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7/28/2019 Roylance the Art of Botanical Illustration Checklist of an Exhibition
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Yale University
Yale University Library
THE ART OF BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATION CHECKLIST OF AN EXHIBITIONAuthor(s): Dale R. RoylanceSource: The Yale University Library Gazette, Vol. 43, No. 2 (October 1968), pp. 98-122Published by: Yale University, acting through the Yale University Library
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LIBRARYGAZETTE 99
THE ART OF BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATION
CHECKLIST OF AN EXHIBITION
ByDale R.Roylance
SPECIALGraphicArts xhibitionn "TheArtofBotanicalIllustration"15 October-15 ecember,terling emorial
^ Library)s the econdn a series f YaleUniversityibraryexhibitionselatingo thehistoryfscience s it is so beautifullyexemplifiedn illustratedooks, ine rints,nddrawings.s in thefirst f these xhibitions,The Art of Scientificllustration"15March-15May1968),anattemptasbeenmade ostresshegraphicconjunctionf rt nd ciencehat s to be discoverednearly rintedbooks ndprints,nd todisplayomeof thewealth f materialsnthese reas f pecial ollectingn theYaleUniversityibrary.
Theplantworld,
n itsomnipresence,roliferation,
ndperennialrefloweringsusuallyaken erymuch or ranted.et few spectsf
ourexperienceombine omany othutilitarianndlife-enhancingbenefits.rom heGarden fEden oa futurehopefully)eautifiedAmerica,lant ifehas set he cene or hebest ndgreenestfpos-sibleworlds. nly he ighteenth-centuryoudoirrtist oucherouldfind atureoogreen: laverd,'est etrop"Butformost fus, rees,flowers,ndgardensre still mong hebest f ife's menities,ool
placeswhere hebeleaguered ind ndspiritmay tillretreat,s in
ElizabethanoetMarvell'sTheGarden,"To a green houghtnagreenhade."
The beautyfnature, owever,as beenhistoricallydiscoverysecondaryothat f heutilitarianalue fplants.t s this mergenceof botanicalllustrationrom hesolelypractical pplicationsndmedicinalsesofthe arly erbáisofloral rtfor tsown sakethathas beenemphasizedn thechronologicalrrangementf this x-hibition.
Inaddition,
ll of thepecial rintingechniques
ftheGraphicArts woodcut,ngraving,tching, ezzotint,olor rinting,ithog-
raphy,aturerinting,ndphotographydistinctivelymerge ith-in thehistoricalpan f he xhibitiono dentifyhemselvesith hevarious uccessivehasesof botanical ooks, o be recognizeds
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ioo THE YALE UNIVERSITY
essentialnfluencesntheprogressiveevelopment
fbotanicalllus-tration,oth sart nd cience.
I. Fifteenth Century: The Garden of Health -Woodcut Herbals
In anageof hortife xpectancy,uetotheplague nd countlessother odilylls, t snot urprisingodiscovernthegraphicrts ftheMiddleAgesthefrequentheme f"The Danceof Death."This
class f tarkly acabre oodcut ooks ndprintsfthe ver-presentimageofDeath is cheerfullyounterbalancedyanotherypeofillustratedook f he eriod,hewoodcut erbal.ntheherbal,lltheancient raditionalures rom lantswerecompiledntoa sort fprinted ardenpharmacy,sually itled he "Gardenof Health"(Hortus anitatisnLatin, r GartderGesundheitnGerman.)
i. HerbariusatinusMainz, .Schoeffer,484).The firstGermanprintedherbal,printedby Gutenberg's ssociatePeter
Schoeffer,s shownhereopenedto thewoodcut epresentationf a lily.As inall fifteenth-centuryrintedherbals, he illustrationsre createdfrom ross-grained locksofwood cut to leave a reliefmage,which s then nked andprinted longwith thetext, nd subsequentlyand colored.
Yale Medical Historical ibrary. iftof HarveyCushing.
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IO2 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
Eve appearon either ideofthismostfamous fearly lants f theGarden f
Eden,withAdamreluctantlybouttotaste heforbiddenruit.YaleMedical Historical ibrary. iftof ArnoldKlebs.
7. Hieronymous runschwig:as Distilierbuch . . (Strassburg,1521).
The arts of distilling ave forthnot onlythepharmaceuticalssenceof
plants, utalso the ncient onics fwine,beer, ndother lcoholic everages.SeveralGerman ditions fJerome fBrunswick'siber de Arte Distillandi(1500) appearedduring he first artof the sixteenthentury,ll illustrated
withherbalwoodcutsndcongenial cenes fbanqueting.YaleMedicalHistorical ibrary.
8. Dialoguscreaturarumoralisatus . . (Gouda,GerardLeeuw,1480).
The delightfulnimism ivento certain lants n themedievalherbáis sencounteredhroughoutneof themostdisarmingfearly rinted ooks, he"DialogueofCreatures,"ublished yGerard eeuw n theNetherlands. ereall nature sun,moonand stars, tones, lants, nd animals engages n themostcordialconversation.he book consists f a seriesof these moralistic
dialoguesbetween reatures,uch as thatbetween hepartridgend therosetree.The partridgeiscovershat very osehas itsthorn: The rosebe bothswete ndsofte, utthethornis e sharpe ndprykkythe of e" (Haslewoodtranslation).
