S C Chapter 3 - g w · e-flash cards and vocabulary games. ... them in audio activities. ... Figure 3.1 illustrates some of the major muscles

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 59

• Practice identifying medical word

parts and abbreviations with

e-flash cards.

While studying, look for the

activity icon to

• Review anatomical concepts with interactive art

labeling.

• Assess your understanding of medical vocabulary with

e-flash cards and vocabulary games.

• Listen to pronunciations of medical terms and spell

them in audio activities.

• Expand your knowledge and skills with animated

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Chapter 3

Chapter ObjectivesUpon completion of this chapter, you should be able to 1. identify and defi ne medical terms associated

with the major structures and functions of the muscular system;

2. recognize, defi ne, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of muscular system diseases and conditions; and

3. identify medical careers associated with the diagnosis and treatment of muscular system diseases and conditions.

60 Introduction to Medical Terminology Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

CASE STUDYKhalil Larkins, an 18-year-old senior at Wolfridge

High School, was running the 100-meter dash for his qualifying time. As he left his starting block, he heard a “pop” and instantly felt a sharp pain in the upper back part of his left leg. He struggled as he limped off the track. His teammates helped him to the treatment area, where his trainer could assess him. After a quick evaluation, the trainer placed ice on Khalil’s left hamstring, the muscle in the posterior upper leg. Khalil was instructed to stay off his left leg and was given a pair of crutches to use until he could be examined by a physician.

The next morning, Khalil’s pain had not subsided, and now there was swelling, bruising, and tenderness at the injury site. Khalil continued to use his crutches to move around, and when it was convenient, he iced the back part of his upper left leg. The following day, Khalil saw Dr. Schumacher for his initial assessment. Dr. Schumacher was an orthopedist (OR-thoh-PEE-dist), or a medical specialist who treats conditions and injuries of the musculoskeletal (MUS-kyoo-loh-SKEL-uh-tuhl) system, which is made up of the muscular and skeletal structures and tissues of the body.

Dr. Schumacher determined that Khalil had a strained, or pulled, hamstring in his left leg.

YOUR TURN

What kinds of treatments do you think Dr. Schumacher recommended for Khalil’s hamstring strain? What facts in the case study led you to this answer? As you

read through this chapter, you will learn medical terms that will help you understand the basic structures and functions of the muscular system, as well as common diseases and conditions, diagnostic tests and procedures, and surgical and therapeutic treatments. You will refer back to this case study when you interpret Khalil’s medical record in the Chapter Review.

Medical Word PartsThe muscular system is made up of many unique

structures and parts, all of which have specifi c names in the healthcare and medical fi elds. Mastery of the combining forms, prefi xes, and suffi xes listed in the tables that follow will help you understand medical terms pertaining to the muscular system.

Combining FormsThe combining forms that follow are common

in medical terms used to describe muscular system

conditions, diagnostic and surgical procedures, and therapeutic treatment methods.

Combining Form (Root Word plus

Combining Vowel) Meaningarticul/o joint

card/o, cardi/o heart

duct/o to lead; to carry

electr/o electricity

fasci/o fi brous band; fascia

(Continued)

E-flashCards

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. . Chapter 3 The Muscular System 61

Combining Form Meaningfi br/o fi ber

fl ex/o to bend

kines/o, kinesi/o movement

lei/o smooth

muscul/o muscle

my/o, myos/o muscle

myocardi/o heart muscle

neur/o nerve

orth/o straight; normal

ped/o child; foot

plant/o sole of the foot

radi/o X-rays

rhabd/o rod-shaped

sarc/o fl esh; connective tissue

son/o sound

tax/o coordination; order

ten/o, tendin/o, tendon/o

tendon

tens/o stretched; strained

ton/o tone; tension

vers/o turn; turning

Prefi xesThe prefi xes that follow are not specifi c to mus-

cular system terminology. These universal pre-fi xes are used in many other medical terms, as you will see in your study of medical terminology and other body systems.

Prefi x Meaninga-, an- not; without

ab- away; away from

ad- toward

bi- two; both

brady- slow

circum- around

dorsi- back

dys- painful; diffi cult

e-, ex- out; away from

hemi- half

hyper- above; above normal; excessive

hypo- below; below normal; defi cient

Prefi x Meaningin- in; into; not

par-, para- near; beside; alongside; beyond; abnormal

quadri- four

tachy- fast

tri- three

Suffi xesThe suffi xes that follow are common in medi-

cal terms used to describe health conditions, diagnostic tests and procedures, and therapeutic treatments related to the muscular system. You will encounter many of the same suffi xes in your study of other body systems.

Suffi x Meaning-ac, -al, -ar, -ic pertaining to

-algia pain

-asthenia weakness

-cele hernia; swelling; protrusion

-ceps heads (attachments)

-dynia pain

-ectomy surgical removal; excision

-esthesia sensation

-gram record; image

-graphy process of recording

-ia condition

-ion process; state; condition

-itis infl ammation

-logy study of

-lysis breakdown; separation; loosening

-malacia softening

-oma tumor; mass

-paresis weakness

-penia defi ciency

-plasty surgical repair

-plegia paralysis

-plegic pertaining to paralysis

-rrhexis rupture

-scope instrument used to view

-scopy visual examination using a scope

(Continued) (Continued)


Suffi x Meaning-tomy process of cutting; incision

-tonia tone; tension

-trophy condition of growth or development

Anatomy and PhysiologyWhat is your favorite sport or activity? Do you

enjoy volleyball, football, swimming, cycling, or dancing? Without muscles, none of these activi-ties—or other forms of movement—would be possible.

The muscular system is composed of different kinds of tissue that work together to perform sev-eral essential functions. These essential functions include

• holding body parts in position and making movement possible;

• providing a protective covering for the internal organs;

• producing, through movement, nearly 85 per-cent of the heat that keeps the body warm;

• moving food through the digestive system;

• aiding blood fl ow through the veins as blood returns to the heart; and

• assisting with the movement of fl uids through the ducts and vessels of other body systems.

Figure 3.1 illustrates some of the major muscles in the body. As you view the fi gure, consider what muscles of the body perform what functions.

