1. Safety: Write down 3 safety procedures to follow in class.

2. Scientific Method: P-G-H-E-O-C-RList the 7 steps of the scientific method:3. Problem4. Gather info5. Hypothesis6. Experiment7. Observation8. Conclusion9. Repeat

3. Define:• Independent Variable• The part of the experiment that

changes in each setup• Dependent Variable• What is being measured

4. Example:Students wanted to investigate the effect of alcohol on seed growth. In

order to test their idea they set up two identical containers filled with soil. In each container they planted 100 bean seeds. Both containers were placed in sunlight for 8 hours a day. Container A was given 50 mL of water daily and container B was given 30 mL of water and 20 mL of alcohol. The seed growth was measured weekly.

• Independent Variable• Alcohol• Dependent Variable• Seed growth• Control Group • Container A

4. Example:Students wanted to investigate the effect of alcohol on seed growth. In

order to test their idea they set up two identical containers filled with soil. In each container they planted 100 bean seeds. Both containers were placed in sunlight for 8 hours a day. Container A was given 50 mL of water daily and container B was given 30 mL of water and 20 mL of alcohol. The seed growth was measured weekly.

• Experimental Group• Container B• 2 Constants• Type of seeds, type of soil, amount of soil,

amount of sunlight, size of container, type of container

Metric SystemK-H-Dk-U-D-C-M5. Conversions:1.) 1M = ____mm• 1000mm2.) 1500 cm = ____ M• 15 m3.) 6.782 hm = _____ km• 0.6782 km4.) 4 Km = _____cm• 400000 cm

Measurement:• Measuring length: meters ruler/meter stick• Measuring mass: grams triple beam

balance• Measuring volume: liters graduated

cylinder• Volume: Also cm3 ruler (lxwxh)• Graduated Cylinder: measures volume: read

the meniscus (middle)

6. Displacement:• The volume of water in a graduated

cylinder is 62 ml. 6 marbles are placed into the graduated cylinder and the volume of the water is now 71 ml. What is the volume of the marbles?

• 71-62• 9 ml

Microscope:7. Know the parts & functions: Define:• Diaphragm:• Controls the amount of light used• Coarse adjustment knob:• Focusing under low power• Fine adjustment knob:• Focusing under high power and

sharpening image

8. What parts of the microscope are used to focus a specimen under the microscope?

• Coarse and fine adjustment knobs9. What is the proper way to carry a microscope?• 2 hands, 1 under the base and 1 on the arm10. What adjustment knob is used under low power?• Coarse11. Which adjustment knob is used under high power?• Fine12. Why can’t you use the coarse adjustment knob under high

power?• You can break the lens or the slide.13. What is the function of the microscope?• To magnify a specimen.

14. How does an image look under the microscope?• Upside down and backwards15. How do you move the slide if you want the image to move to the left and down?• To the right and up16. What is used to make the image more visible under the

microscope?• Add stain to the specimen.17. Why must the image be centered before switching to

high power?• If it’s not centered, the image will not be seen when

switched to high power.

18. What is field of view? • What you see when you look in the

microscope.19. Low power: FOV = • Greater/larger (see more of the slide)20. High power: FOV = • Smaller (see less of the slide but close

up)

21. Microscope measurement: 1 mm = 1000 um• 5 mm = ______ um• 5000 um• 2000 um = ______ mm• 2 mm

22. Label the parts of the microscope:

E

F

A. Eyepiece/ocular lensB. Fine adjustmentC. mirror/light sourceD. Objective lensE. Coarse adjustmentF. Diaphragm

23. Cells: Define each organelle• Nucleus:• Controls the cell• Cell Membrane:• Surrounds the cell, semi-permeable

(controls what goes into and out of the cell)• Cytoplasm:• Surrounds and holds organelles in place• Mitochondria:• Carries out respiration (makes energy)

