Schizophrenia Full Paper

7/28/2019 Schizophrenia Full Paper

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GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PHYLOGENETIC

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOMO SAPIENS AND SELECTED

MODEL ORGANISMS ON THE BASIS OF HOMOLOGOUS GENES

Parul Raj Srivastava and Ranjeet Singh

Deptt. of Biotechnology Engineering

Institute of Engineering & TechnologyBundelkhand University, Jhansi

E mail:[email protected]

ITNTRODUCTION

Schizophreniais a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by

impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditoryhallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context

of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Studies suggest that genetics, early

environment, neurobiology and psychological and social processes are important contributoryfactors. A person experiencing schizophrenia may demonstrate symptoms such as disorganized

thinking, auditory hallucinations, and delusions. Diagnosis is based on the self-reported

experiences of the person as well as abnormalities in behavior reported by family members,

friends or co-workers, followed by secondary signs observed by a psychiatrist. It is a mentaldisorder which affects thinking, feeling and behaviour. It is most likely to start the ages of 15 to

35 and will affect about 1 in every 100 people during their lifetime.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that makes it hard to:

Tell the difference between what is real and not real Think clearly

Have normal emotional response

Act normally in social situations

Types of Schizophrenia

There are five types of schizophrenia. Although most people think of schizophrenia as a single

mental illness, schizophrenia is a general term for several forms of the psychotic illness.

Paranoid type schizophreniatypically consists of false beliefs and hearing things that arentthere; may be more manageable than other types of schizophrenia.

Disorganized type schizophrenia - typically consists of thoughts, speech and behavior that isinappropriate and incomprehensible

Catatonic type schizophreniaconsists of activity levels on either end of the spectrum; eithera dazed, coma-like state or a hyperactive state
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Undifferentiated type schizophreniaa form of schizophrenia that does not match any of theabove types; sometimes this is called schizophrenia not otherwise specified

Residual type schizophreniaconsists of some schizophrenic symptoms of lesser severity

Detailed Symptoms of Various Types of Schizophrenia

Paranoid type schizophrenia

Contains: preoccupation with delusions and frequent auditory hallucinations

Is not prominent: disorganized (confused, incoherent) speech; disorganized or catatonic

behavior; flat or inappropriate affect (emotion, mood)

Disorganized type schizophrenia (disorganized type schizophrenia is also known as

hebephrenia)

Contains: disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect

Is not prominent: delusions and hallucinations

Catatonic type schizophrenia

Contains two of the following: muscle immobility or stupor; excessive, pointless muscle activity;

extreme negativism; inappropriate or bizarre postures; repetition of movement or speech

Undifferentiated type schizophrenia

Contains the diagnosis of schizophrenia but does not specifically meet one of the above three

subtype criteria

Residual type schizophrenia

Contains: evidence of schizophrenia

Is not prominent: delusions; hallucinations; disorganized speech; grossly disorganized or

catatonic behavior.

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

It is known that the brains of people with schizophrenia differ from brains of those in the averagepopulation. Brain imaging scans have shown that some areas of the brain are smaller or

malformed in those with schizophrenia. One part of the brain that appears to be affected byschizophrenia is the hippocampus. This part of the brain is part of a system called the limbic

system which is responsible for processing emotions and memories. The hippocampus is smaller

in those with schizophrenia.


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A brain chemical, dopamine, is also thought to be involved in the causes of schizophrenia.

Effective antipsychotic medications (medications which reduce psychosis) inhibit the neurons

that fire this chemical while drugs that exacerbate dopamine firing are known to inducepsychosis. It is likely, though, that dopamine abnormalities vary across different regions of the

brain. Glutamate, another brain chemical, is also likely involved in the causes of schizophrenia.

It is not understood exactly how these brain anomalies are created but it appears they may existbefore schizophrenia manifests. The brain abnormalities may only fully come to light as theperson goes through puberty due to the rapid brain changes seen during this time in life.

Brain damageBrain scans show that there are differences in the brains of some people with schizophreniabut

not in others. Where this is the case, it may be that parts of the brain have not grown normally

because of: a problem during birth that stops the babys brain from getting enough oxygen or a

virus infection during the early months of pregnancy.

Genetic Causes of Schizophrenia

Family studies of people with schizophrenia reveal that the causes of schizophrenia are partly

genetic. While the risk of developing schizophrenia in the average person is 1%, the risk for

someone with a parent with schizophrenia is around six times that and siblings have a 9% chance

of havi.ng schizophrenia. While the underlying specifics of the genetics are not well understood,

these numbers do show the development

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia symptoms usually develop slowly over months or years. Sometimes you may

have many symptoms, and at other times you may only have a few symptoms.

