SCE Design and Engineering Services - ETCC€¦ · Customer Service Business Unit Southern California Edison December 20, 2010 . L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230 Southern California

Design & Engineering Services

L PRIZE LAB EVALUATION

ET10SCE1230 Report

Prepared by:

Design & Engineering Services

Customer Service Business Unit

Southern California Edison

December 20, 2010

L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230

Southern California Edison

Design & Engineering Services December 2010

Acknowledgements

Southern California Edison’s Design & Engineering Services (DES) group is responsible for

this project. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison’s Emerging Technology

program under internal project number ET10SCE1230. DES project manager Sean Gouw

conducted this technology evaluation with technical guidance from Grant Davis and Teren

Abear, with overall guidance and management from Paul Delaney and Ramin Faramarzi. For

more information on this project, contact [email protected].

Disclaimer

This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California

utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission.

Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document

without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with

reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards. However, neither SCE nor

any entity performing the work pursuant to SCE’s authority make any warranty or

representation, expressed, or implied, with regard to this report, the merchantability or

fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work, or any analyses, or conclusions

contained in this report. The results reflected in the work are generally representative of

operating conditions; however, the results in any other situation may vary depending upon

particular operating conditions.


Southern California Edison Page iii Design & Engineering Services December 2010

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AC Alternating Current

CCT Correlated Color Temperature

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CRI Color Rendering Index

CT Current Transformer

DC Direct Current

DES Design & Engineering Services

DOE Department of Energy

ELV Electronic Low Voltage

F Fahrenheit

FCC Federal Communications Commission

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

K Kelvin

kHz Kilo Hertz

kVA Kilo Volt Amp

LED Light Emitting Diode

lm Lumen

lm/W Lumen per Watt

LTTC Lighting Technology Test Center

mW Radiant Flux

PF Power Factor


Southern California Edison Page iv


P-N Positive-Negative

rms Root Mean Square

SCE Southern California Edison

SSL Solid State Lighting

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

USB Universal Serial Bus

V Volts

W Watts


Southern California Edison Page v


FIGURES Figure 1. The L Prize Lamp Entry ................................................. 9

Figure 2. “Base Down” Lamp Test Orientation ............................. 13

Figure 3. Lamp Seasoning......................................................... 13

Figure 4. Lightolier ELV Slide Dimmer ........................................ 15

Figure 5. Lutron Rotary Dimmer ................................................ 15

Figure 6. The Integrating Sphere ............................................... 18

Figure 7. The Tenma Power Supply ............................................ 18

Figure 8. The Elgar Power Supply .............................................. 19

Figure 9. Hioki Power Quality Analyzer ....................................... 19

Figure 10. Non-Dimming Test Configuration .................................. 20

Figure 11. Dimming Test Configuration ........................................ 20

Figure 12. Thermocouple Module/Chassis ..................................... 21

Figure 13. Lamp Data Scatter Plot: Power vs Luminous Flux ........... 30

Figure 14. Comparing Performance Averages: Efficacy ................... 30

Figure 15. Comparing Performance Averages: Luminous Flux.......... 31

Figure 16. Comparing Performance Averages: Power ..................... 31

Figure 17. Comparing Performance Averages: CCT ........................ 32

Figure 18. Comparing Performance Averages: CRI ......................... 32

Figure 19. Comparing Performance Averages: Power Factor ............ 33

Figure 20. Dimming Performance: Efficacy ................................... 34

Figure 21. Dimming Performance: Luminous Flux .......................... 34

Figure 22. Dimming Performance: Power ...................................... 35

Figure 23. Dimming Performance: CCT ......................................... 35

Figure 24. Dimming Performance: CRI ......................................... 36

Figure 25. Dimming Performance: Power Factor ............................ 36

Figure 26. Dimming Performance: Sphere Inside Temperature

Conditions ................................................................. 37

Figure 27. Baseline Efficacy ........................................................ 40

Figure 28. Baseline Luminous Flux ............................................... 40

Figure 29. Baseline Power .......................................................... 41

Figure 30. Baseline CCT ............................................................. 41

Figure 31. Baseline CRI .............................................................. 42


Southern California Edison Page vi Design & Engineering Services December 2010

Figure 32. Baseline Power Factor ................................................. 42

Figure 33. Baseline Sphere Inside Temperature Conditions ............. 43

Figure 34. Fluctuation of Measured Luminous Flux ......................... 44

Figure 35. Fluctuation of Measured Power ..................................... 44

Figure 36. Exploring Power and Luminous Flux as a Function of

Sphere Inside Temperature ......................................... 46

Figure 37. Exploring CCT and CRI as a Function of Sphere Inside

Temperature.............................................................. 46

Figure 38. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ............... 47

Figure 39. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ................. 48



Figure 42. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 0% Position ................... 51

Figure 43. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ................... 52

Figure 44. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ..................... 53



Figure 47. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ...... 56

Figure 48. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ........ 57



Figure 51. Thermal Image ~15 minute Runtime ............................ 60

Figure 52. Thermal Image ~ 1 hour Runtime ................................ 60

Figure 53. L Prize Lamps Fully On ................................................. 61

Figure 54. L Prize Lamps Fully Dimmed Color Shift (Camera auto

adjusts for brightness) ................................................ 61

Figure 55. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #1.................... 62

Figure 56. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #2.................... 62


Southern California Edison Page vii Design & Engineering Services December 2010

TABLES Table 1. Product Requirements (All Categories) ............................ 4

Table 2. Product Requirements (All Categories) ............................ 5

Table 3. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent

Replacement) .............................................................. 5

Table 4. Manufacturer Specifications ......................................... 16

Table 5. Performance Data, Light ............................................. 22

Table 6. Performance Data, Electrical ........................................ 22

Table 7. Field Testing Data ...................................................... 23

Table 8. Baseline Performance Data, Light ................................. 24

Table 9. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical .......................... 24

Table 10. Dimming Performance Data, Light ................................ 25

Table 11. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical, Temp................. 26

Table 12. Product Requirements (All Categories) .......................... 27

Table 13. Product Requirements (All Categories) .......................... 27

Table 14. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent

Replacement) ............................................................ 28

Table 15. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Light ............................. 28

Table 16. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Electrical ....................... 29

Table 17. List of Tested L Prize Lamps ........................................ 39

Table 18. Sample Stabilization Measurements/Calculations (L

Prize Lamp, NETL #0618) ........................................... 45

Table 19. L Prize Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ................... 46

Table 20. CFL Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ....................... 52

Table 21. Incandescent Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ......... 56


Southern California Edison Page viii Design & Engineering Services December 2010

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _______________________________________________ 1

INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________ 3

BACKGROUND ____________________________________________________ 4

Incandescent Lamps ........................................................... 6

Compact Fluorescent Lamps ................................................ 6

Light-Emitting Diodes ......................................................... 6

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES ____________________________________________ 8

TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION __________________________________________ 9

TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY ___________________________ 11

Key Parameters ............................................................... 11

Efficacy ........................................................................... 11 Power ............................................................................. 11 Power Factor ................................................................... 11 Luminous Flux ................................................................. 11 Correlated Color Temperature ............................................ 12 Color Rendering Index ...................................................... 12

Test Scenarios ................................................................. 12

Lamp Seasoning............................................................... 13 Performance Testing ......................................................... 13 Dimming Tests ................................................................. 14 Units Tested .................................................................... 16

LTTC Test Equipment ........................................................ 17

Integrating Sphere ........................................................... 17 Regulated Power Supply .................................................... 18 Power Quality Analyzer ..................................................... 19 Thermocouple Module ....................................................... 21

RESULTS_________________________________________________________ 22

Performance Data: L Prize Entry ........................................ 22

Performance Data: Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ............ 24

Dimming Performance Data ............................................... 25

EVALUATIONS ____________________________________________________ 27

Conformance With L Prize Specifications ............................. 27 Field Testing Performance Changes .................................... 28


Southern California Edison Page ix


L Prize vs Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ......................... 29

DIMMING ________________________________________________ 33

PERFORMANCE FACTORS ARE PLOTTED WITH DIMMER POSITION IN __________ 33

RECOMMENDATIONS ________________________________________ 38

APPENDIX A: TEST DATA ____________________________________________ 39

Baseline Technologies: Incandescent and CFL ...................... 39

Lamp Stabilization ............................................................ 43

Temperature analysis ....................................................... 45

L Prize Entry Dimming: Waveforms .................................... 46

CFL Dimming: Waveforms ................................................. 51

INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS ___________________________ 55

APPENDIX B: IMAGES ______________________________________________ 60

APPENDIX C: VIDEO _______________________________________________ 62

APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS ______________________________ 63

REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER _____________________________ 64

Responsibilities ................................................................ 64

Test Chambers and Equipment .......................................... 65

HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ___ 66


Test Chambers and Equipment .......................................... 66

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER __________________________________ 67


Test Areas and Equipment ................................................. 67

ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ___________________________ 69


Test Areas and Equipment ................................................. 69

REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 70


Southern California Edison Page 1


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The DOE hosted the L Prize competition to encourage manufacturers to develop efficient

Solid State Lighting (SSL) equivalents to incandescent lighting technologies. One category in

the competition is the 60-Watt incandescent lamp. This lab evaluation sought to

independently test and analyze the performance characteristics of the first entry to the 60-

Watt incandescent lamp category for the L Prize competition.

