 5. Coin finds from Sicily: left Punic coin from uncertain mint in Western Sicily, c. 310-280 BC; right: bronze coin of Panormos, 50/40-30/20 BC. The scale of coin pictures is 1:1.

You may prefer to describe your picture differently and use a different order. Yet, the elements will still be the same.

Example:Fig. 6. Dupondius of moneyer L. Naevius Surdinus issued in Rome under Augustus 15 BC.

For finds you mention the find place, and if possible the year when it was found, the museum where it is stored and the inventory number. You also give any other information you find important, e.g. if you show a hoard, or a votive deposit, say that it is a hoard or a votive deposit.

Examples:Fig. 7. Dupondius of moneyer L. Naevius Surdinus issued in Rome under Augustus 15 BC.

Fig. 8. The pot-hoard from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, c. 640-620 BC. Found in 1904-5 during the British excavations.

Fig. 9. Caligula, Rome, sestertius, 37-38 AD; RIC I2, p. 111, no. 33.Obv.: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT; laureate head of Caligula left.Rev.: AGRIPPINA, DRVSILLA, IVLIA Caligulas’ three sisters standing facing: Agrippina is represented as Securitas, Drusilla as Concordia and Iulia as Fortuna; in exergue S C.

or:

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Fig. 10. Caligula, Rome, sestertius, 37-38 AD. On the reverse Caligulas’ three sisters standing facing: Agrippina is represented as Securitas, Drusilla as Concordia and Iulia as Fortuna.

Reference to the source of pictures and list of illustrationsPlease give always the source for your illustrations, either from a book or from an internet source.You can put the reference into the caption of the picture, but this may be heavy. Therefore it may be easier to assemble this information in a list of illustration at the end of the essay.

Example:Fig. 1. Crawford 1985, p. 213, fig. 89.Fig. 2. http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/t/the_pot-hoard_from_the_temple.aspx (accessed 20 November 2012).Fig. 3. Wikimedia Commons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sestertius_Hostilian-s2771.jpg (accessed 20 November 2012).

More numismatic abbreviations:

AV for gold; EL for electrum; AR for silver; AE for copper and copper alloys (bronze and brass)

W for wear; C for corrosion, the following grades are used:W 0 Uncertain wear C 0 Uncertain corrosionW 1 Not or insignificantly worn C 1 Not or insignificantly corrodedW 2 Slightly worn C 2 Slightly corrodedW 3 Worn C 3 CorrodedW 4 Considerably worn C 4 Considerably corrodedW 5 Totally worn C 5 Totally corroded

See: Frey-Kupper, S., Dubuis, O.F. and Brem, H. (1995) Usure et corrosion. Tables de reference pour la determination de trouvailles monétaires Abnitzung und Korrosion. Bestimmungstaflen zur bestimmung von Fundmünzen (Supplément, Bulletin ITMS/IFS/IRMS 2) (Lausanne: Inventaire des Trouvailles Monétaires Suisse de l'Académie Suisses des Sciences Humaines et Sociales)https://www.academia.edu/43151992/with_O_F_Dubuis_and_H_Brem_Usure_et_corrosion_Tables_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_pour_la_d%C3%A9termination_de_trouvailles_mon%C3%A9taires_Abnutzung_und_Korrosion_Bestimmungstafeln_zur_Bearbeitung_von_Fundm%C3%BCnzen_Suppl%C3%A9ment_Bulletin_ITMS_IFS_IRMS_2_Lausanne_1995

Standard reference works and museum catalogues:

Greek coins

Babelon, E., Traité des monnaies grecques et romainesI: Theorie et doctrine, Paris 1901.II, 1–4: Description historique, Paris 1907–1932.III: Planches, Paris 1907–1932.

Monumental work on ancient numismatics - still not replaced (e.g. regarding history of research)

HN2

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Head, B.V. (1911 2nd edition) Historia Numorum (Oxford)Online: http://snible.org/coins/hn/Many mint attributions and chronologies now outdated, but – along with Bableon – still the only comprehensive reference work on Greek coinage

HN3 ItalyRutter, N. K. ed. (2001), Historia Numorum. Italy (London, British Museum Press)

HN3 Sicily Rutter, N. K., Frey-Kupper, S. and Morcom, J. (in progress), Historia Numorum. Sicily and Adjacent Islands (London, British Museum Press)

SNG

Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum.Includes collections of various museum coin cabinets. Geographical order starting with Spain and clockwise covering Greece, Asia Minor, the Levante and North Africa. Only few collections are comprehensively recorded, see The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum, Copenhagen 1942-.