People with any type of schizophrenia may have trouble keeping friends and working. They may

also have problems with anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

At first, you may have the following symptoms:

Irritable or tense feeling Trouble concentrating Trouble sleeping

As the illness continues, you may have problems with thinking, emotions, and behavior,

including:

Bizarre behaviors Hearing or seeing things that are not there (hallucinations) Isolation Lack of emotion (flat affect)
http://www.healthyplace.com/thought-disorders/schizophrenia-treatment/schizophrenia-medications-types-side-effects-effectiveness/http://www.healthyplace.com/thought-disorders/schizophrenia-symptoms/schizophrenia-and-psychosis-hallucinations-and-delusions/http://www.healthyplace.com/thought-disorders/schizophrenia-symptoms/schizophrenia-and-psychosis-hallucinations-and-delusions/http://www.healthyplace.com/thought-disorders/schizophrenia-treatment/schizophrenia-medications-types-side-effects-effectiveness/


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Problems paying attention Strongly held beliefs that are not real (delusions) Thoughts that "jump" between different topics (loose associations)

Symptoms depend on the type of schizophrenia you have.

Paranoid schizophrenia symptoms may include:

1Anxiety Anger or arguing False beliefs that others are trying to harm you or your loved ones

Disorganized schizophrenia symptoms may include:

Childlike behavior Problems thinking and explaining your ideas clearly Showing little emotion

Catatonic schizophrenia symptoms may include:

Grimacing or other odd expressions on the face Lack of activity Rigid muscles and posture Not responding much to other people

Undifferentiated schizophrenia may include symptoms of more than one other type of

schizophrenia.

TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF

SCHIZOPHRENIA

National Centre For Biotechnology Information-is a database that contains all the information

related to biology/biotechnology.It is a complete repository of various other databases having

information about research papers,genetic diseases,biomedical literature,etc.

Entrez


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The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine,

orweb portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National

Center forBiotechnology Information (NCBI) website.

PubMed Central

PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life

sciences

PubChem

PubChem is a database ofchemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The

system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a

component of the National Library of2

Medicine, which is part of the United States National

Institutes of Health(NIH).

Protein Data Bank

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for the 3-D structural data of large biological

molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids

PROSITE

PROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein

families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acidpatterns, signatures, and profiles in

them.

European Molecular Biology LaboratoryThe European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is a molecular biology research institution

supported by 20 European countries and Australia as associate member state.

BLAST

In bioinformatics,Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, orBLAST, is an algorithm for

comparing primarybiological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of

differentproteins or the nucleotidesofDNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to

compare a query sequence with a library ordatabase of sequences, and identify library sequences

that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold.

ExPASy

ExPASy is a bioinformatics resource portal operated by the Swiss Institute of

Bioinformatics (SIB) and in particular the SIB Web Team. It is an extensible and integrative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_search


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portal accessing many scientific resources, databases and software tools in different areas of life

sciences

RasMol

RasMol is a computer program written formolecular graphics visualization intended and used

primarily for the depiction and exploration ofbiological macromolecule structures

Clustal

Clustal is a widely used multiple sequence alignment computer program

Swiss-model

SWISS-MODEL is a web-based expert system dedicated to homology modeling of protein 3D

structures

JalviewJalview is a piece ofbioinformatics software that is used to look at and edit multiple sequencealignments

RESULTS AND DEDUCTIONS

Genetic Analysis of Schizophrenia

chromosome no. no. of genes locus gene name3

1 21 1q42.2/DISC1 SCZD9

2 12 2q32.1 SCZD14

3 9 3q13.31 DRD3

4 9 4p13 PHOX2B

5 10 18p MAFD1

6 19 6p23 SCZD3

7 12 7q36.3 SCZD16

8 7 8p21 SCZD69 3 9q34.2 DBH

10 6 10q23.1 NRG3

11 16 11q14-q21 SCZD2

12 6 12q24 DAO

13 8 13q14.2 HTR2A

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphics


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14 6 14q32.33 AKT1

15 8 15q13 SCZD13

16 10 16p11.2 AUTS14A

17 9 17p13.3 SRR

18 6 18p SCZD8

19 8 19p13.2 DNMT1

20 4 20p12.2 SNAP25

21 4 21q22.11 OLIG2

22 31 22q11.21 SCZD4

X 15 Xq23 MRX30

Y 0 0 0

MITOCHONDRIAL 0 0 0

UNKNOWN 7 6q26 QKI

TOTAL NO. OF

GENES 224

Homologous Genes

Gene Disrupted In Schizophrenia 1

4GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND

Disc1/SCZD9 Homo sapiens no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Pan troglodytes no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Macaca mulatta no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Bos taurus no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Mus musculus no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