Ponder ThisTrapezius, deltoid, gluteus maximus, sartorius...

it’s all Greek and Latin. Why do you think so

many structures in the body get their names from

long, sometimes difficult-to-pronounce words that

originated in ancient cultures? Why would modern-

era science and medicine benefit from the continued

use of terms that come from Greek and Latin?

On average, muscles make up 40 to 45 percent

of your body weight. Your body has more than

630 muscles that help you perform different kinds

of movement.

Fascinating Fact

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle is a type of body tissue made up of

bundles of fi bers (long, slender cells) that are held together by connective tissue. When nerves stim-ulate muscle fi bers, the fi bers contract (become shorter and thicker), causing body movement.

Muscles that are stimulated to move through conscious control are called voluntary muscles. The phrase “conscious control” does not mean that your brain has to think about, or plan, every muscular action before it is performed. Rather, voluntary muscular activity is action that you can control through the force of your will (for example, swallowing). Much voluntary muscular activity happens when you are giving little, if any, thought to the actions that are performed by your body. By contrast, muscles that are not stimulated to move through conscious control are called involuntary muscles. You cannot force yourself to move these muscles through willpower (for example, the heart beating).

Voluntary and involuntary muscles in the body come in three types: skeletal muscle, smooth mus-cle, and cardiac muscle.

Skeletal muscle, also called striated (strigh-AY-ted) muscle, is voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through con-scious control. Striated muscle has a distinctively striped appearance and is composed of muscle fi bers. Skeletal muscle fi bers are long, slender cells grouped and held together with connective tissue and covered with fascia (FASH-ee-uh), a band or sheet of fi brous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles. Skeletal muscle is found in the scalp, face, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), neck, chest, vertebral column, arms and hands, abdomen, back, and legs and feet.

Smooth muscle, also called visceral (VIS-uh-ruhl) muscle, is a type of involuntary muscle, meaning it is not controlled by conscious thought processes. Smooth muscle surrounds internal organs and is found throughout your respiratory tract, stomach, intestines, and urinary tract. Smooth muscle con-tracts and relaxes to move contents through body system passageways. This involuntary move-ment, known as peristalsis (PEER-ih-STAHL-sis), enables blood to travel through arteries and veins, food to move through the stomach and intestines, and a fetus to be expelled through the birth canal.



Cardiac muscle, also called myocardial (MIGH-oh-KAR-dee-uhl) muscle, is found only in the heart. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is unconsciously controlled. As cardiac muscle involuntarily contracts, it pumps blood from the heart into blood vessels.

You probably have heard the saying, “It takes more

muscles to frown than it does to smile.” Did you

know that you have more than 30 facial muscles

that produce a range of subtly different expressions

including happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, fear,

disgust, and astonishment?

Fascinating Fact

Muscle Tissue PropertiesMuscle tissue has many unique properties. It is

the only tissue in the body that has the following physiological characteristics:

• automaticity (AW-toh-muh-TIH-sih-tee)—the ability of a muscle to contract without the involve-ment of a nerve supply. Automaticity is a prop-erty of visceral, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

• contractility (KAHN-trak-TIL-ih-tee)—the abil-ity of a skeletal muscle to contract (shorten); for example, the biceps muscle contracts when the arm is fl exed.

Figure 3.1 Anterior and posterior views of the major muscles in the body.

Trapezius

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Triceps brachii

Biceps brachii

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus

medius

Sartorius

Biceps femoris

Rectus femoris

Gastrocnemius

Achilles tendon

Abdominal

muscles

Latissimus dorsi

Frontalis

A. Anterior view B. Posterior viewLabel art


• elasticity (EE-las-TIS-ih-tee)—the ability of skeletal muscle fi bers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed; for example, when a spring is stretched and then released, it returns to its original position.

• excitability (also called irritability)—the ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting. For example, nerves send a message to the heart muscle, and the heart pumps blood through the vessels throughout the body.

• extensibility (eks-TENS-ih-BIL-ih-tee)—the abil-ity of the skeletal muscles to be stretched. Extensi-bility is evident in the hamstrings and calf muscles during a toe touch, for example.

The ratio of muscle to total body weight is often expressed as a percentage. Percentages can also be expressed as fractions. (For example, ¼ is 25 percent.) To calculate a percentage, fi rst set up a fraction. Then divide the numerator (top number) by the denominator (bottom number).

Directions: To practice calculating percentages, do the word problems that follow. Round your answers to the nearest whole number.

1. Blake weighs 140 pounds, 60 pounds of

which are muscle. What percentage of

Blake’s body weight is muscle?

2. What is the percentage of muscle weight

for an 80-pound female with 35 pounds of

muscle?

Muscle Origin and InsertionSkeletal muscle plays a vital role in directional

movements of the skeleton. The connecting parts of each muscle are specifi c to that muscle and the bone to which the muscle is connected. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone at both ends of the muscle.

Typically, during contraction, one end of a mus-cle remains fi xed in its position, and the other end of the muscle moves. The origin of a muscle is the attachment site that does not move when the muscle contracts; the insertion is the attachment site that moves during muscular contraction. Figure 3.2 illustrates examples of origin and insertion points in the shoulder and forearm.

Most skeletal muscle is attached to bone by tendons. A tendon is a band of fi brous tissue that

connects muscle to bone (Figure 3.3). The Achilles tendon, for example, attaches the gastrocnemius (GAS-trok-NEE-mee-us) muscle on the calf of the leg to the calcaneus (kal-KAY-nee-us), or heel bone.

Tendons are different from ligaments. As you learned in Chapter 2: The Skeletal System, a ligament is a fi brous cord of tissue that attaches bone to bone. Ligaments usually impart stability by holding structures together (Figure 3.3).

Skeletal Muscle OrganizationThe basic structure of muscles includes sev-

eral connective tissue layers (Figure 3.4). The inner layer, or endomysium (EN-doh-MIZ-ee-um), is a fi ne sheath of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fi ber. Areolar tissue consists of loosely woven fi bers and many blood vessels. The perimysium (PEER-ih-MIZ-ee-um) is a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fi bers called fascicles (FAS-ih-kuhlz). The outer layer, or epimysium (EP-ih-MIZ-ee-um), is a dense, fi brous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle. All of these structures are sur-rounded by fascia (FASH-ee-uh), fi brous con-nective tissue that binds muscles into functional

Origin point

Coracoid

processOrigin point

Supraglenoid

tuberosity

Biceps

muscle

Biceps

muscle

Insertion point

Tubercle of radius

Figure 3.2 The insertion is the attachment site that moves during muscular contraction. The origin is the muscular attachment site that does not move.



