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Scald Prevention
• The following questions will be addressed:– Who are the victims of scald burns?– How do scald injuries occur?– How can scald injuries be prevented?– What are the appropriate first aid responses?
Scald Prevention Objectives
• Describe the severity of a scald burn injury
• List the major causes of scald burn injury
• Demonstrate initial understanding of appropriate first aid for a scald burn
• List and identify scald burn injuries by age and group
• List scald burn prevention strategies
What is a Scald?
• Scalds result from the destruction of one or more layers of the skin due to contact with hot liquid or steam
Scald Prevention
• 1.5 - 2 million burns occur annually in the US and Canada
• Scalds account for 75% of all burns in children under 4 years of age
Scald Prevention - Young Children
• Nearly 24,000 children are treated in hospital emergency departments every year for scald injuries*
• Skin is thinner - results in deeper burns– lower temperature– shorter contact
*Source: National SAFE KIDS
Scald Prevention - Young Children
• Have little control over their environment
• Less perception of danger
• Lack ability to escape a burning situation on their own
Scald Prevention - Older Adults
• Have thinner skin
• Decreased ability to feel heat due to medical conditions or medications
• Prone to falls in the bathtub, shower or while carrying hot liquids
Scald Prevention - Special Needs
• Mobility impairments– slow or awkward movements– muscle weakness– fatigue– slower reflexes
• Increased risk of spills while moving hot liquids• Decreased ability to remove themselves from hot
tap water
Scald Prevention - Special Needs
• Sensory impairments– inability to feel heat
• Changes in intellect, perception, memory, judgement or awareness may hinder a person’s ability to recognize a dangerous situation
Burn Characteristics
• Superficial (first degree) burns– Causes: sunburn,
minor scalds
– heals in 3-5 days with no scarring
• Characteristics– minor damage to the
skin
– pink to red
– painful
– skin is dry without blisters
Burn Characteristics
• Partial thickness (second degree) burns– damages, but does not
destroy, top two layers of skin
– heals in 10-21 days
• Characteristics– skin: moist, wet and
weepy
– blisters present
– bright pink to red
Burn Characteristics
• Full thickness (third degree) burns– destroys all layers of
the skin
– may involve fat, muscle or bone
– will require skin grafts
• Characteristics– bright red
– dry - no blisters
– waxy white
– tan or brown
– insensate
Emergency Burn Care
• Primary Survey– Airway– Breathing– Circulation
• Secondary Survey– head-to-toe
Food and Beverage Related Scalds
Deep frying 500o F.
Baking 400o F.
Frying 300o F.
Boiling 212o F. / 100o C.
Electric crock pot 200o F.
Freshly prepared coffee,tea or hot chocolate
160 - 180o F.
These cooking methods can cause serious burns in less than 1 second
Tap Water ScaldsTime and Temperature Relationship
155o F. 68o C. 1 second140o F. 60o C. 5 seconds127o F. 52o C. 1 minute120o F. 48o C. 5 minutes100o F. 37o C. safe bathing temperature
Scald Prevention - Bathroom
• Reduction of hot water heater temperature
• Install tempering or anti-scald devices
• Never leave a child unattended
• Turn valve off in the “cold” position
Scald Prevention - Hot Water Heater
• Turn water heater down to 120o F. or 48o C.
• Always run cold water first, then add hot water
• Always supervise children in the bathroom
Scald Prevention - Kitchen
• Pots and pans– turn handles back away from the stove edge
• Microwave– stir and test foods before serving– do not use to heat baby bottles
• Cooking appliances– cords coiled and away from counter edge
Scald Prevention - Hot Liquids
• Establish a safety zone around cooking appliances
• Use non-slip placemats instead of tablecloths
• Do not place hot liquids on low tables
• Supervise children at all times
Scald Prevention - Hot Liquids
• Never let children carry containers of hot liquids
• Never hold a child while working next to a stove or other cooking appliance– coffee pot, fry pan, microwave oven, etc.