Sa loob ng isang daang taon

[Politiko-Social Studies]

_logging Sa quincenario_ "_The Solidaridad_" (Enero 1889-1890._ _Septiembre) Reprinted sa unang vez._ _Ahora Year 1905.

PILIPINAS

Sa loob ng isang daang taon

Ako

Ang pagsunod sa aming mga dati harap address ang pinaka-mahirap at sensitibong isyu na may kaugnayan sa Pilipinas, hindi bagay lahat ng mga kahihinatnan na ang aming tapat namin maaaring lumikha, Namin sa artikulong ito upang talakayin ang hinaharap.

Upang basahin sa tadhana ng mga bansa, kailangan naming buksan ang libro ang kanyang mga nakalipas. Huling ng Pilipinas ay nabawasan ang humigit-kumulang sa kung ano ang mga sumusunod:

Isinama lamang sa mga Espanyol ang Crown ay sa debatihin dugo at ng kanilang mga anak na pagsisikap at ambitions digmaan mapanakop Espanyol ang mga tao, at sa mga pakikibaka, sa krisis na ito kahila-hilakbot na mga tao kapag ang pagbabago ng pamahalaan, mga batas, usages, mga kaugalian, relihiyon at paniniwala, ang Pilipinas ay naging depopulated, pinapaghirap at mga pabalik na, nahuli sa kanilang pagbabagong-anyo nang walang confidence at sa nakaraan, nang walang pananampalataya kahit na sa kanilang kasalukuyan at walang puri pag-asa sa mga darating na araw. Ang lumang mga ginoo, ay lamang tried sa lupigin ang takot at pagsumite ng kanyang paksa, sila ay bihasa sa pagkaalipin, nahulog bilang tuyo ang dahon ng isang puno, at ang mga tao na hindi magkaroon ng hindi pag-ibig ni Alam kung ano ang kalayaan, pag-ibig madaling nagbago, umaasa na

Matapos ang nanalong isang bagay sa mga balita.

Pagkatapos ay nagsimula ng isang bagong panahon para sa mga Pilipino. Sila ay nawala sa pamamagitan ng maliit na ang ilang mga sinaunang tradisyon, alaala, nakalimutan ang kanyang mga sulat, ang kanilang mga songs, ang kanilang mga poems, ang kanilang mga batas sa ibang kabisaduhin doktrina, hindi nila maintindihan, isa pang moralidad, isa pang aesthetics, iba't-ibang ng kanyang lahi inspirasyon sa pamamagitan ng taya ng panahon at sa pamamagitan ng ang paraan na kanilang pakiramdam. Pagkatapos rebajóse, bago lumala ang kanilang mga tunay mata, ay napapahiya ng kung ano ang kanyang at pambansa, upang humanga at papuri anuman ay kakaiba at hindi madalumat abatióse at bowed kanyang espiritu.

At kaya lumipas na taon at siglo lumipas. Ang bula relihiyon rites pagsasalita sa mata, songs, mga ilaw, bihis imahe ginto, isang uri ng pagsamba sa isang mahiwaga wika, mga kuwento, mga himala, at ang sermons ay hypnotizing ang espiritu, at sa mga mapamahiin yes, ang mga bansa, ngunit walang pagkuha ng lubos na pupuksain, sa kahit na deployed sa buong system at pagkatapos sumunod sa walang hupa tenasidad.

Pagdating sa estado ng moral pag-unti ng galing ng mga tao, ang kawalang pag-asa, alibadbad kanyang sarili, ay upang bigyan pagkatapos ng huling knockout, upang mabawasan sa walang maraming Wills at marami tulog utak, upang gumawa ng mga indibidwal ng isang uri ng armas, brutes, beasts ng pasan at ang isang sangkatauhan nang walang utak at walang puso. At sinabi niya sa kanyang sarili, ang Diyos, kung ano ang admitido inilaan upang maging mapanlait sa lahi, sinubukan naming tanggihan ang lahat ng magandang katangian, ang lahat ng pantao kalidad, at kahit na manunulat at mga pari na dala ang mamaya hit, sila ay nais upang tanggihan na ang mga bata ng bansa hindi lamang kakayahan para sa kabutihan, ngunit din sa pagkakaloob para sa vice.

Kaya na nila naisip na ito ay tiyak ang kanyang kamatayan ay kaligtasan. Agaw-buhay ay bumabalik sa kalusugan salamat sa ilang malakas na gamot.

Kaya maraming kahirapan ay napuno ng insults, at nag-aantok espiritu ay bumalik sa buhay. Ang sensitivity, mahusay na kalidad para sa Indian, ay may malubhang sakit, at kung ang pagtitiyaga ay ang mamatay ng dahil sa paa ng isang dayuhang bandila, walang isa ay kapag ito, sa pamamagitan ng kanino namatay, Ang Kanyang sakripisyo bayad sa kanya sa insults at inanities. Pagkatapos examinóse dahan-dahan, at matugunan ang kanyang kasawian. Sa mga hindi inaasahan na ito

resulta na despotiko Masters, itinuturing bilang isang mang-insulto anumang mga reklamo, ang anumang mga pagtutol, at castigóse sa kamatayan, tratóse ng malunod sa dugo sa bawat sigaw sa sakit, at pagkatapos ay faults faults ginawa.

Ang espiritu ng mga tao tumangging maging intimidated sa pamamagitan ng ito, at bagaman ay awakened sa loob ng ilang mga puso, ang apoy, subalit, ligtas at matakaw kumalat, thanks sa pang-aabuso at sa paghawak ng malamya upang patayin ang tiyak na mga uri ng marangal at mapagkaloob sentiments. Kaya kapag ang isang apoy taketh ng damit, takot at kahihiyan ay sa pagkalat at mas higit pa, at sa bawat paghagod, bawat paghagod ay isang hininga ng bubulusan na ay pagpunta sa pukawin.

Walang pagsala, sa panahon na ito o hindi nakuha mapagbigay marangal espiritu sa gitna ng mga dominanteng lahi na subukan upang labanan para sa ang dictates ng katarungan at ang sangkatauhan, walang ibig sabihin ng kalikasan at sa pagitan ng lahi dominado cowards tulungan ang pag-unti ng galing ng sariling bansa. Ngunit ang parehong ay eksepsiyon at nagsalita sa mga pangkalahatang tuntunin.

Ito ay ang outline ng kanyang nakalipas. Alam namin sa kasalukuyan. At ngayon, Ano ang kinabukasan nito?

Sila ay magpatuloy sa Pilipinas bilang isang kolonya Espanyol, at sa ganitong kung kaya, kung anong uri ng isang kawan ng mga ibon? Sila ay maging Espanyol probinsya o walang awtonomya? At sa kumuha sa ito ng estado, kung anong uri ng sakripisyo ay may sa gawin?

Ay ito marahil separated mula sa ina bansa upang manirahan independiyenteng sa mahulog sa mga kamay ng ibang bansa o sa mga kapanig sa iba pang mga karatig kapangyarihan?

Ito ay imposible upang sagutin ang mga katanungan, maaaring ito ay sa lahat ng tumugon sa isang _sí_ at _not_ hangga't nais mong i-dial. Kung may ay isang walang hanggang estado sa kalikasan, marami mas mababa kung ano ang dapat mayroon sa buhay ng mga tao, tao'y endowed na may kadaliang mapakilos at kilusan! Kaya para sagutin ang mga tanong na ito ito ay kinakailangan magtakda ng isang walang hanggan espasyo ng oras, at ayon sa kanya subukan mauna sa hinaharap kaganapan.

_The Solidaridad_, no. 16: Barcelona, 30 Set 1889.

II

Ano ang mangyayari sa Pilipinas sa loob ng isang siglo?

Sila ay magpatuloy bilang isang Espanyol kolonya?

Kung ang tanong na ito ay ginawa ng tatlong siglo ago kapag, at ang kamatayan ng Legazpi, ang mga Malays Pilipino ay nagsimula sa pamamagitan ng maliit na maliit na pagkabigo, at paghahanap ng pamatok ang mabigat na may kapalaluan tinangka iling ito, walang duda ang sagot ay may been madali. Para sa isang masigasig espiritu ng kalayaan ng kanilang inang-bayan, para sa isa Kagayanes matigas ang mga pagpapakain sa mga ito ang espiritu ng Magalats, para sa mga inapo ng mga dakila at Gat Gat Pulintang Salakab ng lalawigan ng Batangas, pagsasarili ay secure, ay lamang ng isang bagay ng pag-unawa at ang isang tinukoy na pagsisikap na tuksuhin. Ngunit para sa na, bigo sa pamamagitan ng malungkot na karanasan, nakita lahat ng dako pagkalito at kaguluhan, kawalang-interes at katangahan sa mas mababang klase, pagkasira ng loob at kawalan ng pagkakaisa sa mataas na, lamang iniharap ng isang tugon at ay, mag-abot ang aming mga kamay sa kadena, mas mababa sa leeg isumite sa pamatok at tanggapin ang hinaharap sa pagbibitiw ng isang pasyente na nakikita ng mga dahon mahulog at foresees isang mahaba Winter, na ang snows glimpsed ang mga dulo ng iyong hukay. Pagkatapos pagkalito ay ang dahilan para sa pag-iisip sa mga kabiguan at kahirapan ng buhay, ito kinuha ng tatlong siglo, hirati sa pamatok leeg nagpunta malayo, at ang bawat bagong henerasyon procreated sa pagitan ng kadena, unting mas mahusay na iniangkop sa bagong estado ng mga bagay-bagay.

Ngayon, "encuéntranse sa Pilipinas sa parehong pangyayari tatlong siglo nakaraan?

Para sa mga Espanyol liberals ang moral ng estado ng mga tao ay patuloy mananatiling pareho, ibig sabihin na ang mga Pilipino ay hindi mga advanced na; para sa mga monks at ang kanilang mga tagasunod, ang mga tao ay natubos na mula sa kanyang kalagayang hindi sibilisado, iyon ay, ay progressed, para sa maraming Pilipino, moralidad, ang espiritu at ugali ay may tinanggihan, at nahulog ang lahat ng mabuting katangian ng isang tao na mapailalim sa pang-aalipin, iyon ay, ay may regressed.