Gift fMrs.DavidWagstaff.
|Q^% ^
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LIBRARYGAZETTE 103
II. The Sixteenth Century: Botany as Art
Thepursuitfthebeautifulatherhan heuseful nplantswasnotunknownuringheperiod fthewoodcut erbáis;ndeedomeof he inestelineationfflowers,lwaysnthemost rilliantaturalpigmentsndappropriatelyicrocosmiccale, s tobe found ntheminiatureaintingsffifteenth-ndsixteenth-centuryanuscriptl-lumination.
9. School fGhent:ManuscriptookofHours, a.1485.All ofthefloral ecorationsfthis mall ndvery eautifulmanuscriptre
scientificallyccurate otanicalpecimens.hepainted lowers,risp smineral
crystals,e ewel every age.Becauseof thetransparenthinnessfthevellum,eachpaintings exactly uplicated,acktoback, n each vellum eaf.
Purchased n theBeinecke und.
10. Giovanni occaccio: a Teseide, renchlluminated anuscript.ca. 1475.Austrian ationalLibrary anuscripto. 2617 (fac-
simile).Perhaps heprettiestfgarden cenes nmedieval rt ppears n this ingle
pagefrom manuscriptytheunknownrtist f one of themost amous f allFrench lluminated anuscripts,ingRenéofAnjou'sLivredu coeurd'amour
épris. he Boccaccio ove scene s enactedn a settingworthyf a mille-fleurstapestry,ith arnations,oses, iolets,ndpinks ll easily ecognizablenboththegarden nd border.
GraphicArtsCollection.
11. Albrecht Dürer: Water-color drawing of an iris (collotype fac-
simile), ca. 1506.Several fthegreatmastersfRenaissancertmade ndividual lowertudies.
Leonardoda Vinci included everalfascinating rawings f plants in hisnotebooks,ndDürermadeseveral tudies fplants s preparationordetailsofhispaintings.he irisdisplayed erewas usedbyDürer forhispainting fthe Madonnawith he ris" n theNationalGallerynLondon.
GraphicArts ollection.
12. Herbarium, arborum, fruticum, frumentorum,ac leguminum
(Frankfort,546).YaleMedical istoricalibrary.ift fHarveyushing.
13. Ottovon Brunfels: reuterbuch . . (Frankfort,546).Thepopularityf imple erbáissbooks fremediesontinuedhroughout
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Aiolà.
SD<l>t2'ufcolfFirpccflccîmf^ua^a*
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LIBRARY GAZETTE 105
the ixteenthentury.
wo herbáis, oth ssued nFrankfortn 1546,representthe ontinuingraditionfthecasualcopying fcopies nmost arlywoodcut
herbáis,ongafter hefirst-handbservationfplants nsisted n byBrunfelsandFuchs.
14. Hans Weiditz: Water-color rawingmadein 1529 forBrunfels'Herbarium ivaeeicones.Facsimile rom ytz, flanzenaquarelledesHans Weiditz . . 1936.)
Graphicrts ollection.
15. Otto von Brunfels:Herbariumvivae eicones . . (Strassburg,1532).
The designs reated yHans WeiditzforBrunfels' erbarium repeerlessamong arly otanicalworks. heextraordinarilyeautiful ater olorsWeiditz
prepared or hewoodcuts f thisbookhavesurvived,ndrival hedraftsman-
shipofDürer,withwhomhis workhas often eenconfused. fine acsimileofone of thesewater olors, ortheplant orpine, s showntogether ith ts
correspondingoodcut. he Weiditz llustrationsre thefirstliving ortraitsofplants,"fBrunfels' atin itle,ndthese oth ensitivendvigoroustudies
area world emoved rom he slavish opying ftheearlierwoodcutherbáis.To the rtist's elight utthe cientificotanist's isapproval,Weiditzrecords
specific,ndividual ather han eneral,haracteristicsfhisplants,nd records
faithfullyorm-eatenrwilted eaves, rokentems ndroots, r thebeautifuleffectfwind-blownlants.
Yale MedicalHistorical ibrary. iftofHarveyCushing.
16. Leonhard Fuchs: De historiastirpiumcommentariinsignes(Basel, 1542).
The text fFuchs'greatherbal, s
inmost
fifteenth-ndsixteenth-centuryherbáis,s largely erived romDioscorides, ut in infinitely orescholarly
form. he illustrations,hile acking hegeniusofWeiditz, reofveryhighquality,nd re mpressivelyresentedhroughhe uperior rintingndtypog-raphy f Fuchs' Swissprinters.or once,credits or theillustrationsrenot
onlygiven, utgraphicallylorifiedn a fine ull-pagewoodcutdepicting heartists,Heinrich Füllmaurer nd AlbrechtMeyer,and the engraver, eit
Rudolph pecklin.YaleMedicalHistorical ibrary.
