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CAMBODIA (KAMBUJADEA, KAMPUCHEA)

The first known polity to be centered in Cambodia was the kingdom of Funan, with its capital at Vydhapura. Although much of the scant historical information about it (including its name) comes from Chinese sources, it, like most of Indochina, was under predominantly Indian cultural and religious influence (including both Hinduism and Buddhism). When Funan disintegrated in the 6th century AD, its territory was gradually reassembled by the monarchs of Kambujadea (Cambodia, called Zhenla in Chinese sources). Since the history of the Khmer kingdom is illuminated mostly by the surviving inscriptions, our knowledge of it remains fairly limited. Khmer kings were avid builders of temples, palaces, and cities, including the capitals napura in the 7th century and Yaodharapura (Angkor) in the 9th century. During the 8th century the kingdom weakened and was invaded by the Javanese, and a greater degree of cohesion was achieved by Jayavarm II and his successors. As Khmer royal succession did not follow what we may consider a direct line, there were numerous occasions of intra-dynastic struggles and civil wars, but the kingdom generally continued to prosper, reaching its apex in the reigns of Sryavarm I and Sryavarm II in the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 1170s, however, the country fell prey to a Cham invasion from what is today Vietnam. Cambodias independence was quickly re-established by Jayavarm VII, who overran enemy Champa in 1191 and installed a puppet king on its throne.

Although the Khmer monarchy bought off Mongol aggression in 1283, it seems to have declined in power by the beginning of the 14th century. This may have had something to do with the increasing popularity of Buddhism, which undermined the notion of divine kingship. At the same time the Thai polities of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya in the west threw off Khmer overlordship, and expanded at the expense of Cambodia. Even the mere sequence and genealogy of the rulers in the late 14th and 15th centuries are known only from the surviving traditional chronicles, none of which date from before the 19th century.1 After being sacked by the Siamese perhaps in the 1360s and certainly in 1432, Angkor was replaced as capital by Phnom Penh and then by Lovk, which was also sacked by the Siamese, in 1593. With this Cambodia, already reduced to a purely local power, was turned into a Siamese dependency. In part to counter complete dependency on Siam, Cambodia also became susceptible to Vietnamese influence, and Vietnam gradually annexed the delta of the Mekong.

Cambodias kings, reigning from a new capital, Oudong, were thus in a precarious position, caught between two overlords. The French takeover of Vietnam also led to the extension of French protectorate over Cambodia in 1863, after an agreement with the Cambodian king Norodom, who moved the capital to Phnom Penh in 1866. It was the French who forced Siam to abandon its claims to suzerainty over Cambodia in 1867. The French protectorate lasted for 90 years, until 1953. The international politics of the Cold War and the Vietnam War polarized the now independent country and the monarchy was swept aside in 1970 by a rightist republican regime. This plunged Cambodia into civil war and led to the Communist Khmer Rouge takeover in 1975, and later a Vietnamese invasion in 1979, which resulted in the establishment of a Peoples Republic and further civil war. With the intervention of the United Nations peace was gradually reestablished in 19921993 and democratic elections led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihanouk restored as king. His abdication in 2004 resulted in the succession of his son Norodom Sihamoni.

In the list below names prior to the mid-15th century are given in scientific transliteration, while those of later ones are given in modern transcription, followed by scientific transliteration in italics.

Kings of Cambodia c.550600 Bhavavarm I son of Pithivndravarm by daughter of king Rudravarm of Vydhapura c.600611 Mahendravarm2 brother of Bhavavarm I3 611c.635 navarm I son of Mahendravarm c.635655 Bhavavarm II son of (?) Mahendravarm

1 The veracity of the narrative of these sources has been questioned by modern scholarship, most notably M.T. Vickery, Cambodia after Angkor: The Chronicular Evidence for the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries (2 vols., doctoral dissertation, Yale University 1977). 2 Originally named itrasena. 3 Or at the very least Mahendravarm was the son of one Vravarm by a daughter of king Rudravarm of Vydhapura.