Bukod sa mga natuklasan, hindi malayo mula sa aming layunin, ay dapat naming gumawa ng isang maikling kahilera sitwasyon pampulitika pagkatapos na ito, upang makita kung sa oras na iyon ay hindi maaari, ito ay ngayon, o vice versa.

Descartémonos ng pagiging miyembro na maaaring magkaroon ng mga Pilipino sa Espanya; kunwari para sa isang sandali na may mga manunulat na Espanyol may mga lamang ng dalawang karera base sa galit at hinala; aminin ang lugar hyped sa pamamagitan ng marami na tatlong siglo ng paghahari may kilala na tumubo sa isang sensitibong puso ng Indian buto kondisyon o ng pagkilala ng utang na loob, at makita kung ang mga Espanyol sanhi ay won o hindi lupain sa arkipelago.

Hawak na Bago ang Espanyol flag sa isang kaunti sa Indians sundalo, 300 o 500 sa pinaka, na marami nito pansin sa kalakalan at mga kalat, hindi lamang sa Kapuluan, ngunit din sa karatig bansa, pansin sa matagal na digmaan laban sa Moslems sa South, sa Ingles at Holland, ceaselessly hindi mapakali Japanese, Intsik at ng ilang mga ibang probinsiya o tribu sa loob. Pagkatapos komunikasyon Mexico at Espanya ay mabagal, at bihira masakit, madalas at marahas alitan sa pagitan ng mga kapangyarihan na pinasiyahan ang arkipelago ubos na halos palaging ang Pondo, depende sa ang buhay ng settlers sa isang babasagin barko, dala ang commerce ng Tsina, pagkatapos ay kabilang ang mga rehiyon ay pamugaran sa pirates, kaaway ng lahat ng Espanyol pangalan, sa hukbong-dagat na kung saan ito ay argued, isang Marina bakis-bakis pinapatakbo ng tao sa halos lahat ng oras para sa walang karanasan adventurers kung hindi sa pamamagitan ng mga banyagang mga kaaway, tulad ng nangyari sa Gomez's hukbo Perez Dasmariñas, bigo at pinigil sa pamamagitan ng pag-aalsa ng Intsik rowers na biktima sa kanya, pagsira sa lahat ng kanilang mga plano at pagtatangka. At pa, kahit tulad ng malungkot na pangyayari Espanyol bandila ay gaganapin para sa higit sa tatlong siglo, at ang kanyang kapangyarihan, bagaman ito ay nabawasan, gayunpaman, ay patuloy na mamamahala sa mga destinies grupo sa Pilipinas.

Sa kaibahan sa maliwanag nananaig ginto at rosas, gusto namin sabihin, isang magandang umaga kung ikukumpara sa mga marahas at makasaysayan gabi nakalipas. Ngayon, sila ay may-triple ang mga materyal na pwersang magagamit sa Espanyol dominasyon, ang hukbong-dagat ay medyo pinabuting; doon mas maraming organisasyon sa parehong sibil at ang mga militar, ang pakikipag-usap sa punong-lungsod ang mga mas mabilis at mas ligtas na, ay hindi na may mga kaaway sa ibang bansa, at pagkakaroon nito ay sigurado, at

dominado bansa, tila may mas espiritu, hindi sa hangarin pagsasarili, isang pangalan na ay halos hindi maunawaan para sa kanya, ang lahat ng hinuhulaan, samakatuwid, sa unang tingin, tatlong siglo, hindi bababa sa, dominasyon mapayapa at matiwasay ari-arian.

Subalit sa kabila ng mga pagsasaalang-alang materyal lumitaw na unti-unti moral character hindi nakikita ng ibang, mas may malaking epekto at malakas.

Ang mga mamamayan ng East sa pangkalahatang at Malays sa partikular na mga mga tao ng pakiramdam sa nananaig napakasarap na pagkain damdamin. Kahit ngayon, sa kahit na makipag-ugnayan sa mga bansa Western ideals ay naiiba mula sa kanila, makita namin ang mga Malay Philippine sakripisyo lahat ng bagay, kalayaan, kaginhawaan, welfare, ang pangalan alang-alang ng isang mithiin, o ng isang kawalang-kabuluhan, kung ang relihiyon, at pang-agham o anumang iba pang mga karakter, ngunit sa hindi bababa sa salita saktan ang kanyang pagmamataas kalimutan ang lahat ng mga sakripisyo, trabaho at ginagamit na naka-imbak sa memorya at hindi kailanman forgets na siya-iisip ang kasalanan matatanggap.

Kaya ang Filipino mga tao ay may naiiwan ang tapat para sa higit sa tatlong siglo paghahatid ng kanilang mga kalayaan at pagsasarili, at dazzled sa pamamagitan ng pag-asa ng langit ipinangako, at flattered sa pamamagitan ng ang pagkakaibigan nila ibinigay ng isang mahusay na marangal at mga tao tulad ng Espanyol, at din sasaklaw sa kataasan ng uri ng mga armas at na sila ay hindi alam mahiyain espiritu ay isang mahiwaga character, o dahil gamit ang kanilang bituka feuds, ang dayuhang mananalakay iharap bilang ang reperi at pagkatapos ng ilang at mangibabaw iba pang at ipadala sa kanyang kapangyarihan.

Kapag sa loob ng mga Espanyol dominasyon, salamat sa malakas na mantúvose Pag-akyat ng mga tao, sa kanilang mga kaaway sa bawat isa at sa sensitive pagmamataas ng mga Indian ay hindi hanggang pagkatapos nasaktan. At ang mga tao ay tumingin sa kanilang mga nationals sa grado Senior hukbo, sa kanyang _maeses ng campo_ labanan sa tabi ng bayani ng Espanya, na ibahagi ang kanilang mataas na karangalan, hindi kailanman, ni escatimándoseles parangal, papuri o walang pagsasaalang-alang, at pagkatapos ay ang katapatan at katapatan sa Espanya, pag-ibig sa bayan ginawa ng Indian colonists at sa Pangkalahatang, tulad ng sa Ingles imbasyon, ay hindi pa imbento pa at nakasisira nakakatawa mga pangalan na mula noong dishonoring wanted mas mahirap at matrabaho opisina ng ulo Indians, pagkatapos ito ay naging sunod sa moda kahit insults at pinsala sa print, sa mga pahayagan, mga libro o permiso_ superior _with

_with eclesiástica_ lisensiya ng kapangyarihan, ang mga tao na bayad, fought at malaglag ang kanilang dugo para sa pangalan ng Espanya, o nakita bilang marangal o bilang pagpapatawa saktan ang damdamin ng isang buong lahi, sa sino ay ipinagbabawal mula sa Kinokopya o ipagtanggol, at kung may mga relihiyon hypochondriacs, na ang paglilibang ng kanilang cloisters had dared sumulat ng laban sa kanya, bilang Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin at Heswita Velarde, ang kanilang nakakasakit hatiran hindi kailanman ang dumating sa liwanag, at mas mababa ay ibinigay mitres o kung bakit sila rose sa mataas dignities. Katotohanan ay Hindi rin ay ang mga Indians ng panahon na iyon bilang na kami ngayon: 3 siglo ng barbarismo at oskurantismo, ay isang bagay na impluwensiya sa amin, ang pinaka maganda sa kagagawan ng mga kamay ng ilang manggagawa sa wakas ay maaaring maging isang karikatura.

Ang monks pagkatapos, kinakapos upang maitaguyod ang kanilang pangingibabaw sa village approached sa kanya at maging dahilan sa kanya laban sa mga commissioners ay oppressors. Of course, ang mga tao na nakakita sa kanila na may karagdagang edukasyon at isang tiyak na prestihiyo, confidence reposed sa kanila, sumusunod ang kanyang payo at narinig kahit na sa pinaka-mapait na araw. Kung sila ay wrote, wrote advocating para sa mga karapatan ng Indians at ay maabot ang sigaw ng kanyang paghihirap sa malayo hakbang ng trono. At hindi iilan sa pagitan ng walang kaugnayan sa relihiyon at relihiyon undertook militar mapanganib journeys, bilang país_ _diputados, na kasama ng mahigpit _residencias_ na kung saan ay pagkatapos ay sa mata ng mga kapuluan sa lahat rulers, mula sa kapitan-general sa huling, hindi consoled maliit at calmed panagano ang nasaktan, nagbibigay-kasiyahan, bagaman hindi ay higit sa form, upang ang lahat ng mga hindi nasisiyahan.

Ang lahat ng ito ay nawala. Ang mapanukso tawa, ipasok ang bilang nakamamatay na lason sa puso ng mga Indian na magbayad at magdusa, at samakatuwid ay mas barricaded pinaka nakakagalit ay ang mga: ang lumang enmities sa pagitan ng iba't-ibang probinsya ay tinanggal na ng isang napaka-sugat, ang hiya sa pangkalahatan ay inferred sa isang buong lahi. Ang mga tao ay wala ng tiwala sa mga taong minsan ay kanilang protectors, ngayon ang kanilang mga exploiters at executioners. Ang masks ay may bagsak. Siya ay nakita na ang pag-ibig at na awa ng nakaraang resembled ang pagmamahal ng isang ina na hindi nakatira sa ibang dako, palaging pinaghahanap mga bata na walang hanggan, walang hanggan

kahinaan ng bata, upang pumunta sa kanilang tumanggap ng bayad at feed nito baybayin, ay may nakita na hindi lamang nourishes sa kanya upang maging, ngunit ito lason sa tot paglago nito, at na ang kanyang slightest pagtutol Siya ay naging galit na galit! Ang dating yari sa katarungan, Santa _residencia_ ay nawala sa kaguluhan ay nagsisimula

kamalayan, pagmamahal ang ipinapakita sa pamamagitan ng isang gobernador heneral bilang La Torre, nagiging isang krimen sa pamahalaan ng kanyang kahalili, at iyan ay sapat na upang ang mga mamamayan mawalan ng kanilang kalayaan at sa kanilang mga tahanan, kung ito ay obeyed isang punong utos, tulad ng sa kamakailan-lamang na isyu ng entry ng corpses sa simbahan, ay sapat na upang matapos ang masunurin paksa na harassed at persecuted sa pamamagitan ng lahat ng posibleng paraan, ang mga tungkulin, mga buwis sa mga kontribusyon at bumangon, ngunit kung bakit mga karapatan, mga pribilehiyo at kalayaan dagdagan o matiyak ang ilang mga umiiral na rehimen ng patuloy na takot at pagkabalisa lawlaw bigyan ng lakas at pag-asa, rehimen ay mas masahol pa kaysa sa isang kaguluhan, tulad ng takot lumilikha ng imahinasyon ay madalas na higit na mataas na mga katotohanan, ang bansa ay mahirap, ang pinansiyal na krisis na ang krus ay malaki, at ang lahat ng ang mundo puntos daliri sa mga tao na maging sanhi ng kasamaan, at Subalit walang isa dares na ilagay ang kanyang mga kamay sa kanila!