This lab study aimed to do the following:

- Assess the performance of the SSL technology with respect to:

o Conformance with L Prize specifications

o Degradation from field usage

o Dimming characteristics

- Compare SSL performance with baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent

technologies.

SSL technologies which comply with the performance specifications in the L Prize

competition meet rigorous efficiency levels (10 Watts, 900 lumens, 2700K Correlated Color

Temp, 90% Color Rendering Index) while maintaining a consistent level of lighting

performance seen in baseline technologies.

A sample set of SSL lamps from a concurrent field test were selected for evaluation. Several

key parameters used in quantifying performance were efficacy, power, luminous flux,

correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and power factor. Performance was

measured with a set of lamps directly before, and after field-testing. Performance was also

measured in a sample set of baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs),

chosen from commonly available models.

Performance was also measured with the L Prize lamps paired to an appropriate dimmer at

several prescribed slider/knob positions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). One lamp per

technology was tested with dimming. The SSL lamp was paired with an Electronic Low

Voltage (ELV) dimmer as per manufacturer recommendations, while the CFL and

incandescent lamps were paired with typical in-line dimmers.

The SSL product’s measured performance in several key parameters showed that it seemed

to fall in line with the rigorous L Prize specifications. Relative to SSL product lifetime, field-

testing run hours were not long enough to show significant performance variations. The

highest variation, seen in Luminous Flux, was marginal at best. Surprisingly, this showed a

marginal increase on average of 2.61%.

Dimming test observations showed that the product was continuously dimmable, dimmed

down to approximately 20% of light output in a fully dimmed position, and encountered a

visible green color shift when fully dimmed. When the ON/OFF function was toggled on the

dimmer paired with this product, the product was not able to shut off. It encountered visible

flickering at a dimly lit state in the OFF position.

When comparing SSL (pre-field test data), CFL, and Incandescent technologies, the SSL

product demonstrated the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the

highest efficacy, and high power factor, while maintaining comparable correlated color




temperature and color rendering index. When comparing averages of tested technologies,

SSL uses

- 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs

- 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL

- 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps

The technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria

set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive

programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas:

- Lifetime Testing

o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their

lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the

significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better

understood with this product application.

- Dimming capabilities/issues

o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with

other dimmers.

o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer

presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful

implementation.

o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to

investigate/address for successful implementation.

- Thermal effects on product performance

o These lamps are specified to use in dry locations, and not within totally

enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities on this

technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at this

point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab

assessment are within a narrow range, when taking into consideration the

various climate zones/applications these general-purpose devices may

see.

These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when

compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully

understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility

is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are

more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry

to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this

technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts

are initiated/completed.




INTRODUCTION As authorized by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the US Department of

Energy (DOE) is offering the “Bright Tomorrow Lighting Competition”, commonly referred to

as the “L Prize”. This competition pushes manufacturers to develop efficient solid-state

lighting (SSL) technologies to replace current incandescent products. SSL products must

meet specific performance requirements in order to ensure that efficiency is achieved

without sacrificing performance. Evaluation of products is on a first come, first serve basis,

and the first product to meet L Prize specifications wins.

Winners receive:

- A cash prize

- An opportunity for federal procurement/use

- An opportunity for participation in energy efficiency programs

- An automatic Energy Star® designation

One family of products assessed is the 60-Watt (W) A19 incandescent lamp. Currently,

Philips made the first and only entry to this category. Entries are put through a multi-step

evaluation process to ensure confidence in the entry’s performance. Southern California

Edison (SCE) is signed on as a key partner in the L Prize competition. SCE is playing an

active role in the competition by supporting DOE’s field evaluation of the Philips L Prize

entry. SCE’s field assessment focuses on hotel applications.

This independent lab assessment was initiated in support of both SCE’s L Prize field testing

efforts, as well as its energy efficiency incentive/rebate programs. SCE’s lab testing

capabilities present an enormous resource in understanding and developing confidence in

the performance of these units. A winning product stands to undergo considerable mileage

in terms of usage/acceptance across the United States. As leaders in energy efficiency, it is

important that California utilities stay active in monitoring/assessing such technologies.




BACKGROUND Philips is the first and only manufacturer to submit a qualifying entry to the L Prize

competition, for the 60W A19 incandescent lamp replacement category. This product is

currently in prototype form, and is anticipated to be commercially available in the near

future. Furthermore, it is one of the few solid state lighting (SSL) products capable of

similar performance to a 60W A19 incandescent lamp, using the same form factor.

When compared with equivalent compact fluorescent (CFL) and incandescent lamps, SSL

products are faced with disadvantages including high initial cost, temperature-sensitive

operation, application challenges from the directional nature of SSL technologies, and

sensitivity to voltage fluctuation.

SSL products boast significant advantages such as lower demand/energy consumption,

longer lifetime, lower heat gain contributions to surrounding space, instantaneous

operation, and capabilities for dimming applications. In particular, conformance with L Prize

specifications may give this product considerable efficiency advantages over the majority of

commercially available technologies, with few sacrifices to performance. The L Prize

competition specifications are listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.

TABLE 1. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)

Color Spatial Uniformity The variation of chromaticity in different directions (i.e., with a change in viewing angle) shall be within 0.004 from the weighted average point on the CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram.

Color Maintenance The change of color over the lifetime of the product shall be within 0.007 on the CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram.

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Products shall have a CRI ≥ to 90.

Off-state Power

Products shall not draw power in the off state. Exception: Luminaires with integral occupancy, motion, photo-controls, or individually addressable fixtures with external control and intelligence are exempt from this requirement. The power draw for such luminaires shall not exceed 0.5W when in the OFF state.

Thermal Management Product manufacturers shall adhere to light-emitting diode (LED) device manufacturer guidelines, certification programs, and test procedures for thermal management.

Dimming

Products shall meet the following requirements: - Must be compatible with at least three (3) widely available residential dimmers. - Must be continuously dimmable to at least 20% of maximum light output without visible flickering.

Incompatibility with Controls and Application Exceptions

Included documentation must clearly state any known incompatibility with photo-controls, dimmers or timing devices.

Starting Time Light source shall illuminate within 0.5 seconds after power is applied.





Operating Voltage Power supplies for the 60W incandescent replacement and PAR 38 products shall be capable of operation on 120 Volts (V) alternating current (AC) circuits.

Power Factor (PF) Power supply shall have the following power factors: Residential ≥ 0.70 Commercial ≥ 0.90

Minimum Operating Temperature

Power Supply shall have a minimum operating temperature of -20°C or below when used in luminaires intended for outdoor applications.

Output Operating Frequency

≥ 120 Hertz (Hz) Note: This performance characteristic addresses problems with visible flicker due to low frequency operation and applies to steady-state as well as dimmed operation. Products shall meet the requirements at all light output levels when operated with compatible dimmers.

Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference

Power supply designated by the manufacturer for residential applications shall meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements for consumer use (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Consumer Emission Limits). • Power supply designated by the manufacturer for commercial applications shall meet FCC requirements for non-consumer use (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Non-consumer Emission Limits).

Noise Power supply shall have a Class A sound rating.

Transient Protection Power supply shall comply with IEEE C.62.41-1991, Class A operation. The line transient shall consist of seven strikes of a 100 kHz ring wave, 2.5 kV level, for both common mode and differential mode.

Safety Ratings Power supply shall meet applicable safety ratings for self-ballasted lamps, lamp adapters, portable fixtures, and hardwired fixtures.

TABLE 3. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)

Light Output Products shall deliver a luminous flux greater than 900 lumens (initial).

Wattage Products shall consume less than or equal to 10W.

Luminous Efficacy Products shall have an efficacy greater than 90 lumens per watt (lm/W).

Luminous Intensity Distribution

Products shall have an even distribution of luminous intensity within the 0° to 150° zone (axially symmetrical). Luminous intensity at any angle within this zone shall not differ from the mean luminous intensity for the entire 0° to 150° zone by more than 10%.

Correlated Color Temperatures (CCTs)

Products shall have CCT of not less than 2,700 K (2,725 ± 80) and not more than 3,000 K (3,045 ± 100). On the CIE 1976 (u', v') chromaticity diagram, the target distance from the Planckian locus (Duv) is 0.000 with a tolerance of ± 0.004. For complete definition of Duv, please see ANSI_NEMA_ANSLG C78.377-2008.