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c.655685 Jayavarm I son of (?) Bhavavarm II c.685720 Jayadev daughter of Jayavarm I

& c.690716 Nipatndravarma husband of Jayadev; son of Vivarpa c.720730 Pukarka (Indraloka) son of Nipatndravarma and Jayadev c.730750 ambhuvarm (Rudravarm) son of Pukarka c.750770 Rjendravarm I son of ambhuvarm c.770780 Mahpativarm son of Rjendravarm I c.780834 Jayavarm II (Paramevara) husband of Dharanndradev, daughter of ambhuvarm, and

also of Jayendravallabha, daughter of Rjendravarm I 834850: Jayavarm III (Viuloka) son of Jayavarm II :877889 Indravarm I (Ivaraloka) son of Pithivndravarm by Pithivndradevi, daughter of

ambhuvarm 889920 Yaovarm I (Paramaivaloka) son of Indravarm I 920922 Haravarm I (Rudraloka) son of Yaovarm I 922928 navarm II (Paramarudraloka) son of Yaovarm I 928941 Jayavarm IV (Paramevarapda) husband of Jayadev, daughter of Indravarm I 941944 Haravarm II (Brahmaloka) son of Jayavarm IV 944968 Rjendravarm II (ivaloka) son of Mahendravarm by Mahendradev (Jayamahevar),

daughter of Indravarm I 9681001 Jayavarm V (Paramaivaloka) son of Rjendravarm II

10011002 Udaydityavarm I (Jayayudhavarm) son of vaka of Bali by sister of the wife of Jayavarm V 10021007 Jayavravarm (Nipatndravarm) brother of Udaydityavarm I 10071050 Sryavarm I (Nirvapda) married Vralakm (Nipatndralakm), daughter of

Jayavravarm; son of Jvaka of Tmbraliga; rival since 1002 10501066 Udaydityavarm II4 (Udayrkavarm) brother of Vralakm, wife of Sryavarm I 10661080 Haravarm III (adavapada) brother of Udaydityavarm II 10801107 Jayavarm VI (Paramakaivalyapda) husband of Vijayendralakm, daughter of (?)

Udaydityavarm II; son of Hirayavarm of Mahdharapura 11071113 Dharandravarm I (Paramanikalapda) brother of Jayavarm VI 11131150 Sryavarm II (Paramaviuloka) son of Kitndrditya by Narendralakm, daughter of

sister of Dharandravarm I 11501160 Dharandravarm II son of Mahdharditya, brother of Narendralakm, mother of

Sryavarm II 11601168 Yaovarm II son of (?) Sryavarm II 11681178 Tribhuvandityavarm usurper 11781181 (to Champa) 11811218 Jayavarm VII (Mahparamesangata) son of Dharandravarm II by Jayarjacmai,

daughter of Haravarm III 12181243 Indravarm II son of Jayavarm VII 12431296 Jayavarm VIII (Paramevarapda) son of (?) Indravarm II; abdicated 12961307 Indravarm III husband of Indrabhpevarac, daughter of Jayavarm VIII; abdicated,

died 1309: 13071327 Indrajayavarm brother of (?) Indravarm III 13271342 Jayavarm IX (Paramevara) son of (?) Indrajayavarm 13421358 Sryavarm III (Ta Trsk Ph'em?) married Candrvat, daughter of Jayavarm IX 13581362 Nirvapda (Nibbnapad) son of Sryavarm III

4 Originally named Bhvanditya.

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1362 Sidhnarja brother of Nirvapda; abdicated 13621364 Labasarja son of Sidhnarja5 13641365 Suriyodaya son of Nirvapda; deposed 13651367 Cau P St son of king Ramathibodi I of Ayutthaya 13671369 Cau P t brother of Cau P St