Ito ay tunay na bilang isang drop ng pang-alo sa kaya marami kapaitan ay umalis na ang Penal Code, ngunit kung ano ang mabuti ay ang lahat ng mga code sa mundo, kung lihim na mga ulat, mahalaga para sa mga bagay, sa pamamagitan ng di-kilala traitors kakaiba, ay banished nang walang paglilitis, nang walang bayad, sa anumang mga matapat na kapit-bahay? Ano ang kodigo penal, kung ano ang buhay kung wala ka sa bahay ng seguridad, pananampalataya sa katarungan at confidence sa katahimikan ng budhi? Ano ang mabuting ay ang lahat na plantsa ng mga pangalan, lahat na kumpol ng mga bagay, kung ang duwag bigay-sala ng isang buhong ay sa impluwensiya ng mahiyain tainga kagaling autokrata, sa halip na ang lahat ng mga cries para sa katarungan?

Kung ito ng estado ng affairs patuloy, kung ano ang magiging ng Pilipinas sa loob ng isang siglo?

Ang baterya ay ikinarga unti-unti, at kung ang karunungan ng Pamahalaan ay hindi makatakas sa mga reklamo na pokus, marahil ng isang araw sa isang spark. Ito ay oras na ito makipag-usap tungkol sa tagumpay maaaring kaya minamalas conflict: ito ay depende sa kapalaran ng mga mga armas at ang isang milyong mga pangyayari na ang tao ay hindi maaaring hulaan; Subalit kahit na ang lahat ng mga benepisyo ay bahagi ng Gobyerno at kaya ang mga pagkakataon ng tagumpay ay isang tagumpay Pirro, at ang gobyerno ay dapat na gusto.

Kung doon sa mga direktang ang destinies ng Pilipinas ay nanatili pa rin, at sa halip ng gusto sa likod turn reporma sa estado ng bansa, gamitin ang dagdag na hardships at repressions laban sa mga klase na magdusa at sa tingin, ay upang makuha ang mga ito sa pagbabaka-sakali at ilagay sa taya ang miseries ng

isang hindi mapakali buhay, puno ng paghihirap at kapaitan sa pamamagitan ng pag-asa upang makakuha ng isang bagay na hindi sigurado. Ano ang nawala sa pakikibaka? Halos wala: ang buhay ng maraming mga klase inaalok malaking kawalang-kasiyahan pang-akit sa Mas gusto ito sa isang maluwalhati kamatayan. Ito ay maaaring maging mahusay tempted magpakamatay, ngunit kung ano pagkatapos? Ay hindi isang stream ng dugo ay sa pagitan ng winners at losers, at maaaring sila ay hindi sa oras at may karanasan sa pantay-pantay sa lakas, at sila ay higit na mataas sa numero, sa kanilang rulers? Sino sabi ni no? Lahat ng mga maliliit na insurrections ay sa Pilipinas ay ang gawain ng ilang fanatics o masama ang loob militar upang makamit ang layunin nito ay upang dayain at linlangin o samantalahin ang pagpapasupil ng kanilang inferiors. Kaya lahat sila nahulog. Walang mga popular na insureksyon ay karakter o itinatag sa isang pangangailangan para sa isang buong lahi, o fought para sa mga pribilehiyo ng

sangkatauhan, o ang hustisya, ni maaari silang kaliwa indelible alaala ang mga tao, sa laban, nakakakita na siya ay nalinlang, pagpapatayo sugat, applauded ang pagbagsak ng mga nabalisa ang kanilang kapayapaan! Ngunit ano ang tungkol sa kung ang kilusan ay mula sa parehong village at kinikilala dahil kanilang miseries?

Kaya, kung bait at karunungan ng aming mga ministro reporma ay hindi gumagana at tinutukoy interprete sa pagitan ng mga rulers ng Overseas, at tapat sa mga tagasunod na ang madalas crises mga patakaran na tinatawag na sa sa paglalaro tulad ng isang mainam na posisyon: kung sa reklamo at pangangailangan ng mga tao Filipino may sa sagot sa walang hanggan _no lugar_ ha iminungkahing sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral na mahanap ang kanilang mga buhay sa huli ng paksa, kung sila ay upang huwag pansinin ang mga habol lamang para sa kahulugan ang mga ito bilang mapangwasak tendencies, pagtangging sumampalataya sa kanilang bansa representasyon sa Parlyamento at ang tinig na makapangyarihan sa umyak laban lahat ng mga uri ng pang-aabuso, sa kabila ng magkabuhul-buhol ng mga batas at kung ito ay magpatuloy, sa maikling salita, na may mga kapaki-pakinabang na resulta ng sistema maglipat ng pagkamay-ari ay ang mga Indians, spurring kanyang _apático_ espiritu sa pamamagitan ng insults at hindi pagtanaw ng utang na loob, maaari naming matiyak sa loob ng ilang taon, ang kasalukuyang kalagayan ay ibang-iba, ngunit hindi maaaring hindi. Ngayon diyan ay isang kadahilanan na ay hindi bago, ay awakened sa espiritu ng bansa, at isa at isa ang pagbaba sa kasamaang-palad ay nagkakaisa sa lahat ng Islanders. Ito ay may isang malaking tinuturuang klase sa loob at sa labas ng arkipelago, at mas mataas na klase nilikha unting at marami pa sa pamamagitan ng mga katangahan ng ilang mga rulers, pilitin naninirahan sa mandayuhan, upang ilarawan ibang bansa, at pinananatili

at control thanks sa paggulo at dahon sa pamamagitan ng sistema inilunsad. Ito klase, na ang bilang ay unti-unti ang pagtaas, ay sa komunikasyon pabagu-bago ang magpahinga ng ang isla, at kung sa araw na ito ay hindi higit sa utak ng bansa sa loob ng ilang taon ang iyong buong sistema ay kinakabahan at mahayag ang kanilang pag-iral sa lahat ng kanyang mga aksyon.

Ngayon, sa address na ang paraan ng pag-unlad ng isang tao, patakaran ay may ilang mga paraan: ang brutalization ng Misa mestiso gumon sa Pamahalaan, at sa maharlika Netherlands colonies, o teokratiko bilang sa Pilipinas; pagpapahirap ng bansa, ang unti-unting pagkasira ng kanyang mga naninirahan, at pagtataguyod ng mga awayan sa pagitan ng ilang mga karera at iba pa.

Ang brutalization ng Malay Pilipino pinatunayan imposible. Sa kabila ng itim mameste ng friars, sa na ang mga kamay _enseñanza_ ng mga kabataan na taon at taon nawala nang abang-aba sa _aulas_, pagod out doon, pagod at naiinis sa mga libro, sa kahit na censorship, na nagnanais na isara ang lahat ng mga paraan pag-unlad, kahit na ang lahat ng mga pulpito, confessionals, mga libro, novenas na galit itanim sa isip ng lahat ng kaalaman hindi lamang pang-agham ngunit sa parehong ng Castilian wika, sa kahit na ang buong sistema inimuntar, perfected at ensayado sa pamamagitan ng mga taong nais tenasidad Isla ng hold ng isang banal na kamangmangan, manunulat, thinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, mga doktor, artista, abogado, atbp. Ang larawang-guhit ay pinahaba, at pag-uusig ay nagdusa ng fuels. Hindi, ang banal na apoy ng pag-iisip ay saganang-sagana sa mga tao Filipino, at isang paraan o sa iba pang dapat lumiwanag at gumawa ng kanilang mga sarili na kilala. Hindi ka makakapag-pipi down ang mga naninirahan Pilipinas!

Maaari kahirapan itigil ang pag-unlad nito?

Siguro, ngunit ito ay isang napaka-mapanganib. Karanasan Ipinapakita ng lahat ng dako, at lalo na sa Pilipinas, na pag-aaral ng mas mayaman na laging mas friendly at katahimikan ayos, dahil sila ay medyo mas mahusay na pamumuhay at maaaring mawalan ng sa sibil alitan. Pinagsasama-yaman refinement, espiritu ng pag-iimbak, habang kahirapan binibigyang inspirasyon ng mga ideya malakas ang loob, ay nagnanais na baguhin ang mga bagay-bagay, maliit na attachment sa buhay, atbp Machiavelli ito ay mapanganib na ito ay nangangahulugan ng mga humahawak ng isang mga tao, ang mga tala na ang welfare pagkawala iaangat mas magaling ang memorya kaaway na ang pagkawala ng buhay. Bukod dito, kapag yaman at

kasagsagan ay mas malungkot, may mga mas kaunting mga reklamo, at sa Gobyerno richest, ay din ng mas maraming mga mapagkukunan upang sang-ayunan ang kanilang sarili. Sa baguhin sa isang mahinang bansa kung ano ang mangyayari sa bahay kung saan ay walang harina, at mabuti kung ano ang iyong sirviría sa ina bansa at isang kawan ng mga ibon maputla mahirap?

Hindi rin maaari sirain ang unti-unti ang mga naninirahan. Karera Pilipinas, tulad ng lahat ng Malaysian, hindi sumakabilang-buhay sa ibang bansa at karera sa Australya, ang Polinesyan at ang Indian karera ng Bagong Kontinente. Sa kabila ng maraming mga digmaan na ang mga Pilipino ay may ay upang magbigay-lakas, sa kabila ng epidemics na bisitahin ang Pana-panahon, ang bilang ay triple, bilang ang Malays Java at ang Moluccas. Ang Filipino at tumatanggap ng buhay at kabihasnan nagpapanatili ng contact sa lahat ng mga tao at ang kapaligiran lahat ng climates. Espiritu, ito lason na extinguishes sa natives ng isla sa Pasipiko, ay walang kapangyarihan sa Pilipinas; sa laban, tila na ang mga Pilipino ay naging mas matino, na ihambing ang kasalukuyang estado na kung saan pintura namin ang sinaunang historians. Maliit na digmaan sa ang mga naninirahan sa South ubusin lamang ang mga sundalo, mga tao na sa pamamagitan ng kanyang katapatan sa ang mga Espanyol bandila, malayo mula sa pagiging isang panganib, ay tiyak ang isa sa nito strongest props.