Dimensions Product size and shape shall fit within the maximum dimensions and form factor of an A19 bulb in accordance with ANSI C78.20-2003, figure C78.20211.

Base Type Products shall consist of a single contact medium screw base E26/24.




INCANDESCENT LAMPS1 Traditional 60W A19 lamps work on the relatively simple principle of incandescence.

Incandescent lamps consist of sealed glass bulbs containing an electric circuit (a

wound wire filament, typically tungsten) and an inert gas (typically argon). As

electric current passes through the filament, it encounters resistance due to the

filament’s small diameter. The tungsten atoms undergo excitation, and the filament

heats up.

Excitation occurs through collisions between the flowing electrons and tungsten

atoms. In this excitation process, the tungsten atoms’ electrons momentarily jump

into higher orbitals/energy levels. Once they fall back into their original

orbitals/energy levels, they release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic

radiation). These photons are released at varying wavelengths. For incandescent

lamps, only 10% of the energy is released in the visible spectrum (useful light for

general illumination).

In order to extend the life of the filament, the inert gas within the lamp serves two

functions: 1) to prevent reaction between oxygen and the filament (tungsten

combusts at high temperatures), and 2) to prevent deposits on the inner surface of

the bulb from tungsten sublimation. Argon molecules lessen this effect by acting as a

barrier. Another, less common method is to maintain a vacuum within the bulb.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS2 Operation of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is more complex than incandescent

lamps. CFLs consist of sealed glass tubes containing an inside coating of phosphor

powders, an inert gas fill (typically argon), mercury, and an electrode at each end of

the tube. When the correct alternating current voltage and frequency is delivered to

the electrodes, the inert gas becomes ionized, allowing current to flow through the

tube. The resulting energy transfer causes the mercury to vaporize.

Collisions occur between the vaporized mercury and other electrons and ions. These

collisions excite the mercury atoms, causing their electrons to jump momentarily into

higher orbitals/energy levels. When these electrons fall back into their original

orbitals/energy levels, they release excess energy in the form of photons. The

photons released are within the ultraviolet spectrum, and are not able to be

perceived by the human eye.

However, the ultraviolet photons collide with the atoms in the phosphor powder

coating, causing a second excitation process. This process causes the phosphor’s

electrons to jump and fall, releasing light in the visible spectrum. Different

wavelengths of light are achieved with the use of different phosphors. While there

are minor losses associated with an intermediate step to producing visible light, CFLs

are able to convert more of their energy to the release of photons in the visible

spectrum when compared to incandescent.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) also referred to as solid state lighting (SSL), are a form

of semiconductor electronics. Two dissimilar, doped semiconductor materials are

mated together. One doped semiconductor contains extra free electrons (negative,

N-layer) while the other has spaces for free electrons to fill (positive, P-layer). When




these two are mated together, a positive-negative (P-N) junction exists at the point

of connection. Local to this junction, free electrons fill the available spaces and

create a neutral zone.

When direct current (DC) voltage is applied across the P-N junction, electrons flow

from the N-layer to the P-layer. This flow continually pushes electrons out of their

original positions as new electrons fall into the free spaces. Electrons falling into

lower states release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic radiation) at

various wavelengths, depending on the doping of the semiconductor. Compared to

incandescent lamps and CFLs, the range of wavelengths is narrower. As a result, less

energy is lost to emission of photons in the non-visible portions of the spectrum.

Different colors may be achieved by using different doping processes, as well as

coating the lens of the LED with phosphors.




ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES This Southern California Edison (SCE) Emerging Technologies Program, laboratory

technology assessment ET 10.23, evaluates the Philips L Prize entry under the following

objectives:

1. Provide independent performance data to establish confidence in evaluation of this

technology for SCE’s energy efficiency rebate/incentive programs

2. Support the concurrent SCE L Prize field assessment, ET 10.24

The SCE field assessment project, ET 10.24, assists the DOE with field evaluation of the

Philips L Prize entry. DOE has established the following goals for the field test:

A. Evaluate energy use

B. Characterize lighting system performance

C. Assess reliability

D. Evaluate customer acceptance

E. Assess criteria for cost effective deployment through utility energy efficiency

programs

This lab assessment will meet its two main objectives by supporting DOE field assessment

goals A, B & C. The following elements were addressed in order to satisfy the three goals:

I. Quantify the L Prize entry’s steady state photometric and electrical

performance

II. Examine the L Prize entry’s dimming performance

Note: due to assessment time constraints, testing could not be performed

prior to field deployment to capture changes in dimming performance from

field usage.

III. Quantify the L Prize entry’s degradation by evaluating pre- and post-field

testing performance

Note: this element attempts to give a partial idea on reliability/lifetime of

these units, for the purposes of this assessment, extended durability testing

could not be performed.

IV. Compare the L Prize entry’s performance to incandescent and compact

fluorescent lamps




TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION The product evaluated was the Philips entry to the DOE L Prize competition for the 60W

incandescent A19 lamp replacement category, see Figure 1. This product was compared to

currently available CFL and incandescent A19 lamp replacements. Lab testing was

performed at SCE’s Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC) in Irwindale, CA. All testing was

conducted by employees of SCE’s Design & Engineering Services group.

The following warnings and cautions were given by DOE, about the lamps issued to SCE for

evaluation:

- Engineering samples only

- For evaluation only

- Dimmable with Electronic Low Voltage (ELV) type dimmers

- Not for use in totally enclosed fixtures

- Not intended for use in emergency exit/lighting fixtures.

- Turn off power prior to change out of lamp.

- Lamp is fragile, handle with care. Do not drop. Do not apply high forces when

changing the lamp. Do not twist hard.

- If mechanical parts loosen, treat as a broken device, do not touch internal parts.

- Caution: Risk of electric shock.

- Use in dry locations only. Not for use in applications exposed to weather.

- Note: this device complies with Part 18 of the FCC rule. This product may cause

interference with other devices. If interference occurs, change the location of

products.

FIGURE 1. THE L PRIZE LAMP ENTRY




Lab testing is the most appropriate choice in terms of quantifying photometric and electrical

performance in support of SCE’s field test efforts. Light measurements made in the field are

sensitive to variables that may not be easily controlled (such as temperature, influence from

other light sources, and lack of regulated power sources). Many challenges are inherent with

field measurement of electrical characteristics of individual lamps as well (difficulties in

isolating multi-lamp fixtures, lack of regulated power sources, and less accurate

instrumentation). By performing measurements in a lab environment, these variables can

be controlled and monitored for more repeatable and accurate results.




TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY As previously mentioned, lab-testing addresses the following elements:

1. Quantify the measure’s steady state photometric and electrical performance

2. Examine the measure’s dimming performance

3. Quantify performance degradation by evaluating pre and post performance with

regards to concurrent field testing

4. Compare the measure’s performance to incandescent and compact fluorescent

products

KEY PARAMETERS The following is presented for the purpose of providing high-level descriptions of the

key parameters measured/calculated for the purposes of quantifying lamp

performance.

EFFICACY4

An important indication of overall lamp performance is efficacy. This value, in lumens

per watt (lm/W), is a measure of light output over power input. A higher efficacy

lamp provides more lumens of light output per watt than a lower one. Though LED

wattage may be lower than their fluorescent counterpart, it must do so while

providing the same amount of light. A lamp with a higher efficacy has the most

energy savings potential.

POWER

In the context of this lab assessment, power refers to the instantaneous rate at

which electrical energy is transferred to enable a device to operate. The unit of

measurement is the Watt (W).

POWER FACTOR5

Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It is a

dimensionless number between 0 and 1, typically also expressed as a percentage.

Real power is reflective of the useful portion of total apparent power, used in a circuit

to perform work.

LUMINOUS FLUX6

Luminous flux is a measurement of the perceived power of light. It takes the radiant

flux, the total power of light, and adjusts it to account for the human eye’s varying

perception of intensity for different wavelengths of light. The unit of measurement is

the lumen (lm).




CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE4

Correlated color temperature (CCT) indicates whether a white light source appears

more yellow/gold or blue, in terms of the range of available shades of white. CCT is

derived by a theoretical object in physics, referred to as a “black body” that absorbs

all electromagnetic radiation. When heated to high temperatures, this object emits

different colors of light based on the exact temperature. Hence, the CCT of a light

source is the temperature (in Kelvin) at which the heated black body matches the

color of the light source in question. Higher temperatures correspond to a blue

appearance; lower temperatures correspond to a red appearance. CCT data is

obtained from the integrating sphere.

COLOR RENDERING INDEX4 Color rending index (CRI) is a quantitative measure that describes how well a light

source renders color compared to a reference light source of similar color

temperature. This index is scaled from 0 to 100.

CRI affects visual perception. The CRI is directly related to the colors or spectral

characteristics that the lamp produces. CRI data is obtained from the integrating

sphere.