1369 Cau Ktu Pa Bs brother of Cau P t 1369 Suriyodaya restored

13691378 Paramarma son of Labasarja 13781405 Dhammsokarja son of Labasarja 14051418 Suriyavaa (Cau Ba Rm) son of Suriyodaya6 14181432 Paramsokarja (Cau Ba Kalamegha?) son of Dhammsokarja 14321445 Indarja son of king Borommaracha II of Ayutthaya 14451481 Baromreachea I, Chau Ponhea Yat (Paramarja, Cau Ba Yt) son of Suriyavaa;

abdicated, died 1484 14811485 Neareayreachea I (Nryaarja) son of Baromreachea I 14851492 Srei Reachea (r Rja) son of Baromreachea I

1492 Srei Soriyoday (r Suriyodaya) son of Neareayreachea I7 14921504 Thoamareachea (Dhammarja) son of Barom Reachea I 15041512 Srei Sukonthor (r Sugandhapada, Gkht?) son of Thoamareachea 15121516 Srei Chttha, Sdech Kan (r Jeh, Stec Kan) brother of Ban, wife of Srei Sukonthor; son

of Vijayanaka; deposed, died 1529 15161566 Baromreachea II, Chau Ponhea Chan (Paramarja, Cau Ba Cand) son of Thoamareachea 15661576 Baromreachea III (Paramarja) son of Baromreachea II 15761594 Baromreachea IV, Sattha (Paramarja, Sah) son of Baromreachea III; deposed, died 1595

+ Chei Chttha I (Jayajeh) son of Baromreachea IV; associated 15841594; deposed, died 1595

+ Baromreachea V, Chau Ponhea Tn (Paramarja, Cau Ba Tan') son of Baromreachea IV; associated 15841594; deposed

15941596 Ream I, Chau Ponhea Ong (Rma, Cau Ba O) son of Abhayadas 15961597 Ream II, Chau Ponhea Nou (Rma, Cau Ba Nr) son of Ream I 15971599 Baromreachea V, Chau Ponhea Tn (Paramarja, Cau Ba Tan') restored 15991600 Baromreachea VI, Chau Ponhea An (Paramarja, Cau Ba An) son of Baromreachea III 16001602 Kv Fa I, Chau Ponhea Nhom (Kaev Hv, Cau Ba om) son of Baromreachea IV 16021619 Baromreachea VII, Srei Soriyopor (Paramarja, r Sriyavarm) son of Baromreachea III;

abdicated, died 1619 16191627 Chei Chttha II (Jayajeha) son of Baromreachea VII 16271632 Srei Thoamareachea I, Chau Ponhea To (r Dhammarja, Cau Ba T) son of Chei

Chttha II 16321640 Ang Tong, Chau Ponhea Nou (Ag Da, Cau Ba Nr) son of Chei Chttha II 16401642 Botumreachea I, Ang Non (Padumarja, Ag Nan') son of Outeireachea (Udayarja),

son of Baromreachea VII 16421658 Reameathipadei I Sattha, Chau Ponhea Chan (Rmdhipati Sa, Cau Ba Cand) son

of Chei Chttha II; deposed, died 1659 16581672 Baromreachea VIII, Ang So (Paramarja, Ag Sr) brother of Botumreachea I

5 Elsewhere the descent is given as son of Nirvapda. 6 Elsewhere this reign is inserted before that of Paramarma. 7 Elsewhere this reign is inserted before that of r Rja.

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16721673 Botumreachea II, Srei Chei Chttha (Padumarja, r Jayajeh) son of Botumreachea I 16731677 Kv Fa II, Ang Chi (Kaev Hv, Ag J) son of Baromreachea VIII 16771695 Chei Chttha III, Ang So (Jayajeh, Ag Sr) son of Baromreachea VIII; abdicated 16951696 Reamathipadei II, Ang Yng (Rmdhipati, Ag Ya) son of Kv Fa II 16961700 Chei Chttha III, Ang So (Jayajeh, Ag Sr) restored; abdicated 17001701 Kv Fa III, Ang Im (Kaev Hv, Ag Im) son of Ang Non (Ag Nan'), son of Ang Im (Ag Im),