Ay ng pagtataguyod ng mga enmities ng probinsya sa kanilang sarili.

Ito ay posible bago, kapag ang mga komunikasyon sa mga islands iba naman ay mahirap at bihira, kapag may mga hindi fumes, walang telegraphs, kapag ang regiments ay binuo sa pamamagitan ng iba't-ibang probinsya, flattered tungkol sa pagbibigay ng mga pribilehiyo at mga parangal, at gaganapin sa ibang laban ang strongest. Ngunit ngayon na Naglaho pribilehiyo sa espiritu ng kawalan ng tiwala na may ipinagsama ang regiments, kung saan ang mga tao ay mabigla sa iba pang mga islands, kurso sa komunikasyon at pagpapalitan ng views palakihin, at nakakakita ng lahat ng parehong panganib threatened o napinsala sa isang parehong damdamin, makipagkamay at dumating nang sama-sama. Tama na ang unyon ay hindi gayon pa man lubos na kumpleto, ngunit sa kanyang mga panukala ay naglalayong _buen_ pamahalaan, ang deportations, ang pang-aapi na ang mga kapitbahay ang kanilang mga tao magdusa, ang kadaliang mapakilos ng mga kawani, kakulangan ng paaralan, kung saan gumagawa ang mga kabataan ng lahat ng islands matugunan at makakuha na malaman. Paglalakbay sa Europa tulong hindi din ng kaunti upang mapahusay ang mga relasyon, bilang dayuhan selyo ng kanilang mga makabayan damdamin ng mga naninirahan sa probinsya

malayo mula sa mga sailors sa richest mga mangangalakal, at palabas ng modernong kalayaan at ang memorya ng misfortunes tahanan, sila ay tumanggap at ay tinatawag na kapatid na lalaki.

Sa kabuuan, at pagkatapos, ang pagsulong at pag-unlad moral ng Pilipinas tiyak na mangyayari, ito ay nakamamatay.

Islands ay hindi maaaring magpatuloy sa estado kung saan sila ay, nang walang naghahanap ng ng ina mas kalayaan. _Mutatis, Mutandis_. Ang isang bagong tao bagong panlipunang kalagayan.

Kulang upang magpatuloy sa kanyang kamusmusan, ay napakita sa inilaan bata pabalik sa kanyang ina at tumakas pansiwang ang lumang rags na apreta epekto.

Ang Pilipinas, para sa, o patuloy na Espanyol ng tuntunin, ngunit mas karapatan at mas kalayaan, o ay ipinahayag independiyenteng pagkatapos dumudugo at duguan sa inang-bayan.

Since walang dapat gusto o inaasahan na ito kapus-palad break, na nais masama para sa lahat at lamang ang huling argument sa mas kawalan ng ulirat walang pag-asa, ay dapat naming suriin ang mga paraan sa pamamagitan ng kung saan ang evolution Pacific Islands ay mananatiling napapailalim sa bandila ng Espanya walang mga karapatan at mga interes at dangal ng isa at ang iba pang mga sila ay sa hindi bababa sa nasaktan.

_The Solaridad_, no. 18: Barcelona, 31 Oktubre 1889.

III.

Ang Pilipinas, kung ang mga ito ay upang magpatuloy sa ilalim ng kapangyarihan ng Espanya ay may nakasalalay sa pagiging lamang ng isang pulitikal na kamalayan, na kung saan kinakailangan ang pag-unlad ng kanyang kasaysayan at mga pangangailangan ng kanyang mga naninirahan. Ito ay nagpakita sa mga nakaraang artikulo.

pagbabagong-anyo na ito, din sinabi, ay dapat na marahas at nakamamatay, kung bahagi ng mga lugar ng mga tao, payapa at matagumpay na mga resulta, kung ng ang itaas na klase.

Ang ilang mga lider ay may guessed ang katotohanan, at dinala ang kanyang pagkamakabayan, sinusubukan na magdala ng reporma na kailangan namin upang maiwasan ang mga kaganapan. Upang petsa, gayunman ilang ay issue, may ginawa magkakahalo resulta, ang parehong gobyerno at para sa mga bansa, na nanggagaling sa pinsala sa ilang mga kaso sa mga lamang ipinangako ng masaya tagumpay. At na ay binuo sa lupa nang walang pare-pareho.

Sinabi namin, at ulitin ito muli at ulitin ito magpakailanman: lahat reporma na hinahangad _paliativo_ ay hindi lamang walang silbi ngunit kahit na mapanganib na, kapag ang Pamahalaan ay kabaligtaran evils na lutas _radicalmente_. At kung namin hindi namin ay kumbinsido ng katapatan at katapatan ng ilang mga rulers, ay tempted na sabihin na ang lahat ng mga reporma ay lamang bahagyang poultices at ointments mula sa isang doktor, hindi alam gamutin ang kanser, o hindi matapang na gawin ang pag-aalis, Nais kaya distracting ang paghihirap ng maysakit o pahupain ang kahinaan ng loob ng mahiyain at walang pinag-aralan.

Lahat ng aming mga ministro masaganang reporma ay, ay, ay at ay magandang ... kung natupad.

Kapag sa tingin namin ng mga ito, kami ay reminded ng mga pamamaraan Pandiyeta Sancho Panza sa _Ínsula Barataria_. Siya SA bago ng isang mabuti served masagana table "na puno ng prutas at isang magaling na iba't-ibang uri ng pinggan ng iba't-ibang pagkain, "ngunit sa pagitan ng bibig ng malungkot at bawat ang iyong pamalo plato interposed ang doktor Pedro Rezia, sinasabi _absit! _ at tinanggal na ang ulam, Aalis Sancho hungrier kaysa kailanman. Ito ay totoo na ang mga despotiko Pedro Rezia ibinigay na dahilan na tila lamang Cervantes na wrote para sa Overseas Pamahalaan: - "Hindi Pa pagkain, Mr Gobernador, ngunit bilang ay karaniwang kaugalian at sa iba pang mga isla kung saan may mga gobernador, "atbp - sa paghahanap ng mga kahirapang lahat ng pinggan, isa para sa mainit, mahalumigmig iba, atbp lahat ng aming Pedros Rezia lampas na ito at gilid ng dagat. Sumpain mabuti Sancho ginawa sa kanya sa sining ng chef!

Sa kaso ng ating bansa, Dobbs Ferry, ang papel ng pinggan; Pilipinas Sancho, at ang arbularyo's maglaro ng isang pulutong ng mga tao na interesado sa pagiging baliw sa

pinggan, upang samantalahin ng mga ito marahil.

Ito ay lumiliko out na pacienzudo Sancho, o sa Pilipinas, misses kanyang kalayaan, pagtangging sumampalataya ang lahat ng mga pamahalaan, at rebelled, laban sa kanilang mga di-umano'y manggagamot.

Katulad nito, habang ang Pilipinas ay walang mga libreng pindutin, ay walang tinig sa parehong Bahay na gumawa na kilala sa gobyerno at sa mga bansa kung o hindi sapat na natupad ang kanilang mga decrees, kung gagamitin o hindi ang bansa, lahat ng mga kasanayan ng mga Dayuhang Ministro ay magkakaroon ng pagkakataon na pinggan mula sa isla ng Barataria.

Ang mga ministro, kaya gustong kanyang reporma na reporma, dapat magsimula sa pamamagitan ng deklarasyon ng isang libreng pindutin sa Pilipinas, at paglikha ng Filipino delegado.

Ang libreng pindutin sa Pilipinas dahil sa nakaraang mga reklamo madalang dumating sa Peninsula, napaka bihira, at kung sila kaya tago kaya mahiwaga, na pahayagan ay hindi maglakas-loob na maglaro sa kanila, at kapag play mo, huli na at hindi maganda kopyahin.

Ang isang pamahalaan na nangangasiwa sa isang _desde país_ malayo, ay ang pinaka- kailangan na magkaroon ng isang libreng pindutin, mas kaya kaysa sa Gobyerno sa Metropolis, kung gusto mong gawin tuwid at mahinhin. Ang Pamahalaan na ang país_ _gobierna maaari pa ring magawa nang wala ang pindutin (kung ay maaari na ito), dahil ito ay sa mga field na, dahil ito ay may mata at tainga, at tumingin dahil malapit na kung ano ang akma at nangangasiwa. Subalit sa Gobyerno _gobierna mula lejos_ absolutely mga pangangailangan sa katotohanan at mga katotohanan na dumating sa kanyang pansin sa pamamagitan ng lahat ng posibleng paraan upang

WITHIN ONE HUNDRED YEARS

[POLITICO-SOCIAL STUDIES]

_logging In quincenario_ "_The Solidaridad_" (January 1889-1890._ _Septiembre) Reprinted for the first vez._ _Ahora

Year 1905.

PHILIPPINES

WITHIN ONE HUNDRED YEARS

I

Following our usual front address the most arduous and sensitive issues that relate to the Philippines, no matter all the consequences that our frankly we could create, We in this article to discuss its future.

To read in the destiny of nations, we must open the book his past. Last of the Philippines is reduced roughly to what follows:

Incorporated only to the Spanish Crown had to argue with blood and their children's efforts and ambitions wars conquering the Spanish people, and in these struggles, in this crisis terrible people when change of government, laws, usages, customs, religion and belief, the Philippines became depopulated, impoverished and backward, caught in their metamorphosis without confidence and in the past, without faith even in their present and no flattering hope in the coming days. The old gentlemen, had only tried to conquer the fear and submission of its subjects, they are accustomed to servitude, fell as dry leaves of a tree, and the people who do not have neither love nor knew what was freedom, love easily changed, hoping that After winning something on the news.

Then began a new era for the Filipinos. They lost little by some ancient traditions, memories, forgot his writing, their songs, their poems, their laws to memorize other doctrines, they did not understand, another morality, another aesthetics, different of his race inspired by weather and by the way they feel. Then rebajóse, deteriorate before their very eyes, was ashamed of what was his and national, to admire and praise whatever was strange and incomprehensible abatióse and bowed his spirit.