TEST SCENARIOS In order to address the main elements identified above, the following test scenarios

were conducted:

1. Incandescent and CFL lamp seasoning

2. L Prize Entry

a. Pre-field performance testing

b. Post-field performance testing

c. Dimming testing

3. Incandescent

a. Performance testing

b. Dimming testing

4. CFL

a. Performance testing

b. Dimming testing

Lamps were arranged in a base down position for all testing to reflect the common

“table lamp” fixtures observed in the hotel applications relevant to SCE’s concurrent

field assessment, see Figure 2.




FIGURE 2. “BASE DOWN” LAMP TEST ORIENTATION

LAMP SEASONING

Lamp seasoning was conducted with guidance from the Illuminating Engineering

Society of North America’s Lighting Measurement (IESNA LM) series. The relevant

standard is LM-54-99, “IESNA Guide to Lamp Seasoning”. See Appendix A for a

summary of key test protocols associated with this standard.

Baseline incandescent and CFL lamps are required to be seasoned for a set number

of hours prior to testing. SSL technologies currently do not have this requirement. All

lamps were seasoned in a “base down” position, in a common bathroom fixture, as

illustrated in Figure 3.

FIGURE 3. LAMP SEASONING

PERFORMANCE TESTING

Performance testing was conducted with guidance from the SCE LTTC Sphere-

Spectroradiometer Test Guide v2.17. This test guide incorporates key elements from

IESNA LM-79-08, along with the instructions for using the LTTC-specific test

equipment. Care was taken in modifying the test guide as appropriate when

incorporating all of the relevant IESNA LM publications applicable to this lab

assessment. All applicable methods are listed below. The base down position was




selected for all testing to reflect the common “table lamp” applications observed in

the field assessment. See Appendix A for a summary of key test protocols associated

with each standard.

LM-45-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric

Measurements of General Service Incandescent Filament Lamps

LM-66-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric

Measurements of Single-Ended Compact Fluorescent Lamps

LM-79-08 Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-

State Lighting Products

Protocols from the LM series were followed with care. However, it was observed

during testing that the temperature swings local to the test lamp (sphere inside

temperature) had a swing of approximately four degrees Fahrenheit (F). This is

inherent to the nature of LTTC’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

system controls. Through numerous tests these temperature swings did not allow

stabilization of the L Prize lamps as defined in LM-79-08. In these cases, testing was

conducted with the HVAC system turned off, and temperatures were monitored and

logged. See appendix for data/figures illustrating this point.

DIMMING TESTS

Dimming tests consisted of qualitative observations as well as quantitative

measurements. Quantitative measurements were conducted using the same

protocols as the performance testing. The only modifications were:

1. Execution at five prescribed dimming levels.

2. Electrical measurements at the input and output of the dimmer

The prescribed dimming levels chosen were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. These

percentages reflect the percent of physical travel on the dimmer knob/slide. The

physical percent travel of the dimmer knob/slider was chosen because it represents

the dimming levels apparent to an occupant/user.

The Lightolier Sunrise Preset ELV slide dimmer (model ZP260QE) was selected, see

Figure 4. It is rated for 260W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. The dimmer features a slider

type control, and an ON/OFF switch. The levels of travel are designated by measured

red markings corresponding to the various percent levels of slider travel.

Dimming testing was performed with one L Prize lamp, (NETL #1437).




FIGURE 4. LIGHTOLIER ELV SLIDE DIMMER

Incandescent and CFL dimming tests were conducted with a typical line dimmer. The

dimmer selected was the Lutron rotary dimmer (model D-600P-WH), see Figure 5. It

is rated for single pole, 600W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. It features a rotary knob that

turns to initiate dimming. From stop to stop, this knob does not rotate a full 360°.

This knob may be physically pushed in to function as an ON/OFF switch. The levels of

travel are designated by measured red markings corresponding to the various

percent levels of knob travel.

FIGURE 5. LUTRON ROTARY DIMMER




UNITS TESTED

L Prize Lamps

Twenty-five of the 100 Philips L Prize test lamps provided to SCE were used for lab

testing. Unfortunately, certain hurdles in the field assessment prevented installation

at one of the test sites. As a result, 16 of the 25 lab-tested lamps were actually field-

tested. See Table 17 in the appendix for the identification and serial numbers of all

lab-tested lamps. Lamp NETL #1437 was chosen for dimming testing, as it did not

see field use. These lamps were produced to meet the L Prize competition

specifications discussed previously.

Baseline Lamps

Six incandescent lamps and seven CFL lamps in total were tested as a baseline for

comparison. Incandescent and CFL lamps were chosen from common manufacturers

available at local stores (CVS and Home Depot). The manufacturers selected

included GE, Ecosmart, RTH, and Philips. Three manufacturers were selected for

incandescent baseline testing, and three manufacturers were chosen for CFL baseline

testing. Two lamps of the same model were chosen per manufacturer. Unfortunately,

the readily available CFLs were not dimmable, so a separate dimmable CFL was

purchased from a specialty store and tested.

The manufacturer specifications for each lamp are shown in Table 4. Lamps are

identified along the following scheme:

(Make/model)_(Technology)_(Lamp #)

TABLE 4. MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS

ID LIGHT OUTPUT

(LM) POWER (W) LIFE (HOURS) CCT (K) CALCULATED

EFFICACY (LM/W)

A_CFL_1 900 14 10,000

Soft White, 2,700K

64.3 A_CFL_2

B_CFL_1 900 13 12,000 Soft White 69.2

B_CFL_2

C_CFL_1 830 13 10,000

Soft White, 2,700K

63.8 C_CFL_2

*D_CFL 900 15 10,000 Soft White 60.0

E_Inc_1 735 57 2,000 Soft White 12.9

E_Inc_2

F_Inc_1 780 57 1,000 Soft White 13.7

F_Inc_2

G_Inc_1 785 57 1,000 Soft White 13.8

G_Inc_2

*D_CFL is the dimmable model tested




LTTC TEST EQUIPMENT The following are high-level descriptions of the equipment used for this lab

assessment. See the appendix for detailed lab equipment information. All test

equipment was set up to record the following properties via measurements or

calculations:

Sphere Inside Temperature, ◦F

Sphere Outside Temperature, ◦F

Radiant Flux, mW

Luminous Flux, lm

Correlated Color Temperature, K

Color Rendering Index

Power, W

Power factor

Voltage, V rms

Current, Alternate

Total Harmonic Distortion (%, for both voltage and current waveforms)

Efficacy was calculated by dividing luminous flux by power.

However, for the purposes of this evaluation, selected variables highlighted in bold

will be discussed. Other variables are presented in the appendix.

All reported temperatures and electrical properties are averages, calculated from a

range that spans from the time of measurement, to one minute before the time of

measurement.

INTEGRATING SPHERE4

The integrating sphere (or Sphere-Spectroradiometer) measures the total light

output of a light source, see Figure 6. This can be a lamp or a complete luminaire.

The tested light source is placed in the center of the integrating sphere. At one side

of the sphere is a spectrometer that measures the light output from the light source.

A baffle is directly between the source and the spectrometer to prevent the meter

from seeing any direct light from the source. This equipment is used to measure the

light output of a light source, the CRI, and CCT. Local temperatures are monitored,

but not controlled. Luminous flux measurements and power readings are recorded

until stabilization is achieved, as defined by the appropriate IESNA LM standard.

The entire inside of the sphere, including the baffle and mounting for the lamps, is

coated with a highly reflective white paint that reflects all wavelengths equally. This

allows for accurate measurements. The calibrated power supply is connected to the

lamp wiring on the outside of the sphere. Readings from the optical sensor are

processed with the accompanying software and displayed on the monitor.

For information on the specifications for the integrating sphere, see the referenced

document entitled “SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf"8”. To see certificates for the

calibration lamps used to calibrate the sphere, see the referenced documents entitled

“E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf9,” “F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf10,” and “J64

Calibration Certificate.pdf11.” For a log of run hours used to determine expirations of




these certificates (current as of 12/20/2010), see the referenced document entitled

“CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls12”.

FIGURE 6. THE INTEGRATING SPHERE

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY Regulated power is supplied to each luminaire by a Tenma 72-7675 AC power source

set at 120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 7. During the timeline of this lab assessment,

the LTTC lab equipment was upgraded to an Elgar CW1251P AC power source set at

120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 8. For information on the specifications for both

power supplies, see the referenced documents entitled “Tenma 72-7675

Specifications.pdf13” and “Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf14”.

FIGURE 7. THE TENMA POWER SUPPLY




FIGURE 8. THE ELGAR POWER SUPPLY

POWER QUALITY ANALYZER

Voltage (V rms), current (A), power (W), frequency (Hz), power factor (PF), and

current THD (%) are measured with a Hioki 3390 power quality analyzer, see Figure

9. The Hioki 9277 Universal Clamp-On CT was used to measure current. Readings

were logged every second, and manually monitored for stability calculations (at time

intervals dictated by the appropriate LM standard).

