147

r`rh; v/;k;

21oha lnh ds fganh dFkk&lkfgR; esa laØfer

laLÑfr% vkfFkZd ifjizs{; esa

3-0 izLrkouk %

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª] ifjokj] lekt o laLÑfr ds fodkl esa vFkZ

dk vR;ar egÙoiw.k Z LFkku iqjkru dky ls jgk gS A fdlh Hkh

ijEijk] jhfr&fjokt dks cuk, j[kus es a vFkZ dh egÙoiw.k Z Hkwfedk

gksrh gS A fcuk vFkZ ds ge u rks igys izxfr dj ldrs Fks vkSj u

gh vkt A orZeku es a oS'ohdj.k] HkweaMyhdj.k] Hkk Sfrdrkokn dh

vk¡/kh es a gekjh laLÑfr] laØfer gksdj u, :i esa gekjs lkeus gS

D;ks afd bls laØfer djus es a gekjk gh gkFk gSA geu s viuh Hkk Sfrd

lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a ds fy, blds :i esa ifjorZu dj fn;k A gekjh

laLÑfr tks uSfrd ewY;ks a vkSj ekU;rkvks a ij fVdh gqbZ Fkh] og vkt

vkfFk Zd ewY;ks a ij fuHkZj gks xbZ gS A vFkZ thou dk dsUnz fcUnq cu

x;k gSA vFkZ ra= ls gh thou dh leLr fn'kk,¡ fu/k k Zfjr gksus yxh

gS a A lsok] bZekunkjh] iz se] R;kx] lgu'khyrk tSls uSfrd ewY; laLÑfr

ls xk;c gksus dh dxkj ij gS a A

orZeku ifjos'k ea s gekjs fopkj o e;kZnk,a vFkZ }kjk gh

fu/kk Zfjr gksrh gS a A vFkZ dh iz/kkurk us O;fDr] ifjokj vkSj lekt

o laLÑfr ds izfrekuk s a dks iw.k Z:is.k cny fn;k gS A vkt O;fDr

dh igpku mldh vkfFk Zd fLFkfr ls gksrh gS A fj'rs] ukrs] laca/k

vkSj ljksdkj dk ekinaM vFkZ cu x;k gS A MkWñ egs'k flag vkt

dh vkfFk Zd laLÑfr ds fo"k; es a viuh jk; nsrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßvkt dh laLÑfr miHkk sDrkoknh laLÑfr gks xbZ gS A ;gh lgh

gS fd ekuo thou ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy, /ku dh vko';drk

148

gS A ysfdu /ku dks lk/; eku ysuk lkaLÑfrd foÑfr gS A ekuo

thou ds ckSf)d ,oa vk/;kfRed i{k Hkh gS a A vkt ds ;qx es a

gekjs thou ds lHkh i{kk s a dk y{; /kuktZu gks x;k gSA

vFkZ ds fy, fyIlk vkSj 'kkjhfjd lq[k dh dkeuk rks fuLlansg

gekjs thou dh fuÑ"V izo`fr gS AÞ1

lelkef;d lekt vUrfoZjk s/kk s a ls xzLr gS a ftues a lcls Hk;kog

gS vkfFk Zd laiurk vkSj foiUurk ds chp fnu&izfrfnu vf/kd pkSM+h

vkSj xgjh gksrh [kkbZ A vkt euq"; miHkk sDrkoknh cudj vkfFk Zd

vko';drkvks a dh vlhe vkdka{kk,a ikys gq, gS a A 21oha lnh dk

vkfFk Zd ra= vkn'kZ ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ks afd mles a vFkZ dk

forj.k vleku gS A pkjks a rjQ vkfFk Zd la?k"k Z] csjk stxkjh] vFkZ

yksyqirk] xjhch] yqIr gksrs ikjaifjd m|ksx /ka/k s] foKkiu fn[kkbZ nsus

yxs gS a A /ku dk xf.kr vke vkneh dh igq ¡p ls cgqr nwj gS A

vFkZ ds dkj.k vkt ifjokjk s a es a ruko c<+rk tk jgk gS ftl dkj.k

HkkbZ&HkkbZ dk] firk&iq= dk] ifr&iRuh dk] HkkbZ&cgu dk izfr;ksxh

curk tk jgk gS A vkt dk ;qok de&ls&de le; esa T;knk ls

T;knk /ku dekus dh fQjkd esa jgrk gS A og mlds fy, voS/k

rjhds feykoV[kk sjh] dkykcktkjh] tek[kk sjh vkfn Hkh viukus es a Hkh

fcYdqy ugha fgpdrk A

vkt vFkZ dk bruk egÙo c<+rk tk jgk gS fd euq"; viuk

ru rks D;k /ku ds fy, viuh vkRek rd dks cspus dks rRij gSA

iw ¡thokn us orZeku laLÑfr dks O;ogkfjdrk ls Ñf=erk es a ifjofrZr

dj fn;k gS A f'k"Vkpkj ek= fn[kkok jg x;k gSA Hkk Sfrdrkokn ds

dkj.k gekjh laLÑfr ds ewyk/kkj /keZ vkSj vk/;kfRedrk viuh igpku

1- MkWñ egs'k flag] ^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr % fofo/k vk;ke]* i`ñ 28

149

vkSj Lo:i dks [kk s pqds gS a A cM+ s&cM+s iw ¡thifr tkyh /kekZFk Z

laLFkkvks a es a nku fn[kkdj yk[kk s a #i, dk VSDl cpkrs gS a A

bl Hk;kog vFkZO;oLFkk es a csdkjh] fu/kZurk rFkk vkfFk Zd

fo"kerk dh fLFkfr;ka O;fDr dks vlkekftd O;ogkj ds fy, iz sfjr

djrh gS a A orZeku vFkZ iz/kku ;qx es a o.kk s ± ds LFkku ij oxks ± dk

mn; gqvk gS A Qyr% oxZ la?k"k Z dk izknqHkk Zo iw ¡thifr] cqf)thoh]

loZgkjk oxZ ds :i esa gqvk gS A bues a ls iw ¡thifr oxZ lcls

'kfDr'kkyh oxZ gS A lekt es a oxZ la?k"k Z dk izfrQyu vFkZ la?k"k Z

es a gqvk gS A Hkkjr es a ijEijkxr Ñf"k iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk

vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds :i esa djoV ys jgh gS A Ñf"k es a c<+rk [kkn o

dhVuk'kd nokb;ks a dk va/kk/k q a/k iz;ksx i`Foh o i;kZoj.k ds guu o

iznw"k.k es a fnu&izfrfnu c<+kok ns jgk gS A fdlku Ñf"k dks ?kkVs dk

lkSnk ekuus yxs gS a A os Ñf"k dks eq[; jkstxkj dh txg ikVZ Vkbe

jkstxkj ds :i esa ys jgs gS aA orZeku lekt esa euq"; dh

vFkZyksyqirk ds dkj.k lekt dk <k¡pk iw.k Zr;k cny x;k gS A

ftlls gekjh laLÑfr laØfer :i /kkj.k dj gekjs lkeus gS A vkt

vkfFk Zd laca/kk s a dks T;knk egÙo fn;k tkrk gS A egsUnz tSu vius

,d lkef;d ys[k es a orZeku vkfFk Zd O;oLFkk d s ckjs es a crkrs gS a]

ßvkt nqfu;k es a lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd rkdr dh ctk; vkfFk Zd

izHkko dk T;knk egÙo gS A vkt dk ;qx vkfFk Zd ljksdkjk s a dk gS

vkSj Hkkjr ,d mHkjrh gqbZ vkfFk Zd egk'kfDr gSA bl ckr dks fo'o

dk gj ns'k ekuus dks rS;kj gS AÞ1 21oha lnh ds fgUnh dFkkdkjks a us

orZeku lnh dh vkfFk Zd laØfer laLÑfr dks vius dFkk lkfgR; es a

1- egsUnz tSu] laiknd] izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] tqykbZ 2011] i`ñ 2213&14

150

iw.k Zr% fpf=r fd;k gS ftls vxzfyf[kr fcUnqvks a es a oxhZÑr fd;k x;k

gS A

3-1 fu/kZurk %

fdlh lekt es a fu/kZurk dk mYys[k mles a lk/kuks a dh deh] de

jk"Vªh; vk;] izfr O;fDr dh de vk;] vk; ds c¡Vokjs es a Hkkjh

vlekurk] detksj lqj{kk ls gksrk gS A fu/kZurk lekt ij vfHk'kki

gksrh gS A fu/kZu O;fDr dks gj izdkj dh leL;kvks a ls nks pkj

gksuk iM+rk gS A mls jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh iwfrZ djus gsrq

ikiM+ csyus iM+rs gS a A xjhc vFkk Zr~ fu/kZu dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, MkWñ

lR;dsrq fo|kyadkj fy[krs gS a]

ßtc dksbZ euq"; thou dh vko';drkvks a vkSj lqfo/kkvks a dks

leqfpr ek=k es a izkIr ugha dj ldrk] rc ge mls fu/kZu le>rs

gS aAÞ1

lkekftd ,oa vkfFk Zd laLÑfr ds laØfer gksus ds dkj.k

fu/kZurk dk vfHk'kki lekt esa QSyrk tk jgk gS A ftl O;fDr ds

ikl thou dh izkjafHkd vko';drk,a ugha gS a vFkk Zr~ le; ij leqfpr

Hkk stu] jgus dk edku vkSj iguus dks diM+s ugha gS] og xjhc dgk

tkrk gS A MkWñ fofiu xqIrk ds vuqlkj]

ßfu/kZurk ds nq'pØ ls vfHkizk; gS fd os fofHkUu 'kfDr;k¡

ftues a vkfFk Zd fiNM+kiu] fuEu vk;] fuEu mRikndrk] fuEu ekaxk s a ds

,sls ?ksj s es a gS a tks ,d&nwljs ij bl izdkj fØ;k&izfrfØ;k djrh gS a

fd fu/kZu O;fDr fu/kZu gh jgrk gS AÞ2

21oha lnh ds fofHkUu fgUnh dFkkdkjks a us lekt esa QSys o

laØfer laLÑfr ls mHkjrs gq, bl vfHk'kki vFkk Zr~ fu/kZurk dks

1- MkWñ lR;dsrq fo|kyadkj] ^lekt'kkL=*] i`ñ 45

2- MkWñ fofiu xqIrk] ^fgUnh ukVdks a es a lelkef;d ifjos'k]* i`ñ 160

151

lPpkbZ ds :i esa mHkkjk gS A lqjsUnz xqIr dh dgkuh ^Ny [kqys

vkleku dh* es a ik= bZ'oj dks xjhch ls tw>rs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA

xjhch ds dkj.k og viuh chekj iRuh dks le; ij nokb;k¡ u

fnyok ldk vkSj og nokb;ks a ds vHkko es a py clh A iRuh ds

fØ;kdeZ es a Hkh og vleFkZ Fkk A ;g dgkuh iz sepan dh dgkuh

^dQu* dh ;knnk'r fnyokrh gS A bZ'oj viuh xjhch ds ckjs es a

crkrs gq, dgrk gS]

ßmldh vUR;sf"V rFkk fØ;kdeZ vkSj vU; [kpks ± ds fy, iSlk

m/kkj ysuk iM+k Fkk AÞ1 mudh ^iaNh* dgkuh es a Hkh xjhch dk ,slk

gh eeZLi'khZ fp=.k gqvk gS A jke ckcw ,d lkekU; fyfid gS a A

tc mudk iq= lk{kkRdkj gsrq ,d tksM+h twrs dh ekax djrk gS rks

iq= dh ek¡x es a vleFkZ jkeckcw dks yxrk gS fd vkfFk Zd vHkkoks a ds

dkj.k og ifjokj dks dksbZ [kkl lq[k ugha ns ik, A os dgrs gS a]

ßbl vkfFk Zd raxh ds dkj.k gh ?kj dk [kpkZ pykuk dbZ ckj

eqf'dy gks tkrk gS] ?kj es a tks Hkh vkVk&nky vFkok jk'ku&ikuh

vkrk gS] og Hkh uik rqyk AÞ2

vjfoUn dqekj flag dh dgkuh ^mldk lp* esa gjQwy rFkk

lqu;uk uonEifr gS tks vHkh larkulq[k ls oafpr gS a A ysfdu ;s

yksx vHkh Hkh vHkkoxzLr thou th jgs gS a A gjQwy cPps ds fo"k;

ij lqu;uk dks le>krs gq, dgrk gS]

ßbl ?kj es a cPpk iSnk djsxh A gekjh nsg ihlus vkSj nq[k

<ksus ds fy, A dkSu lh [kSrk suh vkSj [kkrk vius ikl j[kk gS fd

vkrs gh mlds uke dj nw ¡xk & ys csVk] [kkunku dk fpjkx cu A

fQj etnwjh Hkh rks ,slh ugha fd <ax ls f[kyk&fiyk ldsA tc

1- lqjsUnz xqIr] ^Nr [kqys vkleku dh*] i`ñ 32

2- ogh] i`ñ 97

152

viuk gh isV ikyuk eqf'dy gks jgk gks rks csVk&csVh] cki dks D;k

lgkjk nsxk AÞ1

dgkuh ^pkWdysV* ds fiaVw iSls ds fy, dksbZ Hkh xank dk;Z djus

ls ugha 'kekZrk A ;g dk;Z Hkh og etcwjho'k djrk gS A og ,d

xans dk;Z dks djus ds ckn dgrk gS]

ßxjhc vkneh dks dkgs dk f?ku ! ,d ckj rks fons'kh ySfVªu

ds iSu es a mls ,d ilZ fn[k x;k Fkk vkSj mlus gkFk Mkydj mls

fudky fy;k Fkk A vc rd dh lcls cM+h dekbZ FkhA rhu gtkj

udn feys Fk s AÞ2

?kksj fu/kZurk dk nnZ dgkuh ^yach Vsj dk nnZ* es a O;Dr gqvk

gS A bles a ik= nqD[kw fu/kZu O;fDr ds ckjs es a dgrk gS]

ßlkgc] xjhc nqf[k;k bl eqyqd ds fy, ,d phaVh vkSj ePNj

gS A gj dksbZ mls ihl ekj Mkyuk pkgrk gS A mldh j{kk ds fy,

dgha dksbZ dkuwu ugha gS] dksVZ dpgjh] iqfyl&odhy lc >wB gS&

Qjsc gS a-----Þ3

fu/kZurk euq"; ds thou esa etcwfj;k¡ cu tkrh gS vkSj vehjks a

ds fy, nwljks a dh fu/kZurk vkuan es a] dekbZ es a c< +k SrjhA yM+fd;ka

xjhch o Hkw[kejh ds dkj.k vius ftLe dks cspus ij etcwj] foo'k

gks tkrh gS a A miU;kl ^d'ked'k* es a xjhch ds blh :i dks fpf=r

djrs gq, laosnuk izdV dh xbZ gS A

ßnks gjs uksV ij rks oks vkids lkFk cEcbZ pyh tk,xh lkc---

- dksbZ Vs a'ku ugha A ogka igq apdj fdlh Hkh Vªd es a okil vkus ds

fy, fcBk nsuk----- AÞ vkSj mlus fgrsu ls uksVk s a dks idM+us es a dksbZ

1- vjfoUn dqekj flag] ^mldk lp*] i`ñ 19

2- ifjrks"k pØorhZ] ^va/k sjk leqnz*] i`ñ 120

3- vjfoUn dqekj flag] ^mldk lp*] i`ñ 146

153

fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZ nh A cEcbZ okyks a ds fy, rks ;g lLrk

lkSnk Fkk exj vkfnoklh ds fy, liuks a ls c<+dj vkSj ml vutku

vn`'; dk;k dks xkM+h es a Mkydj fgrsu py iM+k Fkk A vacslMj

dh ihNs dh lhV us ekuo dks jktk&egkjktkvks a tSlk ,glkl fnykus

es a dksbZ deh ugha NksM+ j[kh Fkh----- ÅcM+&[kkcM+ jkLrs tgk¡ vc

fdlh xjhc dh ihM+k ds fy, dkQh Fks ogha ekuo dks vfrfjDr

vkuan ls Hkj jgs FksA ekuo dh vehjh dk tquwu] enZ cudj] xkM+h

ds bu xM~<ks a es a dwnus ls c<+ tkrk] ogha ,d vkSjr dh vkokt]

vcyk dh ph[k cudj eq¡g es a Q¡lh jgrh A va/k s ds fy, jax

egÙoghu vkSj flQZ 'kkjhfjd laidZ] xa/k o Lokn ek;us j[krs gS a AÞ1

os';ko`fr xjhch ;k fdlh etcwjh es a dh tkrh gS A tc

yM+dh etcwj gks tkrh gS rHkh og bls viukrh gS A ^eqUuh

eksckbZy* miU;kl esa tc lkEiznkf;d naxs QSy tkrs gS a rks dkQh yksx

ogka cslgkjk gksdj f'kfojks a es a jgrs gS a A ogk¡ Bsdsnkj o vU; vehj

yksx] yM+fd;ks a dks ijs'kku djrs gS A xjhc rcds dh yM+fd;ks a ds

ikl thus dk dksbZ lgkjk ugha gksrk A etcwjho'k mUgs a ;g jkLrk

viukuk iM+rk gS A xjhc yksx iSls dh [kkfrj etcwjho'k viuk

ftLe csp jgs gS a A dFkkdkj iznhi lkSjHk fy[krs gS a]

ßlkgc] vkidks irk gS A*

^D;k\*] vkuan Hkkjrh cksys A

jkgr f'kfojks a es a jg jgh ckyh yM+fd;ka jkr Hkj xk;c jgus

yxh gS a A

^D;k eryc\*

1- eukst flag] ^d'ked'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 82

154

^lkgc] ftLefQjks'kh dj jgh gS a A ;gh ugha naxks a es a tks vkSjrs a

cslgkjk gks xbZ gS a vkSj f'kfojks a es a ugha jgrh] os Hkh bl /ka/k s es a

yx xbZ gS A f'kfojks a es a gh muds nyky iSnk gks x;s gS aA*

^rqEgs a fdlus crk;k\*

^vjln crk jgk Fkk A vjln dh iRuh&cPps Hkh naxks a dh Hks aV

p<+ pqds gS a A mldk gkFk Hkh naxkb;ks a us dkV fn;k FkkA mlh us esjs

ls ,d fnu iwNk fd dksbZ dLVej gks rks crkuk\*

^dgka tkrh gS a ;s yM+fd;ka\* vkuan Hkkjrh dh ftKklk c<+ xbZ

Fkh A

^lsVykbV uojaxiqjk] byhl fczt] ostyiqj* ds cM+ s&cM+s ¶ySVk s a es a

tkrh gS a A vPNh dekbZ gksrh gS A*

^dkSu yksx gS a tks yM+fd;ka cqykrs gS a\* loky nksckjk mHkjkA

^vf/kdka'k fgUnw vkcknh es a jgus okys Bsdsnkj vkSj iSls okys

yksx gS a AÞ1

vkt gekjs lekt esa vkfFk Zd fo"kerk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk

jgh gS A fnu Hkj esgur djds Hkh fdlku vkSj etnwj dks mlds

thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drk,a & jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku] f'k{kk o

fpfdRlk ugha feyrh A nwljh vksj iw athifr vko';drkvks a dks Hkh

ihNs NksM+dj foykl dh lkefxz;ks a ls lEiUu gS a A ,d esgur djds

Hkh Hkw[kk] uaxk vkSj nq%[kh] tcfd nwljk esgur u djds Hkh loZ

lqfo/kk lEiUu vkSj lq[kh gks rks blls c<+dj fo"kerk D;k gksxh\

vehj yksx dkjks a es a lSj likVk djuk] vewY; oL= iguuk] 'kjkc

ihuk] QkbZo LVkj gksVyks a es a vkdj ekSt eLrh dj viuk ,s'o;Z iw.k Z

thou th jgs gS a A mudk ,d fnu dk fQtwy [kpkZ etnwj dh

1- iznhi lkSjHk] ^eqUuh eksckby* miU;kl] i`ñ 145

155

o"kZHkj dh dqy vk; ls dgha T;knk gS A blh dks y{; djds gh

rks egkdfo fnudj us dgk Fkk]

ß'okuks a dks feyrk nw/k&oL=] Hkw[k s cPps vdqykrs gS a

ek¡ dh xksnh ls fpid fBBqj tkM+s dh jkr fcrkrs gS aA

dgha rsy&Qqysyks a ij ikuh ls nzO; cgk;s tkrs gS a A

;qorh ds yTtk olu cspdj C;kt pqdk;s tkrs gS a AÞ1

vk/kqfud lekt esa blh rjg dh okLrfod fLFkfr ges a vklikl

fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A eukst flag dh dgkuh] ^eq>s rqEgkjh Nr pkfg,* es a

';ke ,d xjhc exj LokfHkekuh vkSj esgurh L=h gS A og lkjk fnu

lM+dks a ij dke djrh gS ftlls muds [kkus dk xqtkjk pyrk Fkk A

lksus ds fy, fcLrj vkSj flj ij Nr dk izca/k eqf'dy gks pyk

FkkA mldh nks yM+fd;ka gS a lquhrk vkSj vuhrk A lquhrk viuh NksVh

cgu dks f[kykrh gS vkSj mudh eka fnuHkj dke djrh gS A dFkkdkj

mudh xjhch dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gS a]

ßlquhrk vEek dks okil vkrs ns[k [kq'k gqbZ Fkh A pknj dks

lkQ dj vEek ds lkFk tSls gh ysVh rks uhps ds uqdhys iRFkj us

mldh eqyk;e Ropk dks ,d ckj fQj NsM+k Fkk A ,d feuV ds

fy, djkg mBh A brus lky gks x, fQj Hkh dksbZ u dksbZ iRFkj rks

dHkh dksbZ ydM+h ;k dkaVk QVh gqbZ iqjkuh pknj ls fudy dj mls

rdyhQ nsus yxrk gS A NksVh Fkh rks nnZ ds dkj.k jks iM+rh Fkh A

cM+h cgu mls f[kykus dh iwjh dksf'k'k djrh exj oks jksrh jgrh A

fnu esa vEek vkrh vkSj mBk dj tSls gh xksn es a ysrh rks oks pqi

gks tkrh Fkh AÞ2

1- MkWñ /keZpUnz fo|kyadkj] ^Økafrdkjh vkSj lfØ; jktuhfr*] i`ñ 19

2- eukst flag] ^eq>s rqEgkjh Nr pkfg,*] esjh igpku] i`ñ 67

156

xjhch ds dkj.k ;s yksx f'k{kk izkIr djus ds ckjs es a lksprs

Hkh ugha ;k ;w a dg ldrs gS a fd f'k{kk dh fdj.k vHkh buls nwj gSA

blh dkj.k ls vius cPpks a dks Hkh nl o"kZ dk gksus ds ckn dke

ij yxk nsrs gS A mijksDr dgkuh es a blh xjhch ds dkj.k

ckyetnwjh dk fp=.k feyrk gS A dgkuh dh ik= ';kek dgrh gS]