And thus passed years and centuries passed. The bubbles religious rites speaking to the eyes, songs, lights, dressed images gold, a cult in a mysterious language, stories, miracles, and the sermons were hypnotizing the spirit, in and of superstitious yes, the country, but without getting completely destroyed, in spite of deployed throughout the system after and followed with relentless tenacity.

Arriving at this state the moral debasement of the people, the discouragement, disgust himself, was to give then the last knockout, to reduce to nothing many wills and many sleepy brain, to make individuals a kind of arms, brutes, beasts of burden and a humanity without brain and no heart. Then he said to himself, God, what is admitted intended to be insulting to the race, we tried to deny all virtue, all human quality, and even writers and priests who were carrying the later hit, they wanted to deny to the children of the country not only capacity for virtue, but also to the provision for vice.

So that they thought it would be precisely his death was salvation. Dying is returning to health thanks to some strong medicines.

So much suffering were filled with insults, and lethargic spirit returned to life. The sensitivity, excellent quality for Indian, was smitten, and if patience had to suffer and die at the foot of a foreign flag, no one had it when, by whom died, His sacrifice paid him with insults and inanities. Then examinóse little by little, and met his misfortune. Those who did not expect this result which despotic masters, regarded as an insult any complaint, any protest, and castigóse with death, tratóse of drown in blood every cry of pain, and after faults are faults committed.

The spirit of the people refused to be intimidated by this, and although had awakened in a few hearts, the flame, however, safe and voracious spread, thanks to the abuse and to the clumsy handling to turn off certain kinds of noble and generous sentiments. So when a flame taketh a dress, fear and embarrassment are to spread more and more, and each stroke, each stroke is a breath of bellows that is going to stir.

Undoubtedly, during this period or missed generous noble spirits among the dominant race to try to fight for

the dictates of justice and humanity, no mean nature and between race dominated cowards assist the debasement of own country. But both were exceptions and spoke in general terms.

This was the outline of his past. We know the present. And now What is its future?

Will they continue the Philippines as a Spanish colony, and in this if so, what kind of colony? Will they become Spanish provinces or without autonomy? And to get to this state, what kind of sacrifices will have to do?

Is it perhaps separated from the mother country to live independent to fall into the hands of other nations or to ally with other neighboring powers?

It is impossible to answer these questions, it can be to all respond with a _sí_ and _not_ as long as you want to dial. If there is an eternal state in nature, much less what should have on the lives of the people, beings endowed with mobility and movement! So to answer these questions it is necessary set a limitless space of time, and according to him try anticipate future events.

_The Solidaridad_, no. 16: Barcelona, September 30, 1889.

II

What will happen to the Philippines within a century?

Will they continue as a Spanish colony?

If this question had been made three centuries ago when, at the death of Legazpi, the Malays Filipinos began little by little to disappointment, and finding the yoke heavy vainly attempted shake it, no doubt the response would have been easy. For an enthusiastic spirit of the freedom of their homeland, for one Kagayanes indomitable those feeding on it the spirit of the Magalats, for the descendants of the heroic and Gat Gat Pulintang

Salakab of the province of Batangas, independence was secure, was only a matter of understanding and a determined effort to tempt. But for that, disappointed by dint of sad experiences, seen everywhere confusion and disorder, apathy and stupidity in the lower classes, discouragement and disunity in the high, only presented a response and was, stretch out our hands to the chains, lower neck to submit to the yoke and accept the future with resignation of a patient who sees the leaves fall and foresees a long Winter, whose snows glimpsed the edges of your pit. Then the confusion was the reason for the pessimism, it took three centuries, accustomed to the yoke neck went away, and each new generation procreated between the chains, increasingly better adapted to the new state of things.

Now, "encuéntranse the Philippines in the same circumstances three centuries ago?

Spanish For liberals the moral state of the people continues remain the same, ie that the Filipinos have not advanced; for the monks and their followers, the people have been redeemed from his savagery, that is, has progressed, for many Filipinos, morality, the spirit and morals have declined, and fell all good qualities of a people that falls into slavery, that is, has regressed.

Putting aside those findings, not away from our objective, we shall make a brief parallel political situation then with this, to see if at that time has not possible, it is now, or vice versa.

Descartémonos of membership which may have the Filipinos to Spain; suppose for a moment with that among Spanish writers there are only two races based on hatred and suspicion; admit the premises hyped by many that three centuries of domination have known to germinate in a sensitive heart of the Indian seed condition or of gratitude, and see if the Spanish cause has won or not land in the archipelago.

Before holding the Spanish flag with a handful of Indians soldiers, three hundred or five hundred at the most, many of which engaged in trade and were scattered, not only in the Archipelago, but also in neighboring nations, engaged in long wars against the Moslems in the South, the English and Holland, ceaselessly restless Japanese, Chinese and a few

another province or tribe in the interior. Then communications Mexico and Spain were slow, rare and painful, frequent and violent strife between the powers that ruled the Archipelago exhausted almost always the Fund, depending on the life of settlers in a fragile ship, carrying the commerce of China, then the seas those regions were infested with pirates, enemies of all Spanish name, with the navy with which it is argued, a marina improvised manned most of the time for inexperienced adventurers if not by foreign enemies, as happened with Gomez's army Perez Dasmariñas, frustrated and detained by the revolt of the Chinese rowers who murdered him, destroying all their plans and attempts. And yet, in spite of such sad circumstances Spanish flag has been held for more than three centuries, and its power, although it has been reduced, however, continues to govern the destinies group in the Philippines.

In contrast to the apparent prevailing gold and pink, we would say, a beautiful morning compared to the stormy and eventful night past. Now, they have tripled the material forces available to Spanish domination, the navy has been relatively improved; there more organization in both the civil and the military, the communication with the metropolis are faster and safer, is not already has enemies abroad, and its possession is assured, and dominated country, apparently has less spirit, not aspire to independence, a name that is almost incomprehensible for him, all predicts, therefore, at first sight, three centuries, at least, domination peaceful and tranquil estate.

But beyond these material considerations loom moral character invisible other, more far-reaching and powerful.

The peoples of the East in general and Malays in particular are people of sensibility in the predominant delicacy feelings. Even today, in spite of contact with the nations Western ideals are different from theirs, we see the Malay Philippine sacrifice everything, freedom, comfort, welfare, name sake of an aspiration, or a vanity, whether religious, and scientific or any other character, but at the least word hurt his pride forget all the sacrifices, work used and stored in memory and never forgets that he thought the offense receive.

Thus the Filipino people have remained loyal for over three centuries

delivering their freedom and independence, and dazzled by the hope of heaven promised, and flattered by the friendship they provided a great and noble people such as Spanish, and also bound by the superiority of weapons and that they were unaware timid spirits had a mysterious character, or because using their intestine feuds, the foreign invader presented as the umpire and then some and dominate other and submit to his power.

Once inside the Spanish domination, thanks to the strong mantúvose Accession of the people, to their enemies to each other and to the sensitive pride of the Indian was not until then hurt. And the people looked to their nationals in grades senior army, to his _maeses of campo_ fight alongside the heroes of Spain, to share their laurels, no never, nor escatimándoseles honors, honors or no consideration, then the fidelity and loyalty to Spain, love the Fatherland made of Indian colonists and to General, as in the English invasion, had not yet been invented yet derogatory and ridiculous names that have since dishonoring wanted more cumbersome and laborious offices of the heads Indians, then it had become fashionable even insults and injuries in print, in newspapers, books or permiso_ superior _with _with eclesiástica_ license authority, the people who paid, fought and shed their blood for the name of Spain, or seen as noble or as wit offend a whole race, to who is prohibited from replicating or defend, and if there were religious hypochondriacs, that the leisure of their cloisters had dared to write against him, as the Augustinian Gaspar de San Agustin and Jesuit Velarde, their offensive deliveries do not ever came to light, and less were given mitres or why they rose to high dignities. Truth is Nor were the Indians of that time as we are now: three centuries of barbarism and obscurantism, something had to influence upon us, the most beautiful handiwork in the hands of some workers can finally become a caricature.

The monks then, wanting to establish their dominance in the village approached him and cause him against the commissioners were oppressors. Of course, the people who saw them with further education and a certain prestige, confidence reposed in them, following his advice and heard even in the most bitter days. If they wrote, wrote advocating for the rights of the Indians and did reach the cry of his misery to the distant steps of the Throne. And not a few between secular and religious military undertook perilous journeys, as the país_ _diputados, which together with the strict _residencias_

which were then in the eyes of the Archipelago to all rulers, from the captain-general to the last, consoled not little and calmed the mood hurt, satisfying, although not was more than form, to all the discontented.

All this has disappeared. The mocking laughter, enter as deadly poison in the heart of the Indian who pay and suffer, and are therefore more barricaded most offensive are: the old enmities between different provinces have deleted a very sore, the shame generally inferred to an entire race. The people no longer have confidence in those who were once their protectors, today their exploiters and executioners. The masks have fallen. He has seen that love and that piety of the past resembled the affection of a mother who unable to live elsewhere, always wanted children eternal, eternal weakness of the child, to go to receive their pay and feed its coast, has seen that not only nourishes him to grow, but it poisons to thwart its growth, and that his slightest protest She becomes furious! The former mock justice, santa _residencia_ has disappeared in the chaos begins consciousness, the affection shown by a governor general as La Torre, becomes a crime in the government of his successor, and that's enough so that citizens lose their freedom and their homes, if it is obeyed a chief command, as in the recent issue of entry of corpses in churches, is sufficient so that after the obedient subjects to be harassed and persecuted by all possible means, the duties, taxes and contributions rise, but why rights, privileges and freedoms increase or ensure the few existing regime of continual terror and anxiety stirred encouragement, regime was worse than a riot, as fears imagination creates are often superior to those of reality, the country is poor, the financial crisis that crosses is great, and all the world points fingers at people who cause evil, and But no one dares to put his hands on them!

It is true that as a drop of balm to so much bitterness has left the Penal Code, but what good are all the codes in the world, if confidential reports, for trivial matters, by anonymous traitors strange, is banished without trial, without charge, to any honest neighbor? What is the Penal Code, what is the life if you do not have home security, faith in justice and confidence in the tranquility of conscience? What good is all that scaffolding of names, all that cluster of items, if the cowardly accusation of a traitor has to influence the timid ears supreme autocrat, rather than all the cries for justice?