For information on the specifications for the power quality analyzer and the CT, see

the referenced documents entitled “Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer

Specifications.pdf15” and “Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf16”.

FIGURE 9. HIOKI POWER QUALITY ANALYZER

Figure 10 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all non-

dimming tests.




FIGURE 10. NON-DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION

Figure 11 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all dimming

tests.

FIGURE 11. DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION

Regulated AC Source

Power Quality Analyzer

Ch1 Ch2

Test Lamp

V I

Regulated AC Source

Power Quality Analyzer

Ch1 Ch2

Dimmer Test Lamp

V V I I




THERMOCOUPLE MODULE

Temperature measurements were available through two thermocouples, connected

to a National Instruments (NI) 9211 input module. This module was arranged in an

NI cDAQ 9172 chassis that was connected to a computer via Universal Serial Bus

(USB). Two of the thermocouples were dedicated to measurement of sphere outside

and inside temperatures, while the other two were free for positioning. For the

purposes of this assessment, only the sphere inside and outside temperatures were

used and monitored/logged. Temperature logging was done in LabView at one-

second intervals, for the duration of each test.

For information on the specifications for the thermocouple module, see the

referenced document entitled “NI 9211 Specifications.pdf17”.

FIGURE 12. THERMOCOUPLE MODULE/CHASSIS




RESULTS

PERFORMANCE DATA: L PRIZE ENTRY Table 5 and Table 6 show performance data about pre- and post-field testing of the L

Prize lamps. Table 7 shows the field-testing run hours for each lab-tested lamp, and

a short description about where they were installed.

It should be noted that lamp NETL #1880 was observed to have visible red color

shift upon its return from the field assessment. This indicates a failure mode, and

therefore is analyzed separately from the other tested lamps. It should also be noted

that during field testing, light loggers for certain lamp installations went missing. As

a result, run hours are not available for lamp NETL #1913.

TABLE 5. PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT

NETL #

SPHERE INSIDE

TEMP (F) LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI

PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD

1810 81.5 75.6 909 945 2726 2698 93.1 93.2

448 82.7 76.9 882 913 2733 2702 92.7 92.8

446 83.5 78.3 882 926 2716 2682 93.6 93.8

1913 82.7 78.5 881 910 2741 2706 92.8 93.0

1378 78.8 75.3 892 922 2746 2694 92.4 93.1

1030 81.6 80.4 889 915 2751 2747 92.4 92.5

850 81.9 81.0 892 906 2777 2747 92.5 92.6

1479 80.4 79.6 895 900 2678 2679 93.5 93.5

1454 80.0 79.2 902 935 2671 2664 93.4 93.6

1377 79.3 78.8 896 913 2742 2746 93.0 93.0

855 81.5 81.5 896 917 2685 2675 93.5 93.6

1929 78.7 79.5 911 920 2695 2696 93.2 93.3

1376 80.2 82.0 892 918 2763 2750 92.2 92.5

1050 77.5 79.5 912 928 2708 2738 93.2 92.8

1221 76.2 81.9 895 905 2694 2686 93.7 94.0

1880 81.0 76.3 914 899 2719 2252 93.4 90.2

TABLE 6. PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL

NETL #

SPHERE INSIDE

TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR

PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD

1810 81.5 81.5 9.60 9.68 94.6 97.6 0.970 0.971

448 82.7 82.7 9.74 9.89 90.5 92.4 0.969 0.969

446 83.5 83.5 9.79 9.84 90.2 94.0 0.971 0.970

1913 82.7 82.7 9.55 9.74 92.3 93.4 0.969 0.968

1378 78.8 78.8 9.70 9.73 92.0 94.7 0.971 0.972




NETL #

SPHERE INSIDE

TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR

PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD PRE

FIELD POST

FIELD

1030 81.6 81.6 9.63 9.66 92.3 94.7 0.970 0.965

850 81.9 81.9 9.68 9.81 92.2 92.4 0.970 0.968

1479 80.4 80.4 9.75 9.81 91.8 91.7 0.971 0.970

1454 80.0 80.0 9.68 9.76 93.2 95.8 0.971 0.971

1377 79.3 79.3 9.74 9.83 91.9 92.9 0.970 0.969

855 81.5 81.5 9.61 9.70 93.2 94.5 0.970 0.967

1929 78.7 78.7 9.67 9.68 94.1 95.0 0.969 0.967

1376 80.2 80.2 9.60 9.65 92.9 95.1 0.971 0.969

1050 77.5 77.5 9.79 9.83 93.1 94.4 0.971 0.969

1221 76.2 76.2 9.68 9.65 92.4 93.8 0.970 0.968

1880 81.0 81.0 9.79 9.86 93.3 91.2 0.971 0.971

TABLE 7. FIELD TESTING DATA

NETL # RUN HOURS DESCRIPTION

1810 1473.25 Floor Lamp – Elevator seats to left of dock

448 191.08 Bedside (Left) – Room 4053

446 1670.92 Chandeliers (Right) – Lakeview Restaurant South Side

1913 NA Table Lamp – Lobby, Couch by Reception

1378 678.83 Chandeliers (Left) – Golf Shop

1030 92.75 Table Lamp – Room 4053

850 496.83 Bedside – Room 6139

1479 274.25 Table Lamp – Room 6066

1454 206.42 Table Lamp – Room 6054

1377 854.92 Chandeliers (Right) – Golf Shop

855 239.25 Table Lamp – Room 7161

1929 255.67 Table Lamp – Room 4137

1376 1670.92 Chandeliers (Left) – Lakeview Restaurant South Side

1050 1659.25 Table Lamp – Lobby, Concierge Desk

1221 642.58 Southside Cylinder – Spa, Co-ed Lounge

1880 1502.42 Table Lamp – Lobby, East Wall Telephone




PERFORMANCE DATA: BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS The following figures illustrate the key parameters evaluated for several baseline CFL

and incandescent lamps. It is important to note that the unit labeled “D_CFL” is

highlighted separately from the other CFLs as it is the only dimmable model. All

other CFLs were rated as non-dimmable type.

TABLE 8. BASELINE PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT

LAMP ID LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI

A_CFL_1 754 2790 81.3

A_CFL_2 797 2691 82.5

B_CFL_1 858 2710 81.3

B_CFL_2 870 2695 81.8

C_CFL_1 746 2767 81.6

C_CFL_2 842 2738 81.4

D_CFL 904 2768 81.8

E_Inc_1 712 2695 99.6

E_Inc_2 718 2696 99.6

F_Inc_1 612 2663 99.2

F_Inc_2 686 2702 99.3

G_Inc_1 749 2764 99.1

G_Inc_2 746 2770 99.0

TABLE 9. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL

LAMP ID SPHERE INSIDE

TEMP (F) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR

A_CFL_1 78.7 58.7 12.9 0.581

A_CFL_2 77.1 62.4 12.8 0.578

B_CFL_1 76.9 66.1 13.0 0.581

B_CFL_2 77.2 67.6 12.9 0.581

C_CFL_1 77.4 60.0 12.4 0.579

C_CFL_2 76.8 66.2 12.7 0.580

D_CFL 76.0 62.4 14.5 0.666

E_Inc_1 81.0 12.3 57.9 1.000

E_Inc_2 84.0 12.5 57.6 1.000

F_Inc_1 81.1 10.9 56.3 1.000

F_Inc_2 80.4 12.1 56.7 1.000

G_Inc_1 79.3 13.2 56.7 1.000

G_Inc_2 82.6 13.1 56.8 1.000




DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA The following tables show performance data at several prescribed dimmed levels for

all tested technologies. The L Prize lamp dimmed down continually to about 20% of

its highest luminous flux at the 0% slide dimmer position. A visible color shift was

noticed with the L Prize when dimming down to the 0% position. In addition, when

the ON/OFF switch was toggled, the L Prize lamp could not be turned off. In the OFF

position, the lamps seemed to become dimly lit and exhibit a profuse flicker (see

dimming movie in appendix). It should be noted that system efficacy is calculated by

dividing luminous flux by power input to the dimmer (Ch1). Lamp efficacy is

calculated by dividing luminous flux by power input to the lamp (Ch2).