17. Leonhard Fuchs: De stirpiumhistoria . . (Basel, 1545).This s the o-called Little uchs,"with he amecuts s thefolio dition f
1542,reduced reatlyn size. The delicatelyxecutedwoodcuts retitledwiththenames ftheplants nLatin ndGerman.
YaleMedicalHistorical ibrary.
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io6 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
18. BindingforLeonhardFuchs*De historia tirpium ommentarii
insignesLyons, .deTournes, 555).Thisbeautifulittle inding, ith tsvarietyf eaves nd flowersichlyold
tooledover the entire urface,s in thestyle f thesixteenth-centuryrenchbinderClovis Eve. The bindingwas speciallymade for PietroDuodo, theVenetian mbassadoro Paris n the atesixteenthentury.
YaleMedicalHistorical ibrary. ift fHarveyCushing.
III. The Seventeenth Century: Tulipomania-Engraved Illustration
Theloveofflowersevelopedo analmostnexplicableegreenthe owCountriesuringhe eventeenthentury.hisgrand assionoftheDutchforhorticultureasdramaticallyecordednboth heartandeconomic istoryftheperiod.n art, schoolof flowerpaintersmergedwhocreated series f "floral-baroque"till-lifeoil paintingsifficultomatch n thehistoryf artforrichnessftexturendtrompe oeïl ealism.n economic istory,heragefornewfloralpeciesmportedrom urkeyesultedna national ever,"Tulipomania."n the ealousdesire ornewand evermore xoticvarietiesftulipbulbs, Dutchhorticulturaltockmarketmerged,with antasticinancialpeculation,nflation,ndeconomic risis re-cipitatedy his neflower.
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LIBRARY GAZETTE 107
In thegraphicrts,
he seventeenthentury
aw the decline fwoodcut nd theemergencefetchingndengravingn copper sthedominantechniqueor he llustrationfbooks.The engravedfrontispieceecamelmostbligatoryor ooks,nd lmost ll scien-tificllustration,ncludingotanical ooks, ookadvantage f theaddedprecisionndclarityffine etail ossiblewith heetched rengravedopperplate.
19. PhilipReinagle:"Tulips."Mezzotint nd aquatintprintby
Richard arlomfromThornton's empleof Flora (London,1805).The Tulipomaniaof seventeenth-centuryolland spreadto England,but
was somewhatmodifiedyEnglish atire n tulips nd theirfanciful ames.Addison,n The Tatler 1710), reports verhearing conversationetweentwo horticulturists:[I heard hemmention hat]the Crown of Francewas
veryweakbutthat heMarshallVillars tillkepthis colors.At lastoneof themsaidthat,ftheywouldgo alongwithhim,he wouldshowthem ChimneySweeper nd a PaintedLady n thesamebed,whichwouldverymuchpleasethem."
As late s thenineteenthentury,heEnglishwerenot mmune o a modifiedTulipomania. n thegrand "Tulips"colorplate fromThe Temple of Flora
maybe seenLouisXIV, GeneralWashington,heDuchessofDevonshire,ndEarlSpencer. tthis ime nEngland single ouis XIV bulbsoldfor s muchasfortyuineas.
LentbyMrs.Paul Mellon.
20. Crispine Passe heYounger: ortus loridusUtrecht,615).Thisengravedlorilegiums one of themost ttractivend influentialfall
early lower ooks.The cloistered arden f theengraved itle ncludesmanyfamiliar lowers, iththe central lower ed proudly lourishinghe muchfavoredulips. rispin e Passe, member f a celebratedamilyf Dutch en-gravers, as still veryyoungman when he created he Hortusfloridus.he
English oetThomasWood published heEnglish dition f Hortusfloridusshownhere.Wood prefaces is translation ith charmingcrostic oemontheartist's ame and concludeswithhis own favorableudgment f youngCrispin: You willconfesse ndgrauntwithmee,Thisyouth esearvesmuch
praise."LentbyMr. ndMrs.PaulMellon.
21. Maria Sybille Merrian: Metamorphoses insectorumSurinamen-sium. (Amsterdam,1705).
Seventeenth-centuryadyentomologists ere even rarer han adyartists,butMaria Merrianwas eminentn bothfields. he was also an adventurous
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io8 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
ladyand in 1698 wentto Surinam Dutch Guiana) where she made the
drawings orthissplendidfoliovolume.The insects f Surinam re givenwonderfullyxotic otanicalettings,utMariaMerrian'scientificbservationis notalways ntirelyorrect. he handcolorings probably he workofherdaughter, ho accompanied ermother n theexpedition o Surinam, nd
usually idthe oloring f MariaMerrian's lates.Purchased n theJames ymanWhitney und.
22. Das kleine uch erTropenwunderLeipzig,nselVerlag, 943).A much reducedbutverywell-printed odern acsimile f theplatesof
MariaMerrian'sMetamorphoses.GraphicArts ollection.