If this state of affairs continues, what will become of the Philippines within a century?

The batteries are loaded gradually, and if the wisdom of Government does not escape to the complaints that focus, maybe a days a spark. It is time this talk about the success could be so unfortunate conflict: it depends on the fate of the weapons and a million circumstances that man can not foresee; But even if all benefits were part of the Government and therefore the chances of victory would be a victory Pirro, and a government should not be desired.

If those who direct the destinies of the Philippines will persist, and instead of want to turn back reforms to the state of the country, use extra hardships and repressions against the classes that suffer and think, will to get them to venture and put at stake the miseries of a restless life, full of hardship and bitterness by hope to get something uncertain. What is lost in the struggle? Almost nothing: the life of the many classes offered great discontent inducement to prefer it to a glorious death. It may well be tempted suicide, but what then? Is not a stream of blood would between winners and losers, and they could not with time and with experience equal in strength, and they are superior in number, to their rulers? Who says no? All small insurrections has been in the Philippines were the work of a few fanatics or disgruntled military to achieve its aims were to mislead and deceive or take advantage of the subordination of their inferiors. So they all fell. No popular insurrection had character or founded on a need for an entire race, or fought for the privileges of the humanity, nor justice, neither can they left indelible memories the people, on the contrary, seeing that he had been deceived, drying wounds, applauded the downfall of those who disturbed their peace! But what about if the movement comes from the same village and recognized because their miseries?

So, if prudence and wisdom of our ministers reforms are not working and determined interpreters between the rulers of Overseas, and faithful followers in which the frequent crises policies called upon to play such a delicate position: if to the complaints and needs of the Filipino people have to answer to the eternal _no lugar_ ha suggested by the classes who find their life in the late of subjects, if they are to ignore the just claims for interpret them as subversive tendencies, denying the country their

representation in Parliament and the authoritative voice to cry out against all kinds of abuse, beyond the tangle of laws and if it has continue, in short, with fruitful results system will alienate the Indians, spurring his _apático_ spirit through insults and ingratitude, we can ensure within a few years, the current state of affairs will be completely changed, but inevitably. Today there is a factor that had not before, has awakened the spirit of the nation, and one and one lowering unfortunately have united to all Islanders. It has a large educated class inside and outside the archipelago, and increased class created increasingly and more by the stupidity of certain rulers, forcing inhabitants to emigrate, to illustrate abroad, and maintained and control thanks to the excitation and leaf through the system launched. This class, whose number is gradually increasing, is in communication consistent with the rest of the islands, and if today is not more than brain of the country within a few years your entire system will be nervous and manifest their existence in all its actions.

Now, to address the way the progress of a people, policy has several means: the brutalization of the masses half-caste addicted to the Government, and in aristocratic Netherlands colonies, or theocratic as in the Philippines; impoverishment of the country, the gradual destruction of its inhabitants, and promoting enmity between some races and others.

The brutalization of the Malay Filipinos proved impossible. Despite the black plague of friars, in whose hands _enseñanza_ of the youth that years and years lost miserably in _aulas_, tired out there, tired and disgusted with books, in spite of censorship, which wants to close all the way progress, in spite of all the pulpits, confessionals, books, novenas that inculcate hatred of all knowledge not only scientific but to the same of the Castilian language, in spite of the whole system mounted, perfected and practiced by those who want tenacity Islands hold a holy ignorance, writers, thinkers, historians, philosophers, chemists, doctors, artists, lawyers, etc.. The illustration is extended, and persecution suffered by the fuels. No, the divine flame of thought is inexhaustible in the Filipino people, and one way or another must shine and make themselves known. You can not dumb down the inhabitants Philippines!

Can poverty stop its development?

Perhaps, but it is a very dangerous. Experience shows everywhere, and especially in the Philippines, which classes better-off have always been more friendly and stillness order, because they are relatively better living and could lose in civil strife. Wealth brings refinement, spirit of conservation, while poverty inspires ideas adventurous, wants to change things, little attachment to life, etc. Machiavelli it is dangerous to this means of holding an people, it notes that the welfare loss raises more tenacious enemies that the loss of life. Moreover, when wealth and abundance is less unhappy, there are fewer complaints, and the Government richest, is also more resources to sustain themselves. In change in a poor country what happens at home where there is no flour, and well what you sirviría to the mother country and colony wan poor?

Nor can gradually destroy the inhabitants. Races Philippines, like all Malaysian, not succumb abroad and Australian races, the Polynesian and the Indian races of New Continent. Despite the many wars that the Filipinos have had to sustain, despite epidemics that visit Periodically, the number has tripled, as the Malays Java and the Moluccas. The Filipino accepts and lives and civilization maintains contact with all people and the atmosphere all climates. Spirit, this poison which extinguishes to the natives of the Pacific islands, has no power in the Philippines; on the contrary, it seems that Filipinos have become more sober, to compare its current state with which we paint the ancient historians. Small wars with the inhabitants of South consume only the soldiers, people who by his fidelity to the Spanish flag, far from being a danger, is precisely one of its strongest props.

Is promoting the enmities of the provinces among themselves.

This was possible before, when communications with the islands others were difficult and rare, when there were no fumes, no telegraphs, when the regiments were formed by different provinces, flattered to about granting privileges and honors, and held to other against the strongest. But now that disappeared privileges in a spirit of distrust that have merged the regiments, in which the people are surprised to other islands, course communication and exchange of views increase, and

seeing all of the same danger threatened or injured in a same feelings, shake hands and come together. True that the union is not yet fully complete, but to her measures are aimed _buen_ government, the deportations, the oppression that the neighbors their people suffer, the mobility of staff, lack of schools, which makes the youth of all islands meet and get to know. Travel to Europe help also not a little to enhance these relationships, as foreign seal their patriotic feelings of the inhabitants of the provinces distant from the sailors to the richest merchants, and spectacle of modern freedoms and the memory of misfortunes home, they embrace and are called brothers.

In sum, then, the advancement and moral progress of the Philippines inevitable, it is fatal.

Islands can not continue in the state where they are, without seeking of the mother more freedom. _Mutatis, Mutandis_. A new men new social status.

Wanting to continue in its infancy, is exposed to the intended child back to his mother and flee tearing the old rags that tightening effect.

The Philippines, for, or continue to be of Spanish rule, but more rights and more freedoms, or be declared independent after bleeding and bloody to the Motherland.

Since no one should want or expect this unfortunate break, which would bad for all and only the last argument in the more trance despair, we shall examine the ways through which evolution Pacific Islands would remain subject to the flag of Spain without the rights and interests and dignity of one and the other they were in the least hurt.

_The Solaridad_, no. 18: Barcelona, October 31, 1889.

III.

The Philippines, if they are to continue under the dominion of Spain have bound to becoming just a political sense, where required the progress of its history and needs of its inhabitants. This is

showed in the previous article.

This transformation, also said, must be violent and fatal, if part of the areas of people, peaceful and fruitful results, if of the upper classes.

Some leaders have guessed the truth, and brought his patriotism, trying to bring reforms we need to prevent events. To date, however few have been issued, have produced mixed results, both the Government and for the country, coming to harm in some cases to those that only promised a happy success. And that is built on land without consistency.

We said, and repeat it again and repeat it forever: all reforms which are intended _paliativo_ are not only useless but even harmful, when the Government is opposite evils to be remedied _radicalmente_. And if we we were not convinced of the honesty and rectitude of certain rulers, would be tempted to say that all these reforms were only partial poultices and ointments from a doctor, not knowing cure cancer, or not daring to do the removal, wants thus distracting the suffering of sick or appease the cowardice of the timid and ignorant.

All of our ministers liberal reforms were, were, are and will be good ... if carried out.

When we think of them, we are reminded of the scheme Dietary Sancho Panza in the _Ínsula Barataria_. He sat before a well served sumptuous table "full of fruit and a great variety of dishes of various foods, "but between the mouth of the unhappy and each your rod plate interposed the doctor Pedro Rezia, saying _absit! _ and removed the dish, leaving Sancho hungrier than ever. It is true that the despotic Pedro Rezia gave reasons that seem only that Cervantes wrote for Overseas Governments: - "Not Yet eating, Mr. Governor, but as is usual and customary in other islands where there are governors, "etc. - finding difficulties all the dishes, one for hot, humid others, etc. entirely as our Pedros Rezia beyond and this side of the seas. Damn good Sancho made him the art of the chef!

In the case of our country, Dobbs Ferry, the role of dishes; Philippines Sancho, and the quack doctor's

play a lot of people interested in being touched to the dishes, to take advantage of them perhaps.

It turns out that pacienzudo Sancho, or the Philippines, misses his freedom, denying all governments, and rebelled, against their alleged physician.

Similarly, while the Philippines has no free press, has no voice in both Houses to make known to the Government and to the nation if or not adequately fulfilled their decrees, whether used or not the country, all the skills of Foreign Minister will have the opportunity to dishes from the island of Barataria.

The minister, therefore wants his reforms to be reforms, must begin by declaring a free press in the Philippines, and creating Filipino delegates.

The free press in the Philippines because of past complaints rarely come to the Peninsula, very rarely, and if they so covert so mysterious, that no newspaper would dare to play them, and when you play, late and poorly reproduced.

A government that administers a _desde país_ far, is the most need to have a free press, more so than the Government in Metropolis, if you want to do straight and decently. The Government that the país_ _gobierna can still do without the press (if is that it can), because it is in the field, because it has eyes and ears, and look closely because what applies and administers. But the Government _gobierna from lejos_ absolutely needs the truth and facts come to its attention by all possible means to can try them and appreciate them better, and this necessity when point when it comes to a country like the Philippines, whose people speak and complain in a language unknown to the authorities. Govern otherwise be known as rule, since it is necessary to give a name, but it's misrule. You judge hearing only to one of the parties, is to steer a ship without taking into account the conditions of this, the state of the sea, the reefs, shallows, the course of the wind, currents, etc.. Is to manage a home thinking only be luster and ratatouille, without seeing what's in the box, without thinking servers and the family.

But routine is a slope where many walk governments, and routine says that freedom of the press is a danger. Let's see what says history. Uprisings and revolutions have

always takes place in countries tyrannized, those where the thought and the human heart have been forced to shut up.