TABLE 10. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT

TECHNOLOGY

DIMMER

POSITION

(%)

LUMINOUS

FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI (K)

L Prize

100% 862 2687 93.7

75% 831 2666 93.6

50% 680 2681 92.9

25% 436 2850 88.6

0% 176 3690 71.5

CFL

100% 859 2742 82.2

75% 755 2695 82.3

50% 614 2675 83.0

25% 269 2699 83.0

0% - - -

Incandescent

100% 635 2717 99.1

75% 357 2560 99.2

50% 121 2309 99.1

25% 2 0 0

0% - - -




TABLE 11. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL, TEMP

TECHNOLOGY DIMMER

POSITION

(%)

SPHERE

INSIDE

TEMP

(F)

EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR

SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP

L Prize

100% 80.2 89.8 93.0 9.60 9.27 93.3% 96.5%

75% 76.7 92.7 96.0 8.97 8.66 90.1% 95.3%

50% 75.9 95.6 101.2 7.11 6.72 77.8% 92.3%

25% 81.8 96.0 106.5 4.54 4.09 58.1% 86.6%

0% 80.4 78.7 107.5 2.24 1.64 35.7% 73.1%

CFL

100% 78.5 61.6 62.4 13.95 13.77 63.4% 67.6%

75% 79.3 57.9 58.8 13.02 12.82 Error Error

50% 77.8 54.0 55.1 11.36 11.14 Error Error

25% 75.7 34.6 35.4 7.79 7.62 Error Error

0% 78.5 - - - - - -

Incandescent

100% 74.6 12.0 12.1 53.00 52.40 96.0% 100%

75% 75.6 8.6 8.7 41.74 41.18 82.2% 100%

50% 75.9 4.4 4.5 27.64 27.20 62.8% 100%

25% 76.8 0.3 0.3 8.57 8.38 29.0% 100%

0% - - - - - - -

Note: Nonsensical readings were recorded for power factor when the CFL was

dimmed. It is suspected that THD played a role in power quality analyzer errors. For

a breakdown of THD, see Appendix A.




EVALUATIONS

CONFORMANCE WITH L PRIZE SPECIFICATIONS Table 12 through Table 14 are a summary of several of the key L Prize specifications

addressed in this evaluation. Results indicate that the L Prize entry conforms to most

specifications, with some observed dimming issues.


Color Spatial Uniformity Not Analyzed

Color Maintenance Not Analyzed

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Table 5 shows that CRI is consistently ≥ to 90

Off-state Power Not Analyzed

Thermal Management Not Analyzed

Dimming

Only for use with ELV-type dimmers. Product showed continuous dimming. Luminous flux at the lowest dimmer setting was approximately 20% of its maximum output (with visible green color shift).

Incompatibility with Controls and Application Exceptions

Manufacturer specified ELV-type dimmers only

Starting Time Not Analyzed


Operating Voltage L Prize entry operated with 120V AC source

Power Factor Table 6 shows that power factor consistently exceeds commercial specification of 90%.

Minimum Operating Temperature

Not Analyzed

Output Operating Frequency

Not Analyzed

Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference

Not Analyzed

Noise Not Analyzed

Transient Protection Not Analyzed

Safety Ratings Not Analyzed




TABLE 14. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)

Light Output Luminous flux dips very marginally below 900 lumens. For all practical purposes, the unit seems to be in compliance.

Wattage Table 6 shows power is consistently under 10W

Luminous Efficacy Table 6 shows efficacy is consistently over 90 lm/W

Luminous Intensity Distribution

Not analyzed

Correlated Color Temperatures (CCTs)

Table 5 shows that CCT only marginally dips a little below the 2,700K threshold. For all practical purposes, this product seems to be within compliance.

Dimensions Not Analyzed

Base Type Unit came equipped with proper screw base

FIELD TESTING PERFORMANCE CHANGES Change in the L Prize lamp’s performance was not substantial, with the exception of

lamp NETL #1880: red color shift failure. The magnitude of the run hours

encountered did not seem substantial enough in comparison with the lifetime of the

product to realize significant degradation. If anything, the only relevant performance

variation observed was a minor increase in luminous flux (2.61% on average). This

phenomena of initial light output increase has been presented in other lifetime test

results from other LED products18; it is difficult to anticipate what the exact lifetime

test curves will look like for this particular product, given the current test results.

Lamp NETL #1880 saw marginal changes in all parameters except CCT.

TABLE 15. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, LIGHT

NETL # % CHANGE:

LUMINOUS FLUX % CHANGE: CCT % CHANGE: CRI

1810 3.98% -1.03% 0.11%

448 3.58% -1.13% 0.11%

446 4.89% -1.25% 0.21%

1913 3.27% -1.28% 0.22%

1378 3.27% -1.89% 0.76%

1030 2.91% -0.15% 0.11%

850 1.56% -1.08% 0.11%

1479 0.55% 0.04% 0.00%

1454 3.64% -0.26% 0.21%

1377 1.96% 0.15% 0.00%

855 2.27% -0.37% 0.11%

1929 0.98% 0.04% 0.11%

1376 2.89% -0.47% 0.33%

1050 1.76% 1.11% -0.43%

1221 1.16% -0.30% 0.32%

Average 2.58% -0.53% 0.15%

1880 -1.63% -17.18% -3.43%




TABLE 16. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, ELECTRICAL

NETL # % DEVIATION: POWER % DEVIATION: EFFICACY % DEVIATION: POWER FACTOR

1810 0.85% 3.11% 0.01%

448 1.46% 2.09% -0.07%

446 0.59% 4.28% -0.10%

1913 2.03% 1.22% -0.08%

1378 0.25% 3.02% 0.10%

1030 0.28% 2.62% -0.52%

850 1.36% 0.20% -0.25%

1479 0.58% -0.03% -0.05%

1454 0.90% 2.72% 0.01%

1377 0.86% 1.09% -0.07%

855 0.88% 1.38% -0.36%

1929 0.10% 0.88% -0.23%

1376 0.53% 2.35% -0.21%

1050 0.43% 1.32% -0.22%

1221 -0.37% 1.54% -0.24%

Average 0.71% 1.85% -0.15%

1880 0.67% -2.29% -0.03%

L PRIZE VS BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS Performance

Figure 13 illustrates the grouping of all tested lamps about power and luminous flux

(SSL pre-field data used). Figure 14 through Figure 19 show performance averages

for all tested technologies. When comparing the three technologies, the SSL product

demonstrates the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the highest

efficacy, and high PF while maintaining comparable CCT and CRI. When comparing

initial performance averages of tested technologies samples, SSL uses:

o 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs

o 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL

o 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps




0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Power (W)

Lu

min

ou

s F

lux

(lm

)

L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent

FIGURE 13. LAMP DATA SCATTER PLOT: POWER VS LUMINOUS FLUX

92.4

63.5 62.4

12.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Eff

icac

y (

lm/W

)

FIGURE 14. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: EFFICACY




895

812

904

704

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


Lu

min

ou

s F

lux

(lm

)

FIGURE 15. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: LUMINOUS FLUX

9.6812.77 14.49

57.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Po

we

r (W

)

FIGURE 16. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER




2719 2732 2768 2715

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000


CC

T (

K)

FIGURE 17. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CCT

93.1

81.7 81.8

99.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


CR

I (%

)

FIGURE 18. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CRI




0.970

0.5800.666

1.000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2


Po

wer

Facto

r

FIGURE 19. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER FACTOR

Dimming

All three technologies were continuously dimmable. The L Prize lamp was the only

technology to stay lit when moving respective dimmers to the 0% position. In

addition, the L Prize lamp was the only lamp unable to be shut off through toggling

of the integrated dimmer ON/OFF switches.

The incandescent and dimmable CFL turned off at the 0% position; no

measurements were taken at the 0% position. It was observed that the CFL required

warming up before dimming could be properly performed. Without proper warm up,

the CFL did not dim properly; it would shut off at roughly 50% of dimmer travel.

Regardless of warm up, once the CFL turned off, the dimmer would have to be

cranked back up to nearly the 100% position to re-start.

Performance factors are plotted with dimmer position in Figure 20 through Figure 25.

Figure 26 shows the inside sphere temperatures corresponding to each dimming test.