23. Jan anHuysum: floweriece.MezzotintngravingyRichardEarlom.
An importantewengravingechniquewas developed n theseventeenthcentury,he tonalprocess fmezzotint.he process s a variation f intaglioengraving, iththeentire urface f thecopperplate roughened y specialtools, henburnishedarefullyn areas thatare intended o print n whiteorgray.A splendid xampleofmezzotints shownhere,byRichardEarlom
after ne oftheDutchflower iecesby JanvanHuysum.GraphicArts ollection.
24. Le Jardinierdu Pays-Bas (Brussels, 1672).This seventeenth-centurylemishgardenbook includes ectionsnot only
on all traditionallegant spectsof gardens pavilions, arterres,ountains,andarbors, utalso on theutilitarian ecessities f compostheapsand worktools.mmune romhanges ffashion,hegarden-tool oodcuts,nly lightlystreamlined,ouldserve o illustrate modernmail-orderatalogue.
25. JacobusanHuysumndGeorg hret:Water-colorrawingsflilacs.
Jacobus anHuysumwas a younger rother fone of themostfamous fDutchflower ainters, anvan Huysum. No. 23) Jacobus s theprincipalillustratorf two of thebotanicalfolios of thisexhibition JohnMartyn'sHistoria lantarumariorumNo. 32) and theCátalo usplantarumNo. 27).JacobuseftHollandto work t Chelsea forHoraceWalpole in copying hepaintings t Houghton.But after woyears his drunken issolute onductoccasionedhis beingdismissed"Walpole).
An example fJacobus' otanicalworkmaybe seenhere n one of a seriesofsix ofhisoriginalwater-colorrawings owatYale.The relatively rosaicquality fhisworkmaybe noticed n comparisonwithadditional rawingsthat retobediscoverednthe ame heets. hesemuchfiner enderingsfferan interestingiscovery:heminusculeignatures,estled n thegreen eaves
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LIBRARY GAZETTE 109
likeminute eaf caterpillars,f GeorgEhret, he mostcelebrated otanical
illustratorf the ge.Gift fMrs.Wilmarth . Lewis.
26. JohnParkinson: Paridise in sole (London, 1629).Parkinson'satin title s a neatpun on his own name (Park in sun),and
the textthroughouteflects similardelightfullyavalier pirit, escribing"all sortsof pleasantflowerswhichour EnglishAyrewill permitto benourishedp."
Parkinsonwas thefirst nglish uthor o describe hetulipfully,nd helists
140varietiesall now madedenizens fourGardens,where
heyyieldus
moredelight nd more ncrease ortheir roportionhantheydid into theirownenaturals." e alsoreportshebulbs obe beneficialsmedicine, ine, nd
aphrodisiac.Purchasedn theAlbertH. ChildsMemorialFund.
IV. The Eighteenth Century: English Gardens
Color PrintingDutch influenceominated nglishbotanical rt of the early
eighteenthentury,ndmany fthe llustratorsorkingnLondonwere migresromHolland. n theactual ultivationfplants he
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no THE YALE UNIVERSITY
Ageof Reason reatedhefamous ormal
ardensfthe
early igh-teenthentury.heperiodlso aw he evelopmentf andscape ar-deningsaprofession.Capability"rown ndHumphreyepton e-came hemostuccessfulf newbreed fgarden lanners.nscience,oneof themostfamous fbotanists,innaeus,reated is "SexualSystem"nwhichllplantsould egroupedccordingo thenumberand rrangementf heirtamensnd tyles. nyonebletocount pto20 could hus asily lassifylants,whichhelped oencouragevast ncreasen popularbotany, articularlymongyoung adies.
Thispopularityn turnmadepossiblehemeteoricise feighteenth-centuryorticulturists,urserymen,ndflorists.
Inthegraphicrts,quatint,tipplengraving,ndmezzotint eredevelopedntohighlykilledntaglioolor-printingechniqueshatproducedome fthemost eautifulfall botanicalrints.
27. Catalogus lantarumLondon, ocietyfGardeners,730).The Society f Gardenerswas a guild of horticulturistsrganized bout
1724topromoteheir wn andtheir ustomers'nterestnplants ndgardens.The Cataloguswas to be a seriesof fourvolumes,llustratedrincipally yJacobus anHuysum,nd etched r engraved yHenryFletcher nd ElishaKirkall.
The colored rontispieceadiates llegorical eace andplenty,nddisplaysa formal,lmostgeometric,oxwoodgarden hat s a triumphf thehedge-pruner'srtovernature.
Gift fMrs.Wilmarth .Lewis.
28. JohnHill: Exotic Botany (London, 1772).
JohnHill,likehis
botany,was both
exotic and ambitious. esidesgardenplanning nd dubiousscience,he practicedmedicine, cting,play writing,literature,nd scurrilousournalism. hristophermart, is journalisticor-respondent,ronounced im"Pimp! Poet! Paffer!Pothecary! layer!"
Hill's boundlessnergyndambition roduced hugebotanicalwork, heVegetable ystem,n twenty-sixhick oliovolumes,whichweighdowneightfolio helvesntheBeinecke ibrary.he illustrationsfHill'sbotanicalworksaredecorative,utoften ver maginative. ilfridBlunt uotesDr. Johnson'sdamning omment n Hill, that he was "an ingeniousman,but had noveracity."