ßnks&rhu lky vkSj gks tkrs] lquhrk Hkh nl dh gks tkrh rks

fdlh u fdlh ds ?kj es a yxk nsrh A exj rc rd\---- ;g ,d

cM+k loky Fkk AÞ1

xjhch ds dkj.k xjhc L=h ds 'kjhj dks ukspuk vke ckr gksrh

tk jgh gS A iw athifr yksx etnwjh ij fL=;ks a dks j[kuk ilan djrs

gS a rkfd dHkh&dHkkj oks mudk fcLrj Hkh xeZ dj ns aA mijksDr

dgkuh es a ';kek tgka dke djrh gS] ogka dk eqU'kh ml ij cqjh

utj j[krk gS vkSj ekSds dh ryk'k es a jgrk gSA ,d fnu ';kek ds

ifr us viuh csVh dks rekpk ekjk rks ';kek us mls ihVdj Hkxk

fn;k A blh ekSds dh ryk'k es a cSBs eqU'kh th jkr es a ';kek ds ?kj

ds njokts ij igq aprk gS A dFkkdkj bl fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrs gq,

fy[krs gS a]

ßnsj jkr fdlh us njoktk [kV[kVk;k Fkk A rc rd ';kek

lkM+h mrkj pqdh Fkh A isVhdksV vkSj cykmt esa vLr O;Lr FkhA

'kjhj Fkd dj pwj&pwj gks jgk Fkk A exj vc rd lksbZ ugha FkhA

gfM~M;k¡ l[r gks jgh Fkh A cPps xgjh uhan es a lks pqds FksA mlus

njokts dh QkaV es a ls >kadk] ckgj va/k sjk Fkk A /;ku ls ns[kk rks

eqU'kh vdsyk Fkk A mlus fQj ,d ckj iwNk Fkk]

ßdkSuÞ

1- eukst flag] ^eq>s rqEgkjh Nr pkfg,*] esjh igpku] i`ñ 69

157

ßeS a eqU'kh] rsjk vkneh rk s------Þ eq a'kh QqlQqlk;k Fkk A dksbZ

vkSj fnu gksrk rks ';kek njoktk ugha [kk syrh] de&ls&de bu diM+k s a

es a rks fcYdqy ugha] ftles a cgqr dqN fn[k jgk Fkk A ;gh rks eqU'kh

D;k] gj nwljk vkneh gj oDr pkgrk gS A mlds lq anj 'kjhj dks

ns[kuk] Nwuk------ vkSj------ A ';kek tkurh Fkh fd oks [kwclwjr gS]

rax vk pqdh Fkh yksxk s a dh fuxkg ls] Fkd pqdh Fkh Nqikrs&Nqikrs] ----

- vkSj fQj fdlds fy,] ml gjkeh ds fy,-----lksprs gh 'kjhj dk

[kwu [kk syus yxk A vc cgqr gks x;k vkSj ----- vkt mlus /khjs ls

njoktk [kksyk vkSj fQj pIiy ls tks eqU'kh ds psgjs ij nks gkFk

tM+s rks oks gM+cM+k dj rqjar ogka ls Hkkxk FkkAÞ1

vkt vius edku es a jguk gj e/;oxhZ; ifjokj dk liuk gSA

mls viuk liuk iwjk djuk eqf'dy utj vk jgk gS A og bruk

xjhc rks ugha gS fd og viuk ,oa vius ifjokj dk isV u Hkj lds

ijUrq og viuk edku ugha cuk ldrk A mls xjhch ds dkj.k

etcwjho'k cM+s 'kgjks a es a ukSdjh djuh iM+rh gS A tgka mls fdjk,

ds edku esa jguk iM+rk gS A [kqn dk viuk edku ek= liuk curk

tk jgk gS vkSj mls [kqn ds edku ds ckjs es a viuh /kkj.kk gh

cnyuh iM+rh gS A johUnz oekZ dh dgkuh ^jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku*

es a jekdkar viuk edku cuk ugha ldrkA og vius edku ds ckjs es a

/kkj.kk cny ysrk gS A dFkkdkj blh lPpkbZ dks is'k djrs gq,

fy[krs gS a]

ßjekdkar ckj&ckj vaxz sth dh dgkor nqgjkrk fd eq[kZ edku

cukrs gS a vkSj cqf)eku mues a jgrs gS a A og ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd

1- eukst flag] ^eq>s rqEgkjh Nr pkfg,*] esjh igpku] i`ñ 70&71

158

esjh le> esa ugha vkrk fd yksx fjVk;j gksdj edku D;ks a cuokrs

gS a& gkFkh fudy x;k vkSj iw aN ds fy, edku AÞ1

og fnu esa rks viuh /kkj.kk cny ysrk ijUrq jkr es a mls

ckj&ckj vius edku dh ;kn lrkrh gS A dFkkdkj ,d jkr jekdkar

}kjk fy, x, lius ds ckjs es a crkrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßmlus ml jkr fQj edku dk liuk ns[kk A mlus ns[kk fd

n;kyckx ds vkxs ?kuh gfj;kyh vkSj l?ku isM+k s a dk ,d >qjeqV gS]

ftlds chpks achp ,d 'kkunkj dksBh [kM+h gS] ftldk jax gjk gS& tks

gfj;kyh vkSj isM+k s a es a fNi tkrk gS A fNius dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh

gS fd ,d gh eafty dh dksBh gS] ftldh Nr ij Vhñohñ dk fM'k

,afVuk vkdk'k dh vksj eq ¡g fd, cSBk gSA ihNs ls ;equk ds cgus

dh vkokt vk jgh Fkh] tks gok dh vkokt esa xq ¡Fkh Fkh A og u

tkus fdruh nsj viuh gjh dksBh ns[krk jgk vkSj ikuh vkSj gok dh

vkokts a lqurk jgk] tSls unh vkSj vkleku ds edku esa cSBk gks A

fQj dksbZ vk¡/kh vk;h A

unh] vkleku vkSj edku lc fcyk x;s A og vk¡[k s a eyrs gq,

mBk AÞ2

dgkuh ^dkSu gS fd tks jksrk gS* es a jktw ,d xjhc yM+dk gSA

og mls dbZ ckj rks Hkw[k s isV lksuk iM+rk gS A og ,d vtuch

O;fDr dks cktkj es a dgrk gS]

ßyM+kbZ gks lkc rks eS a Hkh QkSt es a HkrhZ gks tkÅ¡AÞ ßckoys

gq, gks] D;k Qk;nk\ ;gk¡ rqEgs a D;k deh\ ogk¡ rks xktj ewyh dh

rjg dVok nsrs gS a AÞ

1- johUnz oekZ] ^jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku]* ipkl cjl dk csdkj vkneh]

i`ñ 12

2- ogh] i`ñ 13

159

ßdksbZ ckr ugha lkgc] tc rd ftank jgw ¡xk isV Hkj jksVh

feysxh A ?kj Hkh iSls Hkst fn;k d:¡xk vkSj ej x;k rks ----- QkSth

ds ejus ij ?kjokyks a dks ljdkj dh rjQ ls cgqr dqN fey tkrk

gS AÞ1 fu/kZurk dh otg ls jk"Vªh; izfrHkk,a nc tkrh gS a A yk[kk s a

yksx dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksdj ej tkrs gS a A /khjs&/khjs ljdkjh

iz;klks a ls o O;fDrxr iz;klks a ls fu/kZurk ij f'kdatk dlk tk jgk

gS tks fd 'kqHk ladsr gS A

3-2 vFkZ ,oa cktkj %

euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS A mls vius thou dh ewyHkwr

vko';drkvks a dh iwfrZ gsrq vU; yksxks a ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA

mldh lHkh vko';drkvks a dh iwfr Z vc cktkj ij fuHkZj gks x;h gSA

vkt gekjs ?kjk s a es a oks oLrq,a ugha gS tks ge pkgrs gS a A cfYd oks

oLrq,¡ ekStwn gS a fd ftUgs a cktkj ges a ijksl jgk gSA cktkj vius

vanj vkd"kZ.k c<+k dj xzkgdks a dks viuh vksj vkdf"k Zr dj jgk gSA

rjg&rjg ds yqHkkous foKkiu fn, tk jgs gS a ftudh lPpkbZ ls vke

vkneh vufHkK gksrk gS vkSj mu foKkiuks a ds pDdj esa Qaldj

viuk thou cckZn dj jgk gS A cktkj us euq"; dks LokFkhZ cuk

fn;k gS A ogk¡ /ku ds fy, viuh vkRek rd csph tk jgh gS A

oS'ohdj.k] HkweaMyhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dh izfØ;k us

cktkj ds {ks= es a O;kidrk yk nh gS A fo'o dh fofHkUu ns'kk s a ds

vkilh laca/k cktkj ds vk/kkj ij iuirs@vk/kkfjr cu jgs gS a A

cktkj dh c<+rh O;kidrk us u dsoy gekjh /keZijk;.k] dY;k.kdkjh]

loZfgrdkjh vkfFk Zd fLFkfr dks laØfer fd;k cfYd lkekftd /kkfeZd]

jktuSfrd laLÑfr dks Hkh vius ewy y{; ls nwj dj fn;k gS A

1- {kek 'kekZ] ^dkSu gS fd tks jksrk gS]* jkLrk NksM+k s a Mkfy±x] i`ñ 42

160

21oha lnh es a cktkj dk y{; yksxks a dh vko';drkvks a dh iwfrZ

djuk u gksdj /ku dekuk gks x;k gS A cktkj vFkZ iz/kku curk tk

jgk gS A blds fy, okf.kfT;d yksx rLdjh] dkykcktkjh] tek[kk sjh]

feykoV [kksjh tSls voS/k rjhds viukdj /ku dekus es a yxs gq, gS A

os blh /ku ds [kkfrj vkilh fj'rks a dks rks rkd ij j[k gh jgs gS aA

ifjokj ds vkilh laca/k vFkZ iz/kku curs tk jgs gS a A cktkj dk

ewy y{; mRiknd o miHkk sDrk nksuk s a es a lkeatL; LFkkfir dj jk"Vª

ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsuk Fkk A vkt jk"Vª dk fodkl dksus es a j[kk

x;k gS vkSj Lofgr loks Zifj A xykdkV izfr;ksfxrk c<+rh tk jgh gSA

csjk stxkjh] xjhch] vkfFk Zd fo"kerk c<+rh tk jgh gS A fj'rks a es a

cktk:iu vkus ds dkj.k cktkj es a etcwrh] O;kidrk c<+rh tk jgh

gS A blh ifjiz s{; es a vfer dqekj flag fy[krs gS a]

ßoS'ohdj.k us izkphu ,oa ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt dh cqfu;knh

vkLFkk dks >d>ksj dj j[k fn;k gS A Hkkjr es a O;fDr] ifjokj]

lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds le{k iqui ZfjHkk"kk dk ladV mRiUu gks x;k

gSA HkweaMyhdj.k us Hkkjr es a lekt o laLÑfr ds izR;sd igyw dks

izHkkfor fd;k gS A bu ifjorZuk s a es a dHkh Hkfo"; ds [krjs dh vkgV

lqukbZ nsrh gS rks dHkh bles a ,d u, Hkfo"; x<+us dk lq[kn vglkl

ifjyf{kr gksrk gS AÞ1

cktkj dk ewy y{; mRiknu dks c<+kuk o vf/kdkf/kd ykHk

dekuk cu x;k gS A cktkj iSlk dekus dh blh gkSM+ es a vusd

izdkj ds "kM;a= ,oa tkylkft;ka jprk gS A cktkj es a ekuoh; ewY;ks a

dks ugha cfYd eqnzk dk ewY; vkadk tkrk gS A cktkj us vkneh dks

vkneh dh rjg u ekudj ,d xzkgd o miHkk sDrk ekuk gS A mldk

1- vfer dqekj flag] ^HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Hkkjr % ifjn`'; vkSj fodYi*]

i`ñ 82

161

y{; miHkk sDrk dks viuh vksj vkdf"k Zr dj mldh tsc ls iSls

fudkyuk gS A ;g Hkh loZfofnr gS fd xzkgd ;k miHkk sDrk ds cxSj

cktkj dk fodkl vlaHko gS A tgk¡ miHkk sDrk ;k xzkgd ugha gS

ogka cktkj dk fodkl ugha gks ldrkA cktkj dk fodkl djus ds

fy, iw ¡thoknh yksx rjg&rjg dh yksd yqHkkouh xfrfof/k;ka viukrs

gS a A orZeku es a izpkj ra= ds cxSj dksbZ Hkh /ka/kk lQy ugha gks

ldrk A foKkiu txr us vke vkneh dks miHkk sDrk cuk fn;k gS A

cktkj dk miHkk sDrk ls laca/k dsoy vkfFk Zd ykHk ij gh vk/kkfjr

gSA izfl) dFkkdkj e`.kky ikaMs; ds vuqlkj]

ßcktkj cgqr lkQ&lqFkjs xf.kr ds lehdj.kk s a ls lapkfyr gksrk

gS vkSj mles a equkQk dekuk] vius dks cpk;s j[kuk] izfrLi/khZ dks

ijkLr djuk vkSj vf/kd equkQk dekuk] bldh igyh 'krZ gS A*1

21oha lnh ds cktkj us gekjs thou ds izR;sd igyw dks

izHkkfor fd;k gS A /keZ] laLÑfr] lkfgR;] uSfrdrk] ifo=rk] ekuork

vkfn ds y{;ks a dks cny fn;k gS A cktkj fnu&izfrfnu vius :i es a

cnyko yk jgk gS A rjg&rjg ds u,&u, mRiknu cktkj es a mrkjs

tk jgs gS a A yksxks a dks igys mRiknu dk miHkk sDrk cukdj Hkk sxh

cuk;k tkrk gS fQj vknh cukdj etcwj dj fn;k tkrk gS A euq";

dk vfLrRo cktkj dh pdkpkS a/k es a xqe gksrk tk jgk gS A gekjh

vko';drk,a fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gS A ;s vko';drk,a ge

ugha c<+k jgs cfYd cktkj c<+k jgk gS A cktkj ds blh :i ds ckjs

es a MkWñ dqekj Ñ".k fy[krs g S a]

ß,d le; Fkk tc cktkj euq"; dh vko';drkvks a ds vuqlkj

curs Fks] fodflr gksrs Fks ysfdu vkt cktkj dh vko';drk ds

1- e`.kky ikaMs;] ^okxFkZ* if=dk] i`ñ 49

162

vuqlkj euq"; dks <kyk tk jgk gS A fQj bl cktkjokn dh QkamMªh

es a D;k okLro esa euq"; cp ik,xk\Þ1

cktkj us gekjh lH;rk o laLÑfr es a laØe.k iSn k dj mls

laØfer dj fn;k gS A ge Hkfo"; dks /;ku es a j[kdj gh orZeku

dks thrs Fks ijUrq 21oha lnh dk cktkj vrhr vkSj Hkfo"; dks

Hkwykdj orZeku dks LoPNan rjhds ls o vkuaniwoZd thus ij tksj

nsrk gS A uSfrdrk o ekuork dks rkd ij j[kdj Hkk sx o vkuUn ij

tksj fn;k tk jgk gS A cktkj yM+fd;ks a ds lkSUn;Z dks vFkZ ds

vk/kkj ij rksyrk gS A cktkj vkSj ehfM;k us feydj lkSUn;Z

izfr;ksfxrkvks a dk vk;kstu dj L=h'kk s"k.k dks L=h&l'kfDrdj.k dk

uke nsdj /ku dek;k tkrk gS A dFkk ysf[kdk ia[kqjh flUgk dh

dgkuh ^lekukUrj js[kkvks a dk vkd"kZ.k* es a blh rjg dh lkSUn;Z

izfr;ksfxrkvks a ij dVk{k fd;k x;k gSA os bldh lPpkbZ dk o.kZu

djrs gsrq fy[krh gS]

ßtks Hkh gks] ,slh izfr;ksfxrkvks a es a lpeqp gfM~M;ka 'kjhd ugha

dh tkrh A gfM~M;ks a dk otu] vkdkj&izdkj] Mhy&MkSy dqN Hkh

cnyk ugha tk ldrk] ,slh izfr;ksfxrk,a gfM~M;ks a ds Åij ekal] olk

vkSj peM+s ds fu;a=.k ls thrh ;k gkjh tkrh gS aAÞ2

,slh izfr;ksfxrkvks a es a eu vkSj vkRek ds lkSUn;Z dks dksbZ

egÙo ugha fn;k tkrk A ogka dsoy 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekaly lkSUn;Z dk

gh egÙo fn;k tkrk gS A muds ek¡ly lkSUn;Z dks foKkiu txr esa

vke tu ds led{k mrkj dj iSlk fd;k tkrk gS D;ks afd foKkiu

cktkjokn dks QSykus dk fo'ks"k ,oa etcwr gfFk;kj gS A foKkiu

ftruk l'kDr gksxk] cktkj Hkh mruk gh l'kDr gksxk A lkSUn;Z

1- MkWñ dqekj Ñ".k] ^dgkuh ds u, izfreku*] i`ñ 20

2- ia[kqjh flUgk] ^lekUrj js[kkvks a dk vkd"kZ.k]* fdLlk&,&dksguwj] i`ñ 7

163

izfr;ksfxrk] foKkiu ,oa cktkj ds ckjs es a ia[k qjh flUgk vkxs fy[krh

gS a]

ßgfM~M;ks a ds Åij yxh ekalisf'k;ks a dks csgrj vkSj csgrj

vkdkj nsus ds fy,] gfM~M;ks a vkSj ekalisf'k;ks a ds chp ds lqjk[kk s a]

/kefu;ks a vkSj f'kjkvks a ds bnZ&fxnZ teh pchZ dh Qkyrw ijrks a dks

ckgj djus ds fy, A izfr;ksfxrk dh ;gh 'krZ Fkh fd tks lcls

vf/kd pchZ ?kVk ldsxk] og fot;h gksxk A foDVj AÞ1

bu izfr;ksfxrkvks a es a fot;h gksus ds fy, vusd yM+fd;k¡

ekWMfyax dk dSfj;j viukrh gS vkSj vius lkSUn;Z dks fu[kkjus es a

yxh jgrh gS A ,slh izfr;ksfxrk,a cM+s&cM+s egkuxjks a ls 'kq: gksdj

NksVs&NksVs 'kgjks a rd Hkh igq ¡p xbZ gS a A nSfgd o ek¡ly lkSUn;Z us

;qokvks a dks Hkk Sfrdoknh nkSM+ es a 'kkfey dj HkkSfrdoknh cuk fn;k gSA

vfer dqekj flag blh Nn~e lkft'k dk inkZik'k djrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßvkRek dh vejrk dh ckr djus okyh laLÑfr vkt 'kjhj d s

lkSUn;Z o nSfgd lq[k ds ek;ktky esa Hk;adj :i ls Qalh gqbZ gSAÞ2

bl rjg cktkj us gekjh vkfRed o ekufld psruk dks

>d>ksj dj j[k fn;k gS A cktkj dh LokFk Zijrk] foosdghurk us

gekjs fj'rks a es a ruko] volkn] vuSfrdrk] /kk s[kk/kM+h] csxkukiu]

nksgjkiu o vyxko Hkj fn;k gS A 21oha lnh ds cktkj us gekjh

Hkk Sfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a es a fnu nksxquh jkr pkSxquh c<+k Srjh dh gS ijUrq

vke vkneh bu lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a dks tqVkus es a vleFkZ gS A og bUgs a

izkIr djus gsrq ykykf;r rks gS ijUrq og vkfFk Zd fo"kerk ds dkj.k

1- ia[kqjh flUgk] ^lekukarj js[kkvks a dk vkd"kZ.k]* fdLlk&,&dksguwj]

i`ñ 7

2- vfer dqekj] ^HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Hkkjr % ifjn`'; vkSj fodYi*]

i`ñ 90

164

foo'k gS A og vrhr dks ;kn djrk gS tc ruko o volkn nwj

Fks A lq[ke; ftUnxh th jgs Fks A vatq nqvk tSfeuh dh dgkuh

^daØhV dh Qly dk gdnkj* es a ik= jktho tks fnuHkj dke djds

?kj ykSV jgk gS A og ?kj igq apus ds ckn dh fLFkfr ds ckjs es a

lksprk gS A ;gh fLFkfr mlds eu esa ruko Hkj nsrh gS og lksprk

gqvk dgrk gS]

ßvkt fQj lquuh iM+sxh mldh pij&pij A irk ugha D;k gks

x;k gS mls\ vPNh Hkyh nky&jksVh [kk jgs Fks A Hkk Sfrd lq[kk s a dh

pkguk djds vkneh dgka [kq'k jg ldk gS\ bl pkguk dk isV cgqr

cM+k gS] ftruk Hkjk s mruk [kkyh dk [kkyh A lcdks lc dqN

pkfg,A eksckby] dEI;wVj] dkj] vPNs idoku] czk aMsM diM+s vkSj

cM+k& lk ?kj A fdrus fnu ls esjs ihNs iM+h gS] ,d ¶ySV ys yksA

xks;k ¶ySV u gks x;k pus&eqjeqjs dk dksu gks x;k] >V ls [kjhnk

vkSj >V ls yxs pckus A bruk Hkh ugha tkurh fd ?kj cukuk vkt

bruk Hkh vklku ugha A vly rks vius ikl bruk iSlk gS ugha fd

,deq'r ns ikÅ¡ vkSj nwljs] dtZ yks rks lkjh ftanxh mrkjrs jgks AÞ1

blh dgkuh ij viuh izfrfØ;k nsrs gq, lekykspd jktdqekj

jkds'k fy[krs gS a]