Efficacy - System & Lamp

61.6

57.9

54.0

34.6

62.4

58.8

55.1

35.4

12.0

8.6

4.4

0.31

2.1

8.7

4.5

0.3

89.8

92.7

95.6

96.0

78.79

3.0

96.0

101.2

106.5

107.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

% Slider/Knob Travel

Eff

icacy (

lm/W

)

D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System

G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp

FIGURE 20. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: EFFICACY

Luminous Flux

859

755

614

269

635

357

121

2

862

831

680

436

176

0

200

400

600

800

1000

100% 75% 50% 25%


Lu

min

ou

s F

lux (

lm)

D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry

FIGURE 21. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: LUMINOUS FLUX




Power - System & Lamp

14

.0

13

.0

11

.4

7.81

3.8

12

.8

11

.1

7.6

53

.0

41

.7

27

.6

8.6

52

.4

41

.2

27

.2

8.49.6

0

8.9

7

7.1

1

4.5

4

2.2

49.2

7

8.6

6

6.7

2

4.0

9

1.6

4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100% 75% 50% 25%


Po

we

r (W

)

D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System

G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp

FIGURE 22. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER

CCT

2742

2695

2675

2699

2717

2560

2309

0

2687

2666

2681

2850 3

690

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%


CC

T (

K)


FIGURE 23. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CCT




CRI

82.2

82.3

83

83

99.1

99.2

99.1

0

93.7

93.6

92.9

88.6

71.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%


CR

I (%

)


FIGURE 24. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CRI

Power Factor - System & Lamp

63.4

%67.6

% 96.0

%

82.2

%

62.8

%

29.0

%

100%

100%

100%

100%

93.3

%

90.1

%

77.8

%

58.1

%

35.7

%

96.5

%

95.3

%

92.3

%

86.6

%

73.1

%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%


Po

wer

Facto

r (%

)

D_CFL - Ch1 D_CFL - Ch2 G_Inc_1 - Ch1

G_Inc_1 - Ch2 L Prize - Ch1 L Prize - Ch2

FIGURE 25. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER FACTOR




Sphere Inside Temperature

78.5

79.3

77.8

75.7

74.6

75.6

75.9

76.8

80.2

76.7

75.9 81.8

80.4

40

50

60

70

80

90

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%


Sp

here

In

sid

e

Tem

pera

ture

(F

)


FIGURE 26. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS




RECOMMENDATIONS This technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria

set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive

programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas:

- Lifetime Testing

o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their

lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the

significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better

understood with this product application.

- Dimming capabilities/issues

o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with

other dimmers.

o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer

presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful

implementation.

o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to

investigate/address for successful implementation.

- Thermal effects on product performance

o These lamps are specified to be used in dry locations, and not within

totally enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities

on this technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at

this point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab

assessment are within a fairly narrow range, when taking into

consideration the various climate zones/applications these general-

purpose devices may see.

These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when

compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully

understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility

is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are

more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry

to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this

technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts

are initiated/completed.




APPENDIX A: TEST DATA

TABLE 17. LIST OF TESTED L PRIZE LAMPS

NETL # SERIAL NUMBER LAB TESTED?

PRE-FIELD INSTALL POST-FIELD INSTALL

1 446 1762 Y Y

2 448 1489 Y Y

3 850 2900 Y Y

4 855 2660 Y Y

5 999 2188 Y N

6 1030 2107 Y N

7 1033 1448 Y Y

8 1050 3676 Y Y

9 1221 2682 Y Y

10 1376 2285 Y Y

11 1377 2111 Y Y

12 1378 2289 Y Y

13 1436 3928 Y N

14 1437 3375 Y N

15 1438 3033 Y N

16 1439 2833 Y N

17 1454 2505 Y Y

18 1455 3779 Y N

19 1479 3911 Y Y

20 1480 3862 Y N

21 1481 3792 Y N

22 1810 2611 Y Y

23 1880 3895 Y Y

24 1913 1615 Y Y

25 1929 3826 Y Y

BASELINE TECHNOLOGIES: INCANDESCENT AND CFL

Figure 27 through Figure 33 illustrate performance data for all tested baseline

technologies.




FIGURE 27. BASELINE EFFICACY

FIGURE 28. BASELINE LUMINOUS FLUX




FIGURE 29. BASELINE POWER

FIGURE 30. BASELINE CCT




FIGURE 31. BASELINE CRI

FIGURE 32. BASELINE POWER FACTOR




FIGURE 33. BASELINE SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS

LAMP STABILIZATION Lamp stabilization is defined for SSL as per IESNA LM-79-08 by specifying a

maximum percent variation for luminous flux and power illustrated with the following

equation:

D = (A – B)/C*100

Where

A set of three readings is analyzed; each reading is separated by a minimum

of 15 minutes

A = The highest value

B = The lowest value

C = The latest reading

D = Percent deviation, which must be below 0.5%

During testing, it was observed that the cycling of the LTTC’s HVAC system allowed

for a sphere internal temperature swing of approximately 4°F. These temperature

fluctuations allow for the +/- 1°C (range 75.2°F to 78.8°F) temperature control

specified for SSL testing, but the corresponding power and luminous flux variations

impeded lamp stabilization (see Figure 34 & Figure 35). Power stabilization is

evident, but luminous flux measurements do not stabilize (see Table 18). In order to

proceed with testing in a timely manner, the LTTC’s HVAC system was disabled.

Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is

performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent high sphere inside

temperatures.




FIGURE 34. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED LUMINOUS FLUX

FIGURE 35. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED POWER




TIME LUMINOUS FLUX

(LM) POWER (W)

% VARIATION:

LUMINOUS FLUX % VARIATION: POWER

4:37 PM 60.7 9.98 NA NA

4:52 PM 56.9 9.85 NA NA

5:07 PM 56.7 9.83 7.01% 1.53%

5:22 PM 57.0 9.84 0.61% 0.20%

5:37 PM 56.6 9.75 0.86% 1.01%

5:52 PM 56.4 9.74 1.15% 1.07%

6:07 PM 56.1 9.76 0.76% 0.23%

6:22 PM 56.8 9.77 1.19% 0.33%

6:37 PM 57.1 9.76 1.63% 0.10%

6:52 PM 56.7 9.83 0.62% 0.64%

Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is

performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent overly excessive sphere inside

temperatures.

TABLE 18. SAMPLE STABILIZATION MEASUREMENTS/CALCULATIONS (L PRIZE LAMP, NETL #0618)

TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS

Initially, the pre/post field testing data sets for the L Prize lamps were

analyzed with increasing sphere inside temperatures. Impacts were marginal,

and no concrete correlation could be drawn with respect to inside sphere

temperature variation. Figure 36 & Figure 37 illustrate Power, luminous flux,

CCT, & CRI along with varying sphere inside temperatures, for all tested L

Prize lamps. Lamp NETL #1880 is highlighted since it saw a red color shift

failure from field-testing.




FIGURE 36. EXPLORING POWER AND LUMINOUS FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE

TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 37. EXPLORING CCT AND CRI AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE

L PRIZE ENTRY DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the

dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions.

Table 19 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 38 through

Figure 42 illustrate the waveforms.

The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be.

Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic

devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere

with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.

DIMMER

POSITION (%) CH1 – V_THD

(%) CH2 – V_THD

(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)

100 0.151 6.49 27.3 25.2

75 0.160 13.72 32.8 33.3

50 0.162 25.27 49.4 52.1

25 0.160 31.56 73.8 79.1

0 0.160 30.93 115.5 119.1

TABLE 19. L PRIZE DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION




FIGURE 38. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION

















CFL DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the


Table 20 shows the THD measurements. Figure 43 through Figure 46 illustrate the

waveforms.








TABLE 20. CFL DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION

DIMMER

POSITION (%) CH1 – V_THD

(%) CH2 – V_THD

(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)

100 0.341 18.0 113 113

75 0.861 41.4 207 207

50 0.988 82.0 234 233

25 1.153 125.2 272 269

FIGURE 43. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION













INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the


Table 21 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 47 through

Figure 50 illustrate the waveforms.








TABLE 21. INCANDESCENT DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION

DIMMER

POSITION (%)

CH1 – V_THD

(%)

CH2 – V_THD

(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)

100 0.381 24.0 24.5 24.4

75 0.512 49.3 50.0 49.8

50 0.539 75.3 76.1 75.8

25 0.547 133.7 135.6 134.6

FIGURE 47. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
















APPENDIX B: IMAGES Error! Reference source not found. and Figure 52 are photos taken with a thermal

camera. These images assist in giving visual qualitative feel for how temperature is

distributed across the lamp.

Figure 53 and Figure 54 are photos taken with a normal camera to illustrate the color shift

seen when dimming the L Prize lamps to the 0% position. It is important to note that

brightness levels were auto-adjusted from the camera settings, falsely implying no

brightness decrease (falsely seeming almost like an increase).

Figure 55 and Figure 56 are screenshots taken from a recorded movie19, which illustrates

the two phenomena associated with dimming testing: green dimmed color shift and

dimmed/flickering state that the L Prize lamps undergo when paired with the tested ELV

dimmer in the toggled OFF position.

FIGURE 51. THERMAL IMAGE ~15 MINUTE RUNTIME

FIGURE 52. THERMAL IMAGE ~ 1 HOUR RUNTIME

Note: The false color temperature scale varies between both photographs to

accommodate the higher temperatures seen between both scenarios.




FIGURE 53. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY ON

FIGURE 54. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY DIMMED COLOR SHIFT (CAMERA AUTO ADJUSTS FOR BRIGHTNESS)




APPENDIX C: VIDEO

FIGURE 55. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #1

FIGURE 56. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #2




APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS Southern California Edison’s (SCE) Technology Test Centers (TTC) are a collection of

technology assessment laboratories specializing in testing the performance of integrated

demand side management (IDSM) strategies for SCE's energy efficiency (EE), demand

response (DR), and Codes and Standards (C&S) programs. Located in Irwindale, CA, TTC is

comprised of four centers focused on distinct energy end uses: Heating, Ventilating, and Air

Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC), Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC),

Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC), and Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center

(ZTTC), which is in development.