29. Robert urber: welveMonths fFlowersLondon, 730).This avishfolio,much ought fter,nd all toooften roken p bymodern
interior ecorators,s in reality deluxeeighteenth-centuryeed catalogue.Furberwas a Kensington urserymanho employed heDutch artist eter
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LIBRARY GAZETTE in
Casteels ocreate series fdrawingshowing he seasonalfavoritesvailableforeachmonth f theyear.Theyarepresentedn thegrandmanner f theDutchflower iecesofJanvanHuysum.Boundwiththis s a similar eriesofTwelveMonths fFruits.
Gift f Mr.andMrs.Wilmarth . Lewis.
30. Robert Furber: A Short Introduction to Gardening (London,
1733).This octavo volume s Furber's extual upplemento TwelveMonthsof
Flowers, rovidingeveral ndexes o the varieties f flowers nd fruit rees
ofEngland,ndgiving he timeoftheyear hey rebestplanted.31. Humphry Repton: Hints, plans and sketches for the improve-
ment of stonelands in Sussex. Manuscript sketchbook,1806.
Theeighteenthentury'shilosophicaleliefntherational ontrolfnaturehas an excellentmanifestationn the workof a lateeighteenth-centuryand-
scapegardener,umphry epton.Repton asuallymanipulatesandscape ikean omnipotenttagedesigner,movingtrees, hrubs, nd flowers,nd evenhills ndvalleys ocreate morefavorableRepton's)design.His suggestionsto hisclientsweredelineatedn a series fmanuscriptlbumswhichcontain
small ldout lyleafto show hebeforendafter iews.Gift fMissElizabethW. Manwaring.
32. John Martyn: Historia plantarum rariorum (London, 1728).The illustrationsy Jacobus anHuysumforthiswork re ofunusual n-
terest s an earlyEnglishexperimentn colorprinting. lisha Kirkall,the
engraverf theplates,has used a partialmezzotint rocess, ougheninghe
coppernonly hedark reas obe printedwith special oothed ouletteool.Colored nkswere hen aubed nly nto ppropriatereas.Wipedofall excessink, heplatewas then rintedwith heheavy ressuref an intaglio ress.
33. Pierre- oseph Redouté: Illustrations forAugustin Pyramus De-
candolle's Histoire naturelle des plantes grasses (Paris, Didot,
1799).Flower aintingnFrance t thecloseof theeighteenthenturyndin the
early ecades fthenineteenthenturyeached zenith fquality ndsplendornever ince urpassed. ndertheroyal atronage f Marie Antoinettendthe
Empress osephine,everal uperb llustratedotanicalworkswere created yGerard anSpaëndonck,ierre urpin, ndRedouté.
A new engraving echnique mportedfromEngland, tipple-engraving,proved deal forthesubtledetail and tonalshading f Redouté'swork.Thisprocess fengravingydotsrather han ineswasadaptedbyRedouté ndhisengraversntotheir wnspecialcolor-printingechnique, hich nvolved heuse of more thanone color of inkon one plate,appliedwith a dauberand
wiped, nd laterfinished ithwater-color ash. Redouté'sLilacées and his
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112 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
morefamousRoses are amongthemostbrilliant xamples f intaglio olor
printingverproduced.
34. Pierre Turpin: Illustrations for Humboldt and Bonpland'sMimoses et autres plantes legumes du nouveau continent . . .
(Paris, 18 19).In a periodofmorebrilliant atural istoryrtists,ncluding udubon nd
Redouté, he workof PierreTurpinhas beenunjustly eglected. is works,perhapsnotquiteso effectives flower rints,retobe more ppreciated ortheir cientificbservation,articularlyn dissection etails.Goethemuch
admired hedrawings e sawby Turpin, ndregrettedhathe had notbeenabletohavehim llustrate is ownMetamorphoseerPflanzen.
V. The Nineteenth Century: Floral Sentimentand
FantasyIn additiono more erious cientificork Nos. 48-51), nine-
teenth-centuryook llustrationndgraphicrt reatednewpopularinterestn botany,nd botanical ecreationowbecame revailing
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LIBRARYGAZETTE 113
fashion.ady ainters
fevery ge
and classopied
lowerrints
ndthe"Language fFlowers," urturedyVictorianentimentalism,became cult.
Asplendidolio ictureook fflowers,erhapshemost amousfallsuch lowerooks, aspublishedarlynthe entury:heTempleofFlora.Besides heir isual plendor,hecolorplates f this avishfolio rereplete ith he lassicalllusion, oetic xcess, arkmood,andexotic tmosphereharacteristicfnineteenth-centuryomanti-cism,ndmake heTemple fFlora he erfectraphicmanifestation
oftheromanticeriod.At lmosthe ame imehat heTemple fFlorawasbeingssued,lithography,chemical,lanographicrocessfprintingrom stonesurface,asdiscoverednGermany yAloisSeneflder 1796), andintroducedntoEngland yJohann ndré1801). Bythemiddle fthecenturyithographyadsupersededothwoodandintaglion-gravingechniquesndproducedeveralmasterworksf botanicalillustrationNo.48).