ßHkweaMyhdj.k ds uke ij futhdj.k] xykdkV miHkk sDrkoknh

Li/kk Z vkSj ubZ iw ath ds izlkj ds mBku us gekjs thou ewY;ks a] bl

le; vkSj iwjs lekt esa tks ykylkHkjh mFky&iqFky epk j[kh gS]

mlls vkt dh dksbZ dgkuh fujis{k jg ik,xh] ;g dYiuk djuk gh

csekuh gksxk A vatq nqvk tSfeuh dh dgkuh ^daØhV dh Qly dk

gdnkj* bUgha vFkk s ± es a gekjk lokZf/kd /;ku vkÑ"V djrh gSA ogka

1- ^gfjxa/kk* if=dk] viz Sy 2008] i`ñ 36

165

e/;oxhZ; vkdka{kkvks a dk Hkjk&iwjk QSyko gS] pdkpkS a/k vkSj vkd"kZ.k

gS ftlus mls _.kks a ds cks> dk xqyke cuk fn;k gSA dgkuh dks

i<+rh ckj yxrk jgk] ;g la?k"k Z vatq nqvk ds O;fDrxr thou dk

Hkh la?k"k Z gS A ;g ml u, curs egkuxjh; Hkkjr dh cqyan rLohj

gS] ftles a ls xk¡ok s a vkSj muds okfl;ks a dks gadkyk tk jgk gS A os

Å¡ps ¶ySVk s a dh nqfu;k es a jgus okyks a dh pkdjh djus dks etcwj

gSAÞ1

vrhr esa gekjs ikl dke djus ds ckn Hkh le; vkil esa

crykus ds fy, Hkh cp tkrk Fkk A diM+s /kk sus ds fy, ikuh nwljks a

ds ?kjk s a ls] dq¡vks a ls] ugjks a o rkykcks a ls Hkjdj ykuk iM+rk Fkk A

b±/ku ds fy, ydM+h o xkscj ds miyks a ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk Fkk A

xehZ o lnhZ dh ekj ls nks pkj gksuk iM+rk FkkA fQj Hkh gekjs ikl

i;kZIr le; cp tkrk Fkk A 21oha lnh ds rduhdh cktkj us

Hkk Sfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a dk rks vackj yxk fn;k gS A thou thus ds

rjhdks a es a rhoz laØe.k iSnk dj fn;k gSA ;krk;kr ds lk/kuks a ds

fodkl us o lapkj Økafr us yksxk s a dh Hkk Sfed nwjh dks rks ikl esa

yk fn;k gS ijUrq vkilh iz seHkko dks erychiu esa cny fn;k gS A

eksckby us >wB cksyuk lh[kk fn;k gSA Hkk Sfrd lq[k lk/kuks a]

lkbfdyks a] LdwVjks a] eksVj lkbfdyks a ls ysdj fÝt] jaxhu Vhñohñ]

,ñlhñ vkfn lq[k lqfo/kkvks a dh [kjhnnkjh es a fnu&izfrfnu [kjhnnkjh

c<+ jgh gS A bUgs a [kjhnus ds fy, cktkj ges a ckj&ckj mdlk jgk

gSA vfer dqekj flag bl c<+rh [kjhnnkjh ds ckjs es a Li"V rkSj ij

fy[krs gS a]

1- jktdqekj jkds'k] ^le;] lekt vkSj dgkuh* gfjxa/kk] viz Sy] 2008]

i`ñ 30

166

ßvkfFk Zd lq/kkjk s a ds i'pkr~ LFkk;h miHkk sDrk enks a dh [kjhnnkjh

es a rsth ls o`f) gks jgh gS A lkbfdy] LdwVj] eksVjlkbfdy ls

ysdj jsfÝtjsVj] dyj Vhñohñ] okf'kax e'khu tSlh lHkh oLrq,a vke

O;fDr ds thou dk vfuok;Z vax cu pqdh gS A bu oLrqvks a dh

miyC/krk dsoy 'kgjh Hkkjr es a ugha] cfYd xzkeh.k Hkkjr es a Hkh

rsth ls c<+ jgh gS A vkt Vsyhfotu] ekbØksoso vksou ds izfr

miHkk sDrkvks a dh ek¡x c<+ jgh gSA ;fn 'kgjh {ks= es a bu

miHkk sDrk&midj.kk s a dh ekax 10 izfr'kr dh nj ls c<+ jgh gS rks

xzkeh.k Lrj es a ;g vkadM+k 25 izfr'kr ds pkS adkus okys Lrj ij

gSAÞ1

cktkjokn ds dkj.k yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k es a xkaok s a ls 'kgjks a

dh vksj iyk;u dj jgs gS ;k xkaoks a es a Hkh 'kgjks a tSlh lqfo/kk,a

gksus yxh gS a A yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k es a 'kgj es a pys rks tkrs gS a

ijUrq ogk¡ dh c<+rh egaxkbZ ds dkj.k vius dks lek;ksftr ugha dj

ikrs A og egÙokdka{kh gksus ds dkj.k u rks vius vki dks xk¡o es a

<ky ikrk gS vkSj u gh mlds ikl vk/kqfud Kku&foKku dh Hkjiwj

tkudkjh gS ftlds dkj.k og Lo;a dk 'kgj ds lkFk rkyesy ugha

fcBk ikrk A ijaijkxr gquj dh vlQyrk vkSj csjk stxkjh dh ihM+k

bl oxZ ds deZpkfj;ks a ds O;fDrxr vkSj ikfjokfjd thou dks rckg

dj nsrh gS A dFkkdkj t;uanu dh dgkuh ^?kj Qwad rek'kk* es a

vk/kqfud euq"; ds bl la?k"k Z dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS A dgkuh ds

ik= Vsdlky ds ek/;e ls dFkkdkj us cktkjokn ds bl la?k"k Z ds

:i dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gS A os fy[krs gS a]

1- vfer dqekj flag] ^HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Hkkjr % ifjn`'; vkSj fodYi*]

i`ñ 95

167

ßVsdlky ds fnekx esa vpkud dkS a/kk fd igys nwjnjkt ds

'kgjks a ;k xkaoks a ls yksx bl vkS|ksfxd 'kgj es a vkrs Fks vkSj mUgs a

mudh dkfcfy;r ds yk;d cM+s ;k fQj NksVs dkj[kkus es a izk;% dke

fey tkrk Fkk A vkt bl vkS|ksfxd 'kgj ls foLFkkfir gksdj dke

dh ryk'k es a nwljh xSjvkS|ksfxd txg tkuk iM+ jgk gS A D;k

vkfFk Zd mnkjhdj.k dk y{; blh jlkry fLFkfr ij igq apuk Fkk fd

ns'k ds reke etnwjh ds volj vkSj etnwjk s a dh [kqf'k;ks a es a ,d

lkFk ls a/k yx tk;s\Þ1

ik'pkR; laLÑfr Hkk Sfrdrk dh vksj vxzlj izkphudky ls gh

jgh gS A mldk ewyk/kkj gh euq"; dk vkfFk Zd fodkl vkSj Hkk sxkuUn

gS A tcfd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr euq"; dh vkRek dk ifj"dj.k dj mls

mPprk dh vksj ys tkdj eks{k ds }kj [kksyrh gS A lqjs'k xkSre

Hkkjrh; o ik'pkR; laLÑfr ds vUrj dks Li"V djrs gq, fy[krs gS]

ßik'pkR; laLÑfr eq[;r% izkphu ;wuku ,oa vk/kqfud ;wjk si ,oa

vesfjdk dh laLÑfr gS tks ewyr% vk/kqfud foKku vkSj cktkj dh

nsu ij vkfJr gS A bls Hkk Sfrdoknh laLÑfr Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS]

D;ks afd bldk ewy y{; HkkSfrdrk dh n`f"V ls ekuo dks loZlEiu

cukuk gS A bl laLÑfr es a ns'k dk lokZf/kd mUu;u y{; gksrk gS A

vkRek dh fLFkfr nwljs nts Z dh gksrh gSAÞ2

MkWDVj] ftls Hkxoku ds ckn thounkrk dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk

gSA og Hkh cktkj ls izHkkfor gksdj vius is'k s dks cktk: cuk jgk

gS A og vius vkidks jksfx;ks a dk lsod ugha ekurk cfYd vius

vkidks ,d iwathifr ds :i esa ekurk gS A rHkh mls esgurd'k

etnwjk s a ds ilhus ls cncw vkrh gS A os vius dks AC dejks a es a can

1- t;uanu] ^?kj Qwad rek'kk*] i`ñ 9

2- lqjs'k xkSre] ^Hkkjrh; yksdxhr*] i`ñ 78

168

j[kuk pkgrs gS a A mUgs a vke vkneh ds nnZ dh dksbZ ijokg ugha gSA

mUgs a flQZ iSlk pkfg, A MkWDVj NksVs ls Dyhfud dks cM+s vLirky

ds :i esa cnyus es a T;knk le; ugha yxkrk A vLirkyks a es a fcuk

iSls okys ejhtk s a dks vkxs Vjdk fn;k tkrk gS ;k fQj mldk bZykt

ugha fd;k tkrk A tks ejht iSlk [kpZ dj ldrs gS a mUgs a muds

vuqlkj Hkjiwj lqfo/kk,a nh tkrh gS A fpfdRlk txr ds bl cktkj

dks miU;kl ^fotu* es a Li"V rkSj ij fn[kk;k gS tks fd orZeku lnh

dk dVq lR; gSA dFkkdkj ^eS=s;h iq"ik* MkWDVjks a dh bl dk;Ziz.kkyh

ij iz'u fpg~u yxkrh gS A os fy[krh gS a]

ßisbax is'k s aV ¼[kpZ djus okys ejht½ dks dSls Hkk ¡ik tkrk gS \

fQj ?ksjdj vLirky ds ckM+ s es a HksM+k s a dh rjg dSls gk¡dk tkrk

gS\ ?kqek&?kqekdj dSls gydku fd;k tkrk gS\ vkSj fQj gksrk gS

f'kdkj------

,slk u gks rks futh ufl±x gksEl dh ftUnxh fdrus fnu dh\

ß;g dyk fdlh Hkh dyk dh rjg vkt ds cktkj dh t:jr

gSÞ] MkWñ usgk ds 'olqj MkWñ vkjñihñ 'kj.k dgk djrs FksAÞ

21oha lnh es a fpfdRlk txr dh ;g lPpkbZ gekjs lkeus vkbZ

gS fd bl rjg ds MkWDVj bl is'k s es a lsok djus ds mís'; ls ugha

cfYd /ku&nkSyr dekus gsrq vkrs gS a A MkWDVjh djus ds fy, vke

vkneh dk ckyd ;ksX; gks rks gS ijUrq iSls ds vHkko es a og vius

eqdke dks gkfly ugha dj ldrk A ,sls le; esa os fo|kFkhZ ftud s

ekrk&firk ds ikl Hkjiwj /ku&nkSyr gksrh gS] MkWDVjh ds dkslZ dh

lhV gfFk;k ysrs gS a A os iSls ds ne ij MkWDVj cu tkrs gS a A os

bl rjg dh fMxzh ysdj yksxks a dk fdl rjg ls bZykt djs axs \ ;g

lc ge yksx vPNh rjg ls tkurs gS A dFkkdkj ^eS=s;h iq"ik* vius

169

mijksDr miU;kl esa blh lPpkbZ dks mtkxj djrh gS A MkWñ usgk ds

'kCnks a es a]

ßog x/ks dh rjg cki ds :i;ks a dh cksjh ihB ij ykndj

cSaxyksj x;k gh gksxk vkSj MkWDVjh dh mikf/k ekFk s ij fpidkdj

chfl;ks a cksjh uksV dekus ds edln ls okil ykSVk gksxk A yksxks a dh

vk¡[k s a Hkh QksM+ sxk] vU/kk s a ls /ku Hkh ywVsxk A lk/ku&lqfo/kk lEiUu

us= fo'ks"kK tks Bgjk A gh bt bu vkbZ Lis'kfyLV AÞ1

/khjs&/khjs cktkj vkSj foKku us gekjs thou thus ds ek;us

cny fn, gS a A ges a jkstejkZ dh t:jh oLrq,a u, :iks a es a fey jgh

gS a A ges a nw/k] Qy] lCth lc eksy fey tkrh gS ijUrq isM+] ikS/k s]

i'kq bR;kfn fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh A eerk dkfy;k ds miU;kl ^nkSM+* es a

cktkj dh blh fLFkfr dk Li"V o.kZu gSA os fy[krh gS a]

ßu;s 'kgj es a lc dqN u;k gS A ;gk¡ nw/k feyrk gS ij HkS als

ugha fn[krha A dgha lkbfdy dh ?kaVh VuVukrs nw/k okys utj ugha

vkrs A cM+h&cM+h lqlfTtr Msjh 'kkWi gS] ,;jdaMh'kaM] tgka vknedn

pepekrh LVhy dh Vafd;ks a es a Vks aVh ls nw/k fudyrk gS A BaMk]

ikLpjkbTM A ogha feyrk gS ngh] nqX/k isM+k vkSj Jh[kaM AÞ2

os lfCt;ks a ds cktkjhdj.k vkSj oSKkfud :i ds ckjs es a vkxs

fy[krh gS a]

ß;s cM+s&cM+s VekVj ,d rjQ j[ks a gS a fd nwj ls ns[kus ij

iykfLVd dh xsan yxrs gS a A ;s VekVj D;kjh es a ugha] iz;ksx'kkyk es a

mxk;s x, yxrs gS a A dher nl :i;s iko A VekVj dk vkdkj

bruk cM+k gS fd ,d iko esa ,d VekVj gh p<+ ldrk gS A nl

:i, dk ,d VekVj A gs Hkxoku D;k VekVj Hkh ,uñvkjñvkbZñ gks

1- eS=s;h iq"ik] ^fotu* miU;kl] i`ñ 72

2- eerk dkfy;k] ^nkSM+* miU;kl] i`ñ 18

170

x;k\ f'kdkxks a es a ,d MkWyj dk ,d VekVj feyrk gS A Hkkjr es a

VekVj mlh fn'kk es a c<+ jgk gS A rjdkfj;k¡ fo'o cktkj dh ftUl

curh tk jgh gS a A budk HkweaMyhdj.k gks jgk gS AÞ1

daifu;k¡ cktkj es a viuh dke;kch gsrq gj jkLrk viukrh gS aA

os /keZ dks Hkh vius ykHk gsrq iz;ksx djrs gS a D;ks afd mudk y{;

flQZ /ku dekuk gS A eerk dkfy;k mijksDr miU;kl esa vkxs

fy[krh gS a]

ßjktdksV ls ipkl ehy ij bl NksVs ls dLcs es a tyjke ckck

dk 'kfDr ihB Fkk A ogk¡ ds iqtkjh dks iou us xqtZj xSl dk

egÙo le>kdj Ng xSl dusD'ku dk vkMZj fy;k A dqN gh nsj es a

tyjke ckck ds HkDrks a vkSj leFkZdks a es a [kcj QSy x;h fd ckck us

xqtZj xSl okijus ¼bLrseky djus½ dk vkns'k fn;k gSA ns[krs gh

ns[krs 'kke rd iou vkSj vuqie us 265 xSl dusD'ku dk vkns'k

izkIr dj fy;k AÞ2

vkt ;qok oxZ dks cktkjokn ls bruk izHkkfor dgsa ;k orZeku

f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh [kkeh dgsa fd og uSfrd ewY;ks a dks njfdukj dj

jgk gS A vfHk"k sd ,eñchñ,ñ yM+dk gS A og viuh iRuh dks dgrk

gS A eerk dkfy;k th cktkj ds bl :i ij iz'u fpg~u yxkrh gqbZ

fy[krh gS a]

ßlh/kk&lknk ,d izk WMDV cspuk gS] bles a rqe uSfrdrk vkSj

lPpkbZ tSls Hkkjh Hkjde loky esjs flj ij ns ekj jgh gks A eS aus

vkbZñvkbZñ,eñ es a nks lky HkkM+ ugha >ks adk A ogk¡ ls ekds ZfVax lh[k

dj fudyk gw ¡ A vkbZ dSu lSy ,s MSM jSV ¼eS a ejk pwgk Hkh csp

ldrk gw ¡½ A ;g lPpkbZ uSfrdrk lc eSa ntkZ pkj rd ekWjy lkb±l

1- eerk dkfy;k] ^nkSM+* miU;kl] i`ñ 19

2- ogh] i`ñ 31

171

es a i<+ dj Hkwy pqdk gw ¡ A eq>s bl rjg dh Mkst er fiyk;k djks]

le>ha AÞ1

^nkSM+* miU;kl vkt ds ml euq"; dh dgkuh gS tks cktkj ds

ncko lewg] muds ijks{k&vijks{k ekjd ruko] vkØe.k vkSj fuekZrk

rFkk va/kh nkSM+ es a u"V gksrs euq"; ds vklUu [krjs es a iM+s euq";Ro

dks mtkxj djrh gS ftl dfFkr vkfFk Zd mnkjhdj.k us cktkj vkSj

cktkjoknh O;oLFkk dks rkdr nh gS] vius ikjEifjd ukrs&fj'rks a dks

vuqnkj] erych vkSj bruk vFkZ&dsfUnzr cuk fn;k gS fd laØfer

ifjiz s{; es a vkt laca/kk s a ds ewY; vkSj vFkZ cnys ugha cfYd dguk

pkfg, u"V gks x, gS a A eerk dkfy;k fo?kfVr vkfFk Zd ewY;ks a ds

ckjs es a vkxs dgrh gS a]

ßvfHk"k sd us dgk] ßfoKkiu dh nqfu;k [kpZ vkSj fcØh dh

nqfu;k gS A ge liuks a ds lkSnkxj gS a] ftls pkfg, cktkj tk,] liuks a

vkSj mEehnks a ls Hkjh V~;wc [kjhn ys A ;s foKkiu dk gh deky gS

fd gekjs rhu lnL;ks a okys ifjokj es a rhu rjg ds VwFkisLV vkrs gS aA

vadqj dks /kkfj;ks a okyk VwFkisLV ilan gS] rqEgs a og "kk sMlh okyk vkSj

eq>s lk¡l dh cncw nwj djus okyk A VwFkisLV rks fQj Hkh xuher gS]

rqEgs a irk gS& fMVjts.V ds foKkiu esa vkSj Hkh va/k sj gS A ge yksx

lksuk fMVjtsUV dh ,M fQYe tc 'kwV dj jgs Fks rks lholZ ds

Dyhu fMVjts.V ls geus ckyVh es a >kx mBok, Fks A Dyhu esa lksuk

ls T;knk >kx iSnk djus dh rkdr gS AÞ2

vkt gekjh lksp] fj'rs&ukrs] uSfrdrk o bZekunkjh] jgu&lgu]

[kkuiku] os'kHk w"kk lc cktkj fu/kk Zfjr djrk gS A ge la;e] /kS;Z]

viukiu lc Hkwydj Hkk Sfrdoknh gksrs tk jgs gS a A vkt t:jr gS

1- eerk dkfy;k] ^nkSM+* miU;kl] i`ñ 40

2- ogh] i`ñ 41

172

fd Hkk Sfrd oLrq,¡ rks gks a ij viusiu dh Hkkouk Hkh lkFk gks]

uSfrdrk] bZekunkjh Hkh lkFk gks A dFkuh&djuh es a varj u gks A

igys dgrs Fks fd odhy >wB cksyrs gS a ] ijUrq vkt ljsvke Vhñohñ

LØhu ij cM+s&cM+s dykdkj >wB cksyrs gS aA

21oha lnh es a cktkj dk izpkj&izlkj fnu&izfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk

gS A cktkj lekt esa v'yhyrk QSykrk tk jgk gS vkSj QSyrs gq,

ns[k jgs gS a A

vkt uXurk dk vkJ;nkrk cktkj gS] tcfd izkphudky esa

vkJ;nkrk Fks jkt njckj vkSj lkeark s a dh egfQysa A jktnjckjk s a vkSj

egfQyks a ds fy, L=h&iq#"k iz se ds dkeqd dkO;kRed o.kZu dkQh

gq,A dks.kkdZ ds lw;Z eafnj vkSj [ktqjkgk s a es a iRFkjk s a ij ;kSu fcac

cuk, x, A ,d futh vkSj vR;ar xksiuh; ekeys okRL;k;u ds

dkelw= vkfn es a izdkf'kr gq, ysfdu euq"; dh HkykbZ ds fy, A

cktkjokn us lkfgR; ,oa lkfgR;dkjks a dks >wdus ds fy, foo'k dj

fn;k gS A izfl) vkykspd 'kaHk qukFk fy[krs gS a]

ßcktkj jktnjckjk s a ls ,d vyx okrkoj.k gS A [kkldj

vfu;af=r eqDr cktkj lkfgR; vkSj dykvks a dh var%lÙkk Fkk sM+k Hkh

lqjf{kr NksM+uk ugha pkgrk] mls vius eghu tky esa cqjh rjg Qalk

ysuk pkgrk gS A cktkj es a gj dkfynkl dks daifu;ks a dh ekax vkSj

vfHk#fp ds Lrj ij vk fxjuk iM+rk gS] rHkh mls cM+h iw ath] mPp

VsDukykWth vkSj HkweaMyh; ;'k feyrk gSAÞ1 os vkxs fy[krs gq,

dgrs gS a]

ßcktkj es a :ikarfjr gks jgs lekt esa ml oLrq] dyk ;k

fopkj dk dksbZ egÙo ugha jg tkrk] tks miHkk sX; ugha gks A ;FkkFk Z

1- 'kaHk qukFk] ^laLÑfr dh mÙkjdFkk*] i`ñ 194

173

dh txg Nhu ysrk gS lrgh ;FkkFk Z A ^lq anj* dks gVk nsrk gS

^etsnkj* etk ^fcuk fdlh cks/k dh vuqHk wfr* gS A og ckgj ls

Hkhrj dh vksj yiyikrk c<+rk vkØe.kdkjh dk ;FkkFk Z gS] tcfd

dqN lqanj yxuk ckgj ls Hkhrj ds lkFk&lkFk] Hkhrj ls ckgj dh

izfØ;k Hkh gS A lqnajrk ges'kk vkØe.k ls eqfDr dk lp gS A

miHkk sDrk oLrqvks a dk O;kikjh vkØe.kdkjh dk ;FkkFk Z ysdj vkrk gS]

tks lq anj ugha] flQZ etsnkj gksrk gS A miHkk sDrk lekt esa euq"; ds

^dÙkZRo* ij mldk ^Hkk sDr`Ro* p<+ cSBrk gS AÞ1

v'yhyrk lkSUn;Z dks c<+krh ugha cfYd mls <drh gS A

laLÑfr lkSUn;Z dks c<+kus okyk fopkj gS & lkSUn;Z dks O;kid]

ikjn'khZ vkSj jliw.k Z cukus okyk fopkj A lkSUn;Z vkSj laLÑfr es a ,d

xgjk laca/k gS A laLÑfr lkSUn;Z dks mPprk dh vksj ys tkrh gS

ijUrq vkt laØfer laLÑfr es a cktkj dks egÙoiw.k Z LFkku izkIr gS A

tgka yM+dh ds 'kkjhfjd lkSUn;Z dk ykHk mBk;k tkrk gSA miU;kl

^d'ked'k* es a ^xslw* bls xyr ugha ekurh vkSj mldh ukuh bls xyr

ekurh gS A mldh ukuh mls dgrh gS]