If the great Napoleon had bullied the press, perhaps she had warned of the danger that rushed, and would have given to understand that the people were tired and the land needed peace, perhaps his genius, rather than spent on the enlargement exterior, folding in on itself, had worked for their consolidation and was consolidated. Spain itself recorded in its story more revolutions when the press was muzzled. What colony has become independent having a free press, enjoying freedoms? Is it better to govern blindly, or govern knowingly?

We will answer any, claiming that in the colonies with the press dangerous book much the prestige of the rulers, this column Governments false. We will answer that it is preferable prestige of the nation to that of several individuals. A nation Conquest respect not holding or covering up abuses, but punishing and try again. Also happens to the prestige it that Napoleon said of great men and their valets. We who suffer and we know all the lies and abuses of these pretended gods, do not need free press know them have long been discredited. The free press needed by the Government, the Government, still dreams of prestige, which builds on a minefield.

I say the same for the Filipino delegates.

What dangers sees in them the government? One of three things: either leave unruly, confectioners, or go as they should be.

Assuming that fall into pessimism more absurd and admitiésemos the insult, great for the Philippines, but even greater for Spain, that all Members were separatists, and that in all propositions maintained ideas filibuster, is not there the mostly Spanish and patriot, is not there the claravidencia of rulers to oppose its goals and fight? What would be worth this more than the discontent that ferments and spreads in secret home, in the huts and fields? True, the Spanish people spared no blood when patriotism is, but do not would be more preferable to the struggle of the principles in the Parliament, which change bullets swamp, to 3,000 miles of country, among impenetrable forests, under a blazing sun or between

Torrential rains? These peaceful struggles of ideas, as well be a thermometer for the Government, have the advantage of being more cheap and glorious, because the Spanish Parliament abounds precisely champions of the word, invincible in the field of speeches. Also said that the Filipinos are indolent and Timorous; What, then, may fear the government? Does not affect the election? Frankly, it's them much honor to the filibusters be afraid among the courts of the Nation.

If you go pastry, as expected and are likely to be better for the Government, and much the worse for his constituents. Son a few more votes in favor, and the Government may laugh at his ease of filibusters, if any.

If you go as they should be dignified, honest and faithful to their missions, bother no doubt with their questions to the Minister ignorant or incompetent, but will help to govern and will be some honest people more between representatives of the Nation.

Now, if the real drawback of the Filipino delegates is the _olor to igorrotes_ that made him so restless in the middle Senate, the embattled general Mr. Salamanca, Mr. D. Sinibaldo of But that has seen close to the Igorots and wanted to live with they can claim that smell, at worst, like wildfire, and Mr. Salamanca, certainly not afraid of that smell. And if it were more this, Filipinos, that back in your country have a habit of bathe every day, once they are members, may leave as dirty habit, at least during the legislative session, not bother with the smell of the bathroom the sensitive noses of Salamanca.

Needless to refute certain drawbacks of some nice writers on the skin more or less brown, and faces more or less big noses. In a matter of aesthetics, each race has endorsed the China, for example, which has 414 million inhabitants and has a very ancient civilization, is ugly to all Europeans to who called Fan-Kwai, or red devils. His aesthetic has 100 millions more supporters to European aesthetics. Also, if that has to deal with, would have to accept the inferiority of Latinos, especially the Spanish, in respect of the Saxons are much whiter.

And while no one say that the Spanish Chamber is a meeting of Adonis, Antinous, _boys_ and other _angelos_ similar, while go there to legislate, not to socratizar or wander hemispheres

imaginary, we believe that the Government must be stopped before these drawbacks. The law has no skin, or the reason noses.

We see, therefore, no serious cause for which the Philippines has no Members. With its creation are silenced many unhappy, and instead of blame the country their ailments to the Government, as now, cope better, because at least you can complain, and because, having their children from their legislators, it is somewhat supportive of their actions.

We do not know if we serve well the true interests of our country asking deputies. We know that the lack of illustration, timidity and selfishness of many of our compatriots, and audacity, cunning and powerful means of those who want to further the obscurantism, may make reform a harmful tool. But we want to be loyal to the Government and indicated the way Maybe we think that their efforts will not wither away, so that disappear malcontents. If after referred as fair as necessary extent, the Filipino people are so stupid and cowardly, that then betray their true interests, then they fall on his responsibilities, to suffer all the consequences. Each country is fortunate that it deserves, and the Government may say that it has done his duty.

Those are the two fundamental reforms, well interpreted and implemented, will dispel all the clouds, to say the baby to Spain and make fruitful all later. These are reforms _sine quibus non_.

It is childish fear that for them to come to Independence: the press Free will make known to the Government the beating of the opinion, and Members, if they are the best among the children of the Philippines, as should be, will be their hostages. There being no reason for dissatisfaction, how which will seek to excite the masses?

It is equally unacceptable inconvenience claim others about of the flawed culture of the majority of the inhabitants. Plus is not so defective as claimed, there is no reason plausible to the ignorant and the helpless (by himself or others), is denied his representative to ensure him for not abused. It's who just need it most. No longer man, nobody loses their rights to civilization only to be more or less uneducated, and since he is considered the Filipino as a citizen able when asked for their contribution and their blood to defend

country, why he has to deny that ability when grant a right is it? Besides, why should it be responsible for ignorance, if it is admitted by all, friends and enemies, that his eagerness to learn is so great that even before they reached the Spanish all literate, and as we see now, more modest families make enormous sacrifices for their children can be illustrated a bit, bringing the case to serve as servants even to learn Castilian? How is hoped that the country illustrate the current state, if we see how many decrees launched the Government for education, meet Pedros Rezia that prevent compliance, because they have in their hands what call teaching? If the Filipino, then, is clever enough to contribute, should be also to choose and be who ensure him and his interests, with the proceeds of which serves the Government for their nation. To reason otherwise is reasoning as a funnel.

Monitoring legislation and acts of the authorities, the word Justice can begin to stop being an irony colonial. What most enforces the English in their possessions, is their strict and expeditious justice, so that the inhabitants have in Judges have complete confidence. Justice is the first virtue of civilized races. She put the nations most barbarous, the injustice arouse the weakest.

The positions and the charges should be opposed, publishing work and trials in order that there is encouragement and do not arise discontented. So if the Indian does not shake his _indolencia_, you can not murmur if all charges are seen performed by _castilas_.

We assume that there will be the Spanish who fear entering this lid: this may prove his superiority by his superior intelligence. And although this is not customary in the Metropolis, must practiced in the colonies, because it is necessary to seek the true prestige through the moral qualities, because the colonizers must be or seem, at least, fairness, intelligence and integrity as the man appears virtues when in contact with people strange. The posts and positions and won reject naturally arbitrary dismissal and create employees and leaders capable and aware of their duties. The positions to play the Indians in Rather than jeopardize the Spanish domination, would only strengthen it, for what interest would have to change the safe and stable against the uncertain and problematic? The Indian, moreover, is very fond of the quiet and prefers a modest present to a bright future.

You can say those several Filipino officials who are still in offices: they are the most inert conservatives.

Other reforms of detail could be added with respect to trade, to the agriculture, to the security of individuals, property, to the classroom., but these are matters to be discussed separately article. For now we are satisfied with the schemes, not go one to say that asking too much.

No shortage of spirits that we'll be accused of Utopians: but what is utopia? Utopia was a country that figured Thomas More, where he had universal suffrage, religious toleration, abolition, almost complete, the death penalty, etc. When the novel was published, consideráronse these things as dreams are impossible, ie _utópicos_. And, But civilization has left far behind the country of Utopia: the will and human consciousness have done more miracles have abolished slavery, and the death penalty for adultery things impossible even for the same Utopia!

The French colonies have their representatives in the Chambers English has also tried to give representation to the colonies of Crown _ (Crown colonies) _, as the other and enjoy some autonomy, the press, there is also free, only in Spain, which the sixteenth century was the model nation in the settlement, it is nowhere postponed. Cuba and Puerto Rico, whose residents do not reach the third of the Philippines, and have not made by Spain sacrifices it, have many members. Philippines had from his earliest days his people, who dealt with the Kings and the Pope of the needs of the country had them in the critical moments of Spain, where it was groaning under the yoke of Napoleon, and not advantage of the misfortune of the Metropolis and other colonies, but closer the links between the two to the nation, giving evidence of their loyalty, continued until many years later ... What crime committed by the Islands so that they are deprived of their rights.

In short, the Philippines will remain Spanish if they enter the way of life legal and civilized, the observance of the rights of its people, if they are granted the other that they should, if liberal policy of the governments is carried out without hindrance or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations.

Otherwise, if you want to see in the Islands a reef to be exploited, a resource to satisfy ambitions, to save from taxation Metropolis, draining the goose that lays the golden eggs and closing

ears to all cries of reason, then, however great the loyalty of the Filipinos, may not prevent the enforcement of laws fatal history. _The Colonies founded to serve the policy or trade of a metropolis, concluyen_ all _por be independientes_, said Bachelet, before Bachelet said, I had said all the colonies Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, English, Portuguese and Spanish.

Straits undoubtedly are the ties that bind us to Spain, not two peoples three centuries in close contact, sharing a similar fate, shedding their blood in the same fields, believing the same beliefs, worshiping the same God, communicating the same thoughts, without being born between them stronger bonds than imposed by the arms or fear: sacrifices and benefits by both have given rise to conditions; Machiavelli, the great expert the human heart, said _the natura degli huomini, é cosi obligarsi per li beneficii che essi Fann, eats per Quelli che essi ricevono_ (Human condition is to link both the benefits are as those received), all this and even more is true, but is sentimentality pure, and in the bitter political field the hard need and interest dictate. As much as Filipinos must be to Spain, they can not be forced to renounce their redemption, that liberal and enlightened wander as exiles from the homeland ground, drowning in its atmosphere aspirations grosser, the peaceful inhabitants live in constant anxiety, depending on the fate of the peoples of the whims of one man, the Spain not can claim, or in the name of God himself, that six million men embrutezcan, were exploited and oppressed, denying them the light, rights innate in man, and then fill you with contempt and insults, no, no gratitude that can excuse, no gunpowder enough in the world that could justify the attacks against freedom of the individual against the sanctity of the home against laws, against the peace and honor, attacks that there are committed every day there is no god that can proclaim the sacrifice of our most expensive medical conditions, family, sacrilege and violations committed by those with the name of God in the lips, no one can demand of the Filipino people the impossible, the noble Spanish people, so fond of their freedoms and rights can not tell him to surrender his men and the people who indulges in glories of its past can not request another, educated by it, accept the abjection and dishonor his name!