By conducting independent lab testing and analysis, TTC widens the scope of available IDSM

solutions with verified performance and efficiency. TTC tests are thorough and repeatable,

and conducted in realistic, impartial, and consistent laboratory environments to ensure the

best quality results and recommendations.

The Design and Engineering Services (DES) group of SCE's Customer Service Business Unit

manages TTC as a sub-element of the Emerging Technologies program.




REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER Founded in 1996, the Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC) combines state-of-the-

art research facilities with staff expertise to promote IDSM in refrigeration and other

thermal technology applications. RTTC is responsible for sharing the EE benefits of thermal

technologies with SCE customers and other public entities through technical test reports,

workshops, publications, seminars, and presentations.

RESPONSIBILITIES The key responsibilities include:

Testing: Globally recognized for its scientific simulation and testing

capabilities, RTTC tests existing and emerging IDSM technologies. Many test

projects are conducted in support of California's statewide Emerging

Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response. Testing includes:

Equipment testing in accordance with the standards provided by

industry and regulatory organizations, including:

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and

Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

National Sanitary Foundation (NSF)

American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

United States Department of Energy (DOE)

California Energy Commission (CEC)

Supermarket and cold storage refrigeration equipment testing

Calorimetric testing

Refrigerant testing

Fluid flow visualization and quantification experiments using Laser

Doppler Velocimetry and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry techniques

Development of end-use monitoring plans for evaluations conducted at

customer sites

Technical analysis: Using results from test projects and various other

sources of industry data, RTTC can provide the following detailed technical

analyses to customers:

Computer modeling of energy systems in supermarkets and cold

storage facilities

Infiltration and air curtain modeling and analysis

Computational fluid dynamics modeling

Refrigeration load analysis




Evaluation: RTTC helps customers make informed purchasing decisions

regarding refrigeration equipment. RTTC employees work to provide expert,

unbiased performance evaluations of energy-efficient technologies.

Trusted Energy Advisor: RTTC uses its knowledge of customer operations

and needs, its alliance with leading industry manufacturers, and expertise in

thermal science to transform theory into practical applications. Energy-

efficiency consulting is available to SCE customers at no cost.

Collaborative Studies: Results obtained from RTTC research are available at

no cost to SCE customers and other interested parties. This research plays an

instrumental role in evaluating and promoting energy-efficient technologies in

collaboration with the CEC’s codes and standards initiatives and statewide EE

incentive programs.

Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide

programs and research grants, RTTC works with manufacturers, state, and

federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing refrigeration

equipment.

TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Several test chambers are present to serve the RTTC's testing needs. Each is

equipped with state-of-the-art data acquisition equipment as well as comprehensive

supervisory control systems to maintain test conditions:

Supermarket Test Chamber: This 300 square foot isolated controlled

environment room is served by independent heating, cooling, and

humidification systems. It is used to test self-contained refrigeration

equipment as well as remotely fed low- and medium-temperature display

cases via refrigerant feeds from the neighboring mechanical room.

Condensing pressures for remotely fed equipment can be held constant

through the use of a separate heat rejection loop.

Walk-in Cooler Test Chambers: Two 284 square foot test chambers are

capable of maintaining a wide range of indoor conditions found in walk-in

coolers. They generally operate in the +15 - +40° Fahrenheit (F) range. One

of these chambers can also be used to simulate various outdoor conditions for

typical loading dock configurations.

Walk-in Freezer Test Chamber: This 90 square foot test chamber can

maintain temperatures as low as -40°F.




HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING

TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC) evaluates the

latest residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment. By

testing systems and strategies in controlled environment chambers capable of surpassing

industry standards and producing realistic climatic conditions, the HTTC can help EE

program designers, customers, and the industry make informed HVAC design and

specification decisions.

RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include:

Testing: HTTC tests HVAC equipment in support of California’s statewide

Emerging Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response.

Testing capabilities include:

Packaged units (up to 7.5 tons)

Split systems

Control systems

Fault detection and diagnostic systems (FDD)

Evaluation: HTTC evaluates the latest residential and commercial heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning equipment to provide customers with the

information necessary to make informed equipment purchasing decisions.

Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide

programs and research grants, HTTC works with manufacturers, state, and

federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing HVAC equipment.

TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Test chambers and equipment include:

HVAC Indoor Test Chamber: This 292 square foot test chamber provides

thermal conditions typically found in air-conditioned spaces of residential and

commercial buildings, where maintaining desirable human comfort is critical.

It is used to collect precise data on temperature, airflow, and humidity in

order to test various cooling strategies.

HVAC Outdoor Test Chamber: This 250 square foot test chamber is used to

replicate outdoor weather conditions, and to examine how air conditioning

units respond under realistic climatic conditions. Temperatures can be

maintained as high as 130°F.




LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER In partnership with the Southern California Lighting Technology Center in Davis, CA, the

Lighting Technology Test Center’s (LTTC) mission is to foster the application of energy-

efficient lighting and daylighting, in cooperation with the lighting industry, lighting

professionals, and the design engineering community. Unique lighting and daylighting test

equipment, energy-efficient lighting displays, a model kitchen, and flexible blackout test

areas enable the evaluation and demonstration of various lighting technologies and

applications.

RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include:

Measuring large-source total luminous flux, correlated color temperature,

color rendering index, and spectral distribution.

Measuring and calculating light sources, fixtures, and systems.

Measuring luminance, illuminance, contrast, uniformity, and chromaticity.

Performing burn-in and long-term durability testing.

Performing cold-start and re-start analysis.

Performing automated model-based daylighting analysis.

Testing of daylighting strategies and controls.

Communicating incandescent, high intensity discharge (HID), fluorescent,

cold cathode, and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting expertise.

TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT Test areas and equipment include:

Integrating Sphere: The 76-inch diameter spectral light measurement

system is one of the largest integrating spheres produced and is capable of

measuring luminous flux, correlated color temperature, color rendering index,

and the spectral distribution of larger light sources, including linear

fluorescent fixtures and LED street lights.

SLM 40: The 40-inch diameter sphere-spectrometer is a highly sensitive

integrating sphere capable of 2pi and 4pi calibrated measurements of smaller

light sources such as solid state PAR30 and MR16 integrated LED lamps. The

sphere is also portable to RTTC’s controlled environment chambers, allowing

for environmental testing under varying temperatures.

Calibrated Power Supplies: Calibrated low-voltage and line-voltage

regulated AC and DC power supplies enable the consistent powering of

lighting technologies during spectral measurement, burn-in, and long-term

durability testing.




Collapsible Dark Room: A custom-built collapsible dark room provides

complete blackout for measuring the luminance, contrast, and chromaticity of

architectural lighting, neon signs, channel lettering, menu boards, and other

contrast and color-sensitive lighting applications.

Movable Ceiling Room: Currently configured to test office lighting

strategies, this unique room has a motorized movable t-bar ceiling that can

be raised and lowered to test a variety of different direct/indirect lighting

fixtures under varying ceiling heights and furniture arrangements. By

changing ceiling height, occupant acceptance, and uniformity of desk and

ceiling-mounted lighting can be analyzed and adjusted.




ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER

RESPONSIBILITIES The Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center (ZNETTC) will be used to investigate

the viability of integrated EE, demand response, smart meters, and on-site

renewable generation in ways that meet builder and occupant needs. ZNETTC will

accommodate a range of different envelope, space conditioning, lighting, plug load,

and renewable technologies. In addition, a "garage of the future" and plug-in hybrid

electric vehicle (PEV) are anticipated.

TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT ZNETTC is currently under development. Test areas and equipment will be finalized

later.




REFERENCES

1 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb

2 Tom Harris (12/16/2010), How Fluorescent Lamps Work,

http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp2.htm

3 Tom Harris (12/4/2010), How Light Emitting Diodes Work,

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm

4 Teren Abear (12/31/2009), ET 09.01 Report: LED Street Lighting Assessment


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_flux

7 SCE LTTC Sphere-Spectroradiometer Test Guide v1.2 (IESNA LM-79-08)

8 SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf

9 E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf

10 F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf

11 J64 Calibration Certificate.pdf

12 CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls

13 Tenma 72-7675 Specifications.pdf

14 Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf

15 Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer Specifications.pdf

16 Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf

17 NI 9211 Specifications.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb

http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp2.htm

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_flux




18 http://www.ledzworld.com/lm80compliance.html

19 Dimming & Flicker - NETL # 1221, 1376, 1377, 1033, 1030 & 0855.wmv

Documents

SCE Design and Engineering Services - ETCC€¦ · Customer Service Business Unit Southern California Edison December 20, 2010 . L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230 Southern California