ßeq>s rks rsjh ckr t¡ph ugha xslw A yM+dks a dks vkdf"k Zr djus

ds fy, 'kjhj dk bLrseky !! rsjs ukuk dks rks e S aus dHkh ugha

yypk;k] exj oks rks vkt rd eq>ls ca/k s gS A rsjh ifjHkk"kk eq>s

rks le> vkrh ugha] dqN Hkh cspuk gks rks foKkiu esa yM+dh dk

'kjhj----- blds vykok dqN ugha gS D;k rqe yksxks a ds ikl----- AÞ2

vkxs xslw bldk tokc viuh ek¡ lafprk dks nsrs gq, dgrh gS]

ßlQy yksxks a ds fy, vdlj ,slk dgk tkrk gS ----- vkSj

v'yhyrk\ ;s rks O;olk; gS] tks fcdrk gS ogh rks cspk tk,xk ----

1- 'kaHk qukFk] ^laLÑfr dh mÙkjdFkk*] i`ñ 194

2- eukst flag] ^d'ked'k* miU;kl] i`ñ 312

174

iq#"k dks [kVdrk gksxk exj ;g ukjh Lora=rk dk izrhd gS]

vk/kqfud i{k----- AÞ1

cktkjokn dk izHkko gj {ks= es a gks jgk gS A lkfgfR;d

jpukvks a es a igys dFkkud ds vk/kkj ij izflf) feyrh Fkh ijUrq

vkt izflf) vU; dkj.kk s a ls feyrh gS A ml iqLrd dks ;fn fdlh

cM+s dykdkj ;k lqanj L=h ds gkFk es a fn[kk;k tk, rks og iqLrd

vo'; gh fcdsxh A dFkkdkj fojsUnz tSu orZeku cktkjokn vkSj

miHkk sDrkokn iz.kkyh ij iz'ufpg~u yxkrs gS a A tgka lkfgR; lekt

dks fn'kk nsus okyk gksuk pkfg, ogha og dekbZ dk lk/ku curk tk

jgk gS A fojsUnz tSu vius miU;kl ßlq[kQjks'kÞ es a fy[krs gS a]

ßigys dHkh izdk'ku txr dks :ifl;ka ugha dkyt;h jpuk,a

ikj yxkrh Fkha exj vc fdrkcks a dh nqfu;k es a Hkh djs alh vkSj

:ifl;k¡ lQyrk dh lh<+h cuus yxh gS AÞ2

vkius fdlh Hkh ykWVjh ;k izfr;ksfxrk es a buke ikus gsrq dHkh

vkosnu ugha fd;k A u gh vkius fdlh Ldhe ds rgr dksbZ vkbVe

[kjhnk A fQj Hkh cktkjokn ds tekus es a fdlh [kkl ekSds ;Fkk

nhokyh] n'kgjk] gksyh] uoo"kZ vkfn ij vkids ikl Qksu tk ldrk

gS fd vkidk buke fudyk gS A ,slk gh Qksu dkWy miU;kl

^lq[kQjks'k* ds uk;d vfouk'k ds ?kj igq aprk gS ftls mldh iq=h

lqurh gS a A dEiuh ds dkWy lsUVj dh efgyk deZpkjh ehBs Loj es a

dgrh gS a]

ßeS a vk;hgks ;kfu bUVjus'kuy gkWyhMst vkWxs Zukbts'ku ls cksy

jgh gw ¡ A gekjs ydh bukeh Mªk es a vkids ikik ds rhu buke fudys

gS a A ,d yk[k #i, dk chek] ftldk izhfe;e gekjh daiuh HkjsxhA

1- eukst flag] ^d'ked'k* miU;kl] i`ñ 318

2- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 68

175

ifr&iRuh dks ;kuh vkids eEeh&ikik dks gekjs [kps Z ij fons'k es a

rhu fnu] nks jkrs a fdlh 'kkunkj gksVy esa fcrkus dk ekSdk vkSj ,d

ljizkbt fx¶V vkbVe AÞ

ßvjs okg !Þ fcfVdk pgdh] ßFkS aD;w eSMe AÞ

ßFkS aDl ;w Vw vkSj gekjh rjQ ls vkidks Hkh c/kkbZ AÞ1

;g lc /kk s[kk/kM+h gksrk gS A yksx blds cgdkos es a vk tkrs

gS a A bl rjg ds Qksu dkWy T;knkrj cM+h lksp le>dj fd, tkrs

gS aA dFkkdkj us bl jkt dks c[kwch <ax ls [kk syk gSA dFkkdkj us

ik= ^la/;k* ds oDrO; ds ek/;e ls bldh lPpkbZ dks crk;k gS A

la/;k dgrh gS]

ßtks cank gekjs ikl vk pqdk gks] blls igys dh og gels

[kQk gks] mlds fdlh iM+k slh dks Qksu t:j djks A bl chp ;g

cank viuh dke;kch dk f<a<k sjk ihV pqdk gksxk blfy, blds iM+k slh

u flQZ blls bZ";kZ dj jgs gks axs cfYd os [kqn Hkh ,slk ekSdk ikus

dks ykykf;r gks axs A

ß;dhuu os rqEgkjh lwpuk ij Qwydj dqIik rks gks axs gh] vxys

gh fnu gels feyus pys vk,axs A vkf[kj iM+k slh dh cjkcjh ij

vkus dk] mlds ftruk gh HkkX;'kkyh gksus dk ekeyk tks Bgjk AÞ2

vfouk'k dks usiky dh ;k=k dk ykyp ns[kdj nkftZfyax Hkst

fn;k tkrk gS A ogka og daiuh ds buke ds vuqlkj fdlh gksVy esa

Bgjrk gS vkSj lkFk es a QthZ efgyk fe= Hkh gksrh gSA tc og ogka

ls pyus dh lksprk gS A rHkh gksVy dk deZpkjh mlls fcy dk

iSlk ek¡xk tkrk gS A vfouk'k mUgs a dEiuh dk gokyk nsrk gS ijUrq

daiuh dk deZpkjh dgrk gS]

1- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 8

2- ogh] i`ñ 163

176

ßdkSu vk;hgksb,eks\ dSlk pSd\ dkgs dh tekur\Þ

deZpkjh us izfriz'uks a dh >M+h yxkbZ A

ßfnYyh dh ,d daiuh] ftlus buke ds rkSj ij ges a ;gk¡ rhu

fnu] nks jkrs a fcrkus ds fy, Hkstk Fkk A ;fn ge fdlh otg ls

ugha vk, vkSj vkidk dejk [kkyh jgk rks ml lwjr es a dejs dk

fdjk;k daiuh ij ugha gekjh tsc ij tk,] blfy, tekur ds rkSj

ij fn;k x;k pSd AÞ

vfouk'k dh ckrks a dks gSjkuh ds lkFk lqurs jgs deZpkjh us

lkQ fd;k] ßgekjs gksVy dks rks ,slh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gS A gekjs

fy, rks vki Hkh vkSj xzkgdks a dh rjg ,d lEekfur xzkgd Hkj gS aA

;fn fdlh daiuh us vkids fy, dejk cqd djok;k gksrk rks ges a rks

crk;k gksrk ¼Hk qxrku Hkstk gksrk A og esjh tkudkjh es a Hkh gksrkAÞ1

vfouk'k gksVy okyks a ls ;g tkudkjh ikrs gS a fd muds uke ls

nkftZfyax ds fdlh Hkh gksVy esa dksbZ Hkh dejk cqd ugha FkkA daiuh

us mlds lkFk /kk s[kk/kM+h dh Fkh A daiuh us [kkyh LVkEi isij ij

gLrk{kj djok fy, Fks A blfy, og daiuh dk dtZnkj Fkk A og

yqVk fiVk vius ?kj igq aprk gS A muls ns'k ds fdlh dksus es a tehu

[kjhndj ikS/k s jksius gsrq iSlk ysdj djkj fd;k x;k Fkk A NÙkhlx<+

es a Hk;adj ck<+ dk cgkuk cukdj muls o vU; yksxks a ls fy, x,

iSls xVd fy, tkrs gS a tcfd daiuh us u rks NÙkhlx<+ o fdlh

vU; LFkku ij tehu [kjhnh Fkh vkSj u gh dgha ikS/k s yxok, Fks A

dFkkdkj us cktkj ds bl /kk s[kk/kM+h Hkjs :i dks mtkxj fd;k gSA

;g orZeku es a QSyrk cktkjoknh vijk/k gS A yksxks a dks rjg&rjg ds

lius fn[kk, tkrs gS a A vkt gj Email ID ij vkSj eksckby uacjks a

1- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k* miU;kl] i `ñ 133

177

ij ,sls gh /kk s[kk/kM+h Hkjs eSlst vkrs jgrs gS A dFkkdkj us ,slh

daifu;ks a }kjk QSyk;s tk jgs cktkjokn vkSj mudh /kk s[kk/kM+h dk

[kqyklk fd;k gS A daiuh dk deZpkjh daiuh ds xzkgdks a dks ;g

lwfpr dj mudk /ku gM+irk gS]

ßges a vQlksl ds lkFk lwfpr djuk iM+ jgk gS fd vc og

lc ugha gks ldsxk A NÙkhlx<+ es a vk;h ck<+ vkids ukSfugkyks a dks

yhy x;h A izkÑfrd vkinkvks a ij gekjk ;k fdlh dk dksbZ tksj

ugha pyrk blfy, ge mudh j{kk ugha dj ik,A fygktk mu isM+k s a

ds izfr gekjh dksbZ tokcnsgh ugha jgh A vc ge vkids nsunkj jgs

u ysunkj A bl lwpuk ds lkFk gh gekjs chp gqvk djkj fujLr

gqvk le>k tk, A izÑfr ds izdksi ls vkidks tks vkfFk Zd {kfr gqbZ

gS mlds fy, ges a Hkh [ksn gS AÞ1

izSl ftls yksdra= dk pkSFkk LraHk vkSj j{kd ekuk tkrk gSA

og vc cktkjokn ds izHkko es a vkdj viuh xfjek feV~Vh es a feyk

jgh gS A iz Sl dk dke lekt esa ?kV jgh ?kVukvks a dh tkudkjh nsuk

Fkk vkSj lekt dks ,d lqfn'kk nsuk Fkk A vkt gekj k ehfM;k [kcjs

tqVkus es a yxk jgrk gS A og fcuk lPpkbZ tkus [kcjks a dks ued

fepZ yxkdj is'k djds okgokgh ywVrk gSA mldk edln cktkj dh

rjg iSlk dekuk gks x;k gS A oks foKkiu ;k pViVh [kcjks a dh

ryk'k es a jgrk gS A miU;kl ^;g rks ogh gS* es a yrk uke ds l|%

tkr â"V&iq"V cPps dks vLirky dh ulZ vkSj pksj ekfQ;k us

feydj xk;c dj fn;k Fkk] mldh txg ,d lfM+;y&lh yM+dh j[k

nh A tc yrk dks nw/k fiykus ds fy, cPpk fn;k x;k] rks mlus

fd ;g rks mldk cPpk ugha gS] esjk rks csVk gS A mldk ;g dguk

1- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 169

178

Fkk fd ,d Vhñohñ lekpkj ra= ml ij VwV iM+k A ml lM+h lh

uktk;t cPph dk ukedj.k Hkh mlh lekpkj&ra= us fd;k ^bafM;k* A

dFkkdkj lq/kk] ehfM;k ds bl cktk: n`f"V dk inkZQk'k djrs

gq, fy[krh gS a]

ßml lekpkj ra= es a ,d vfu"V fiz;k efgyk laoknnkrk gS] og

pkyw gks xbZ A nksgjk&fogjkdj ;g jkx vykius yxh fd Hkkjr dh

ek¡vks a es a csVs dh ,slh Hkw[k gS fd vius isV ls iSnk gqbZ c sVh dks

nw/k rd fiykus dks rS;kj ugha gksrh A bl eqn~ns ij og lekpkj&ra=

iwjs lalkj dks Hkkjr dh ,d vekuoh; Nfo x<+dj fn[kkuk pkg jgk

Fkk A yksx bl viekutud feF;k fjiksfV±x dks ns[krs jgs A vius

cPps ds fy, rM+irh vkSj Toj ls csgky yrk dks ehfM;k us ^vkmV

vkWQ Qksdl* j[kk AÞ1

dFkkdkj turk dks ,slh ehfM;k ls lko/kku djuk pkgrs gS a

rkfd vke vkneh ,slh [kcjks a ij vk¡[k s a ew andj fo'okl u djsA

dFkkdkj budh lPpkbZ dks mtkxj djrs gq, vkxs fy[krs gS a]

ßyrk ds lkeus nks ÝaV Fks & ,d rks pksj dk irk yxkuk]

nwljk ehfM;k ds eq ¡g ij twrk ekjuk A mu yksxks a us futh iz;klks a ls

cPpk pksj dks idM+k vkSj Mhñ,uñ,ñ VsLV }kjk fl) djk fn;k fd

mudk cPpk dkSu lk gS\ vius vlyh cPps dks ikdj yrk dk fp=

geus ns[kk vkSj xk¡B ck¡/k yh fd ns'k es a pksjk s a ls Hkh vf/kd

ehfM;k ls lko/kku jgus dh t:jr gS] D;ks afd pksj rks dsoy pksj

gS a] exj ;s rks lhuktksj Hkh gS a A ehfM;k dk LoHkko eD[kh dh

rjg gksrk gS] mls xanxh vkSj /kk s[kk/kM+h ilan vkrh gS A mlls fdlh

1- lq/kk] ^;g rks ogh gS*] miU;kl] i`ñ 14

179

lgh ckr dh mEehn djuk csdkj gS A rqe ehfM;k ls laidZ er

djuk AÞ

dFkkdkj }kjk ehfM;k ls cpus dh lykg nsuk vius vki esa

,d cgqr cM+h ckr gS A ehfM;k viuh bl gkykr ds fy, Lo;a

ftEesnkj gS A og cktkj dh rjg vius ij jax p<+k jgk gSA

3-3 vFkZ % la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr %

21oha lnh izfr;ksfxrk dh lnh gS A thou ds izR;sd {ks= es a

ges a Hkkjh leL;kvks a dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS A euq"; iSls dekus

dh gkSM+ es a yxk gqvk gS A lekt dk vkfFk Zd <akpk cnyko ds nkSj

es a gS A euq"; flQZ Lofgr pkgrk gS A og fdlh Hkh dher ij

bldks vtZu djus es a yxk gqvk gS A orZeku dh vkfFk Zd fLFkfr ds

ckjs ea s vk'kqrk s"k feJ fy[krs gS a]

ßcnyko ds nkSj es a c<+ jgh miHkk sDrk laLÑfr rFkk VwV jgh

uSfrd ewY;ks a dh og Ük` a[kyk lkeus gS tks gekjs iwoZtks a us fojklr ds

:i esa ges a nh gS A bl cnyko esa lapkj izlkj.k ek/;eks a dk lh/kk

gkFk gS A ;s vke vkneh dks gkf'k;s ij j[kdj /kuh lekt dh

v¸;k'kh] dkjukeks a] gFkdaMks a dks efgekeafMr djrk utj vk jgk gS A

vkfFk Zd mnkjhdj.k vkSj fons'kh daifu;ks a ds izos'k us mRikn dks

c<+kok nsus ds fy, rjg&rjg ds rjhds viuk, tkus dh izo`fÙk dks

c<+kok fn;k gS tks foykflrkiw.k Z thou thus ds fy, dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx

djuk fl[kkrs gS a A bl gksM+ us gh ekuoh; ewY;ks a ds iru o lekt

ds fc[kjko dks c<+k;k gS A lapkj&ek/;eks a es a iz;ksx ls ekuo

efLr"d dks izHkkfor vkSj lapkfyr dj lÙkk 'kfDr dk larqyu

LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSAÞ1

1- vk'kqrk s"k feJ] ^pkSFk s LraHk dh pqukSfr;k¡] ys[kd Jh yky pan xqIr

eaxy] i`ñ 98&99

180

vkt iSlk dekus ds fy, la?k"k Z djuk iM+ jgk gS A mls

jksth&jksVh dekus ds fy, la?k"k Z dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A gekjs

ns'k es a lokZf/kd ladViw.k Z vkSj xaHkhj fLFkfr vkfFk Zd eksps Z ij gh jgh

gS A vkfFk Zd fo"kerk rks egkuxjh; cks/k dh izeq[k izo`fÙk jgh gS A

iadt lqchj dh dgkuh ^dqÝ* es a tQj dks vkfFk Zd fo"kerk ls tw>rs

gq, o cPpks a ls fHk{kko`fÙk djokrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS A vkfFk Zd

fo"kerk ds dkj.k og u pkgrs gq, Hkh vius cPpks a dks dke ij

Hkstrk gS A ik= tQj ds 'kCnks a es a]

ßlksprk Fkk fd QSDVjh es a dke pkyw gks tk,xk rks cPpks a dks

fQj ls Ldwy Hkstuk 'kq: dj nw ¡xk A cPpks a ds gkFk es a ispd'k vkSj

ikUus idM+kuk ugha pkgrk Fkk] fQj Hkh ,slk yxrk gS fd ogh

fdLer es a fy[kkdj vk, gS a AÞ1

vkt miHkk sDrkoknh nkSM+ es a vkxs c<+us ds fy, yM+fd;ks a dks u

tkus fdl&fdl izdkj ds 'kk s"k.k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA igys

euq"; dks in izkIr djus dh gksM+ yxh jgrh gS] fQj iSlk vkSj fQj

Hkk sx A og iSlk izkIr djrs gh Hkk sxkuan es a tqV tkrk gS A og

uSfrdrk dks rkd ij j[k nsrk gS A miU;kl ^eqUuh eksckby* es a

crk;k x;k gS fd ehfM;k txr esa fdl rjg yM+fd;ks a dks vkxs

c<+us ds fy, la?k"k Z djuk iM+rk gS A blds fy, mUgs a vius 'kjhj

ds lkFk&lkFk vkRek dks Hkh cspuk iM+rk gSA ;Fkk miU;kldkj ds

'kCnks a es a]

ß,adj cuus ds fy, yM+fd;ks a dks D;k&D;k ugha djuk iM+rk

gS A blds fy, ckWl ds lkFk 'kjkc ihus ls ysdj fcLrj xeZ djus

rd dksbZ Hkh dher pqdkuh iM+rh gS A ckWl dk vxj fdlh ij

1- iadt lqchj] ^bZLV bafM;k daiuh*] i`ñ 9

181

fny vk x;k gS rks mls vkReleiZ.k djuk gh gksxkA ojuk dbZ&dbZ

eghuks a ukbV M~;wVh djuh iM+sxh A jkrks a jkr ;gk¡ nl&nl gtkj ds

buØhes aV gks tkrs gS a A dy dh vkbZ yM+dh vkidh ckWl cu ldrh

gS A ckWl tks pkgs lc lp A pSuyks a dh ped ds pDdj esa rks

dbZ yM+fd;k¡ igys ls gh lkspdj vkrh gS a fd mUgs viuh [kwclwjrh

dks viuh rjDdh ds fy, bLrseky djuk gS A bles a mues a uSfrdrk

vkSj vuSfrdrk dqN ugha fn[krh gS A dqN tks lkspdj ugha vkrh gS a]

mUgs a rjDdh dk ;g 'kkWVZdV tYnh le> vk tkrk gS A ysfdu dqN

le>kSrk ugha djrh gS a A urhtru os T;knk fnu pSuy esa ugha jgrh

gS a ;k fQj mUgs a usiF; es a ,slk dke feyrk gS tks mudh ;ksX;rk ls

cgqr de gksrk gS AÞ1

bUlku pkgs rks D;k ugha dj ldrk A mls pkgs leL;kvks a ls

nks pkj gksuk iM+s A vkt L=h thou esa vkfFk Zd la?k"k Z ls tw> dj

vkxs fudy xbZ gS A mldk ifr pkgs dqN Hkh u dek, fQj Hkh

og viuk ,oa vius cPpks a dk isV iky ldrh gSA mijksDr miU;kl

^eqUuh eksckby* dh ik= iq"ik vkuan Hkkjrh ds ?kj es a dke djrh

gSA ys[kd mlds la?k"k Z ds ckjs es a fy[krs gS]

ßiq"ik tc vkuan Hkkjrh ds ?kj dke djus vkbZ Fkh rks mlds

gkFk es a ,d NksVk cPpk Fkk A rc Hkh mUgks au s mlls iwNk Fkk& ^cPps

dks ysdj dke djus ea s ijs'kkuh ugha gksrh A*

bl ij mlus tokc fn;k Fkk] ^gksrh rks gS A vkneh dksbZ dke

ugha djrk A 'kjkc ihdj iM+k jgrk g S A jksVh mls iwjh pkfg, A

eSa rks Hkw[kh jg yw¡ ysfdu cPps dks Hkw[kk dSls j[k ldrh gw ¡ AÞ2

1- iznhi lkSjHk] ^eqUuh eksckby* miU;kl] i`ñ 31

2- ogh] i`ñ 57

182

vkt O;fDr dh izfr"Bk ,oa lEeku dk vk/kkj mldh vkfFk Zd

lEiUurk gS A bl fLFkfr dk voyksdu dj fu"d"kZ nsrs gq, /keZpUnz

fo|kyadkj fy[krs gS a]

