RomanticismThe Counter-Enlightenment Comes to America

Romanticism In ArtLook at the artwork presented in the following slides.What changes do you notice?

Puritan Art

More Puritan Art

Enlightenment Art

More Enlightenment Art

Enlightenment Art

Enlightenment Art

Suddenly, everything changes…

Romantic Art

Enlightenment:

• Man-centered• Emphasis on reason

and logic• Mind is most

important

Counter-Enlightenment• Mystery-Centered• Emphasis on wonder

and feeling• Imagination is most

important

VS.

I. Historical BackgroundA. Early 19th Century

1. War of 1812 forces America to seek economic independence

2. Industrial Revolution occurs: America grows prosperous

3. American population in a state of relative peace

What happens when people get bored?

I. Historical Background (cont.)B. Americans seek new diversions

1. New styles of music, art, and literature begin to appear. 2. Americans view their new, largely unexplored continent with a sense of awe and wonder

II. PrinciplesA. Age of Reason failed to fully explain human

condition1. Deists are wrong – humanity is not a

machine2. Machines are unfeeling, unimaginative.

Man is both of those things.

“O for a life of sensations rather than of thoughts!”

Immanuel Kant

II. Principles (cont.)B. Age of Reason failed to fully explain God

1. Romantics believe they can feel God’s presence without proving it2. Romantics perceive God in nature and believe human imagination helps discover him He is the true enchanter,

whose spell operates, not upon the senses, but upon

the imagination and the heart.

Washington Irving

II. Principles (cont.)C. Mankind possesses a dark side as well as a

hopeful one.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there,

wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.

Poe

III. Romantic LiteratureA. Era marks the true birth of American fiction!B. Literature often focuses on the unknown or

mysterious1. Detective stories2. Fantasy and science-fiction3. Horror

C. Predominate themes relate to death, war, evil, and the unexplainable elements of nature and faith.

In Conclusion:Puritans:

Man is inherently corrupt and exists solely to give Glory to God and to pray for his forgiveness.”

Age of Reason:Man is inherently imperfect but can always improve and exists to use logic and reason to understand the world and improve it.

Romantics:Man possesses both a good and an evil side, and his imagination and emotions are his most powerful ways of understanding the world.

IV. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

http://www.yourenglishclass.com/the-simpsons-raven/

A. Poe’s Artistic Vision1. The epitome of the Romantic era,

Poe’s stories emphasize mystery, horror, and imagination.

2. Every single word in a piece of writing should be aimed at creating a single, vivid emotion.

I was a weird

dude…

Only 1 NovelNarrative of Arthur Gordon Pymm

Tale of Antarctic exploration – no one had done it yet in the

19th century.

B. A life of tragedy

B. Life of Tragedy (cont.)1. Father abandons family, mother dies of

tuburculosis2. Adopted by Allan family; stepfather

disowns him, stepmother dies of tuburculosis

3. Expelled from University of Virginia and Westpoint Military Academy

John Allan

I’m a jerk!

Tuburculosis melts your lungs and

crushes your body.

Poe’s home in Virginia

4. Ends career in Baltimorea. First earns money as writer in Baltimore

b. He falls in love with Virginia Clemm

C. She is 13 AND she is his first cousin!

4. In Baltimore (cont.)D. One day, she’s playing the piano and

singing and starts coughing up blood.E. Turns out, she had contracted Tuberculosis

and dies a slow, painful death while Poe watches.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU9QGHGxgO0

Virginia’s only words

that we have today – a song she

wrote to Poe

5. Deatha. Poe is found on the streets of

Baltimore deliriousb. Keeps yelling only one word:

“Reynolds!” until finally saying, “Lord help my poor soul!” and dying.

c. Absolutely no records of his death or hospital visit

His grave is in Baltimore, near the Hippodrome and about 5 blocks from Ravens stadium.

Poe ToasterEvery year from 1949 - 2008, someone has left roses and cognac on Poe’s grave on January 19th. Mysteriously stopped.

Baltimore named its football franchise after Poe and his work.

V. “The Raven”A. Unnamed protagonist experiences the arrival of a

Raven in the middle of the night.B. Ultimate example of Romantic literature, the man’s

imagination is consumed with darkness and fear.C. Bird represents sorrow and pain, which can

“nevermore” be forgotten or escaped. Poe knew about this firsthand.

VI. “Black Cat”A. Picked on as a child, the unnamed protagonist is

driven to alcoholism, madness, and murderB. Poe’s reflection on dangers and darkness of

alcoholism, which he personally experienced.C. Cat largely symbolic of inner desire for

“perverseness,” a Romantic value D. Ironic ending: man destroyed by that which he first

loves, then seeks to destroyE. Unclear ending induces reader to determine meaning.

VII. “The Tell Tale Heart”A. Unnamed protagonist tries to assert sanity by explaining

circumstances of a grisly murder.B. Like “Black Cat,” Poe uses “vulture eye” as symbol of

man’s inclination towards “perverseness,” a Romantic value

C. Extensive use of dramatic irony: reader knows of insanity of unreliable narrator despite his denials of it.

D. Unclear ending induces reader to use imagination to determine meaning.

VIII. “Hop Frog”A. Crippled dwarf exacts grisly revenge upon his captor and

tormentor.B. Written late in his career, “Hop Frog” is a subtle autobiographical

text. 1. Protagonist is an outcast with no family to love him2. Protagonist is tortured by alcohol and loneliness3. Protagonist seeks revenge on his tormentor

C. Unlike Poe’s other murder tales, this one presents a protagonist for whom the reader feels sympathy.

D. Elements of fantasy and perverseness demonstrate Romanticism

IX. “Pit and the Pendulum”A. An unnamed protagonist is imprisoned by the

Spanish inquisition and torturedB. Unique among Poe stories

1. No supernatural elements2. No murder or revenge

C. Emphasis on the senses and the reader’s ability to imagine the narrator’s predicament.

X. Manuscript in a Bottle

Unnamed protagonist finds himself on a ghost ship headed towards the south polePoe subtly alludes to the unanswerable mystery of life after death, which he was fascinated by due to events in his own lifeElements of imagination and exploration of supernatural exemplify Romanticism.