Online:http://www.sylloge-nummorum-graecorum.org/ (database of the coins in British collections)http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=sylloge%20nummorum%20graecorum (overview on published volumes)

BMCPoole, R.S. ed. (1873-1927 (Reprint Bologna 1963-1965)) A catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum, 29 vols (London).

Roman coins from Rome

RRC@Crawford, M.H. (RRC (1974, 2001 reprint with corrections) Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Online http://numismatics.org/crro/

BMCMattingly, H.B., Carson, R.A.G., Hill, P.V. et al. (1923-1970) Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, 6 vols. (London: British Museum)

HCCRobertson, A.S. (1962-1982), Roman Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow, 5 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

RICMattingly, H.B., Bruun, P.M., Carson, R.A.G. et al. (1923-1994), The Roman Imperial Coinage (London: Spink)

RIC I Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A. (1923) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume I, Augustus to Vitellius (London: Spink)

RIC I2 Sutherland, C. H. V. and Carson, R. A. G. (1984) he Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume I, revised edition, From 31 BC to AD 69 (London: Spink)

RIC II Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A. (1926) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume II, Vespasian to Hadrian (London: Spink)

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RIC II.12 Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A. (2007) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume II, Part 1, second fully revised edition, from AD 69-96, Vespasian to Domitian (London: Spink)

RIC II.32 Abdy, R. with a Section on Medallions by P.F. Mittag (2019) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume II, Part 3, Vespasian to Hadrian (London: Spink)

RIC III Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A. (1930) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London: Spink)

RIC IV.1 Mattingly, H. and Sydenham, E. A. (1936) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume IV.I, Pertinax to Geta (London: Spink)

RIC IV.2 Mattingly, H., Sydenham, E. A. and Sutherland, C. H. V. (1938) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume IV.2, Macrinus to Pupienus (London: Spink)

RIC IV.1 Mattingly, H., Sydenham, E. A. and Sutherland, C. H. V. (1949) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume IV.3, Gordian III Uranius Antoninus (London: Spink)

RIC V.1 Webb, P. H. (1927) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume V.1, Valerian to Florian (London: Spink)

RIC V.1/1 online Estiot, S. and Mairat, J. Monnaies de l’Empire Romain AD 268-276 (RIC V.1 online) http://www.ric.mom.fr

RIC V.2 Webb, P.H. (1933) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume V.2, Probus to Amandus (London: Spink)

RIC VI Sutherland, C. H. V. (1967) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume VI, From Diocletian’s Reform (A.D. 294) to the Death of Maximinus (A.D. 313) (London: Spink)

RIC VII Bruun, P. (1966) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume VII, Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313-337 (London: Spink)

RIC VIIIKent, J. P. C. (1981) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume VIII, The Family of Constantine I, A.D. 337-364 (London: Spink)

RIC IX Pearce, J. W. E. (1933) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume IX, Valentinian Theodosius I (London: Spink)

RIC X Kent, J. P. C. (1994) The Roman Imperial Coinage, Volume X, The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts AD 395-491 (A.D. 313) (London: Spink)

CHRR online:

http://numismatics.org/chrr/

Roman Provincial coins

https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/volumes

RPC I (also online)Amandry, M., Burnett and A., Ripollès, P.P. (1992) Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume I. From the Death of Cesar to the Death of Vitellius (44 BC - AD 69) (London: British Museum Press; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale)

RPC II (also online)

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Burnett, A., Amandry, A. and Carradice, I. (1999) Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume II. From Vespasian to Domitian (AD 69-96) (London: British Museum Press; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale)

RPC III (also online)Burnett, A., Amandry, A. et al. (2015) Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume III. Nerva to Hadrian (AD 98-138) (London: British Museum Press; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale) Database accessible online:

RPC IV.1 (online)From Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-192). Cyrenaica to Bithynia-Pontus

RPC IV.2 (online)From Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-192). Asia

RPC IV.3 (online)From Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-192). Lycia-Pamphylia to Arabia