brother of Baromreachea I; deposed 17011702 Chei Chttha III, Ang So (Jayajeh, Ag Sr) restored; deposed 17021704 Srei Thoamareachea II, Ang Nou (r Dhammarja, Ag Nr) son of Chei Chttha III; deposed 17041707 Chei Chttha III, Ang So (Jayajeh, Ag Sr) restored; abdicated, died 1725 17071715 Srei Thoamareachea II, Ang Nou (r Dhammarja, Ag Nr) restored; deposed 17151722 Kv Fa III, Ag Im (Kaev Hv, Ag Im) restored; abdicated 17221729 Baromreachea IX Sattha, Ang Chi (Paramarja Sah, Ag J), son of Kv Fa III; regent

1729 Chei Chttha IV, Ang Im (Jayajeh, Ag Im) Kv Fa III restored with new title; abdicated, died 1731

17291738 Baromreachea IX Sattha, Ang Chi (Paramarja Sah, Ag J) restored; deposed 17381750 Chei Chttha V, Ang Nou (Jayajeh, Ag Nr) Srei Thoamareachea II restored with new title

1750 Srei Thoamareachea III, Ang Im (r Dhammarja, Ag Im) son of Srei Thoamareachea II/ Chei Chttha V

17501751 Reameathipadei III, Ang Tn (Rmdhipati, Ag Tan') son of Reameathipadei II; regent; deposed

1751 Baromreachea IX Sattha, Ang Chi (Paramarja Sah, Ag J) restored 17511757 Srei Chei Chttha, Ang Snguon (r Jayajeh, Ag Suon) son of Srei Thoamareachea II/

Chei Chttha V 17571760 Reameathipadei III, Ang Tn (Rmdhipati, Ag Tan') restored 17601775 Neareayreachea II, Outeireachea, Ang Tn (Nryaarja, Udayarja, Ag Tan') son of

Ang So (Ag Sr), son of Reameathipadei III; deposed, died 1777 17751779 Reameathipadei IV, Ang Non (Rmdhipati, Ag Nan') son of Srei Chei Chttha 17791796 Neareayream, Ang Eng (Nryaarma, Ag E) son of Neareayreachea II 17961835 Outeireachea, Ang Chan (Udayarja, Ag Cand) son of Neareayream; formally installed 1806 18351841 Ang Mei (Ag M) daughter of Outeireachea; deposed 18411844 Ang Duong (Hiraraksrma, Ag uo) son of Neareayream; deposed 18441845 Ang Mei (Ag M) restored; deposed, died 1874 18451860 Ang Duong (Hiraraksrma, Ag uo) restored; formally installed 1848 18601904 Norodom, Ang Chroleng (Narottam, Ag Crai) son of Ang Duong 19041927 Sisowath (Ssuvatthi) son of Ang Duong 19271941 Sisowath Monivong (Ssuvatthi Munvas) son of Sisowath 19411955 Norodom Sihanouk (Narottam Shanu) son of Norodom Suramarit (below) by Sisowath

Kosamak (below); abdicated 19551960 Norodom Suramarit (Narottam Surmrit) son of Norodom Sutharot (Narottam Sudharja),

son of Norodom 19601970 Sisowath Kosamak (Ssuvatthi Kusuma) daughter of Sisowath Monivong; nominal queen;

deposed, died 1975 & 19601970 Norodom Sihanouk (Narottam Shanu) restored as head of state (prince); deposed

19701993 (republic) 19932004 Norodom Sihanouk (Narottam Shanu) restored as king; president 19751976 and since

1991; abdicated 2004 Norodom Sihamoni (Narottam Shamoni) son of Norodom Sihanouk

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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. CHAKRAVARTI, Royal Succession in Ancient Cambodia, Calcutta, 1982 J. FINESTONE and S. TALIB, The Royal Families of South-East Asia, Selangor, 2002 M. PHUN, Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe sicle au dbut du XVIIIe, Paris, 1995 M.T. VICKERY, Cambodia after Angkor: The Chronicular Evidence for the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries (2

vols.), doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1977