Skeletal

muscle

Tendon

Bone

Joint capsule

Ligament

Figure 3.3 Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone.

Figure 3.4 The organization of skeletal muscle.

Muscle fiber

Blood vessel

Fascia

Perimysium

(covers fascicle)

Epimysium

(wraps entire muscle)

Fascicle (wrapped by perimysium)

Endomysium (covers fibers)

Tendon

Bone

Label art


groups and envelops other structures in the body, such as bones, nerves, and blood vessels.

The muscular system has its own blood and nerve supply. Muscles have arteries, veins, and capillaries due to their remarkable energy needs and the meta-bolic waste they generate as a product of contraction.

Directional MotionThree factors make the muscular system capa-

ble of moving the body: muscle type, muscle excitability (stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse), and opposition between agonist (AG-uh-nist) and antagonist (an-TAG-uh-nist) muscle pairs (Figure 3.5).

Agonist and antagonist muscle pairs work in opposition to create body movement. In these pairs, the agonist is the muscle that causes the pri-mary movement. The antagonist is the muscle that works against this movement. For example, when you fl ex your arm, your biceps muscle functions as the agonist. When you straighten your arm, the biceps muscle becomes the antagonist while the triceps muscle functions as the agonist to achieve primary muscular movement. For this reason, agonist muscles are referred to as “prime movers.”

The eye muscles are the most active muscles in

the body. Scientists estimate that these muscles

may move more than 100,000 times a day.

Fascinating Fact

Nerve impulses are vital to the directional motion of the body. When nerve impulses are impaired, a condition called paralysis (puh-RAL-uh-sis) can occur. Paralysis prevents muscular movement. The term neuromuscular(NEW-roh-MUS-kyoo-ler) is used to describe or defi ne the relationship between nerves and muscles in the body.

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, dissect the word neuromuscular into its individual word parts. Identify each word part (combining form, prefi x, or suffi x). Then defi ne each word part and the term as a whole.

Many types of muscular movement have a directional opposite; therefore, the directional motions produced by agonist and antagonist mus-cles are typically categorized in pairs, as described in the table that follows, with a couple of excep-tions. These movements are described from the perspective of anatomical position.

Directional Movements

abductionab-DUK-shun

ab- = away fromduct/o = to lead-ion = process; state; condition

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

adductionuh-DUK-shun

ad- = towardduct/o = to lead-ion = process; state; condition

Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.

inversionin-VER-zhun

in- = in; intovers/o = turn; turning-ion = process; state; condition

The turning inward of the sole of the foot.

eversionee-VER-zhun

e- = out; away fromvers/o = turn; turning-ion = process; state; condition

The turning outward of the sole of the foot.

Figure 3.5 Agonist and antagonist muscular pairs work in opposition.

Triceps

relaxed

(antagonist)

Tension

in biceps

(agonist)

Animation

(Continued)



Directional Movementselevation Raising of a body part.

depression Lowering of a body part.

fl exionFLEK-shun

fl ex/o = to bend-ion = process; state; condition

The movement of two body surfaces toward each other, as in the act of bending.

extensioneks-TEN-shun

ex- = out; away fromtens/o = stretched; strained-ion = process; state; condition

The straightening of a limb after it has been fl exed.

hyperextensionHIGH-per-eks-TEN-shun

hyper- = above normaltens/o = stretched; strained-ion = process; state; condition

The act of bending a joint or limb beyond normal extension or range of motion.

dorsifl exionDOR-sih-FLEK-shun

dorsi- = backfl ex/o = to bend-ion = process; state; condition

Movement of the sole of the foot upward (fl exed toward the lower leg).

plantar fl exionPLAN-ter FLEK-shun

plant/o = sole of the foot-ar = pertaining tofl ex/o = to bend-ion = process; state; condition

Motion of the plantar surface (sole of the foot) away from the midline of the body.

Directional Movementsrotation Movement of a body

part around its longitudinal axis—that is, lengthwise. (Imagine doing “the Twist” with your foot.)

medial (internal) rotation

Movement medially, or toward the midline of the body. (Imagine rotating one foot inward, toward the other foot.)

lateral (external)

rotation

Movement laterally, or away from the midline. (Imagine rotating one foot outward, away from the other.)

pronationproh-NAY-shun

Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face downward.

supinationSUP-ih-NAY-shun

Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face upward.

circumductionSER-kum-DUK-shun

circum- = aroundduct/o = to lead-ion = process; state; condition

Rotation of an arm or leg (as if “drawing a circle” with the limb). This type of motion occurs in multiple planes.

(Continued)


Major Muscles and Their Functions

The human body is made up of many muscles, all with specifi c functions and names. People in the fi elds of healthcare and medicine need to be familiar with the major muscles of the body. The major muscles of the body are listed in the following

table, along with brief descriptions of their main functions.

The term hamstring derives its name from

eighteenth-century English butchers, who used

string to hang slaughtered pigs (ham) by the

muscles in the back of the knees.

Fascinating Fact

Muscle Location Primary Functions

frontalisfrun-TAY-lis

forehead Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead.

trapeziustruh-PEE-zee-us

upper back and neck Extends neck; elevates, adducts, and rotates scapula.

deltoidDEL-toyd

external shoulder Abducts, fl exes, extends, and rotates arm.

pectoralis majorpek-tuh-RAY-lis MAY-jer

chest Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm.

triceps brachiiTRIGH-seps BRAY-kee-igh

posterior upper arm Extends forearm.

biceps brachiiBIGH-seps BRAY-kee-igh

anterior upper arm Flexes arm and forearm; supinates (rotates) hand.

latissimus dorsiluh-TIS-ih-mus DOR-sigh

midback and lower spine Extends, adducts, and rotates arm.

abdominal muscles ribs to pubic bone Flex and rotate trunk.

gluteus mediusGLOO-tee-us MEE-dee-us

medial muscle of buttocks; outer surface of pelvis

Adducts and rotates thigh.

gluteus maximusGLOO-tee-us MAK-sih-mus

outer muscle of buttocks Extends and rotates thigh.

sartoriussar-TOR-ee-us

anterior thigh (crosses thigh obliquely)

Flexes and rotates thigh; fl exes leg.

biceps femoris (hamstring)BIGH-seps FEM-uh-ris

posterior thigh Extends thigh; fl exes and rotates leg.

rectus femoris (quadricep)REK-tus FEM-uh-ris

anterior thigh Flexes thigh; extends leg.

gastrocnemiusGAS-trok-NEE-mee-us

prominent muscle in posterior calf

Flexes foot and leg.

tibialis anteriorTIH-bee-AL-is an-TEER-ee-er

anterior lower leg Dorsifl exes and inverts foot.