Photography,heultimatecientific
mage-makingrocessn the
graphicrts, asdiscoverednFrancen1826byNiepce.nEngland,as early s 1833,FoxTalbotdisplayed is own"Photogenicraw-ings" fflowersnd eaves s thefirstotanicalhotographs.n 1844Talbotpublishedomeof thesebotanicalpecimensn his famousThePencil fNature,he irsthotographicallyllustratedook.
35. MaryLawrance: CollectionfRosesfromNature London,1799)-
Thismodest,essthanmediocre, orkhas thedubiousdistinctionf almostcontinuous isapproval rom he botanicalcritics. n 1802 Roessigwrote:"Her botanicaldraughtsmanships mostly naccurate,nd she rarely akesnoticeof thecharacteristiceatures f a rose.The lighting f the leaves is
extremelyad, ndonlyhere ndthere necomes cross neortworoseswhichareunmistakablydentifiable."unthorne allsher eaves, meaningless et-works f ines,"ndBlunt rovideshenegativeapstonewith: MissLawrance,for etterr forworse,wasbyprofession teacher fbotanical rawing."
36. Alphonse Karr: Voyage autour de mon jardin (Paris, 185 1).
37. Eugène Nus: Drôleries vegetales . . . (Paris, 185 1).
38. AlbertJacquemart: Botanique des dames (Paris, 1840).Threerare nd attractivexamples fgilt-and-mosaicublishers'lothbind-
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114 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
ings npopular
French otanicalworks. uchbindingsnjoyed
specialvogueduring hemiddle f thenineteenthentury.
GraphicArtsCollection. iftofMissEdithWetmore.
39. Flora's Lexicon (Boston, 1857).
40. The Language ofFlowers (Philadelphia, 1839).Thesesmalloctavosdevoted o the anguage f flowers erepublishedn
greatnumbersnEngland ndAmerica uring he nineteenthentury.Whiletrivial s botanical rt,they re interestings a manifestationf Victorian
romanticttitudes nd are fullof wonderfullywfulpoetry nd sentiment.Thesenaïve ittlebooks must lso be considered henineteenth-centuryib-liographicquivalent fthe nfinitelyore rtistic nd sophisticatedmblembooks of thesixteenth nd seventeenthenturies.
41. PhilipReinagle:TheNight-Blowingereus,with MoonlightbyPether,"ngravedyDunkarten.hilipReinagle: heSuperbLily, ngraved yRichard arlom.Platesfrom:RobertJohnThornton:heTemple fFlora London, 99-1807).
The writingsf Linnaeus nspired r. JohnThornton o commithimselftothehugepublishing enture hatwas tobringhimbothfame nd financialruin, heNew IllustrationftheSexualSystem fLinnaeus.The workwasissued npartsbetween 799 and 1807,with hebestartists ndengraversftheday ontributinghemagnificentolorplates. he thirdection fthisworkisentitledheTempleofFloraandcontains 2 plates. t is these olor-printedmezzotintngravingshathave earned thebook its fame. n theprefatory"Explorationfthepicturesque lates"Dr. Thorntonwrites: Eachscenerysappropriateo thesubject.Thus on theNight-Blowingereusyouhave themoonplaying n thedimpledwater, nd theturret-clock
ointsto XII, the
hourwhen his lowers in itsfullestxpanse . ." andconcludes is"explana-tion":". . . it is hopedthattherigidbotanistwill excusetheauthor,who,striving t universal pprobation, as thusendeavored o unite the 'UtileDulci.'"
In spiteof its ponderous ize and romantic ffectation,he Temple ofFloraemergess oneofthegraphicmonumentsfbothfine ookmakingndbotanicalllustrationfthenineteenthentury.
LentbyMrs.PaulMellon.
42.Robert
JohnThornton:The Temple ofFlora,orGardenoftheBotanist, oet,Painter ndPhilosopherLondon,1812).This is a rare dition,n a smaller ize and with complete e-engravingf
thecolorplates, ssued hortlyfter hefolioedition.Given nmemoryfRachelMcMasters untbyher onRichardM.Hunt.
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LIBRARY GAZETTE 115
43.TheJournal
fDesignnd
ManufacturesMarch-August,849)Realistic loralmotifs ecameparticularlyrominentn theapplieddesignof thenineteenthentury.abricshavealwayshad floral atterns,utusuallymore bstractedndstylizedhanthey ppear n thenear-infiniteardage fVictorian alicoes nd muslins.
44. Walter Crane: Color woodcut wallpaper.
45. Walter Crane: A Floral Fantasy (London, 1899).The artnouveau tyle fthe1890s,particularlys it is seen n someof the
designsfWilliamMorris nd Walter
Crane,s almost
ompletely atternedon botanicalmotifs.n his Bases ofDesign,Craneacknowledges is debttohistoricalotanicalllustration.n original rawing or heendpapers orhisA FloralFantasynda section f a wallpaper rint hownheredemonstrateisaffectionateeliancenhisarton theflower orld.