ßvkfFk Zd fo"kerk gh lkjh fo"kekrkvks a dh tM+ gS] D;ks afd

lekt esa fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k oxZ dk LFkku&fu/kk Zj.k ;k ewY;kadu

vFkZ ds gh vk/kkj ij gksrk gS A Hkwrdky dk bfrgkl ;gh gS] vkt

Hkh ;gh gS A tks Hkh oxZ vkfFk Zd :i ls le`) jgs] ogh lekt esa

izfrf"Br gq, A mRiknu ds lk/ku ftuds gkFk es a jgs] ogh Lokeh vkSj

'kkld jgs] ckdh lc lsod vkSj 'kk sf"kr jgs A Hkkjr dh orZeku

tkfr;ks a ds fuekZ.k vkSj muds chp esa iuius okyk HksnHkko Hkh

vkfFk Zd fo"kerk dh gh nsu gS A cM+s iSls ;k iw ath ¼[ksr] edku]

nqdku½ okys oxZ mPp&oxZ cu x, vkSj vYi lk/ku okys ;k

lk/kughu O;fDr gh fuEu&oxZ es a fxus x,AÞ1

vkfFk Zd la?k"k Z vkfFk Zd fo"kerk dh nsu gS A fQj Hkh euq";

viuh dkfcfy;r o esgur ds cy ij bldk lek/kku fudky jgk gSA

vkt dk euq"; vFkZ dh eqV~Bh es a cUn gS A /ku mls urZd

cuk nsrk gS vkSj vkfFk Zd foo'krk ds pyrs mls ukpuk iM+rk gSA bl

/ku o vFkZ us mls bruk dBksj ân; cuk fn;k fd mls u rks

ekuork fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS vkSj u gh fj'rs A vkfFk Zd Lrj ij lcy

,oa 'kfDr'kkyh euq"; xjhc o vlgk; dks iSjk s a rys dqpyrk gS A

lekt esa ,d fofp= fonz qi fLFkfr iuirh gSA gj ckj fucZy dqpyk

tkrk gS vkSj lcy etcwr curk tkrk gSA izkphudky ls gh vkfFk Zd

:i ls lEiUu euq"; us lnSo vius ls detksj dks nckus dk iz;kl

fd;k gS A ijUrq vkt ds ;qx es a ;g iz;kl fonz qirk ds :i esa mHkj

1- MkWñ /keZpanz fo|kyadkj] ^Økafrdkjh vkSj lfØ; jktuhfr*] i`ñ 21

183

dj jgk gS fd lEiUurk us foiUurk dh tM+k s a dks fgyk fn;k g S A

jkds'k dqekj flag dh dgkuh ^Hkwr* es a rsth ls vkfFk Zd mUufr djus

okys xk¡o esnuhiqj dk lVhd fp=.k feyrk gS A dgkuh oxZ fo"kerk]

'kk s"k.k] vehj o xjhc ds chp dh [kkbZ dks pfjrkFk Z djrh gS A

dgkuhdkj ds 'kCnks a es a]

ßNn~e xjhcks a dk oxZ A bl rcds us vius tjk;dis'kk rjhdks a

ls rsth ls iSlk cuk, gS a A mudh lUrkus a dkUos aVk s a es a i<+rh gS a A

'kgjks a es a tehus a] iSVªk sy iEiks a] nqdkus a] cgqeaftyh bekjrs a gS a A muds

uke ij dbZ ,sls cspkjs ^xjhc yksx* Fks esnuhiqj es a AÞ1

vFkZ la?k"k Z tks vkt ,d vkØked :i /kkj.k dj pqdh gS] bls

pfjrkFk Z djrs gq, dgkuhdkj n;kuan oekZ viuh dgkuh ^Qklys* dh

bu iafDr;ks a es a Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gS a]

ßgkMZ lhV ij viuk xn~/kk fcNk nsus ls og lhV lkW¶V dk

ntkZ ugha ns ikrh D;ks afd blls mlds lg;k=h gkMZlhV ij cus jgrs

gS a A Qklysa dsoy bapks a vkSj QqVks a ls ugha ukis tkrs] cfYd in dh

Å¡pkbZ ;k /ku dh ek=k es a Hkh ukis tkrs gS a AÞ2

viuh iRuh ds eq[k ls lqudj fd lsy esa lcls lLrh 'kVZ

ik¡p gtkj :i, dh gS A iRuh dks dgk fd bls dkSu [kjhnsxk A

iRuh dh ftKklk dks 'kk ar djrs gq, bUnzukFk us dgk ]

ßos yksx [kjhnrs gS a tks u;h o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj mPp o.kZ

ds gksrs gS a AÞ3

vkt ;qok oxZ dks iSls dekus es a la?k"k Z dk lkeuk djuk fnu

izfrfnu c<+ jgk gS A lkekftd laLdkjks a dks fuHkkus ds dkj.k Hkh

1- jkds'k dqekj flag] ^tksM+k gkfjy dh :idFkk*] i`ñ 45

2- n;kuan oekZ] ^u;h lksp dh dgkfu;k¡*] i`ñ 32

3- ogh] i`ñ 32

184

mls ukSdjh ls fudky fn;k tkrk gS A miU;kl ^nkSM+* es a jktqy dks

ukSdjh ls gVk fn;k x;k A bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, dFkk ysf[kdk

fy[krh gS a]

ßlk<+ s pkj lky dh ukSdjh ds ckn og flQZ blfy, gVk nh

xbZ D;ks afd mlus fookg dj fy;k Fkk A mldh foKkiu ,tsUlh

ekurh Fkh fd ?kj vkSj n¶rj nksuk s a eksps Z laHkkyuk yM+fd;ks a ds cl

dh ckr ugha A [kkl rkSj ij tc og xHkZorh Fkh] mlds gkFk ds

lkjs egÙoiw.k Z dk;Z ysdj lk/kuk flag dks ns fn, x, AÞ1

vkt ;qokvks a [kkldj yM+fd;ks a dks viuh eafty izkIr djuk

bruk vklku ugha A os ljdkjh ukSdfj;ks a es a rks viuk eqdke gkfly

dj ysrh gS a ijUrq futh {ks= es a mUgs a 'kk sf"kr gksuk iM+rk gSA mUgs a

vkxs c<+us ds fy, dne&dne ij la?k"k Z dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

dFkk ysf[kdk ^eerk dkfy;k* mijksDr miU;kl esa blh lPpkbZ dks

mn~?kkfVr djrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßfoKkiu dEiuh dh nqfu;k ifjorZu vkSj vkd"kZ.k ls Hkjiwj

FkhA jkst u;h&u;h yM+fd;k¡ ekWMy cuus dk liuk vk¡[kk s a es a fy,

gq, dEiuh ds }kj [kV[kVkrha A muds 'kk s"k.k dh vk'kadk ls budkj

ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk AÞ2 cktkjokn ;qok oxZ dks /khjs&/khjs

fuxydj Mdkj jgk gS A ;qok oxZ eagxkbZ] csjk stxkjh o xjhch ls

=Lr gksdj cktkj ds vuqlkj py jgk gS A cktkj us vke vkneh

dk thuk etcwj dj fn;k gS A

3-4 egaxkbZ %

vkt Hkkjr gh ugha vfirq lEiw.k Z fo'o egaxkbZ dh leL;k ls

ihfM+r gS A ftlls iwfN, ogh egaxkbZ dh ekj ls =Lr gS] csgky gS]

1- eerk dkfy;k] ^nkSM+* miU;kl] i`ñ 38

2- ogh] i`ñ 38

185

nq%[kh gS A Lora=rk ds ckn ls egaxkbZ fnu&i zfrfnu c<+ jgh gS A

tksfd 21oha lnh es a vkleku dks Nw jgh gS A iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd

egaxkbZ D;ks a c<+rh gS\ blds D;k&D;k ewy dkj.k gS a\ cM+s&cM+ s

iw athifr O;kikjh Hkh egaxkbZ c<+kus es a mÙkjnk;h gksrs gS a A ;s yksx bZ

izdkj ds inkFkk s ± dk laxzg dj ysrs gS A egaxkbZ dHkh&dHkh oLrqvks a

ds de mRiknu gksus ls Hkh c<+rh gSA ,sls le; esa lk/kkj.k o vke

yksxks a dks nSfud iz;ksx dh oLrq,a egaxs nkeks a ij feyrh gS A

fiNys 12 o"kk s ± ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk es a dbZ mrkj&p<+ko vk,

gS a A Å¡ph fodkl nj rFkk ls alsDl dh Å¡pkb Z dks LFkk;h cuk, j[kus

ds pDdj esa ljdkj dks cqfu;knh vko';drkvks a vkSj [kk| inkFkk s ±

dh ewY; o`f) dh /;ku nsus dk volj gh ugha feyk A Hkkjrh;

laLÑfr] ik'pkR; laLÑfr ds izHkko ls rhoz :i esa laØfer gqbZ gS A

mles a if'pe dh udy ij Hkkjrh; 'kgjh oxZ es a Hkk Sfrd

lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a dh gksM+ rFkk tad QwM ds c<+rs izpyu ds dkj.k

ljdkj dk T;knkrj /;ku bysDVªk sfud oLrqvks a ds nkeks a e s a deh ij gS

ijUrq thou ds fy, vko';d vkVk&nky&pkoy vkSj lfCt;ks a ds

ewY; vkleku Nw jgs gS a A dEI;wVj ¶ykWih] fle dkMZ] lhMh] isu

Mªkbo] eksckby fpi] eksckby lsV vkfn bySDVªk sfud mRiknks a es a ewY;

es a rks deh vkbZ gS tks eksckby 'kq: es a nl gtkj #i, esa vkrk

Fkk] og vc pkj ls Ng gtkj es a vklkuh ls fey tkrk gS A ysfdu

?kjks a dks pykus ds fy, jkstejkZ dh vko';d oLrq,a egaxh gqbZ gS A

jlksb Z xSl] nw/k] phuh] nky] xsgw ¡] [kk| rsy] Qy] lCth o vU;

vko';d oLrq,a rsth ls egaxh gksrh tk jgh gS A tula[;k

fnu&izfrfnu c<+ jgh gS vkSj ljdkj bldh c<+k Srjh dh jksdFkke gsrq

iz;kljr gS A egaxkbZ dk T;knkrj vlj fuEuoxhZ; ,oa e/;eoxhZ;

ifjokjk s a ij iM+rk gS A ljdkj egaxkbZ dh jksdFkke ds fy,

186

ewdn'kZd cuh gqbZ gS A ;g ljdkj dh vnwjnf'kZrk vkSj vdq'ky

dk;kZUo;u dk ifj.kke gS A ljdkj egaxkbZ dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj ds

izHkko dk ifj.kke dgdj Vky nsrh gS A dey u;u dkcjk egaxkbZ

ds bl lR; dks Li"V ,oa ljy 'kCnks a es a mn~?kkfVr djrs gq, fy[krs

gS a]

ßfiNys 17&18 lkyks a es a csdkcw egaxkbZ vke vkneh dh xk<+h]

gkM+&ilhus dh dekbZ ds gj :i, ds djhc 80 iSlks a dks yhy xbZ

gS a A bl cM+s fgLls dks O;olk;h&O;kikjh oxZ ds fgLls es a igq apk

fn;k x;k gS A ;g egaxkbZ dksbZ vkdfLed] fNViqV] fdUgha nks pkj

fo'ks"k dkj.kk s a dk ;nkdnk gksus okyk dqQy ugha gSA ;g rks

uomnkjokn uhfr;ks a ds rgr vkfFk Zd o`f) dks vFkZO;oLFkk dk ewy

mís'; cukdj csjk sdVksd mlds ihNs yV~B ysdj iM+s jgus dh

lksph&le>h uhfr;ks a dk urhtk gS AÞ1

21oha lnh ds dFkkdkj us egaxkbZ ds dkj.k mith fLFkfr;ks a dks

cM+h ckjhdh ls mHkkjk gS A vt; JhokLro dh ^jkstukepk* dk cPpw

ckcw ,d vksj vkWfQl es a py jgh NaVuh dh [kcjks a ls ijs'kku gS

vkSj mls vius ifjokj dh ftEesnkfj;ks a dks fuHkkus es a dbZ rjg dh

fnDdrks a dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS A mls vius cPps dks vPNs

Ldwy esa nkf[kyk u djok ikus dh ihM+k Vhl ekjrh gS a og vius

fy, xfeZ;ks a es a pIiy [kjhnus ds t:jr dks ckj&ckj Vkyrk gS vkSj

xfeZ;ks a es a vkWfQl es a lfnZ;k s a okys twrs igudj tkus dks foo'k gS A

dFkkdkj bl lPpkbZ dks Li"V djr s gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßnke c<+us dh ckr mUgs a ekywe gksrh] rks og Qjojh es a ctV

vkus ls igys ;k gn ls gn viz Sy es a pIiy t:j [kjhn ysrs A

1- dey u;u dkcjk] ^uomnkjoknh Hkkjr % vkfFk Zd o`f) vkSj fodkl

ds xgjkrs vUrfoZjk s/k];qok laokn] fnlñ 2011] i`ñ 36

187

gkykafd vk'kadk Fkh] ysfdu ctV ls egaxkbZ c<+us ds ckn bruh

tYnh nke c<+us dh laHkkouk ugha Fkh A fygktk] vkSj dbZ phtks a dh

rjg mUgks au s pIiy [kjhnuk Hkh Vky fn;k Fkk AÞ1

vkt vke vkneh egaxkbZ dks foo'krk ds lkFk >sy jgk gSA

vkt JhokLro egaxkbZ dh foo'krk ds lkFk&lkFk egaxkbZ c<+us ds

dkj.kk s a dks Hkh Li"V rkSj ij n'kk Zrs gS a A os ljdkj dh dk;Z'k Syh

ij iz'u fpg~u yxkrs gS a A ;g ,d vkWfQl ds deZpkjh egaxkbZ ds

dkj.kk s a ij ppkZ djrs gS A mues a ls deZpkjh fpark trkrs gq, dgrk

gS]

ßvHkh blh ctV esa foÙk ea=h us gkbZ LihM Mhty ij

vfrfjDr 'kqYd yxk;k gS] mlls igys iSVªk sy ij yxk;k Fkk ----- blls

tks iSlk vk;k Fkk vkSj vk jgk gS] fdl [kkrs es a x;k---- vkSj tgk¡

rd ekStwnk c<+k Srjh ds cgkus dk rdZ gS] rks dPps rsy dh

vUrjkZ"Vªh; dhers a c<+us ls mlh vuqikr es a mRikn o lhek 'kqYd Hkh

c<+ tkus okyk gS vkSj ;g lkjk iSlk Hkh ljdkj dks feyus okyk gS -

--- vkf[kj rsy dwi dk ?kkVk gS dgk¡] ;g iSV ªk sfy;e ea=h D;ks a ugha

crkrk AÞ2

cPpw ckcw Hkh blh cgl esa 'kkfey gS vkSj dgrk gS] ßrsy

dwi dk dkbZ ?kkVk ugha gS---- tc nks lky igys blh cgkus ls nke

c<+k;s x, Fks] rc varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj es a dPps rsy dh dher rhu

xquk de Fkh---- fiNys lky Hkh nksxquh de Fkh] tcfd bl lky

varjkZ"Vªh; dher ,d ;k nks fnu gh Å¡ph jgh Fkh] ysfdu ljdkj us

tcjnLr 'kksj epkdj dhers a fQj c<+k nh----- vkB eghus igys gh

rks jlksbZ xSl vkSj feV~Vh ds rsy ds nke c<+k;s x, Fks ---- njvly

1- gal if=dk] uoacj] 2001] i`ñ 45

2- ogh] i`ñ 45

188

cM+s ?kjkuks a us djks a dh tks pksjh dj j[kh gS] vlyh ?kkVk Hkh ogh

gS AÞ1

dgkuh us viuh bl dgkuh ds ek/;e ls ljdkj dh fuf"Ø;rk

o vketu dh ijs'kkfu;ks a dks cM+h ckjhdh ls mHkkjk gSA egaxkbZ us

vke vkneh dk thuk nqHkj dj j[kk gS A f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ flQZ

eagxkbZ dh otg ls gh viuh ftEesnkfj;ks a ls Hkkx jgk gS A ljdkj

dks bl ij rqjar yksd yxkuh pkfg, ugha rks lekt iw.k Z:is.k

fo?kfVr gks tk,xk A

3-5 vFkZ o csjkstxkjh %

csjk stxkjh ,d fo'o leL;k cudj gekjs led{k [kM+h gSA

fo'o dk izR;sd ns'k bl leL;k ls fdlh u fdlh :i ls la?k"k Z

dj jgk gS A yksx csjk stxkjh ds dkj.k vius ewy fuokl dks NksM+dj

jkstxkj dh ryk'k es a 'kgj nj 'kgj /kDds [kk jgs gSA csjk stxkjh ls

vfHkizk; ,slh voLFkk ls gS ftles a ,d O;fDr tks fdlh dk;Z dks

djus es a leFkZ gS ijUrq mlds ikl dke djus ds volj dk vHkko

gS A vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu ds vuqlkj csjk stxkjh es a mu lHkh

O;fDr;ks a dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks jkstxkj ikus ds bPNqd

gS a] fdUrq mls ikus es a vleFkZ gS a A Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kk s a es a

;g leL;k vkSj vf/kd fodjky :i /kkj.k dj jgh gS D;ks afd Hkkjr

es a tula[;k fo'o esa nwljs uacj ij gS vkSj mld s eqrkfcd jkstxkj

ds voljks a dk vHkko gSA csjk stxkj O;fDr vFkZO;oLFkk ij cks> cu

tkrk gS D;ks afd csjk stxkjh O;fDr jk"Vª ds fodkl esa viuk dksbZ

;ksxnku ugha ns ldrk A csjk stxkjh euq"; ds vkRefo'okl dks lekIr

dj mlesa ghurk dks tUe nsrh gS vkSj og fujk'kkoknh gksdj lekt

ds izfr vkØksf'kr gksus yxrk gS A euq"; csjk stxkjh ds dkj.k

1- gal if=dk] uoacj] 2001] i`ñ 45

189

ywVikV] pksjh] MdSrh] gR;k] fQjkSrh ds fy, vigj.k tSlh voS/k

/ka/kk s a es a lafyIr gksus yxrk gS A csjk stxkjh dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,

ohjsUnz ukFk flag dgrs gS a]

ßog n'kk ftles a ,d O;fDr tks dke djus ;ksX; gS vkSj

izpfyr etnwjh dh nj ij dke djus ds bPNqd gS] fQj Hkh mls

dke ugha feyrk A csdkjh dh bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr os O;fDr

'kkfey ugha gS a tks 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld :i ls chekj gS a vkSj dke

djus ds ;ksX; ugha gS] bues a chekj] cw<+ s vkSj vikfgt vkrs gS a AÞ1

dFkkdkj dq.kky flag dh dgkuh ^'kk sdxhr* es a ,d ;qok iz seh

ftldh ukSdjh NwV tkus ds dkj.k lxkbZ VwV tkus ds nnZ dk fp=.k

gS A csjk stxkjh clrs gq, ifjokj dks rksM+ nsrh gSA vc og csjk stxkj

gS vkSj jkstxkj dh ryk'k es a nj&nj HkVd jgk gSA og vius ije

fe= dks vius nq[k dh dgkuh lqukrs gq, dgrk gS]

ßfyfi esjh iz sfedk Fkh] ftlds lkFk vkxkeh ekpZ dh fdlh

rkjh[k dks esjh 'kknh gksus okyh Fkh A cM+h eqf'dy ls mlds

?kjokyks a us ;g 'kknh eatwj dh Fkh A ,sls es a ;fn mUgs a irk py

tk, fd esjh ukSdjh ugh a jgh rks ;g gS fd os mldh 'kknh dgha

vkSj r; dj ns axs A nqfu;k es a u tkus fdrus yM+ds csjk stxkj gSA ;g

nwljh ckr gS ukSdjh ugha feyus vkSj ukSdjh fNUu tkus es a ogh varj

gS tks ,d dq¡okjh yM+dh vkSj fo/kok vkSjr es a gksrk gSA pkgs tks

Hkh otg jgh gks] yksx rks ;gh lksps axs fd yM+dk ukdkfcy Fkk AÞ2

dFkkdkj t;uanu us fleVrs jkstxkj ds voljks a ds izfr viuh

fpark izdV dh gS A orZeku lnh es a HkweaMyhdj.k o oSf'od

mnkjhdj.k ds QyLo:i dEI;wVjhdj.k rFkk rduhdhdj.k ds dkj.k

csjk stxkjh viuk Hk;adj :i /kkj.k djrh tk jgh gSA iqjkus dkj[kkus

1- MkWñ ohjsUnz ukFk flag] ^uxjh; lekt'kkL=*] i` ñ 199

2- dq.kky flag] ^'kk sdxhr] lukru ckcw dk nkEiR;*] i`ñ 11

190

ubZ rduhd vkus ds dkj.k can gks jgs gS a A mu dkj[kkuks a es a dke

djus okys deZpkjh csoDr csdkjh dk lkeuk djrs gS A ubZ ih<+h Hkh

csjk stxkjh dh leL;k ls =Lr gSA os pkgs fdruh Hkh i<+kbZ dj ysa

ijUrq mUgs a muds lq[kn Hkfo"; dh dksbZ xkj aVh ugha nh tkrh A vkt

f'kf{kr csjk stxkjh fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gS A ^?kj Qwad rek'kk*

dgkuh es a csjk stxkj gks x, Vsdlky ls mlds csVs }kjk fd, laokn es a

;g foMEcuk mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrh gS]