How is the flexibility in your upper and lower

extremities? In the passive range-of-motion (ROM)

exercises that follow, you and a classmate will take

turns being the patient and the physical therapist.

Record your answers to the following questions as

you work through each exercise.

1. In which passive ROM exercises did you

demonstrate more joint flexibility?

2. Which exercises do you think might help you

to strengthen certain joints and muscles?

Directions: a. “Snow Angel Arms”—In a sitting position,

keep your left arm straight at your side;

then move the arm straight out while your

classmate supports your left elbow and wrist.

Repeat these steps with your right arm as your

partner supports your right elbow and wrist.

b. “Brush Your Hair”—As your classmate

supports your elbow and wrist, bend your left

or right arm at the elbow and bring your arm

over your head.

c. “Let’s Go Bowling”—Begin with your arm

straight at your side; then move the arm

slightly behind your back while your partner

supports your elbow and wrist.

d. “Open the Door”—As your classmate

supports your elbow, place one hand in the

palm of his or her other hand and rotate your

forearm upward. Then rotate it downward, as if

turning a doorknob.

e. “Come Here”—Begin with your elbow

supported on a desk, a table, or the arm of

a chair. As your classmate provides support

above and below your wrist, flex your palm

toward the ventral (interior) side of your

forearm. Then extend the back of your hand

toward the top of your forearm.

f. “Wave Goodbye”—Begin with your elbow

supported on a flat surface. As your classmate

provides support above and below your wrist,

turn your hand toward your thumb; then turn

your hand toward your pinky finger.

g. Finger Curls—With your elbow supported on

a flat surface, place the palms of your hands

in the palms of your classmate’s hands. Next,

curl your fingers around your classmate’s

fingers; then straighten your fingers.

h. Thumb and Finger Touches—As your

partner supports your elbow on a flat surface,

touch the tip of each of your fingers with the tip

of your thumb.

i. Finger Spreads—As your partner supports

your elbow on a flat surface, spread each of

your fingers away from the midline of your

hand.

j. “Snow Angel Legs”—Lie in a supine (flat

on your back) position. As your classmate

provides support beneath your left knee and

ankle, move your left leg straight out to your

side; then move it back to its “starting” position.

Repeat the exercise with your right leg.

l. “Bicycle”—Lie in a supine position. With

one leg straight and your classmate providing

support beneath the knee and ankle of your

other leg, bend the supported leg at your

knee. Then straighten your leg and lower it to

its original position.

l. “The Twist”—Lie in a supine position on a

mat. With one leg straight and your partner

providing support beneath the knee and ankle

of your other leg, rotate your entire supported

leg inward; then rotate it outward.

m. Ankle Circles—With your leg on a mat, and

your classmate providing support above and

below your ankle, rotate your foot in a circle to

the right; then rotate it in a circle to the left.

NOTE: For the exercises that follow, you and your classmate should wear gloves.

n. Toe Curls—Lie with your legs straight on a

mat. With your classmate providing support at

your ankle, she or he curls your toes inward

and then straightens them.

o. Toe Spreads—As you lie with your leg on a

mat, your partner moves each of your toes

away from your middle toe and then back

toward your middle toe.


Diseases and ConditionsPerhaps you or someone you know has experienced carpal tunnel

syndrome, uses a wheelchair due to paralysis, or has been diagnosed with a chronic disease such as muscular dystrophy. In this section, you will learn about common characteristics of diseases and conditions that affect the muscular system.

Disease/Condition Defi nition

adhesionad-HEE-zhun

Normally, the formation of a fi brous band of tissue that holds two parts or surfaces together, as in the healing of a wound. In a disease condition, the formation of a fi brous band of tissue that holds two surfaces together due to infl ammation or trauma (Figure 3.6).

ataxiauh-TAKS-see-uh

a- = withouttax/o = coordination-ia = condition

Inability to coordinate voluntary muscle activity; characterized by shaky, unsteady movements.

atrophyAT-troh-fee

a- = without-trophy = condition of growth or development

Wasting away or shrinkage of muscle size.

Figure 3.6 Abdominal adhesion. Endoscopic view of a patient’s abdomen with adhesions between the omentum (bottom left) and the abdominal wall (top). The omentum is a membranous sac that hangs down from the stomach, covering the intestines. Adhesions are growths of fi brous (scar) connective tissue formed as a response to tissue trauma. They often result from abdominal surgery. If the adhesions cause severe pain or obstruct part of the bowel, they are removed surgically.




carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Disorder marked by pain, burning, and itching or tingling due to an infl amed median nerve and tendons in the wrist; commonly associated with repetitive activity and/or overuse injury.

contracturekun-TRAK-cher

Permanent tightening of skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia (a band or sheet of fi brous tissue that encloses muscle tissue); most commonly due to lack of use or immobilization.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)doo-SHEN MUS-kyoo-ler DIS-truh-fee

Progressive disease that weakens the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle. DMD is a sex-linked recessive trait that affects mostly males.

dystaxiadis-TAK-see-uh

dys- = painful; diffi culttax/o = coordination-ia = condition

Partial ataxia; a mild form of ataxia (lack of muscular coordination that produces shaky, unsteady movements).

fasciitisFAS-ee-IGH-tis or FASH-ee-IGH-TIS

fasci/o = fi brous band; fascia-itis = infl ammation

Infl ammation of a fascia (a band or sheet of fi brous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles).

fl accidityfl uh-SIH-dih-tee

Condition or state in which muscles are fl abby, relaxed, or have defective or absent tone. Tone is the normal tension present in muscles in a resting state.