Gift fMrs.Catharine inker atterson.
46. Edward ear:Nonsense ongs, tories, otany ndAlphabets(London, 871).
Lear's "NonsenseBotany" s a delightfulpoofof theLatin nomenclature
of botany,withsuchphenomenal pecimens s "Phattfacia tupenda" nd"Manypeeplia psidownia."
47. JeanGrandville:esFleursniméesParis, 847).The coloredtitlepage of Grandville's loral antasyuggests he "Many-
peeplia Upsidownia" f Lear's "NonsenseBotany." he world of Grandvilleismore urrealistichan atirical, owever,ndbelongsn the urreal raditionofthebizarre ruit-and-vegetableortraitsfArcimboldind theChinoiserieflowersfPillement.
Gift fMiss EdithWetmore.
48. James ateman: rchidaciaefMexico ndGuatemalaLondon,1837-41).
This is oneof thefinestfthebotanical ooksproducedn lithography.charmingwoodcut,"The Librarian'sNightmare," y George Cruikshanksatirizes hegigantic ize of thisfoliovolume.
49. Thomas Moore: The Ferns ofGreat Britainand Ireland (London,
1855).Nature-printedyHenry radbury.
50. Vienna Imperial Printing Office: Examples of Nature-Printing(Vienna, 1853).
"Natureprinting" printing rom ctualplants hasbeenattemptedincethefifteenthentury.he techniquewasconsiderablyefinednthenineteenth
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ii6 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
centuryhena
platewas created
y passinghe
plantbetween
latesof soft
lead and steel.The impressioneceived ythe ead was thengalvanized,reat-ing an electrotype. enryBradbury, hoproduced heplatesforThe FernsofGreatBritain, rote treatisenthehistorynd method fnature-printing.
Gift f theOsbornBotanical ibrary.
51. The Botanical Magazine (London, 1787-1968).The first nd most famous f journals elated o botanywas founded y
WilliamCurtis fter hefinancial ailure fhisFloraLondinensis.he maga-zine was a greatmonetaryuccess, nd Curtisremarked f his experience,"one
broughtme
pudding,and the ther
raise."he
longife f
theBotanicalMagazinemakes tan excellenturveyf thegraphic rts fitsperiod s wellas ofbotany. he illustrationsf thefirst olumeexhibitedwere created yhand-coloredineengraving, hichwas useduntil1845.The second xampleshows hehand-colorithographyseduntil 948.Thethird electionepresentsfour-coloralf one the east atisfactoryfcolor-printingechniques. our-colorgravure asbeenusedsince1949.
Theearly olumes hown re fromhe ibraryfJohnRuskin.Volumes aterthan1821 are from heKline ScienceCenter ibrary.
52. JeanMorelle:Art
ouveau inding.aris, 888.Gift fSusanDwightBliss.
53. Gustav Kolb: Von derPflanzezum Ornament (Göttingen, 1900).Thepreferenceor traightrcurvedine,geometricalrfloralmotif,denti-
fies the decorative esignof many periods.This lithographedreatise n"Plants s Ornament"emonstratesheheavy eliance fthe rtnouveau tyleofthe urn fthe enturynthe urvilinearorms fthe lantworld.
GraphicArts ollection.
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LIBRARY GAZETTE 117
VI. The Orient
The ntensedentificationf heOrient ith aturemade lantsndnaturalcenerysimportantothe rt ndphilosophyftheChineseasanthropomorphicnspirationastothe rt ftheGreeks. rientalgraphicrts lso reflecthis mphasis,utwith ar reateroncernorbeautyf formnd themetaphysical eaningf man'splace nthenatural orld,han obotanicalcience.
54. WoodcutromheTen-Bamboo-Studio.A series f colorwoodcuts nown s themanuals fThe Ten-Bamboo-Studio
and theMustard-Seed-Gardenerecreated ytheChinese oward he endofthe seventeenthentury.hesewere ntended s instruction anuals n theart ofpainting irds nd flowers. amboo,with ts Buddhist onnotationfresilience nder tress, as a favoriteubject.
LentbyDale Royance.
55. Chêng-yenHu: Letterpapers.Chinese woodcutwithgauffrage.hese note papers created n the late
eighteenthenturyonstitute pictorial urvey f Chinesedecorativemotifs,includingmany fplant ife.
GraphicArts ollection.
56. Hokusai:Mangwa. olorwoodcut.The Mangwawas an encyclopedicketchbookreatedby the masterof
JapaneseUkyo-Ye,Hokusai,to illustratevery spectof daily ife in nine-
teenth-centuryapan. he volume llustratingloweringrees s shownhere.
GraphicArts ollection.
57. Hiroshige:ield f ris.Colorwoodcut.The color woodcuts f Japanoffer ne of the mostrewardingreas ofinterestn thehistoryf thegraphic rts.Nearlyall aspectsof humanex-
perience rebeautifullyelineatednd colorprinted romwoodblocksbytheartistsnd artisans f thisJapanese ineteenth-centuryrt.A graphicmaster-
pieceof theperiod, tamaro's lowers nd nsects ontains articularlyeauti-ful loralubjects.