ßikik] vkf[kj ,slk D;ks a gksrk gS fd gekjh fdLer nwljks a dh

ethZ ij fMiS aM gks tkrh gS A nwljks a ds fd;s dh ltk ges a Hkk sxuh

iM+rh gS A pan yksx ew[kZrk vkSj ukyk;dh djrs gS a vkSj mlls iwjk

ns'k =Lr gks tkrk gS A vkf[kj ;s dkj[kkus D;ks a can gks jgs gS a \

bl ?kj Qw ad rek'ks a dk dkSu ftEesnkj gS -----\Þ

dksbZ tokc ugha Fkk Vsdlky ds ikl A mlus dgk] bldk

tokc vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k] fo'o cSad vkSj vesfjdk ds flok 'kk;n

bl ns'k es a fdlh ds ikl ugha gS] csVs A geus rks ns[k fy;k gS fd

fHkUu fopkjks a okyh dbZ ljdkjs a vk;h&x;ha] fdlh ls ;g ?kj Qwad

rek'kk jksduk laHko ugha gqvk A [kSj] bl eqn~n s ij eq>s vdsys 'kk sd

djus nks vkSj rqe vius fy, dksbZ ;qfDr fudkyks A eq>s mEehn gS

fd rqe dksbZ ukSdjh t:j <wa< yksxsA*

^eq>s rks dksb Z mEehn ugha fn[krh A ,d ukSdjh ds fy, tgka

,d&,d gtkj mEehnokj gks] ogka ,slh mEehn egt ,d [kq'kQgeh

gS] ikik A u;s dks NksfM+,] tc iqjkus ukSdjh'kqnk yksx ukSdjh ls gj

txg ljIyl crkdj gVk, tk jgs gS a] tc gtkjks a laLFkku can gks jgs

gS] dEI;wVj vkSj jksck sV vknfe;ks a dh txg ys jgs gS a rks u;h

fu;qfDr ds fQj Ldksi gh dgk¡ cprs gS a \Þ1

1- t;uanu] ^?kj Qwad rek'kk*] i`ñ 2

191

dFkkdkj lat; dqanu lkQ Li"V 'kCnks a es a csjk stxkjh ds dkj.k

iSnk gks jgh leL;kvks a dks gekjs le{k izdk'k es a ykrs gS aA mudh

dgkuh ^xka/kh t;afr* es a nks lgikfB;ks a ds thou pfjr dks LI"Vrk ls

mHkkjk gS A d{kk es a lcls mPp jgus okyk fo|kFkhZ vkt lM+dks a ij

/kDds [kk jgk gS vkSj vius ifjokj ds ikyu&iks"k.k rFkk ftEesokfj;ks a

dks fuHkkus ds fy, etcwjho'k V~;w'ku i<+k jgk gS A og gj ckj

ljdkjh ukSdjh es a p;fur gksus ls jg tkrk gS A mlds ikl Kku gS]

cqf) gS] ;ksX;rk gSA ijUrq iSlk vkSj flQkfj'k ugha gS ftldh orZeku

lnh es a vR;ar vko';d ;ksX;rk ekuh tkrh gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd

vkt ;ksX;rk lM+dks a ij fQj jgh gS vkSj v;ksX; yksx okrkuqdwfyr

dejks a es a cSBs gS a A mlh dh d{kk dk lcls ukyk;d fo|kFkhZ

xq aMkxnhZ vkSj 'kjkjrks a ds ne ij ljdkj es a ea=h cu tkrk gS A

ljdkj es a 'kkfey gksus ds fy, pqukoh mEehnokj ds fy, fdlh izdkj

dh dksbZ 'kS{kf.kd vkSj uSfrd ;ksX;rk fu/kk Zfjr ugha gS A lekt es a

Hkh dke;kc ,oa lQy O;fDr dk lEeku fd;k tkrk gS A csjk stxkj

O;fDr pkgs fdruk Hkh ;ksX; D;ks a u gks] mls ckj&ckj 'kfe ZUnxh dk

lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A dgkuh ^xka/kh t;afr* ds gksf'k;kj ik= dks

Hkh blh rjg lekt esa ckj&ckj 'kfe ZUnxh dk ?kw aV ihuk iM+rk gS A

dFkkdkj dFkkuk;d ds 'kCnks a es a fy[krs gS a]

ß,eñ,ñ djus ds ckn eS a dbZ izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvks a es a cSBk] ij

ukdke jgk A dqN txgks a ij baVjO;w nsus x;k gS rks ogk¡ igys gh

fj'or dh ekax dh x;h A blfy, ekeyk xM+cM+k x;k --- vius

cdk;k iSls ljdkj ls olwyus ds fy, firk th HkkxnkSM+ djds Fkd

pqds Fks A esjh NksVh cgu 'kknh ds yk;d gks x;h FkhA ?kj dh bl

gkyr us eq>s V~;w'ku djus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k Fkk A eSa vc

eksgYys ds yksxk s a ls utjs a pqjkus yxk Fkk A mudh vk¡[kk s a es a eq>s gj

oDr dqN loky fn[krs Fks A os 'kk;n ;g tkuuk pkgrs Fks fd

192

ges'kk i<+kbZ es a vOoy jgus ds ckotwn eS a vHkh rd D;ks a csjk stxkj

cSBk gw ¡] tcfd lqcg&'kke lM+d ukirs jgus okys esjh mez ds

vf/kdrj yM+ds jksth&jkstxkj ik pqds Fks AÞ1

izfl) dFkk ysf[kdk ^eerk dkfy;k* us Hkh vius dFkk lkfgR;

es a csjk stxkjh ds mijkUr mits Hk;kog ifj.kkeks a dks Li"V fd;k gS A

mudh dgkuh ^yM+ds* fujk'k ,oa grk'k csjk stxkjk s a ds {kk sHk dks izdV

djrh gS A fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk= laxfBr gksdj gM+rky djus gsrq

ckgj vkrs gS a A muds ikl gM+rky djus ds fy, flQZ ,d gh

eqn~nk Fkk & csjk stxkjh A os lfEefyr :i esa csjk stxkjh ls NqVdkjk

ikus gsrq ljdkj ds fo:) gM+rky djrs gS aA os cqyan Loj es a ljdkj

dks yydkjrs gq, vius fy, LFkk;h jkstxkj dh ekax djrs gS a A dFkk

ysf[kdk ds 'kCnks a es a]

ßmUgs a dksbZ dk;ZØe ugha fey jgk Fkk & u ?kj es a] u ckgj]

os viuh mtkZ dk bLrseky djuk pkgrs Fks A gypy ds uke ij

muds ikl Fkk gh D;k & v[kckj dh nh gqbZ [kcjs a] ljdkj dh nh

gqbZ csjk stxkjh vkSj ifjokj dh nh gqbZ ijs'kkfu;k¡ A os bu rhuks a ls

fondrs Fks A bl mez es a rxM+s cdjks a&lk mNyuk pkgrs Fks AÞ2

dgkuh dh bu iafDr;ks a es a fo'ofo|ky;h Nk=ks a es a ljdkj ds

f[kykQ o mldh uhfr;ks a ds izfr vkØks'k Fkk A ljdkj [kkyh inks a

ds ckjs es a tkurs gq, Hkh mUgs a Hkjuk ugha pkgrh A ljdkj dh mis{kk

dk f'kdkj gksdj ;s csjk stxkj yM+ds bdV~Bs gksdj gM+rky] tqywl o

ukjsckth djrs gS a A ;gka rd fd vkRenkg Hkh djus dh lksprs gS a A

ljdkj mu ij vk¡lw xSl NksM+rh gS o ykfB;k¡ rd cjlkus ls ugha

pwdrh A ,d rjQ oSKkfud mUufr us ges a rjg&rjg dh Hkk Sfrd

lq[k&lqfo/kk,¡ nh gS A foKku us ?kj&?kj ds [kpks ± es a csrgk'kk o`f)

1- lat; dqanu] xka/kh t;arh] ckWl dh ikVhZ] i`ñ 15&16

2- eerk dkfy;k] ^yM+ds]* nl izfrfuf/k dgkfu;ka] i`ñ 33&34

193

dj nh gS A eksckby] Vhñohñ] eksVj xkfM+;k¡] bUoVZj] ikuh ds

lcelhZcy cksj vkfn ?kj&?kj es a gSA buds [kps Z fnu&izfrfnu c<+ jgs

gS ijUrq ljdkj bu [kpks ± ds ogu gsrq iw.k Z:is.k jkstxkj miyC/k ugha

djokrh A tks dk;Z nl yksx djrs Fks vkt og dk;Z vdsyk O;fDr

dj jgk gS A bl rjg Hkh csjk stxkjk s a dh la[;k es a o`f) gks jgh gS]

dk;kZy;ks a es a fujarj NaVuh gks jgh gS A ifjrks"k pØorhZ dh dgkuh

^iRFkj* es a daiuh ls NaVuhxzLr deZpkfj;ks a dk dFku gS]

ßmuds tSls vkfVZLVks a dh vc dksbZ [kkl t:jr ugha jg xbZ

Fkh A vc rks vf/kdka'k dke dEI;wVj ij gksus yxk Fkk AÞ1

orZeku lnh es a f'kf{kr csjk stxkjh fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh

gSA vkt lkS vadks a es a ls lkS vad ysdj Hkh jkstxkj dh dksbZ xkjaVh

ugha gS A izfr;ksfxrk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gS A f'k{kk ds izlkj

ds lkFk&lkFk ukSdfj;ks a dh ek¡x c<+rh tk jgh gS vkSj ek¡x dks iwjk

djus dh 'kfDr u rks ljdkj es a gS vkSj u cM+s iw ¡thifr;ks a es a A

;|fi nksuk s a {ks=k s a dh vksj ls ns'k dh csdkjh nwj djus dk iz;Ru

fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj Lora=rk ds ckn gekjs ;gk¡ ukSdfj;ks a ds fy,

inks a dh la[;k es a Hkkjh o`f) gqbZ gS] fQj Hkh rsth ls c<+rh

tula[;k ds eqdkcys es a gekjk ns'k ukSdfj;ks a ds volj izkIr ugha dj

ik;k gS A ukSdjh ds fy, tc Hkh dksbZ lk{kkRdkj gksrk gS rks ogka

dqy LohÑr inks a ls dbZ xq.kk s a vkosnu vkrs gS A HkhM+&lh yx tkrh

gS A dFkkdkj Kkuizdk'k foosd vius miU;kl ^vk[ksV* es a blh

f'kf{kr csjk stxkjh dh leL;k dks gekjs le{k mBk;k gS A miU;kl

dk uk;d ¼eS a½ tc LVSuk s VkbfiLV in gsrq Vkbi VsLV nsus ds fy,

tkrk gS A ogk¡ ds ekStwn n`'; dks ns[kdj nax jg tkrk A dFkkdkj

ds 'kCnks a es a]

1- ifjrks"k pØorhZ] ^iRFkj]* va/k sjk leqnz] i `ñ 10

194

ßVkbi VsLV nsus okyks a dh vPNh&[kklh HkhsM+ gS A lsfdaM ¶yksj

ij HkhM+] lhf<+;k s a ij HkhM+] ;gka rd fd dukWV Iysl ds cjkens es a

Hkh HkhM+ A ukStokuks a dh HkhM+ A vkt eq>s ekywe gqvk gS fd eqYd

esa ukSdfj;ks a fdruh de gSa vkSj csjk stxkj fdrus T;knk A ;FkkFk Z dks

eS aus viuh uaxh vka[kk s a ls ns[kk gS A ;FkkFk Z ds il%eatj ml xjhch

dks Hkh eS aus eglwl fd;k gS] ftls e S aus Hkh vius vUnj Nqik j[kk

gSAÞ1

miU;kl ds uk;d dk bZekunkjh o uSfrdrk ds cy ij p;u

dj fy;k x;k vSj mls fjtuy vkWfQl esa crkSj LVSuk s VkbfiLV Hkst

fn;k x;k A ogka ij dk;Zjr deZpkjh vkSj vf/kdkjh mldk ekufld

o 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k djrs A og etcwjho'k ogka ukSdjh djrk jgk A

gkykafd mlus blh o"kZ Lukrd dh fMxzh ikl dh gSA og csjk stxkjh

ds FkisM+k s a dks tkurk gS A dFkkuk;d ¼eS a½ vius 'kk s"k.k dks crkrk

gS]

ßrhu eghus dk izk scs'ku ihfj;M----- N% eghus rd yVdk;k

x;k A ^mudk* cl pyrk rks ges a ges'kk ^izk scs'ku* ij j[kk tkrkA

ges a ^vM~gkd* Vseijsjh ;k dStqvy le>k tkrk A oks yksx ges a

^fxjfefV;k* cukdj j[kuk pkgrs Fks A tSls cgqr&cgqr lky igys

fcgkj ds xjhc yksxks a dks xUus dh [ksrh ds fy, ekjh'kl Hkstk x;k

& v¡xz sth gqdwer }kjk fxjfeVk;k cukdj A---- yxHkx xqykeks a dh

rjg A

izk sfeus aV es a ges a xqykeks a dh rjg j[kk x;k A ,slk yxrk Fkk

fd lkeUrh O;oLFkk lekIr ugha gqbZ A oks thfor gS A fdlh vU;

:i esa---- fdlh nwljh 'kDy esa----- fdlh rhljs psgjs ds :i esaAÞ2

1- Kkuizdk'k foosd] ^vk[ksV* miU;kl] i`ñ 16

2- ogh] i`ñ 128

195

ljdkjh ukSdfj;k¡ izkIr djuk ,d liuk curk tk jgk gSA ;ksX;

vkosndks a dh txg v;ksX; vkosndks a dk p;u cM+k tYnh gksrk gS

D;ks afd os yksx igys gh ljdkjh ukSdjh dk jkt tkurs gS a A foo'k

gksdj ;ksX; vkosndks a dks Hkh ea=h ds pDdj yxkus iM+rs gS A ea=h

viuk LokFk Z lk/kus gsrq mudk eupkgk 'kk s"k.k djrs gS a A miU;kl

^eaMh* es a e`.kkfyuh vkSj dkfeuh nks lxh cgus a gS a A os nksuk s a cgus a

chVhlh es a HkrhZ gksuk pkgrh gS a A muds uacj Hkh vPNs gS A HkrhZ es a

xM+cM+h dh vk'kadk ds pyrs os nksuk s a U;k; ikus gsrq vius {ks=h;

fo/kk;d ,oa ea=h vkjñMhñ ds ikl tkrh gS A vkjMh muds lkFk

U;k; gksus dk vko'oklu nsrs gS vkSj vius vkosnu i=ks a lfgr nks

fnu ckn vius QkeZ gkÅl ij cqykrs gS a A os nks fnu rd chVhlh

es a p;u gksus dk liuk ysrh jgh A os nks fnu ckn fo/kk;d ds

QkeZ gkÅl ij igq ¡prh gS A bl n`'; ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrKks a }kjk

csjk stxkjk s a dk 'kk s"k.k fn[kk;k x;k gS A dFkkdkj jktusrkvks a dk

dPpk fpV~Bk [kk syrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

ßfu;e le; ij nksuk s a cgus a fo/kk;d th ds QkeZ gkÅl ij

igq aph A lkspk fd ogk¡ vf/kdkfj;ks a dh xkfM+;k¡ [kM+h gks axh] ysfdu

ogk¡ lUukVk Fkk A nks&pkj canwd/kkjh cSBs gq, Fks] tks fo/kk;d ds gh

vkneh yx jgs Fks A bu cUnwd/kkfj;ks a ls dkfeuh us iwNk] ßfo/kk;d

th us cqyk;k Fkk] gS a\Þ

mUgks au s dgk] ßgk¡ Hkhrj] cSBs gS a AÞ

nksuk s a dks Hkhrj igq ¡pk fn;k x;k A blds ckn nks fnu rd

yksxks a us fo/kk;d dks ckgj fudyrs ugha ns[kk A

ek¡ viuh nksuk s a csfV;ks a dk bartkj djrs&djrs tc Fkd xbZ rks

vkjMh ds ?kj tk /kedh] ysfdu fo/kk;d ds ?kj es a crk;k x;k fd

os rks y[kuÅ pys x, gS a A ek¡ us lkspk fd dke ds flyflys es a

mudh nksuk s a iqf=;ks a Hkh y[kuÅ pyh xbZ gS a A eka ?kj ykSV vkbZ A

196

rhu ckn nksuk s a yM+fd;k¡ ?kj okil ykSVha A ysfdu yqV&fiV dj A

nksuk s a dk ekufld larqyu Bhd ugha FkhAÞ1

bl rjg dh fLFkfr;ks a dks ge vDlj vius lekt esa ns[krs

gS aA ftlds ikl iSlk vkSj rkdr gS] og Hkksx vkSj vkuan dks ikus es a

ekSdkijLr gks tkrk gS A og vk/;kfRedrk vk Sj lkekftdrk dks

Hkwydj Hkk Sfrdoknh vkSj O;fDroknh] Hkk sxoknh curk tk jgk gS A

csjk stxkjh ds dkj.k ;qok etcwj] foo'k vkSj nq[kh gksrk gS A mls

etcwjho'k ?k`f.kr dk;Z Hkh djus iM+rs gS aA og vijk/kk s a dh vxzlj

gksus yxrk gS A Hkz"Vkpkj] ukSdj'kkgh] equkQk[kk sjh vkSj HkkbZ&

Hkrhtkokn dk Hkh ns'k dh csjk stxkjh es a Hkkjh gkFk gS A ns'k ds

ljdkjh dkxtks a es a rFkk iw athifr;ks a ds cS ad [kkrks a es a fodkl gksrk

jgk] ijUrq vke vkneh dk 'kks"k.k tkjh gS A futh daifu;ks a es a

ukSdjh ij j[ks x, ;qodks a dk 'kk s"k.k fd;k tkrk gS A mUgs a dk;Z

djus dk y{; fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn og y{; dks iwjk ugha dj ikrk

rks mls ukSdjh ls fudky fn;k tkrk gS A miU;kl ^lq[kQjks'k* es a

bl 'kks"k.k dk [kqyklk fd;k gS A vfouk'k dks buke ds ykyp esa

Qalk;k tkrk gS A vfouk'k dq:i O;fDr gS A mldh detksjh dk

Qk;nk mBkdj daiuh }kjk ,d QthZ efgyk fe= eqgS;k djok nh

tkrh gS A vfouk'k ls rjg&rjg dh ;kstukvks a es a iSlk yxkus dks

dgk tkrk gSA fnO;k ekFk wj viuh lqanjrk ds cy ij vfouk'k dks

tky esa Qalk ysrh gS vkSj tc og vkSj vf/kd ;kstukvks a es a viuk

iSlk ugha yxkrk rks ogk¡ ;kstuk fn[kk jgk yM+dk viuh ukSdjh

cpkus dh nqgkbZ nsrk gS A dFkkdkj ds 'kCnks a es a]

ßog yM+dk :vkalk gksdj cksyk] ßnsf[k, lj] nsf[k, eSMe]

eku tkb, A esjh ukSdjh dk loky gS A eSa jkstkuk lkr es a ls ;fn

1- c`ts'k 'kqDy] ^eaMh* miU;kl] i`ñ 54

197

nks tksM+k s a dks jkth ugha dj ik;k rks eq>s ;s ukSdjh ls fudky

ns axsAÞ1

gekjs ns'k es a csjk stxkjh dh leL;k fnu&izfrfnu c<+ jgh gS A

fo'ks"kdj f'kf{kr csjk stxkjh A mPp f'k{kk izkIr ;qokoxZ csjk stxkjh ls

ihfM+r gS A mudh izfrHkk,a fnu&izfrfnu ej jgh gS a A vkBoha ikl

pijklh] gSYij] pkSdhnkj dh HkrhZ es a mPp f'k{kk izkIr ;qok oxZ

vkosnu dj jgs gS a D;ks afd ;g mudh etcwjh gS A Lo;a 'kk s/kkFkh Z dk

ije fe= MkWñ djuSy flag ,eñ ,ñ] usV] LVsV] HTET, M.Phil.,

Ph.D. gS vkSj etcwjho'k jksMost foHkkx es a ifjpkyd ds in ij

dk;Zjr gS a A

3-6 vFkZ o foKkiu %

vkt ge vius ?kjk s a es a ftu oLrqvks a dks ns[kuk pkgrs gS a oks

oLrq,a ugha gS tcfd oks oLrq,a gS a ;k vk jgh gS ftUgs a foKkiu ges a

ijksl jgk gS A lwpuk Økafr ls Hkk Sfed nwfj;k¡ de gqbZ gS a] fj'rs&ukrks a

es a fudVrk vkbZ gS A ijUrq lapkj Økafr dk lokZf/kd ykHk cM+s&cM+s

iw athoknh yksx mBk jgs gS a A foKkiu txr vkt [kwc pepekrk

dSfj;j {ks= gS A ijUrq ogk¡ laLÑfr ds fy, dksbZ txg ugha gS A

euq"; ds yEcs bfrgkl es a fodkl bruk laLÑfr&fojks/kh ugha Fkk]

ftruk rhljh lglzkfCn ds 'kq:vkrh nkSj es a gS A cnys ifjn`'; dh

[kwch gS ^mPp rduhd fuEu laLÑfr A vkneh dHkh viuh vkRe

igpku] vius vftZr fodkl vkSj lkekftd laLFkkvks a ds vkSfpR; ds

fy, yM+rk Fkk] mlds lkFk laLÑfr Hkh yM+rh Fkh A vkt fLFkfr ;g

gS fd laLÑfr dk O;kid if'pehdj.k gks jgk gS A urhtiu vc

laLÑfr yM+ ugha jgh gS] ftUnxh dks ,d Ñf=e gksM+ es a cny jgh

gS vkSj yM+k jgh gS A mPp oxks ± us O;kikj] VsDukykWth vkSj jktuhfr

1- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k* miU;kl] i`ñ 150

198

ds cy ij laLÑfr dks Js"Brj thou dh vkokt ls vufxur

;q)kL=ks a es a cny fn;k gS] egku dks tksdj vkSj tksdj dks egku

cuk;k tk jgk gS A fiNys rhu lkS o"kk s ± es a gekjs miHkk sDrkoknh

lekt us vlhe izlkj dj fy;k gS A cM+s m|ksx vc lh/ks viuh

fcØh&f[kM+fd;k¡ [kk sy jgs gS a A NksVs&NksVs uxjks a es a Hkh ikjn'khZ 'kh'kk

okys fMikVZes aVy LVkslZ [kqy x, gS a A mues a miHkk sDrk oLrq,¡ rh[kh

jks'kuh es a cM+s ukVdh; <ax ls lth gksrh gS a A yksx mu oLrqvks a dks

ns[kdj ,d u, fdLe dh Hkw[k ls Hkj tkrs gS aA Hkjs isV es a Hkh

Hkw[kA vc isV ikrky ftruk xgjk gks x;k gSA db;ks a dh fuxkg es a

?kweus dh cl ,d gh txg gS& cktkj A cktkj vkSj bldh laLÑfr

xk¡oks a rd esa ?kql xbZ gS A xk¡o dh >ksifM+;ks a es a Hkh Vhñohñ dscy

fn[krh gS A

vkfFk Zd laLÑfr ls uSfrdrk fnu&izfrfnu xk;c gksrh tk jgh gSA

foKkiu eryc >wB dk tekuk gS A foKkiu djus okys yksx iSls ds

pDdj esa fdlh Hkh mRikn dh [kwfc;ks a dks c<+k p<+kdj is'k djrs gS a

vkSj turk ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr djrs gS a A vkt ;qok oxZ dks

cktkjokn dks bruk izHkkfor dgsa ;k orZeku f'k{kk iz.k kyh dh [kkeh

dgsa fd og uSfrd ewY;ks a dks njfdukj dj jgk gS A miU;kl ^nkSM+*

es a vfHk"k sd mPp f'k{kk ,eñ chñ ,ñ izkIr yM+dk gS A og viuh

iRuh ds lkFk gqbZ ckrphr esa foKkiu dh lPpkbZ ds ckjs es a crkrk

gSA eerk dkfy;k foKkiu txr~ dh lPpkbZ dks gekjs lkeus ykrh

gSA vfHk"k sd viuh iRuh ls dgrk gS]