hemiparesisHEM-ee-puh-REE-sis

hemi- = half-paresis = weakness

Weakness or slight paralysis on one side of the body.

hemiplegiaHEM-ee-PLEE-jee-uh

hemi- = half-plegia = paralysis

Total paralysis on one side of the body.

hypertrophyhigh-PER-truh-fee

hyper- = above normal; excessive-trophy = condition of growth or development

Excessive growth or abnormal enlargement of a muscle (Figure 3.7 on the next page).



hypotoniaHIGH-poh-TOH-nee-uh

hypo- = below normal; defi cient-tonia = tone; tension

Loss of muscle tone.

impingement syndromeim-PINJ-ment

Condition that occurs when tendons of the shoulder become impinged, or compressed, by the bones of the shoulder (Figure 3.8).

muscular dystrophy (MD)MUS-kyoo-ler DIS-truh-fee

dys- = painful; diffi cult-trophy = condition of growth or development

Genetic disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration (Figure 3.9).

myalgia or myodyniamigh-AL-jee-uh or MIGH-oh-DIN-ee-uh

my/o = muscle-algia / -dynia = pain

Muscle pain.

myasthenia gravisMIGH-uhs-THEE-nee-uh GRAV-is

my/o = muscle-asthenia = weakness

Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by voluntary muscle weakness that worsens after activity and improves after rest.

Normal heart

Right

ventricle

Left

ventricle

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Enlargement

of the heart

muscle

Figure 3.7 At left, a normal heart; at right, a heart affected by muscular hypertrophy.

Swollen

bursa

Inflamed

tendon

Acromion

Figure 3.8 When the bones of the shoulder compress the shoulder tendon, the result is impingement syndrome.




myoceleMIGH-oh-seel

my/o = muscle-cele = hernia; swelling; protrusion

Herniation or protrusion of muscle through a tear in the fascia.

myolysismigh-AH-lih-sis

my/o = muscle-lysis = breakdown

Degeneration or deterioration of muscle tissue.

myomamigh-OH-muh

my/o = muscle-oma = tumor; mass

Tumor of the muscle.

leiomyomaLIGH-oh-migh-OH-muh

lei/o = smoothmy/o = muscle-oma = tumor; mass

Benign tumor of smooth muscle, such as that found in the heart, bladder, or uterus.

Figure 3.9 Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease marked by deterioration of skeletal muscle and progressive muscular weakness.



myoma (continued)leiomyosarcomaLIGH-oh-MIGH-oh-sar-KOH-muh

lei/o = smoothmy/o = musclesarc/o = fl esh-oma = tumor; mass

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle.

rhabdomyomaRAB-doh-migh-OH-muh

rhabd/o = rod-shapedmy/o = muscle-oma = tumor; mass

Benign tumor consisting of striated muscle that occurs on or in the smooth muscle of the heart (Figure 3.10).

rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)RAB-doh-MIGH-oh-sar-KOH-muh

rhabd/o = rod-shapedmy/o = musclesarc/o = fl esh-oma = tumor; mass

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle.

myomalaciaMIGH-oh-muh-LAY-shee-uh

my/o = muscle-malacia = softening

Abnormal softening of muscle tissue.

myoparesisMIGH-oh-puh-REE-sis

my/o = muscle-paresis = weakness

Weakness or mild muscular paralysis.

myorrhexisMIGH-oh-REK-sis

my/o = muscle-rrhexis = rupture

Rupture or tearing of a muscle.

myositisMIGH-oh-SIGH-tis

myos/o = muscle-itis = infl ammation

Infl ammation of a muscle.

paraplegiaPAIR-uh-PLEE-jee-uh

para- = beside; alongside-plegia = paralysis

Paralysis of both legs and, often, the lower trunk.

paresthesiaPAIR-es-THEE-zee-uh

par- = abnormal-esthesia = sensation

Abnormal sensation that typically is not painful, such as tingling, numbness, itching, prickling, or burning. An example of a common form of temporary paresthesia is when your foot “falls asleep,” causing a “pins and needles” sensation after you have sat on it too long.

Rhabdomyoma

Figure 3.10 A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor consisting of striated muscle in or on the heart.




plantar fasciitisPLAN-ter FAS-ee-IGH-tis or FASH-ee-IGH-TIS

plant/o = sole of the foot-ar = pertaining tofasci/o = fi brous band; fascia-itis = infl ammation

Infl ammation of the plantar fascia (the thick band of tissue in the sole of the foot between the heel bone and the toes), resulting in heel pain.

quadriplegiaQUAH-drih-PLEE-jee-uh

quadri- = four-plegia = paralysis

Paralysis of all four extremities.

rigor or rigidityRIG-er or rih-JIH-dih-tee

Muscular stiffness/stiff muscle, as in rigor mortis (Latin rigor = “stiffness”; mortis = “of death”).

Stiffness that occurs in dead bodies due to chemical changes in the muscles.

sarcopeniaSAR-koh-PEE-nee-uh

sarc/o = fl esh-penia = defi ciency

Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function as a result of aging.

shin splint Painful condition caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia.

spasm Involuntary sudden movement or convulsive muscular contraction. Such a movement is described as spastic.

sprain The stretching or tearing of a ligament, which connects bone to bone.

strain The stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon, the latter of which connects muscle to bone; pulled muscle or pulled tendon.

tenalgia or tenodyniatuh-NAL-jee-uh or TEN-oh-DIN-ee-uh

ten/o = tendon-algia / -dynia = pain

Pain in the tendon.

tendinitis or tendonitisTEN-dih-NIGH-tis or TEN-duh-NIGH-tis

tendin/o, tendon/o = tendon-itis = infl ammation

Infl ammation of a tendon.

tetanyTET-uh-nee

A state of sustained muscular contraction.



tremor An involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of a part or parts of the body. Causes include illness (such as Parkinson’s disease), fever, or hypothermia (dangerously low body temperature).