LentbyDale Royance.
58. Bindingdoublure. Lacquer painting.
Iran, ineteenthentury.
59. Hafiz: Diwan (Iran, 1531).The great ontrastf desert nd gardensmade flowers ichly ynonymous
withbeautynPersian rt.Persian arpets, lazedtiles, ndilluminatedmanu-
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ii8 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
scriptsll relied
heavilyn floralmotifs,nd
accordingolegendhelped
to
giveto dwellers f a desert nvironmentt least thevicarious atisfactionffloweringardens.
LentbyThomasE. Marston.
VII. The Twentieth Century
Fivecenturiesfterhewoodcut erbal,heplantworld ontinuestobean inspirationothemakersfbooks ndprints.xamples fmodern erbáismaybe seen nThomas assam'sHerbariumor heFair (No. 67) and EstherBaskin's The Poppy and OtherDeadlyPlants (No. 63). A water-colorrawingbya recentYale graduate,LanceHidy, sdirectlynspired yfifteenth-centuryerbal llustration(No. 69). Farfrom eing nachronisticrreactionary,hese ndmanyother wentieth-centuryraphics reexciting roofofthecontinuing
beauty ndvitalityftheartofbotanical llustration.60. Archibald horburn:Water-colortudy.
Thorburnas naturalistest nownor iswater-colorenderingsfbirds.In hisornithologicalabitatcenes,ndoccasionaltill ifes, e alsopaintedveryttractiveotanicalubjects.
CoeOrnithologicalollection.
61 Clare eighton:oppiesndPoppy ods.Originalwood-engravedlocks ndproofs. he art fwood-engraving,rom
ThomasBewick toReynolds toneand ClareLeighton, asproved graphicmedium articularlyongenial ornatural istory.lareLeighton as createdmany ffectiveotanical llustrationsorher ownbookson countryndfarmlife.
Lentby he rtist.
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Scrçphularíaomitalis.
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I2O THE YALE UNIVERSITY
62. WilliamDallimore: oisonous lants, eadly,Dangerous ndSuspectLondon, urwen ress, 927).
Woodngravingsy ohnash.Graphicrtsollection.
63. Esther askin: hePoppy ndOther eadlyPlantsNewYork,Delacorte ress, 967).
This recentherbalofnoxiousplants s fullof curiousbotanical acts ndlegends. he drawingsllustratingheplants rethe workofLeonardBaskin.
Giftof Mr. andMrs.KennethNesheim.
64. Leonard askin: riginalngravedoodblock,Winter rasses."(NewYear'sGreeting) 952.
65. Leonard askin:Woodcuts fthistlesndplants, 957.
66. Leonard askin:Unpublishedrawingsor Gehenna ress di-tion fEmily ickinson'siddle oems, 965.
LeonardBaskin,whilenotedforhisuncompromisingraphic tatementsfdeformity,isease, nddeath, s also capableofvery yrical tudies fgrassesandthistles.
GraphicArts ollection.
67. Thomas assam:Herbariumor heFair.Being BookofCom-monHerbswith tchingsyBettyhaw-Lawrence.ogether ithCurious otes nTheirHistoriesnd Uses or heFurtherancefLovelinessndLove London, andandFlower ress, 949).
Graphicrtsollection.
68. RainerMariaRilke:LesRosesParis, 949).Rilke'sseriesof poemson roses s illustratedy twenty-fivenusualand
very legant tchingsfthis ristocratfflowers.Yale Collection fGermanLiterature.
69. LanceHidy:Pen-and-inkndwater-colorrawingf crophulariaOrientalis,ewHaven, 967.
70. AndrewMarvell: heGarden. esigned,llustratedndPrintedbyLanceHidy NewHaven,Bibliographicalress, aleUniver-
sity ibrary,968).The GraphicArtsCollection f theYale Universityibraryommissionedthismodern ditionof one of themosteffective f Marvell'spoems.Theartist, anceHidy,Yale 1968, s nowspending year tudying ithLeonardBaskin t hisGehennaPress n Northampton, assachusetts.
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/';-=09 )(8*=-0/']
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122 THE YALE UNIVERSITY
71. EliotPorter:n Wildness s thePreservationftheWorld (SanFrancisco,ierraClub,1962); ForeverWild:theAdirondacks(NewYork,HarperndRow,1966); Summersland:PenobscotCountrySanFrancisco,ierra lub,1966).
A recenteries fbookson natural istoryasbeencreated rom hephoto-graphs f EliotPorter. heymanage o convey oththeunexpeced eauty fwildplants nd thephotographer'sove of these ubjects.
An inexpensivedition f thesebookshas also beenpublished,n reducedformatnd on non-glossyaper,with ometimesmproved ffect.
72. Thomas Brown: Color Photographs of Orchids. Black and whitestudiesof eaves.
Mr. Brown s currentlyn instructornphotographyntheGraphicDesignprogramftheYaleSchool fArt ndArchitecture.