ßlh/kk&lknk ,d izk WMDV cspuk gS] bles a rqe uS frdrk vkSj

lPpkbZ tSls Hkkjh Hkjde loky esjs s flj ij ns ekj jgh gks A eS aus

vkbZñ vkbZñ ,eñ esa nks lky HkkM+ ugha >ks adk A ogk¡ ls ekds ZfVax

lh[k dj fudyk gw ¡] vkbZ dSu lSy , MSM jSV ¼eS a ejk pwgk Hkh csp

ldrk gw ¡ A½ A ;g lPpkbZ uSfrdrk lc eSa ntkZ pkj rd ekWjy

199

lkb±l es a i<+dj Hkwy pqdk gw ¡ A eq>s bl rjg dh Mkst er fiyk;k

djks] le>ha AÞ1

^nkSM+* miU;kl 21oha lnh ds ml euq"; dh dgkuh gS ftlus

vFkZ ds ncko esa] muds ijks{k&vijks{k ekjd ruko] vkØe.k vkSj

fuekZrk rFkk va/kh nksM+ es a u"V gksrs gq, euq"; ds vklUu [krjs es a

iM+s euq";Ro dks mtkxj djrh gS A vkfFk Zd mnkjhdj.k ds dkj.k

foKkiu ,d is'ks ds :i esa mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vk;k gSA vius

ikjEifjd fj'rs&ukrks a dks vuqnkj] erych vkSj bruk vFkZ dsafnzr cuk

fn;k gS fd laØfer ifjiz s{; es a vkt laca/kk s a ds ewY; vkSj vFkZ cnys

ugha cfYd dguk pkfg, fd u"V gks x, gS aA eerk dkfy;k laØfer

vkfFk Zd ewY;ks a ds ckjs es a ik= vfHk"k sd ds ek/;e ls izdV djrh gS ]

ßvfHk"k sd us dgk] ßfoKkiu dh nqfu;k [kpZ vkSj fcØh dh

nqfu;k gS A ge liuks a ds lkSnkxj gS a] ftls pkfg, cktkj tk,] liuks a

vkSj mEehnks a ls Hkjh V~;wc [kjhn ys A ;s foKkiu dk gh deky gS

fd gekjs rhu lnL;ks a okys ifjokj e s a rhu rjg ds VwFkisLV vkrs gS aA

vadqj dks /kkfj;ks a okyk VwFkisLV ialn gS] rqEgs a og "kk sMlh okyk vkSj

eq>s lk¡l dh cncw nwj djus okyk A VwFkisLV rks fQj Hkh xuher gSA

rqEgs a irk gS& fMVjts aV ds foKkiu esa vkSj Hkh va/k sj gS A ge yksx

lksuk fMVjts aV dh ,M fQYe tc 'kwV dj jgs Fks rks lholZ ds

Dyhu fMVjts aV ls geus ckYVh es a >kx mBok, Fks A Dyhu esa lksuk

ls T;knk >kx iSnk djus dh rkdr gS AÞ2

vkt gekjh lksp] fj'rs&ukrs] uSfrdrk o bZekunkjh] jgu&lgu]

[kkuiku] os'kHk w"kk lc cktkj fu/kk Zfjr djrk gS A ge la;e] /kS;Z]

viuRo dh Hkkouk Hkwykdj Hkk Sfrdoknh cu x, gS a A vkt t:jr gS

fd Hkk Sfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvks a ds lkFk&lkFk viuRo] uSfrdrk o bZekunkjh

1- eerk dkfy;k] ^nkSM+*] miU;kl] i`ñ 40

2- ogh] i`ñ 41

200

Hkh lkFk gks A dFkuh&djuh es a vUrj u gksA vke lekt esa dgk

tkrk gS fd odhy >wB cksyrs gS a ijUrq vkt ljsvke Vhñohñ LØhu

ij cM+s&cM+ s dykdkj o f[kykM+h >wB cksyrs gS a A foKkiuks a] fQYeks a]

/kkjkokfgd ukVdks a es a uXurk] v'yhyrk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh

gSA cktkj es a vkt v'yhyrk] uXurk dk lgkjk ysdj iSlk] ;'k] uke

dek;k tk jgk gSA foKkiu dfeZ;ks a dh etcwjh Hkh gS fd mUgs a viuk

vax izn'kZu djuk iM+rk gS A

bl chp ns'k vkSj nqfu;k] lekt vkSj jktuhfr] vijk/k vkSj

laLÑfr ds chp dkQh dqN gqvk A NksVh cfPp;ks a ls cykRdkj gq,]

fujijkf/k;ks a dh gR;k,a gqbZ] dqN ukeh xq aMkk s a dh fxj¶rkjh gqbZ] mues a

ls dqN NwV x,] VSDlh vkSj vkWVk s ds fdjk;s c<+ x,A ?kj es a LVkj]

thñ Vhoh vkSj vU; Vhñohñ pSuy ?kql x, A iwtk csn h daMkse cspus

yxh vkSj iwtk HkV~V ch;j A vfHk"k sd cPpu vkbfM;k dk eksckby

fle csprk gS rks muds firk lnh ds egkuk;d Jh vferkHk cPpu

th eSxh o fgekuh dk uojRu rsy csprs gS a A vkfej [kku dksdk

dksyk csprk gS rks djhuk diwj iSIlh A lyeku [kku fjokbVy

dSIlwy csprk gS rks lfpu rs anwydj yqfeul cSVjh A /kk suh viuh iRuh

ds lkFk feydj eksVjlkbZfdy cspus yxk gS A gsekekfyuh vkjks o

/kwi vxjcÙkh cspus yxh gS a A

ehfM;k iSls ds pDdj esa laosnughu gks xbZ gS A /khjsUnz

vLFkkuk th ehfM;k dh bl Hkwfedk ij dVk{k djrs gS a vkSj lPpkbZ

dks m?kkM+rs gS a A os dgrs gS a fd v[kckj okyks a ds ikl ;fn fdlh

ys[kd dh e`R;q ij ys[k igq ¡ps vkSj lkFk es a dksbZ foKkiu] rks [kcj

fdruh gh egÙoiw.k Z D;ks a u gks os foKkiu dks gh Nkis axs] fo'ks"kdj

fgUnh ys[kd dh e`R;q ij A v[kckj okys fgUnh dh otg ls gh

[kkrs gS a vkSj mlh dks misf{kr dj jgs gS aA dgkuh ^ml /kwlj lUukVs

es a* es a ik= cztsUnz cgknwj dgrk gS]

201

ßfnYyh es a [kr vk;k Fkk fodkl dk fd fxfj'k dh vUR;sf"V

es a ml lesr fgUnh ds dqy rhu ys[kd Fks A dsoy ^orZeku* us

mudh ekSr ij vk/ks iUus dk ys[k daikst djok;k Fkk ysfdu lkyk

og Hkh ugha Ni ik;k Fkk D;ks afd ,su oDr ij Bhd mlh txg ds

fy, yDl lkcqu dk foKkiu vk x;k Fkk ---- ;w uks] ge dgk¡ tk

jgs gS a AÞ1

21oha lnh es a vFkZ gekjs laca/kk s a es a ;gk¡ rd ?kql x;k gS fd

ge laosnughu gks x, gS a A v[kckjk s a es a cykRdkj Ni ldrk gS] ea=h

dk tqdke Ni ldrk gS] fdlh tksdj dfo ds vfHkuanu lekjksg dk

fp= Ni ldrk gS A ftl [kcj ls mUgs a /ku dh izkfIr gks] os mlh

[kcj dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS a A ehfM;k lekt fgr dks Hkwykdj xrZ

es a tk jgh gS A vkykspd 'kaHk qukFk cktkj dh bl ekax ds ckjs es a

fy[krs gS a]

ßcktkj jktnjckjk s a ls ,d vyx okrkoj.k gS A [kkldj

vfu;af=r eqDr cktkj lkfgR; vkSj dykvks a dh var%lÙkk Fkk sM+k Hkh

lqjf{kr NksM+uk ugha pkgrk mls vius eghu tky es a cqjh rjg Qalk

ysuk pkgrk gS A cktkj es a gj dkfynkl dks daifu;ks a dh ekax vkSj

vfHk:fp ds Lrj ij vk fxjuk iM+rk gS] rHkh mls cM+h iw ath] mPp

VsDukykWth vkSj HkweaMyh; ;'k feyrk gSÞ2 A os vkxs fy[krs gq,

dgrs gS a]

ßcktkj es a :ikarfjr gks jgs lekt esa ml oLrq] dyk ;k

fopkj dk dksbZ egÙo ugha jg tkrk] tks miHkk sX; ugha gks A ;FkkFk Z

dh txg Nhu ysrk gS lrgh ;FkkFk Z A ^lq anj* dks gVk nsrk gS

^etsnkj* A etk ^fcuk fdlh cks/k dh vuqHk wfr* gS A og ckgj ls

Hkhrj dh vksj yiyikrk c<+rk vkØe.kdkjh dk ;FkkFk Z gS] tcfd

1- /khjsUnz vLFkkuk] ^ml /kwlj lUukns es a*] uhan d s ckgj] i`ñ 91

2- 'kaHk qukFk] ^laLÑfr dh mÙkjdFkk*] i`ñ 194

202

dqN lqanj yxuk ckgj ls Hkhrj ds lkFk&lkFk] Hkhrj ls ckgj dh

izfØ;k Hkh gS A lqanjrk ges'kk vkØe.k ls eqfDr dk lp gS A

miHkk sDr oLrqvks a dk O;kikjh vkØe.kdkjh dk ;FkkFk Z ysdj vkrk gS]

tks lq anj ugha] flQZ etsnkj gksrk gSAÞ1

v'yhyrk lkSUn;Z dks c<+krh ugha cfYd mls <drh gS A

laLÑfr lkSUn;Z dks c<+kus okyk fopkj gS& lkSUn;Z dks O;kid]

ikjn'khZ vkSj jliw.k Z cukus okyk fopkj A lkSUn;Z vkSj laLÑfr es a

xgjk laca/k gS A laLÑfr] lkSUn;Z dks mPprk dh vksj ys tkrh gS

ijUrq laØfer laLÑfr es a vFkZ dh iz/kkurk gS tgk¡ 'kkjhfjd vaxks a dks

uXu :i esa is'k djds iSlk dek;k tkrk gS A bl ckjs es a 'kaHk qukFk

th Li"V rkSj ij fy[krs gS a]

ßeuksj atu cktkj dh fofHkUu daifu;k¡ vius Jksrk&n'kZd&ikBd

oxks ± ds fnyksfnekx ij dCts dh gksM+ es a v'yhyrk dk c<+&p<+dj

feJ.k djrh gS rFkk vf'k"Vrk] Hkísiu] folaxfr vkSj QwgM+rk dh

fdlh Hkh lhek rd tkus es a ladksp ugha djrh A u`R; laxhr es a

dguk gh D;k] dfork&miU;kl] gkL; vkSj jktuhfr rd ij ekl

dYpj dk izHkko bruk c<+ x;k gS fd dkeksn~nhiu ds miØeks a ds

vHkko es a vc dqN Hkh lQy gksrk ugha fn[krk A v'yhyrk ds fy,

L=h nsg dk O;kid nq#i;ksx gksrk gS AÞ2 miU;kl ^d'ked'k* es a xslw

bls xyr ugha ekurh vkSj mldh ukuh bls xyr ekurh gS A mldh

ukuh mls dgrh gS]

ßeq>s rks esjh ckr t¡ph ugha xslw A yM+dks a dks vkdf"k Zr djus

ds fy, 'kjhj dk bLrseky A rsjs ukuk dks rks eS aus dHkh ugha

yypk;k exj oks rks vkt rd eq>ls ca/k s gS a A rsjh ifjHkk"kk eq>s

1- 'kaHk qukFk] ^laLÑfr dh mÙkjdFkk*] i`ñ 194

2- ogh] i`ñ 195

203

rks le> vkrh ugha] dqN Hkh cspuk gks rks foKkiu esa yM+dh dk

'kjhj---- blds vykok dqN ugha gS D;k rqe yksxks a ds ikl AÞ1

xslw ukuh ds bl loky dk tokc viuh eka lafprk dks nsrs

gq, dgrh gS]

ßlQy yksxks a ds fy, vdlj ,slk dgk tkrk gS ---- vkSj

v'yhyrk\ ;s rks O;olk; gS] tks fcdrk gS ogh rks cspk tk,xk ----

iq#"k dks [kVdrk gksxk exj ;g ukjh Lora=rk dk izrhd gS]

vk/kqfud i{k---- AÞ2

lkfgfR;d jpukvks a dks igys dFkkud@dFkkoLrq ds vk/kkj ij

izflf) feyrh Fkh ijUrq vkt izflf) gsrq foKkiu dk lgkj k fy;k

tkrk gS A ml iqLrd dks ;fn fdlh cM+s dykdkj ;k lqanj L=h ds

gkFk es a fn[kk;k tk, rks og iqLrd vo'; gh fcdsxhA dFkkdkj

ohjsUnz tSu orZeku foKkiu vkSj miHkk sDrkoknh iz.kkyh ij iz'ufpg~u

yxkrs gS a A tgka lkfgR; lekt dks lqfn'kk nsus okyk gksuk pkfg,

ogha og dekbZ dk lk/ku curk tk jgk gSA ohjsUnz tSu vius

miU;kl ^lq[kQjks'k* es a bl rF; dh iqf"V djrs gq, ik= vfouk'k

}kjk dgyokrs gS a]

ßigys dHkh izdk'ku txr dks :ifl;ka ugha dkyt;h jpuk,a

ikj yxkrh Fkha exj vc fdrkcks a dh nqfu;k es a Hkh djs alh vkSj

:ifl;ka lQyrk dh lh<+h cuus yxh gS a AÞ3

foKkiu dh nqfu;k us lHkh m|ksxk s a] O;kolk;ks a es a izfr;ksfxrk dks

c<+k j[kk gS A vkt pkgs dksbZ Hkh O;olk; gks] fcuk izpkj&izlkj]

foKkiu ds lQy ugha gks ldrk A foKkiuks a es a Hkh eagxkbZ dks tUe

fn;k gS A yksHk] ykyp] pkykdh] >wBrk] /kk s[kk/kM+h dks c<+kok fn;k

1- eukst flag] ^d'ked'k* miU;kl] i`ñ 318

2- ogh] i`ñ 318

3- ohjsUnz tSu] ^lq[kQjks'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 68

204

gS A ge fdlh Hkh lekpkj i=] if=dk dks mBkdj ns[k ysa] lHkh es a

rjg&rjg dh oLrqvk s a dh foKkiuks a dh Hkjekj gS A foKkiuks a ij ges a

iwoZ Hkjk slk djds dksbZ Hkh oLrq ugha [kjhnuh pkfg, D;ks afd foKkiu

dh dFkuh vkSj djuh es a fnu jkr dk varj gksrk gS A

3-7 c<+rk uxjhdj.k %

gekjh laLÑfr xzkeh.k laLÑfr gS A gekjh vkn'kZ laLÑfr xk¡oks a

es a fuokl djrh gS A ik'pkR; laLÑfr] HkweaMyhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k ds

izHkko ds dkj.k xk¡o Hkh uxjks a dk :i /kkj.k dj jgs gS a vkSj uxj]

'kgj viuk QSyko pkjks a rjg rhoz xfr ls dj jgs gS a A vkt 'kgjks a

es a tula[;k ?kuRo c<+rk tk jgk gS A yksx xk¡oks a dks NksM+dj 'kgjks a

dh vksj iyk;u dj jgs gS a A blds ihNs vkfFk Zd] tkfrxr] f'k{kkxr

o lEekuxr dkj.k gS A yksx 'kgjks a es a dke djuk o jguk viuk

mPp thouLrj ekurs gS aA yksx lqfo/kkHkk sxh curs tk jgs gS a A Hkkjrh;

laLÑfr HkkX; ls T;knk deZ ij cy nsrh gS A vkt yksx Fkk sM+k deZ

djds T;knk dekus ls pDdj esa fQjrs jgrs gS a A os lekt dh

vogsyuk dj yksxks a ls O;fDrxr laca/k cukus es a T;knk fo'okl djus

yxs gS a A

vkt 'kgjks a es a tula[;k c<+us ds dkj.k edkuks a dh leL;k

c<+rh tk jgh gS A vkt uxjks a es a ¶ySV laLÑfr c<+ jgh gSA mles a

Nr dk ekfyd dksbZ vkSj gksrk gS vFkk Zr~ Nr ds ekfyd ml ?kj es a

jgus okys ugha gksrs A bl ¶ySV laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk ges a ^d'ked'k*

miU;kl esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS]

ßokLro esa bu ?kjk s a dks edku ugha ,d fiatjk dgk tkuk

pkfg,] ftls vk/kqfud lekt us ¶ySV uke fn;k gqvk gSA ftldk

njoktk can dj fn;k tk, rks iw.k Z :i ls lc dqN vanj canA flQZ

ihNs ds ,d dejs es a NksVh&lh ckyduh u gks rks uhps dwnus dh Hkh

205

txg u cps A ckyduh okyk csM:e vU; vf/kdka'k ?kjk s a ds Lokeh

,oa Lokfeuh dk dejk Fkk] ijUrq jke lgk; ds ;gka rhuks a yM+fd;ks a

us dCtk dj j[kk Fkk A

jkelgk; vkSj mldh iRuh us nwljs csM:e ls gh larks"k fd;k

gqvk Fkk] ftles a ,d f[kM+dh vxj canj dj ns a rks gok ikuh lc

can AÞ1

vkt xk¡o dLcks a es a rcnhy gksrs tk jgs a gS a] dLcs] 'kgjks a es a]

'kgj] uxjks a es a] vkSj uxj] egkuxjks a es a rCnhy gksrs tk jgs gS aA vkt

'kgj es a T;ks a&T;ks a izxfr gks jgh gS ogk¡ mruk gh BkSj&fBdkuk

eqf'dy gksrk tk jgk gS A ^cyok* dgkuh es a c<+rs cktkjhdj.k ij

izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS tks gekjh laLÑfr es a ?kqlrk tk jgk gS A ik=

^eUuk* dgrk gS fd

ßbruk c<+k 'kgj fd mlds xk¡o tSls gtkjks a xk¡o lek tk,a]

tgk¡ phafV;ks a dh drkjks a ls cnÙkj rknkn es a vkneh js axrs gks a] ogk¡

eUuk\ vkxs ik¡o c<+krs gq, mls yxk 'kgj blls Hkh lkS xq.kk c<+k

gks ys] ysfdu Bksj ;gk¡ dgha ugha gS AÞ2

c<+rs uxjhdj.k us gekjh izÑfr dks uqdlku igq ¡pk;k gSA dgkuh

^mtM+k Qdhj* es a ik= jkuh ds ek/;e ls c<+rs uxjhdj.k dk ges a

;FkkFk Z fp=.k feyrk gS A jkuh 'kgj dh orZeku n'kk dks ns[kdj

vius chrs fnuks a dks ;kn dj jgh gS &

ß'kgj ds vanj clk 'kgj vius iqjkus uke irs dks Hkwy x;k

gSA xyh can gks xbZ gS A lM+ds a pkSM+h gks xbZ gS a A isM+ dV x, gS a

vkSj rkykc iV x, gS a A vDlj mldh vk¡[kk s a es a vius dLcs ds

dbZ :i mHkjrs gS a & cpiu dk] tokuh dk vkSj vc v/ksM+iu dk---

1- eukst flag] ^d'ked'k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 54

2- lq/kk vjksM+k] dk¡ls dk fxykl] i`ñ 63

206

igys ftUnxh es a mtkyk Fkk] vc rks 'kgj Hkh va/k sjk&va/k sjk yxus

yxk gS tgk¡ eSnku] isM+] nqdku] edku dk ,d u lekIr gksus okyk

taxy mx x;k gS AÞ1

^mtM+k Qdhj* dgkuh es a gh ,d vU;= txg ges a uxjhdj.k

dk ;FkkFk Z fp=.k feyrk gS A uxjks a es a gj txg cktkjhdj.k gks

pqdk gS A ogk¡ ij Hkys gh ihus dk ikuh miyC/k u gks] ysfdu

ogk¡ B.Ms] 'kjcr o vkblØhe ds Bsys gks ldrs gS a A /keZ ds uke

ij I;kÅ dh O;oLFkk cgqr de fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A dgkuh es a jkuh dks

cgqr I;kl yxh Fkh A og ihus ds fy, ikuh ryk'k dj jgh Fkh]

ysfdu mls dgha ikuh utj ugha vk;k A dFkk ysf[kdk ukfljk 'kekZ

th fy[krh gS a]

ßekSle xje Fkk A /kwi pV[k xbZ Fkh A ikl esa uy ns[k og

Bgjh vkSj ?kw ¡V Hkj ikuh ihus ds fy, mlus Vks aVh ?kqekbZ A exj ikuh

ugha fudyk A fujk'k gks mlus b/kj&m/kj utjs a ?kqe kbZ] dgha I;kÅ ;k

isM+k s a ds uhps j[kk iq.; dh [kkfrj ikuh dk ?kM+k u fn[kk] flok;