Inquiring MindsA trained individual conducting a postmortem exam can estimate the

time of a person’s death by studying a few revealing facts, such as

body temperature and the presence (or absence) of body stiffness,

called rigor mortis. (The term postmortem comes from the Latin words

post, which means “after,” and mortem, meaning “death.”) Use of a rectal

thermometer is the most accurate method of assessing the temperature of

a corpse. The normal body temperature of a living person is 98.6 degrees

Fahrenheit (F), and normal rectal temperature is 99.6 degrees F. In a

temperature-controlled environment, the body temperature of a deceased

person drops an average of 1.5 degrees F per hour. Rigor mortis sets

in approximately 2 to 4 hours after death, peaks around 12 to 18 hours

postmortem, and usually fades 24 to 36 hours after death. At this stage,

decomposition (decay) begins to occur.

Imagine that you are a forensic pathologist, a medical professional who

determines cause of death by examining corpses. You establish that the

rectal temperature of a corpse at midnight was 95 degrees F. You also note

that rigor mortis was present. Based on these factors, what do you estimate

to be the time of death? What medical terms would you, as a forensic

pathologist, need to know to communicate your observations? Summarize

your observations and share with a partner using the appropriate medical

vocabulary.

Diagnostic Tests and ProceduresA diagnostician uses different kinds of tools and methods to aid in

pinpointing the causes of patients’ health problems. Following are some of the most common tests and procedures used to diagnose diseases and conditions of the muscular system.

Test/Procedure Defi nition

biopsy The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination (Figure 3.11).

computerized tomography (CT)

also called

computed tomography (CT) or

computerized axial tomography (CAT)

Process in which radiographic images of a specifi c section of the body are taken from multiple angles. The images are then analyzed using a computer to identify muscular injury or disease. CT scans provide more detailed imagery than standard X-rays.




deep tendon refl exes (DTR)

Evaluation of involuntary muscular responses with a refl ex hammer (Figure 3.12). Patients under heavy sedation or in a deep coma do not exhibit these refl exes.

electromyogram (EMG)ee-LEK-troh-MIGH-oh-gram

electr/o = electricitymy/o = muscle -gram = record; image

A graphic recording of the contraction of a muscle as a result of electrical stimulation (Figure 3.13 on the next page).

goniometryGOH-nee-AH-muh-tree

The measurement of range of motion in a joint.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A noninvasive scanning test that involves use of an electromagnetic fi eld and radio waves to visualize soft-tissue structures.

nuclear medicine imaging (NMI)

Diagnostic imaging technique in which a radioactive substance and a special camera are used to visualize structures and functions in the body. The radioactive substance is injected into or swallowed by the patient.

Puncture

site

Biopsy

needle

Figure 3.11 During a muscle biopsy, a small piece of muscle tissue is removed for microscopic examination.

Figure 3.12 A neurologist performs a deep tendon refl ex (DTR) test on a patient.



radiographyRAY-dee-AH-gruh-fee

radi/o = X-rays-graphy = process of recording

Diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic waves to create images of the inside of the body. X-rays are used to check for structural abnormality or disease.

range-of-motion (ROM) testing

Diagnostic procedure performed to evaluate the extent to which joints can be moved in a variety of directions.

sonographysuh-NAH-gruh-fee

son/o = sound-graphy = process of recording

Diagnostic imaging method involving the use of high-frequency sound waves to generate images of structures in the body, such as muscles, ligaments, and displaced or dislocated structures. Also called diagnostic sonography or, more commonly, ultrasound.

The term goniometry comes from the Greek gonia (“angle”) and metron

(“measure”). More precisely, goniometry is the measurement of the angles

produced by joints during range-of-motion activity.

Fascinating Fact

To biceps

To dry-earth strap

To triceps

Figure 3.13 An electromyogram, or EMG, is a graphic recording of the contraction of a muscle produced by electrical stimulation.



Directions: In a group of three or four students, research one of the following topics. Then prepare and

present a report to the class. As you work on this project, practice your ability to cooperate, contribute,

and collaborate with members of your team.

1. Choose one of the individuals below. Using reliable resources for research if necessary, discuss the

importance of the individual’s contributions to our understanding of the human muscular system.

• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi

• Leonardo da Vinci

• William Harvey

• John Moir

• Juan Valverde de Amusco

• Andreas Vesalius

2. Investigate the pros and cons of a high-protein diet as it relates to safe bodybuilding techniques.

3. Visit the National Institutes of Health website and type the phrase “anabolic steroid abuse” in the

search box. What are anabolic steroids? What are their effects on health? Why do people abuse

these drugs? What can be done to prevent steroid abuse?

Surgical Procedures and TherapeuticsOnce a muscular condition or disease has been diagnosed, a treat-

ment plan can be developed and implemented. For example, when an EMG (electromyogram) reveals symptoms of muscle weakness, physical therapy may be the recommended treatment.

Following is a list of common surgical and noninvasive treatments for diseases and conditions of the muscular system.

Treatment Defi nition

myoplastyMIGH-oh-PLAS-tee

my/o = muscle-plasty = surgical repair

Surgical repair of a muscle through plastic surgery.

physical therapy Treatment to rehabilitate a patient disabled by illness or injury. Common methods include exercise; hydrotherapy (water therapy), shown in Figure 3.14; ultrasound; and diathermy (DIGH-uh-THER-mee), or deep heating of body tissues using a high-frequency electrical current.

range-of-motion (ROM) therapy

Exercises performed to improve or maintain joint mobility and fl exibility. Active ROM exercises are those that can be performed on your own. Assisted ROM exercises require minor assistance due to mild weakness, pain, or stiffness. Passive ROM exercises are performed by a physical therapist on a person who requires total assistance to do the exercises.

Figure 3.14 Hydrotherapy is often recommended for patients with arthritis because the buoyancy of the water means less weight-bearing impact on the joints.


Treatment Defi nition

RestIceCompressionElevation(RICE)

Most common fi rst-aid treatment for muscular injuries; often referred to as “RICE.”

tenotomyteh-NAH-tuh-mee

ten/o = tendon-tomy = process of cutting; incision

Incision to the tendon, usually to repair a deformity caused by a shortened muscle.

Therapeutic Drug TreatmentsInjuries and conditions of the muscular system often require treat-

ment with medications. The following list includes common drugs and their pharmacodynamics (actions in the body).