RPC IV.4 (online)From Antoninus Pius to Commodus (AD 138-192). Egypt

RPC V.1 (in progress)From Pertinax to Macrinus (AD 193-218). Europe

RPC V.2 (in progress)From Pertinax to Macrinus (AD 193-218). Pontus-Bithynia nd Asia

RPC V.3 (in progress)From Pertinax to Macrinus (AD 193-218). Lycia-Pamphylia to Egypt

RPC VI (online)Elagabalus to Maximinus (AD 218-238). Asia Minor and Egypt

RPC VII.1 (also online)Spoerri Butcher, M. (2006), Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume VII.1. De Gordien Ier à Gordien III (238-244 apr. J.-C.) 1. Province d'Asie (London: British Museum Press; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale)

RPC VII.2 (online)Spoerri Butcher, M. and Mairat, J., Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume VII.2. Gordian I to Gordian III (AD 238–244). All Provinces except Asia

RPC VIII (online)Spoerri Butcher, M. and Mairat, J., Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume VIII. Philip (AD 244-249)

RPC IX (also online)Hostein, A. and Mairat V. (2016) Roman Provincial Coinage, Volume IX. Trajan Decius - Uranius Antoninus (AD 249-254) (London: British Museum Press; Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale)

RPC IX (in progress)From Valerian to Diocletian (AD 253–297)

Supplements:

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RPC CSRipollès, P.P., Burnett, A., Amandry, M., Carradice, I. and Spoerri Butcher, M. (2015) RPC Consolidated supplement (1992-2015) http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/supp/rpc_cons_supp_1-3.pdf

RPC Suppl. 4Amandry, M., Burnett, A., Hostein, A., Mairat, J. Carradice, I., Ripollès, P.P. and Spoerri Butcher, M. (2017) RPC Supplement 4 (Volumes I, II, III, VII.1 and IX) http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/supp/rpc-supp-4.pdf

For the online version of RPC of yet unpublished volumes, temporary numbers should be used.

Bibliographies and Lexica

Dekesel, C.E. (1997) Bibliotheca Nummaria: Bibliography of 16th Century Numismatic Books (London: Spink) [ZCJ 73.D3]

Dekesel, C.E. (2003) Bibliotheca Nummaria II: Bibliography of 17th Century Numismatic Books, 3 vols. (London: G.F. Kolbe Publications) [Z6870.D444]The reference bibliography on the beginnings of numismatics

Clain-Stefanelli, E.E. (1985) Numismatic Bibliography (Munich and New York: Battenberg and Saur, cop.) The most comprehensive numismatic bibliography, includes all topics (18.311 titles)

Survey of Numismatic Research, edited at the occasion of the International Numismatic Congresses (held every six years) in London (1986), Brussels (1991), Berlin (1997), Madrid (2003), and in recent years in Glasgow, see: M. Amandry and D. Bateson eds. (2009) A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007. International Numismatic Commission (Special Publication 15) eds. M. Amandry and D. Bateson (Glasgow: International Association of Professional Numismatists).

Online:http://www.mcu.es/museos/MC/ActasNumis/index.html (proceedings Madrid 2003)http://www.muenzgeschichte.ch/inc/21001/index.html (Survey 2002-2007)

Caccamo Caltabiano, M. (2017) Proceedings of XV International Numismatic Congress: Taormina 2015 [2 vol. and Addendum PDF] (Rome and Messina: Arbor Sapientiae) [available in H2.06]

LIMC (1981–1997, 1999) Lexikon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, 8 vols (16 half-volumes) (Zurich and Munich: Artemis) and two volumes of indexes (BL 715.L3)Most important on iconography

History of Research – Teaching Numismatics

Wolters, R. and Ziegert, M. (eds) (2017) Numismatik lehren in Europa (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte) (Vienna: Österreichische

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Forschungsgesellschaft für Numismatik, c/o Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien)

See there for UK:Frey-Kupper, S. (2017) ‘And I hope... that the distinction between “historian” and “numismatist”... may be weakened’, in Wolters, R. and Ziegert, M. (eds.), Numismatik lehren in Europa (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte) (Vienna: Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft für Numismatik, c/o Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien): pp. 75-96, pl. 1-4