• ER:• Channels in the cytoplasm that transport

material• Golgi Bodies/Apparatus:• Packages and ships materials out of the

cell• Ribosomes:• Produces proteins• Vacuole:• Stores materials

• Organelles only found in Plant Cells:• Cell Wall:• Surrounds the cell, give the cell its

shape• Chloroplasts:• Carry out photosynthesis

• Organelles only found in Animal Cells:• Centrioles:• Help with cell division• Lysosomes:• Contain enzymes that break down

materials

• 24. Label the Cell Diagrams:

A. Cell membraneB. Nucleus C. Chloroplast

D. Centrioles E. Mitochondria F. Cell wall

A

B

D

E

C

E

F

• 25. Cell Transport• Passive Transport:• High low, with CG, no energy

needed• Active Transport:• Low high, against CG, energy

needed

• 26. Examples of Passive Transport• Diffusion:• Movement of all materials except

water from high low• Osmosis:• Diffusion of water

• 27. Draw a picture of an animal cell placed in salt water.

Water leaves the cell

• 28. Draw a picture of an plant cell placed in distilled water.

Water enters the cell

• 29. Define terms:• Classification:• Putting living things into groups

according to structure• Binomial nomenclature:• Naming an organism• Genus species

• 30. Describe each Kingdom & give examples for each:

• 1. Moneran• Unicellular, prokaryotic, some

heterotrophic, some autotrophic• Bacteria, blue green algae• 2. Protists• Unicellular, eukaryotic, some

heterotrophic, some autotrophic• Ameba, paramecium, algae

• 3. Fungi• Mostly multicellular, heterotrophic• Mold, mushrooms, yeast• 4. Plants• Multicellular, autotrophic• Trees, ferns, grass• 5. Animals• Multicellular, heterotrophic• Humans, insects, fish

• 31. List the 7 levels of classification in order of broadest to most specific:• 1. Kingdom • 2. Phylum • 3. Class • 4. Order • 5. Family • 6. Genus • 7. Species

• 32. pH scale

1 147Acid Neutral Basic

(H+, sour, corrosive)

(OH-, bitter)

Examples: lemons, HCl

Examples: soap

(Strong acid) (Strong base)

• 33. Physical Change: give 2 examples• Melting, freezing, cutting, ripping,

crushing• 34. Chemical Change: give 2

examples• 1. Burning • 2. Rusting

• 35. Elements vs. Compounds• H2O• compound• CO2

• compound• Cl• element• Helium• element

• 36. Phase changes: Define1. Freezing• Liquid solid2. Melting• Solid liquid3. Evaporation• Liquid gas4. Condensation• Gas liquid

• 37. Using circles to represent molecules, draw a diagram for the phases listed below.

• Periodic Table• 38. How are elements arranges on

the periodic table? • Atomic number• 39. Know the location of the

groups/families, & periods in the PT.

• 40. Know the location of the 4 main categories of elements: Describe each category.

• 1. Metals• Left of zig zag line• Malleable (hammered)• Dcutile (wires)• Good conductors• Luster (shiny)

• 2. Nonmetals• Right of zig zag line• Brittle (break)• Poor conductors• Dull (no luster)

3. Metalloids• 2 sides touching zig-zag line except

Al & Po• Properties of both metals and

nonmetals4. Noble Gases• Group 18• Nonreactive/Inert (don’t combine)

• 41. What are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom and explain where they are located.

• 1. Electrons• Outside nucleus, negative charge• 2. Protons• Inside nucleus, positive charge• 3. Neutrons• Inside nucleus, no charge/neutral

• 42. Which subatomic particles make up the atomic number?• # of protons = # of electrons• 43. What subatomic particles make

up the atomic mass/mass number?• # of protons + # of neutrons

• 43. Periodic Table

1. Which element is located in Period 4, Group 16?

• Selenium2. What 2 elements are most chemically similar?• O & F or F & Cl

3. Write the chemical symbol for the element that has 30 protons in its atom.

• Zn4. What is the atomic

number for fluorine?• 95. What is the atomic mass

for Fluorine?• 19

6. What is the number of protons in Fluorine?

• 97. What is the number of

electrons in Fluorine?• 98. What is the number of

neutrons in Fluorine?• 19-9 = • 10