Drug Effect on the Body

analgesicAN-uhl-JEE-zik

A drug that relieves pain; includes nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, and prescription pain relievers, such as hydrocodone.

anti-infl ammatory A drug that reduces infl ammation.

antispasmodic or anticholinergicAN-tee-spaz-MAH-dik orAN-tee-koh-lih-NER-jik

A drug prescribed to suppress smooth-muscle contractions of the bladder, stomach, or intestine.

narcotic A drug that, in moderate doses, depresses the central nervous system, relieves pain, and induces sleep. Taken in excess, narcotics produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death.

nonsteroidal(NON-steer-ROY-duhl)

anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAID)

A group of drugs with analgesic, anti-infl ammatory, and antipyretic (AN-tee-pigh-RET-ik) (fever-reducing) properties. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are common over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs. This group of drugs is set apart from other drugs that have the same properties because they are nonsteroidal. (Steroidal drugs have narcotic effects and may result in addiction.)



Common Medical AbbreviationsThe following medical abbreviations are commonly used in refer-

ence to the muscular system. These abbreviations provide a shorthand method of communication among healthcare professionals concerning pathological conditions, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, and thera-peutic treatments. These abbreviations can be found in this chapter and in the medical record activity that follows.

Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaningamb ambulate (walk) NMI nuclear medicine

imaging

CAT computerized axial tomography

NSAID nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug

CFT certifi ed fi tness trainer

OTC over-the-counter

c/o complains of; complaining of

PCN penicillin

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation

PCP primary care physician

CT computed tomography; computerized tomography

PFT personal fi tness trainer

CTS carpal tunnel syndrome

PRN, p.r.n. as needed (from the Latin pro re nata)

DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Pt, pt. patient

DTR deep tendon refl ex PT physical therapy

EMG electromyogram Q2–3H every two or three hours

h hour(s) Q8H every eight hours (from the Latin quaque octava hora)

Hx, hx history R right

IM intramuscular RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation

L left RMS rhabdomyosarcoma

MD muscular dystrophy

ROM range of motion

mg milligram(s) wt weight

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

y/o years old; year-old (as in 18-year-old)

N/A not applicable

E-flashCards


Careers to ConsiderIf you pursue any of the following careers, you will interact on a regular basis with patients who have

conditions or diseases of the muscular system. For more detailed information on the career opportuni-ties discussed in this section, visit the US Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

Certifi ed Fitness TrainerA certifi ed fi tness trainer (CFT) serves as a

leader and instructor in exercise programs and helps people achieve and maintain a healthful lifestyle. This career path demands a passion for being physically active, healthy, and fi t. CFTs must have excellent communication skills and a talent for encouraging and motivating others.

Certifi ed fi tness trainer programs take, on aver-age, six months to complete. These programs teach a well-rounded curriculum that includes coursework in exercise programs, nutrition, anat-omy and physiology, and psychology. Admission to a CFT program generally requires a high school diploma and current certifi cation in fi rst aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Exercise physiologists develop individualized exercise plans based on their clients’ needs, and they design exercise programs to help athletes achieve specifi c goals.

To prepare for a career in this fi eld, candidates must have at least a bachelor’s degree in exercise physiology. With further education and success-ful completion of the Exercise Physiologist Certi-fi ed (EPC) exam, administered by the American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP), a person can obtain board certifi cation. Exercise physiolo-gists are employed in a variety of environments, including healthcare facilities, fi tness centers, col-leges and universities, athletic or military training facilities, and rehabilitation centers.

Sports Medicine PhysicianA sports medicine physician treats and pre-

vents sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles. These healthcare professionals are qualifi ed to diagnose and treat patients, pre-scribe medication and therapy, and perform sur-gery. They attend an accredited medical school to obtain a Medical Doctor (MD) degree or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree. Both types of physicians must complete residency programs and obtain a license to practice. Sports medicine physicians may work exclusively for an athletic team, for a university sports program or fi tness center, in a private practice, or with a group of physicians.The work environment for CFTs varies widely.

Certifi ed fi tness trainers are employed in fi tness and health clubs, gyms, hospitals, resorts, country clubs, universities, and yoga and Pilates studios. A CFT may also choose to work as a personal fi tness trainer (PFT), traveling to people’s homes and developing custom-tailored exercise programs to help clients become physically fi t.

Exercise Physiologist An exercise physiologist is a healthcare pro-

fessional who performs exercise stress tests and evaluates a person’s physical condition, focus-ing on cardiovascular health and metabolism.



Chapter 3 ReviewFor each exercise that follows, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Identify the Anatomical StructureDirections: Identify the correct anatomical term that corresponds to each letter in the diagram.

B

C

D

E

F

J

I

K

L

M

N

O

H

G

A

A. Anterior view B. Posterior view

Word PartsDirections: Write the meaning(s) of each word

part listed. Identify each word part by type (prefix,

combining form, or suffix).

1. muscul/o

2. tendin/o

3. ab-

4. -malacia

5. -asthenia

6. kinesi/o

7. myocardi/o

8. ad-

9. -paresis

10. my/o

11. -plegic

12. quadri-

13. -ar

14. -tonia

15. fibr/o

Chapter 3 Review


Anatomy and PhysiologyDirections: Provide the correct term(s) for each

question that follows.

1. What type of body tissue is made up of bundles of

fibers held together by connective tissue?

2. What are the three types of muscle tissue in the

body? Give an example of each.

3. What term is used to describe muscles that are

controlled consciously?

4. What term is used to describe muscles that

cannot be consciously controlled?

5. Which property describes the ability of muscle

to shorten (for example, the biceps muscle when

flexed)?

6. Which property describes the ability of skeletal

muscle fibers to resume their resting length when

a stretching force is removed?

7. Identify the term for the attachment site of a muscle

that does not move when the muscle contracts.

8. What is the name for the attachment site of a

muscle that moves during muscular contraction?

9. What is the term for the band of fibrous tissue that

connects muscle to bone?

10. What is the term for the band of fibrous tissue that

connects bone to bone?

Word ConstructionDirections: Using word parts and meanings presented

in the chapter, build the medical term described in

each definition that follows.

1. surgical repair of a muscle

2. pertaining to muscle

3. process of leading toward

4. pertaining to the sole of the foot

5. the study of movement

6. paralysis of half (of the body)

7. without growth or development

8. three heads (a muscle with three heads or

attachments)

9. pertaining to paralysis of four (extremities)

10. process of leading away from

11. process of bending

12. inflammation of the tendon

Word SurgeryDirections: Dissect each medical term into its word

parts. Identify the word-part types (prefix, combining

form, or suffix), and write the meaning(s) of each word

part. Then write a definition of the term.