Reception Studies

Burnett, A. (2013) Ancient coins on buildings in northern Italy in the late quattrocento, in: Translatio Nummorum. Römische Kaiser in der Renaissance. Akten des internationalen Symposiums Berlin 16.-18. September 2011, ed. U. Peter and B. Weisser (Cyriacus. Studien zur Rezeption der Antike) (Berlin: Franz Philipp Rutzen in Kommission Harrassowitz), 187-200 [CJ208.T7]

Campbell, I. (2013) Pirro Ligorio’s Use of numismatic evidence. Examples from his Oxford Codex, in: Translatio Nummorum. Römische Kaiser in der Renaissance. Akten des internationalen Symposiums Berlin 16.-18. September 2011, ed. U. Peter and B. Weisser (Cyriacus. Studien zur Rezeption der Antike) (Berlin: Franz Philipp Rutzen in Kommission Harrassowitz), 101-110 [CJ208.T7]

Hill, G.F. (1923) A guide to the exhibition of medals of the Renaissance in the British Museum (London: British Museum) [CJ 5767.B7]

@ Julian-Lees, S. (2005) Recording and Investigation of the De Maiano terracotta roundels at Hampton Court Palace, Historic Royal Palaces, Conservation Department Bulletin 25 [2 pp.].

Scher, S.K. and Taylor, J.B. (1994) The Currency of Fame. Portraits of the Renaissance (London: Thames and Hudson in association with the Frick Collection) [CJ 6094.C8]

Stahl, A.M. (2013) Roman Imperial coins as an inspiration for Renaissance numismatic imagery, in: Translatio Nummorum. Römische Kaiser in der Renaissance. Akten des internationalen Symposiums Berlin 16.-18. September 2011, ed. U. Peter and B. Weisser (Cyriacus. Studien zur Rezeption der Antike) (Berlin: Franz Philipp Rutzen in Kommission Harrassowitz), 201-206 [CJ208.T7]

Periodicals

American Journal of Numismatics (AJN) (New York)

Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica (AIIN) (Rome)

Journal of Archaeological Numismatics (JAN) (Brussels)

Numismatic Chronicle (NC) (London)

Numismatische Zeitschrift (NZ) (Vienna)

Revue Numismatique (RN) (Paris)

Rivista Italiana di Numismatica (RIN) (Milan)

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Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau (= Revue Suisse de Numismatique = Rivista Svizzera di Numismatica) (SNR = RSN) (Berne)https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/vollist?UID=snr-003

Coin finds

CH(1972-2010) Coin Hoards. Vols I-X (London: Royal Numismatic Society)

FMRDFundmünzen der Römischen Zeit in Deutschland (Frankfurt a.M.)

IFS/ITMS/IRMSInventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz Inventaire des trouvailles monétaires suisses Inventario dei ritrovamenti svizzeri (Lausanne, Bern)Some volumes online: https://www.trouvailles-monetaires.ch/opendata/publications.html

IGCHThompson, M., Mørkholm, O. and Kraay, C.M. (1973) An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York: The American Numismatic Society) [CJ 391.I5]Inventory of Greek Coin Hoardshttp://coinhoards.org/

MRMVeRitrovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto

RRCHCrawford, M.H. (1969) Roman Republican Coin Hoards (Royal Numismatic Society. Special Publication 4) (London: Royal Numismatic Society) [CJ 909.C7]

SFMAStudien zu Fundmünzen der Antike

PASPortable Antiquities Scheme (London, British Museum)https://finds.org.uk/database

TMTrésors monétaires (Paris)

Frey-Kupper. S., Stannard, C. and Wolfe-Jacot, N. (eds.) (2019) Contexts and the Contextualization of Coin Finds — Contextes et contextualisation de trouvailles monétaires — Kontexte und Kontextualisierung von Fundmünzen (Studies in Numismatics and Monetary History 8) (Lausanne: Les Éditions du Zèbre)

Electronic resources

Coinage of the Roman Republic Online (CRRO):

http://numismatics.org/crro/

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Online Coins of the Roman Empire (OCRE), a joint project of the American Numismatic Society and the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York:

http://numismatics.org/ocre/

Roman Provincial Coinage online:

http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/

Roman Economy project, Coin hoards of the Roman Empire Project:

http://oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk/coin_hoards_of_the_roman_empire_project/

CoinArchives (assembles coins from dealers)

https://www.coinarchives.com/a/

Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards

http://coinhoards.org/

Portable Antiquities Scheme

https://finds.org.uk/database