Those who now fight in the legal and peaceful settlement of discussions, we understand well, and staring in our

Ideally, we will not cease to advocate for our cause, without leaving limits of legality, but if by violence makes us silent or we have the misfortune to fall (which is possible because we are not immortal), then we do not know which way to take the sprouts and better sap that will rush to fill positions we leave gaps.

If you wish not done ....

In the event unfortunate, it is necessary that the horror we draw back, instead of closing your eyes, look at face to face what can bring the future. And to that end, after throwing a handful of land to be taxed to the guardians, enter frankly in abyss to fathom its terrible mysteries.

_the Solidaridad_, no. 21: Madrid, December 15, 1889.

IV.

History does not record in its annals any domination lasting exercised by one nation over another, of different races, applications and strange customs, and ideals conflicting or divergent.

One of us had to give in and succumb, or abroad was cast as they did to the Carthaginians, Arabs and French in Spain, or the indigenous people had to succumb, or removed as was the case of the inhabitants of the new Continent, Australia, New Zealand, etc.

One of the longest domination was that of the Arabs in Spain, lasted seven centuries. But, in spite of living the conquering people in half of the conquered country, in spite of splitting small states of the Peninsula that emerged gradually, as small islands in the middle of the great flood Saracen, in spite of chivalrous spirit, the bravery and religious tolerance the caliphs, were cast at last after many bloody and tough struggles that formed the Homeland Spanish and created the Spain of the XV and XVI.

It is against all natural laws and moral existence of a

foreign body within another endowed with strength and activity. Science teaches us, or to assimilate, it destroys the body, is eliminated or encyst.

The encystment of a conquering people is impossible, since means complete isolation, sheer inertia, weakness of item winner. The encystment means here the tomb of foreign invader.

Well, applying these considerations to the Philippines, lie force that conclusion, as a deduction from everything we have said, that failure to assimilate its population to the country Spanish, if rulers do not appropriate the spirit of its inhabitants, if laws fair and reforms frank and liberal do not make them forget the some and to others that are of different races, or if both peoples not fused to form a mass social and politically homogeneous that is not worked by opposing tendencies and antagonistic thoughts and interests, the Philippines would have to declare one days fatal and unerringly independent. Against this law of destiny may oppose nor the Spanish patriotism or the outcry of all tyrants overseas or love to Spain of all Filipinos, not the dubious future of the break and the internal struggles of the islands together. Necessity is the deity stronger than the world known, and the need is the result of physical laws put in motion by moral forces.

We said, and the statistics proves that it is impossible to destroy the race Filipino. And even if it were possible, what interest would in Spain the destruction of the inhabitants of a land that she can not settle or farm whose climate he is somewhat unfortunate? What good serve the Philippines without the Filipinos? Yes, precisely, given system of colonization and the transitory nature of peninsular they spend overseas, a colony he is most worthwhile and productive As more people and wealth has. Besides, to destroy six million Malays, even if they are in childhood and never have to learn to fight and defend himself, need at least that Spain sacrifice a quarter of its population. This will remind the supporters of the farm colonial. But none of this can happen. The imminent is that if the instruction and the necessary freedoms to human life Spain is the denied to the Filipinos, they seek their education abroad behind the Mother Country, and seek some way or another certain facilities in their country. Result: the resistance short-sighted political and stunted not only useless but harmful,

for what could be cause for gratitude and love, becomes resentment and hatred.

Hatred and resentment on the one hand, suspicion and anger on the other, eventually end in a violent shock and terrible, especially when interested elements that disturb the order to catch something turbid, to demonstrate their valuable power to launch lamentations reprimand or turn violent measures, etc.. Expected is that the Government comes out triumphant, and generally (and custom) are extreme punishment, either to give a terrible warning to flaunt severity, or also to avenge the expiry of the moments of terror and anxiety that the danger he posed. Inevitable attachment of these catastrophes is the accumulation of injustices committed on innocent or peaceful inhabitants. The private vengeance, denunciations, accusations infamous resentments, coveting another's goods, the time for a slander, hurry and the expedited procedures of military courts, the pretext of the integrity of the country and reason of state all covers and pays for even the scrupulous conscience, which are and unfortunately rare, and especially the fear buckthorn, the cowardice feeds on the vanquished, all these things increase the rigors and number of victims. It turns out that a stream of blood is brought now the two peoples, that the wounded and resentful, rather than reduced is increased, then to the families and friends guilty, they always think too much punishment and unjust judge, must be added the families and friends of the innocent who can not see no advantage to live and act submissive and peacefully. Consider further that if the requisite steps are as dangerous in the middle of a Nation formed by a homogeneous population, the danger hundredfold when the government is a different race from that of governed. In the first, an injustice is still attributable to one man, the ruler moved by private passions, and died the tyrant, the victim is reconciled with the government of their nation. But in countries dominated by an alien race, the act of severity fairer interpreted by injustice and oppression, that which dictated by a stranger who has no sympathy or who is an enemy the country, and the offense not only an affront to the victim, but all his race, because it is generally considered personal, and resentment naturally extends to all the ruling race and not die with offender.

Hence the immense wisdom and exquisite touch that should adorn the colonizing countries, and the fact of considering the Government of colonies in general and our Ministry of Overseas particular

as schools of learning, contributes significantly to fulfilling the great law of the colonies declare their independence more or less later.

For this slope, tumble peoples, in proportion as they bathe in blood and steeped in bitterness and tears, the colony, if you have vitality, learns to fight and to perfect themselves in combat, while the mother country, whose life in the colony depends on peace and submission of the subjects, is gradually disappearing, and even then heroic efforts, at last, as their number is less, and has only a fictitious life, just die. It's like a rich gourmet that accustomed to being served by many servants, who work and sow for him, the day their slaves denied obedience and does not live by themselves, must die.

The revenge, injustice and suspicion on one side, and on the other the sentiment of patriotism and freedom that will wake up in these continuous struggles, insurrections and uprisings, finished generalize the movement and one of the two peoples must succumb. Laxity will be short, as tantamount to slavery much more cruel than death for the people, and to a smear dishonorable to the dominator. One of the peoples must succumb.

Spain, by the number of its inhabitants, the state of his army and Navy, for the distance at which are the islands, by limited knowledge of them has, and fighting one people whose love and will be transferred, shall force yield, if not want to risk not only their other possessions and their future in Africa, but also his own independence in Europe. All this at the expense of much blood, many crimes, after fatal fights, murders, fires, shootings, starvation, poverty, etc., etc. Spanish is brave and patriotic, and what sacrifices However, in favorable times, the good of the country: it has the courage and the decision of the bull, the Filipino does not love unless his, and although more calm, peaceful and hardly excites him, once lance does not stop, and for him every struggle is the death of a two combatants; retains all the gentleness and all the tenacity and the fury of his carabao. The climate influences the same in the bipedal animals than in quadrupeds.

The terrible lessons and the hard lessons that these struggles have given to the Filipinos, have served to improve morale and strengthened. The Spain of the fifteenth century was not the eighth century. With severe experience, instead of entering struggles of a

islands with others, as is generally feared then lie mutually arms, as the castaways when they arrive to an island after a dreadful stormy night. Do not go to say that we must pass it that small American republics. These were won easily its independence and its people are living with a different spirit of the Filipinos. Moreover, the danger of falling again in other hands, English or German, for example, they force to be sensible and prudent. The no great preponderance of any race over the other aside of imagination all ambition insane dominate, and as the tendency of countries tyrannized, a After shaking off the yoke, to adopt the government more open, like a boy out of school, as the swing of the pendulum, a law of the reaction Islands will be declared probably in Republic Federal ....

If the Philippines achieved independence after heroic struggles and tenacious, can be assured that neither England nor Germany, nor France, and less Holland, will dare to pick up what Spain has not able to keep. Africa, in a few years, absorbed by full attention of Europeans, and no nation sensible that win a handful of islands warlike and poor, neglect the huge territories that gives the Black Continent, virgin, untapped and little defended. England has enough colonies East and is not going to risk losing his balance is not going to sacrifice their rule of India for the poor Philippine archipelago; If you cherish this intention, there would be returned Manila in 1763, would retained any point of the Philippines to go from there spreading little by little. Furthermore, why would you want the trader John Bull killed by the Philippines when it is no longer the wife of East, though there are Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, etc..? Probably, England will look with favor independence Philippines, which will open its ports and give more privileges to its trade. Furthermore, in the UK there are trends and views believe they already have too many colonies, they are harmful, and greatly weakened the metropolis.

For the same reasons Germany did not want to venture, and because a imbalance of forces and a war in distant countries are threaten their existence on the continent, so we see that its attitude in both the Pacific and Africa, is limited to conquer easy _territorios non-nadie_. Germany shuns all complication abroad.

France has more to do and see more future in Tonkin and China,

also that the French spirit does not shine by its desire colonizer; France loves the glory, but glory and the laurels that grow on battlefields of Europe: the echo of the battlefields of Far East is not satisfied with his thirst for fame, because it comes very muffled. They also found, with other obligations, both inside and on the Continent.

Holland is sensible and be content to keep the Moluccas and Java; Summative gives you more future than the Philippines, whose seas and coasts are ominous dispatches from Holland. Holland is very caution in Sumatra and Borneo, for fear of losing everything.

China is considered quite happy if he can stay united not be separated, or are the shared European powers colonizing in the Asian Continent.

So does Japan. Has the North of Russia, that greed and spy, south England, that he comes up in the language official. Also finds under diplomatic pressure from Europe such you can not think outside to get rid of it, and not spoil easily. Truth is that you have excess population, but the Korea attracts him more than the Philippines, and is also easier to take.

_Acaso The great American Republic, whose interests are in Pacific and has no share in the spoils of Africa think one day in possession ultramarinas._ is not impossible, for the example is contagious, greed and ambition are the vices of strong, and Harrison said something to this effect when question of Samoa, but neither the Panama Canal is opened or the territories of the states have a plethora of people, and if I tried openly, would not let him free passage powers

ThenA_The Solidaridad_, no.