Example: muscular

Dissection: muscul / ar

muscul / o (combining form) = muscle

-ar (suffix) = pertaining to

Definition: pertaining to muscle

1. hypertrophy

2. dystaxia

3. hypotonia

4. myomalacia

5. leiomyosarcoma

6. paresthesia

7. hyperextension

8. adduction

9. myocele

10. eversion

11. circumduction

12. fibromyalgia

MatchingDirections: Match the combining form (root word and

combining vowel) to the correct meaning.

1. fibr/o

2. rhabd/o

3. lei/o

4. muscul/o

5. plant/o

6. kinesi/o

7. orth/o

8. articul/o

9. sarc/o

10. tax/o

11. flex/o

12. ton/o

13. tendin/o

14. myocardi/o

15. tens/o

a. heart muscle

b. coordination; order

c. muscle

d. tendon

e. rod-shaped

f. movement

g. stretched; strained

h. straight; normal

i. tone; tension

j. smooth

k. flesh

l. joint

m. to bend

n. fiber

o. sole of the foot

SpellingDirections: Identify the correctly spelled medical term

in each numbered item.

1. fasciitis fasceitis

fashiitis fascitis

2. hypertonnia hipertonia

hypertonia hypertoenia

3. myalgea myalgia

mialgea mialgia

4. dorsaflexion dorsiflexion

dorsaflection dorsiflection


Chapter 3 Review


5. lieomyoma laiomyoma

leomyoma leiomyoma

6. dystraphy distrophy

dystrophy distraphy

7. kinesiology kenesiology

kynesiology kinesialogy

8. paraplegea periplegia

peraplegia paraplegia

9. fibermyalgia fibromyalgia

fibromyalgea fibremyalgia

10. myorrhexis myorhexis

myorrexis myarhexis

PronunciationDirections: Pronounce each term below, then write

the correct spelling.

1. FASH-ee-uh

2. MUS-kyoo-ler

3. QUAH-drih-PLEE-jik

4. high-PER-truh-fee

5. TRIGH-seps

6. DOR-sih-FLEK-shun

7. HEM-ih-PLEE-jee-uh

8. fas-ee-IGH-tis or fash-ee-IGH-TIS

9. MIGH-uhs-THEE-nee-uh

10. HEM-ee-puh-REE-sis

11. MIGH-oh-KAR-dee-um

12. migh-AH-lih-sis

Identifying AbbreviationsDirections: Write the correct abbreviation for each

medical term or phrase listed.

1. electromyogram

2. muscular dystrophy

3. years old; year-old

4. physical therapy

5. computerized axial tomography

6. range of motion

7. primary care physician

8. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

9. computed tomography; computerized tomography

10. rest, ice, compression, elevation

11. nuclear medicine imaging

12. carpal tunnel syndrome

13. history

14. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

15. complains of; complaining of

16. intramuscular

Interpreting AbbreviationsDirections: Write the correct medical term or phrase

for each abbreviation listed.

1. mg

2. DTR

3. amb

4. IM

5. L

6. wt

7. PCN

8. NSAID

9. ROM

10. PRN

11. EMG

12. h

13. R

14. RICE

15. PT

16. CT

Search the Source 1. There are more than 30 different forms of

muscular dystrophy, but Duchenne muscular

dystrophy tops the list. Working with a partner,

visit the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website

and research the facts about DMD. What is it?

What are the common signs and symptoms? How

does DMD develop? What is its prevalence?

2. A sprain and a strain are similar types of injuries

but involve different body parts. Visit the NIH

website and research the facts about both

types of injuries. What are the similarities and

differences? What body parts are affected during

a strain and a sprain? What is the leading cause

of each injury? How is each injury treated?

Matching Terms of Directional MotionDirections: Match each directional movement to the

correct definition.

1. abduction

2. adduction

3. rotation

4. circumduction

5. flexion

6. extension

7. supination

8. pronation

9. elevation

10. depression

a. movement away from the

midline of the body

b. raising of a body part

c. straightening of a limb

d. rotational movement in

which the palm moves to

face downward

e. rotation of a limb, as if

drawing a circle

f. movement of a body part

around its longitudinal

axis

g. movement toward the

midline of the body

h. rotational movement in

which the palm moves to

face upward

i. lowering of a body part

j. bending

Chapter 3 Review


Medical Record PracticeFollowing is a physical therapy report for Khalil, the 18-year-old high school senior who was introduced in

the Case Study. Read Khalil’s medical record. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write a definition for each

highlighted term and abbreviation.

HERMAN ORTHOPEDIC CLINIC 987 Medical Drive, Hospital City, US 12345

PHONE: (xxx) xxx-4321 FAX: (xxx) xxx-2910

PHYSICAL THERAPY NOTE

PT NAME: Khalil Larkins

ID NO: 86523497

DATE: 03/20/20xx

PCP: Dr. Evan Schumacher

Subjective Data: Pt. is an 18 y/o male c/o pain, swelling, and tenderness to L hamstring area.

Past Medical Hx: No prior surgeries.

Social Hx: No alcohol or drug use.

Current Limitations: Unable to amb and bear wt on L leg.

Limitation before Injury: N/A

Medications: Ibuprofen 800 mg Q8H PRN for pain.

Allergies: PCN

Current Pain Level: 8 on a 1–10 pain scale.

Pt Goal: Pain free, return of full ROM and strength.

Objective Data:

Injury Involved: L hamstring strain.

Treatment Recommendations:

1. Rest the injury.

2. Ice to injured site Q2–3H.

3. Compression bandage to minimize bleeding into the tissue.

4. Elevation of the injury to decrease swelling.

5. Continue RICE treatment for the next 48 h.

6. Use crutches for next 48 h.

7. After 48 h, alternate ice and heat.

8. Return to PT department for initial stretching and strengthening exercises in 72 h.


Documents

S C Chapter 3 - g w · e-flash cards and vocabulary games. ... them in audio activities. ... Figure 3.1 illustrates some of the major muscles