B.Mh&B.Mh cksryks a ds 'kjcr vkSj vkblØhe okys Bsyks a ds A og

pqipki vk¡py ls ilhuk iks aNrh vkxs c<+hAÞ2

orZeku nkSj ds xk¡o Hkh 'kgjh jax <ax es a <yus yxs gS aA xk¡o

Hkh viuh t:jrks a dks iwjk djus ds fy, cktkj ij fuHkZj gks x,

gS aA t:jr pkgs dSlh Hkh gks cktkj ls gh iwjh gksus yxh gS A

gkykafd cktkj dk egÙo izkphudky ls gh jgk gS A ijUrq vkt

xk¡o es a Hkh rkts Qy] lfCt;k¡ lc cktkj ;k 'kgj ls gh vkus yxh

gS A xk¡o okys gh 'kgj es a viuk lkeku csprs gS vkSj xk¡o ds

NksVs&NksVs nqdkunkj 'kgj tkdj gh lkeku ykrs gSA

1- ukfljk 'kekZ] ^mtM+k Qdhj] bUlkuh uLy*] i`ñ 85

2- ogh] i`ñ 79&80

207

xk¡oks a es a Hkh cktk: laLÑfr ds tUe dk izHkko iM+us yxk gSA

xzkeh.kk s a }kjk viuh leL;kvks a dks fey cSBdj nwj djuk] 'kknh&fookg

es a lHkh dk;Z Lo;a iwjs djuk chrs le; dh ckr s a gks xbZ gS ^lius es a

taxy] xk¡o es a cktkj* dgkuh es a bl cktk: laLÑfr ds izHkko dks

cM+s jkspd <ax ls mBk;k x;k gS A fgekuh o"kk s ± ckn vius xk¡o

ykSVrh gS]

ßmls ;g tkudj cM+h gSjkuh gksrh gS fd mlds xk¡o rd eksVj

jksM+ pyh xbZ gS A mlds xk¡o es a vc lkjk lkeku feyus yxk gS A

gcZy 'kSEiw] ds;j Ýh] twgh dh ygj uedhu vkfn lgt lqyHk gks

x, gS a AÞ1

bl u, lkeku ds lkFk yksxks a dh lksp Hkh cny xbZ gS A blh

ubZ lksp dk ifj.kke gS fd fgekuh dh Hkrhth fnok ,d yM+ds ls

iz se fookg jpk jgh gS ijUrq xk¡o dks bl lc ifjor Zu ds fy,

dher Hkh pqdkuh iM+h A xk¡o ds vklikl dk taxy /khjs&/khjs

lekIr gks x;k A fgekuh tc fnok ls taxy ds fo"k; es a iwNrh gS

rks fnok ?kkVh dh rjQ b'kkjk djrs gq, dgrh gS]

ßcqvk ! og jgk vkidk taxy] tSls x¡ts vkneh dk fljA

fgekuh us ns[kk] lewph ?kkVh vkSj igkM+ ij mLrjk fQjk fn;k x;k

gks tSls AÞ2

blh rjg c<+rk uxjhdj.k ges a ^fd'kk sjh dk vklek¡* miU;kl esa

fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A tgk¡ xk¡o es a 'kgjh laLÑfr us tUe ys fy;k gSA

nqdkuks a] Ldwyks a] xfy;ks a dk :i jax lc /ku laca/kh dekbZ es a cny

x;k gS A miU;kl dh ik= vuhrk vius xk¡o ds cnyrs :i dk

o.kZu djrs gq, crkrh gS]

1- dqlqe HkV~V] ^tsEl okV dh dsryh*] i`ñ 75

2- ogh] i`ñ 76

208

ßfdruh cny xbZ gS ;gk¡ dh NksVh lh nqfu;k A igys ftl

eqgYys ls xqtjrh] dksbZ u dksbZ t:j Vksd nsrk vkSj gkypky iwNus

yxrk] ysfdu vc u rks fdlh ds ikl mruh Qqjlr gS vkSj u os

mruk eryc j[kuk pkgrs gS a A rkTtqc dh ckr gS fd ;gk¡ yxkrkj

C;wVhikyZj [kqyrs tk jgs gS a vkSj cM+s /kM+Yys ls yM+fd;k¡ viuh

Hkk S ags a cuokus vkSj Qsf'k;y&elkt djkus tkus yxh gS a A lky Ms<+

lky ds Hkhrj fdruh lkjh ubZ&ubZ nqdkus a [kqy xbZ gS a A bl eqgYys

es a Jherh tSu dh ,d pDdh dh nqdku Fkh] ysfdu vkt ogka

ikVhZ'ku djokdj ,d rjQ ihñlhñvksñ rks nwljh rjQ QksVk s&LVsV

e'khu yxok nh xbZ gS A Hkjksls dh feBkbZ okyh nqdku can djds

ogk¡ ,d dEI;wVj Vs ªfuax lsaVj [kqyok fn;k x;k] ;kuh ^QVkQV iSlk

dekvks tquwu* ;gk¡ Hkh yksxk s a ds Hkhrj js axus yxk gS A igys tgk¡

nthZ dh nqdkus a vdlj diM+s okyh nqdku ds cxy esa yxrh Fkha

ftlls xzkgd ogha ls diM+s [kjhns a vkSj rqjar ogha flyus Hkh Mky ns a]

vc ogk¡ cM+s&cM+s ^Vsyfjax lsaVj* ds cksMZ ped jgs gS a A ;gk¡ rd

fd ukbZ dh lk/kkj.k nqdkuks a ds ckgj ^l Sywu* fy[kk tkus yxk gS

vkSj ogka HkO;kdkj vkbZus yx x, gS AÞ1

blh rjg c<+rs uxjhdj.k us gekjh LoLFk laLÑfr dks laØfer

dj fn;k gS ftlls gekjh jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh es a cgqr ifjorZu gks

x, gS a A ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk txr es a Hkh Hkkjh ifjorZu ns[kus dks

fey jgs gS A geus ftl vaxz sth dks ns'k ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy,

Lora=rk laxzke yM+k] gekjs ohj tokuks a] ns'kHkDrks a] Økafrdkfj;ks a us

viuh tku dks U;kSNkoj dj fn;k] vkt mlh vaxz sth ds eksgik'k es a

ge c¡/krs tk jgs gS a A vaxz sth ds uke ij QVkQV Ldwy [kqyrs tk

1- jtuh xqIr] ^fd'kk sjh dk vklek¡*] miU;kl] i`ñ 139

209

jgs gS a A ;gka laLÑfr dk 'kks"k.k] vke vkneh dk 'kks"k.k gks jgk

gSA yksx ns'kHkfDr] jk"VªHkfDr] lektHk; dks Hkwydj Lofgr dh vksj

rhozxfr ls Hkkxs tk jgs gS a A ge vaxz sth Ldwyks a es a vius cPpks a dks

i<+kuk xkSjo dh ckr le>rs gS A ,slh gh voLFkk ges a ^fd'kk sjh dk

vklek¡* miU;kl esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS tgk¡ vaxz sth Ldwy

fnu&izfrfnu c<+rs tk jgs gS a A

ßtgk¡ ns[kk s] ogha bafXy'k ehfM;e Ldwyks a ds cksMZ V¡xs fn[krs

gS aA Ldwy [kksyus tSlk /k¡/kk ;gk¡ rsth ls iuirk tk jgk gS] tcfd

gdhdr rks ;g gS fd bu Ldwyks a es a 'kk;n dk sbZ v/;kid Bhd ls

vaxz sth cksy ikrk gks A vaxz sth ek/;e dgdj Bxus okys bu Ldwyks a

dh gkyr lpeqp cM+h n;uh; gS A txg&txg xyh&eqgYyks a dh

nhokjk s a ij iksr fn;k gS & ^U;w dkWUos aV bafXy'k ehfM;e Ldwy*] ^euw

ekaVsljh lkabl dkWyst*] ^galk nsoh xYlZ dk¡UosV Ldwy* oxSjk&oxSjkÞ1

c<+rs uxjhdj.k us vke xjhc vkneh dk thuk nwHkj dj fn;k

gSA c<+rs iznw"k.k us yksxk s a ds thou es a chekjh dk tgj ?kk sy fn;k

gS A c<+rs vkS|ksfxdj.k o ;krk;kr ds lk/kuks a us iznw"k.k es a c<+k Srjh

dh gS A igys tgka ges a iSVªk sy] Mhty ds okgu dHkh&dHkkj gh

fn[kkbZ nsrs Fks A 21oha lnh es a lM+d ds nksuk s a vksj [kM+k djus dh

Hkh txg ugha gS A vVs iM+s gS a cktkj bu okguks a ls A ^fd'kk sjh dk

vklek¡* miU;kl esa blh fLFkfr dk fp=.k gS tgka ;krk;kr ds c<+rs

lk/kuks a ls mith vO;oLFkk dk o.kZu gS A dFkkdkj ik= vuhrk ds

dFku ls muds xk¡o dh rLohj is'k djrs gq, fy[krh gS]

ßeu&yqHkkouh ubZ&ubZ phtks a ls vVk iM+k gS cktkj A ;gk¡ dh

dPph&v/kdPph xfy;ks a es a nkSM+rs LdwVj] eksisM vkSj eksVjlkbZfdyks a

1- jtuh xqIr] ^fd'kk sjh dk vklek¡*] fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] izñ

lañ 2005] i`ñ 139&140

210

dh drkjs a ns[kdj vk'p;Z gksrk gS A dqN ek:fr dkjs a Hkh fn[kkbZ

nsus yxh gS a] tcfd igys ;gk¡ lkyks a es a ,dk/k ckj dksbZ dkj fn[krh

Fkh vkSj ge cPps mpd&mpddj VdVdh ck¡/k s rc rd mls xqtjrs

ns[krs jgrs tc rd fd oks fuxkgks a ls vks>y u gks tk, A

bu yksxks a dks QS'kuscy diM+s] LVkbfy'k p'es vkSj twrks a ls gh

Qqjlr ugha gS A ;g fdruh cM+h foMacuk gS fd yM+ds&yM+fd;ks a ds

chp iuirk ^lkFk* i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dh lka>snkjh okyk u gksdj >ViV

iz se vkSj QVkQV 'kknh rd fleVdj jg x;k gS AÞ1

miU;kl ^esjk fu.kZ;* es a Hkh blh rjg c<+rs uxjhdj.k] i;kZoj.k

iznw"k.k vkSj yqIr gksrh ijEijkvks a dks cM+s ltxiw.k Z <ax ls mBk;k

x;k A miU;kl dh ik= ^gqLuk* tc fons'k ls ykSVrh gS rks og ,d

rjQ vius xk¡o dh izxfr ls [kq'k Fkh rks nwljh rjQ xk¡o ds

i;kZoj.k fo?kVu ls nq[kh Fkh A mldh mlh nqfo/kk dks izdV fd;k

x;k gS A gqLuk dgrh gS]

ßvius xk¡o ds ml ?kksj ifjorZu ls eS a [kq'k FkhA bu lk<+ s

lkr o"kk s ± es a yxrk Fkk fd chl&iPphl o"kZ ds fodkl dk ifj.kke

Fkk lkeus A egÙoiw.k Z izxfr A iwj s ns'k dh bl izxfr ds lkFk esjk

viuk xk¡o ihNs ugha NwVk Fkk A ysfdu tSlk fd dgk tkrk jgk gS

fd gj izxfr dh ,d [kkl dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA og dher

lk/kkj.k ugha Fkh A

gekjs ?kj ls dqN gh nwjh ij cjxn dk og fo'kky o`{k] ftl

ij lqcg 'kke cs'k qekj i{kh dyjo djrs jgrs Fks] viuk ukeksfu'kku

xok¡ cSBk Fkk A ml ?kus Nk;knkj isM+ dh deh eq>s nq[kh dj xbZ

Fkh A cPps mldh tVkvks a ds lgkjs ,d tVk ls nwljh tVk ij

1- jtuh xqIr] ^fd'kk sjh dk vklek¡*] miU;kl] i`ñ 140

211

mNyrs jgrs Fks A ge yM+fd;k¡ nks tVkvks a ds fupys Hkkxks a dks

tksM+dj >wys a cuk ysrha vkSj tedj >wyrh jgrh Fkha A

dksBhokys xksj s ekfyd dk ,d cxhpk Fkk ftles a vke] ve:n]

tkequ rFkk vkSj Hkh dbZ rjg ds Qy gksrs Fks A j[kokys ls vk¡ [k s a

cpkdj ge yksx mu Qyks a dk yqRQ mBkrs A og cxhpk Hkh vc

ugha jgk A mldh txg dksbZ QSDVjh [kM+h gSAÞ1

bl miU;kl esa gqLuk tc vius HkkbZ ls fopkj foe'kZ djrh gS

rks ikrh gS a fd xk¡o dh fojklr yqIr gksus ds dxkj ij gSA

dFkkdkj fy[krs gS a]

ßeS aus tc vius cM+s HkkbZ ls dgk fd yxrk gS] gekjs xk¡o dh

dbZ ewY;oku /kjk sgjs a xk;c gks xbZ rks mlus dgk Fkk %

vc rks cSyxkM+h rd ns[kus dks ugha feyrh A cl ,d

dkyhekbZ dk pkS arjk A vkt Hkh viuh txg ij T;ks a dk R;ks a gS aA ij

dkyh iwtk vkSj cgfj;k iwtk] ;s lc vc vrhr dh ckrs a vkSj ;kns a

cu x;ha AÞ2

blh rjg c<+rs uxjhdj.k dh rLohj ges a dgkuh ^uhan ds ckgj*

es a fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS A Fkk sM+ s ls fnuks a es a NksVs&NksVs 'kgj cM+s&cM+s

uxjks a es a rcnhy gks x, gS a A dgkuh ds ik= /kujkt ds ek/;e ls

dFkkdkj fy[krs gS a]

ß;s Xykscykbts'ku ds mRFkku ij igq ap jgs fnu Fks A dEI;wVj

Økafr ?kj dj pqdh Fkh A iwjh nqfu;k ,d xk¡o es a cny jgh Fkh A

xyh&xyh es a lkbcj dSQs [kqy x, Fks A toku yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡ usV

lfQ±x ds tfj;s vius thou lkFkh ryk'k jgs Fks A lkS an;Z

izfr;ksfxrk,a cktkj r; dj jgk Fkk A fo'o lqanjh dk rkt gj o"kZ

1- vfHkeU;q vur] ^esjk fu.kZ;* miU;kl] i`ñ 111

2- ogh] i`ñ 111

212

Hkkjrh; yM+dh ds ekFk s ij nedus ij etcwj Fkk] D;ks afd iwjh n qfu;k

dh fuxkgs a vc Hkkjrh; cktkj ij FkhAÞ1

fu"d"kZ %

21oha lnh dks vFkZ dh lnh dgus ds ihNs bles a vFkZ dh

iz/kkurk vFkk Zr~ loks Zifjrk gksuk dkj.k gS A bles a vFkZ gh i z/kku oLrq

gS A ;g vFkZ izkphu dky ds pkj iq#"kkFkk s ± es a ls ,d gS A 'ks"k

rhu iq#"kkFk Z /keZ] dke vkSj eks{k] rhuks a bl vFkZ ds vkxs O;FkZ gks

x, gS a A iqjkuh lekt O;oLFkk es a ;g vFkZ ek= lk/ku Fkk A blls

/keZ] dke vkSj eks{k dh lk/kuk dh tkrh Fkh A euq"; thou dk

vfUre y{; ;k lk/; eks{k Fkk A 21oha lnh es a bl eks{k dk dksbZ

LFkku vc ugha gS A eks{k dk LFkku dke us ys fy;k gS fdUrq ;g

dke Hkh vFkZ ds vkxs nc x;k gS A bl izdkj vFkZ iz/kku gksuk

euq"; ds thou dk y{; cu x;k gS A vius dÙZO;ks a dks Hkwykdj

iSlk dekus dh gkSM+ yxh gqbZ gS A vkt fo'o esa izR;sd O;fDr

fdlh&u&fdlh ds ihNs Hkkx jgk gS A dksbZ lq[k] lQyrk vkSj

lEiUurk ds ihNs Hkkx jgk gS] dksbZ ;'k] lEeku ;k in ds ihNs

Hkkx jgk gS] dksbZ lÙkk ds ihNs] dksbZ /ku vkSj lEifÙk ds ihNs vkSj

dksbZ ;ksx vkSj vk/;kRe ds ihNs cl Hkkxrk tk jgk gS A ;g ,d

vthc izdkj dh nkSM+ gS ftldk izkjEHk rks gS ijUrq vUr dk irk

gh ugha gS A bl Hkkx nkSM+ es a fdlh ds ikl u :dus dk le; gS]

u i<+us ;k lquus dk le; gS vkSj u blds izfr dksbZ :fp gS A

yksx vius xq#] usrk ;k lq/kkjd dks lqurs gS] mudh iz'k alk djrs gS a]

lger gks viuk flj fgykrs gS a] ijUrq tks lquk gS mlds ikyu djus

dk muds ikl u le; gS vkSj u 'kk;n mles a :fp@MkWñ tsñ ihñ

tkSgjh th orZeku fLFkfr ij dVk{k djrs gq, fy[krs gS a]

1- /khjsUnz vLFkkuk] uhan ds ckgj] i`ñ 10

213

ßvkt lp dks >wB izekf.kr fd;k tk jgk gS] vuks[kk dks u;k

crk;k tk jgk gS a] izfrek,¡ nw/k ih jgh gS a] mudh vk¡[kk s a ls vka ¡lw cg

jgs gS a] lkxj dk ikuh ehBk gks x;k gS] ppZ ea thll izdV gksrs gS a

vkSj efLtn dh nhokjk s a ij dqjku dh vk;rs a mHkj iM+rh gS a] vfgalk

ds fuekZrk Hkkjr es a gh vkt fgalk dk rk.Mo u`R; gS vkSj gekjs

jktusrk mldh vfXu es a viuh jktuhfrd jksfV;k¡ ls ad jgs gS a vkSj

gekjs /kkfeZd usrk peRdkjks a dh ca'kh ctk jgs gS a AÞ1

vkfFk Zd txr ls uSfrdrk,a] bZekunkjh] viukiu] fo'okl vkfn

ewY; VwV jgs gS a A >wBs lius fn[kk, tkrs gS a A foKkiu fdlh Hkh

mRikn dh fcØh c<+kus ds fy, gksrk gS A ijUrq foKkiu us

yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡ vius cnu ls diM+s mrkjus es a tjk lk Hkh ladksp

ugha djrs A os lekt dks udkjrs gSA A os mRiknd daFku ds xqyke

gksrs gS a A ;s foKkiu okys NksVs&dykdkj ugha gS cfYd cM+ s&cM+s

dykdkj Vhñ ohñ ij flQZ iSls ds [kkfrj >wB cksyrs gS a A

vferkHk cPpu] lyeku [kku] vkfej [kku] gsekekfyuh] fiz;adk

pksiM+k] ,s'o;Z jk;e] vfHk"k sd cPpu] vkseiwjh vkfn izfrf"Br dykdkj

iSls dekus ds fy, fdlh Hkh izk sMsDV dh rjg&rjg dh [kwfc;k¡

crkrs gS a A ;s ftl Hkh VhlVZ dks igus a] turk bu ij fo'okl djds

mls [kjhnrh gS a A turk bu ij fdruk fo'okl djrh gS bldk

vanktk bu dykdkjks a dks ugha gS A cM+s&cM+s f[kykM+h ekLVj cykLVj

lfpu rsUnqydj] lkSjHk xkaxqyh] ;qojkt flag] gjHktu flag] ohjsUnz

lgokx] xkSre xaHkhj] jkgqy nzfoM+] cz sV yh] LVhQu ¶ysfeax] fxyfØLV

vkfn egku f[kykM+h Hkh fdlh Hkh mRikn dh lPpkbZ ls nwj gksdj

ml mRikn dh fcØh c<+kus ds fy, foKkiu nsrs gS a A ;s turk ds

lkFk Hkn~nk etkd vkSj fo'okl?kkr gS A 21oha lnh dk fgUnh dFkk

1- MkWñ tsñ ihñ tkSgjh] ^niZ.k*] miU;kl] i`ñ 10

214

lkfgR; foKkiu dh lPpkbZ dks gekjs lkeus ykrk gS A ,d iz'u ;g

mBrk gS fd vkfFk Zd txr esa dkSu&lh ckr fo'oluh; gS\ fdl ij

Hkjkslk fd;k tk,\ dkSu&lh oLrq [kjhnh tk,\ vkfej[kku ,d rjg

ns'kHkfDr dh fQYe cukdj yksxks a es a ns'kHkfDr txkrs gS a rks nwljh

vksj fons'kh eky vFkk Zr~ dksdk dksyk dk izpkj&izlkj djrs gS A

21oha lnh dk lekt buls lPpkbZ ek¡xrk gS A cM+s&cM+s dykdkjks a o

f[kykfM+;ks a ls lekt lq/kkjus dh ek¡x djrk gS A fn[kkb;s bl ns'k

dks lgh jkLrk A iSls ds pDdj esa turk es a QSys vius fo'okl dks

er rksfM+;s A vius fo'okl dks cuk, j[kdj ns'k ds dksus&dksus es a

f'k{kk dh fdj.k igq ¡pkus dk chM+k mBkb;s A 21oha lnh ds fgUnh

dFkkdkjks a lqjsUnz xqIr ¼Nr [kqys vkleku dh½] vjfoUn dqekj flag

¼mldk lp½] ifjrks"k pØorhZ ¼va/k sjk leqnz½] eukst flag ¼d'ked'k

viU;kl½] iznhi lkSjHk ¼eqUuh eksckby miU;kl½] eukst flag ¼esjh

igpku½] jfoUnz oekZ ¼ipkl o"kZ dk csdkj vkneh½] {kek 'kekZ

¼jkLrk NksM+k s Mkfy±x½] ia[kqjh flUgk ¼fdLlk&,&dksguwj½] t;uanu ¼?kj

Qwad rek'kk½] eS=s;h iq"ik ¼fotu] miU;kl½] eerk dkfy;k ¼nkSM+]

miU;kl½] fojsUnz tSu ¼lq[kQjks'k] miU;kl½] lq/kk ¼;g rks ogh gS]

miU;kl½] iadt lqchj ¼bZLV bafM;k daiuh½] jkds'k dqekj flag ¼tksM+k

gkfjy dh :idFkk½] n;kuan oekZ ¼u;h lksp dh dgkfu;k¡½] dq.kky

flag ¼lukru ckcw dk nkEiR;½] lat; dqanu ¼ckWl dh ikVhZ½] eerk

dkfy;k ¼nl izfrfuf/k dgkfu;k¡½] Kku izdk'k foosd ¼vk[ksV]

miU;kl½] c`ts'k 'kqDy ¼eaMh miU;kl½ vkfn us 21oha lnh dh

laØfer laLÑfr dks vkfFk Zd ifjiz s{; es a fpf=r dj ges a vkfFk Zd

laLÑfr@txr dh lPpkbZ dks crk;k gS ftlls ikBd oxZ iw.k Z:is.k

ykHkkfUor gksxk A ,slk esjk iw.k Z fo'okl gS A