Disc1/SCZD9 Gallus gallus 1

GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND

SCZD14 NO ORGANISM FOUND

44


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GENES CONSERVED IN BILATERIA

DRD3 Homo sapiens no island detected

DRD3 Pan troglodytes no island detected

DRD3 Macaca mulatta no island detected

DRD3 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

DRD3 Bos taurus no island detected

DRD3 Mus musculus no island detected

DRD3 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

DRD3 Gallus gallus 1

DRD3 Danio rerio 1

DRD3 Drosophila melanogaster 2

DRD3 Caenorhabditis elegans 1

DRD3


GENES CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI

PH5OX2B Homo sapiens 3

PHOX2B Pan troglodytes 4

PHOX2B Macaca mulatta 3

PHOX2B Canis Lupus familiarus 1

PHOX2B Bos taurus 1

PHOX2B Mus musculus 1

PHOX2B Rattus norvegicus 1

PHOX2B Gallus gallus 1

PHOX2B Danio rerio 1


MAFDI NO ORGANISM FOUND


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GENES CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI

SCZD16 Homo sapiens 2

SCZD16 Pan troglodytes 2

SCZD16 Macaca mulatta no island detected

SCZD16 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

SCZD16 Bos taurus 1

SCZD16 Mus musculus no island detected

SCZD16 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

SCZD16 Gallus gallus no island detected

SCZD16 Danio rerio no island detected


SC6ZD6 NO ORGANISM FOUND


DOPAMINE BETA HYDROXYLASE

DBH Homo sapiens no island detected

DBH Pan troglodytes 2

DBH Macaca mulatta 1

DBH Canis Lupus familiarus 1

DBH Bos taurus 2DBH Mus musculus no island detected

DBH Rattus norvegicus no island detected

DBH Gallus gallus 1


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DBH Danio rerio no island detected

DBH Drosophila melanogaster 1

DBH Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected

Anopheles gambiae no island detected


GENE CONSERVED IN AMNIOTA

NRG3 Homo sapiens 3

NRG3 Pan troglodytes no island detected

NRG3 Macaca mulatta 2

NRG3 Canis Lupus familiarus 2

NRG3 Bos taurus 2

NRG3 Mus musculus 1

NRG3 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

NRG3 Gallus gallus 1




GENE CONSERVED IN EUTHERIA

DAO Homo sapiens no island detected

DAO Pan troglodytes no island detected

DAO Macaca mulatta no island detected

DAO Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

DAO Bos taurus no island detected

DAO Mus musculus no island detected

DAO Rattus norvegicus no island detected

DAO Gallus gallus 1


GENE CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI


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HTR2A Homo sapiens no island detected

HTR2A Pan troglodytes no island detected

HTR2A Macaca mulatta no island detected

HTR2A Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

HTR2A Bos taurus 1

HTR2A Mus musculus 1

HTR2A Rattus norvegicus 1

HTR2A Gallus gallus no island detected

HTR2A Danio rerio no island detected


GENE CONSERVVED IN BILATERIA

AKT1 Homo sapiens 3

AKT1 Macaca mulatta 2

AKT1 Canis Lupus familiarus 3

AKT1 Bos taurus 2

AKT1 Mus musculus 2

AKT1 Rattus norvegicus 1

AKT1 Gallus gallus 1

AKT1 Danio rerio 3

AKT1 Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected




AUTS14A NO ORGANISM FOUND


GENES CONSERVED IN EUKARYOTA


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SRR Homo sapiens no island detected

SRR Pan troglodytes 1

SRR Macaca mulatta no island detected

SRR Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

SRR Bos taurus no island detected

SRR Mus musculus no island detected

SRR Rattus norvegicus no island detected

SRR Gallus gallus 1

SRR Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1

SRR Schizosaccharomyces pombe no island detected

SRR Arabidopsis thaliana no island detected

SRR Oryza sativa japonioca 1




GENES CONSERVED IN EUKARYOTA

DNMT1 Homo sapiens 1

DNMT1 Pan troglodytes 2

DNMT1 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

DNMT1 Bos taurus 5

DNMT1 Mus musculus no island detected

DNMT1 Rattus norvegicus 3

DNMT1 Gallus gallus 6

DNMT1 Arabidopsis thaliana no island detected

DNMT1 Oryza sativa japonioca no island detected


GENES CONSERVED IN COELOMATA

SNAP25 Homo sapiens 1

SNAP25 Pan troglodytes 1

SNAP25 Macaca mulatta no island detected


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SNAP25 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

SNAP25 Bos taurus no island detected

SNAP25 Mus musculus no island detected

SNAP25 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

SNAP25 Gallus gallus no island detected

SNAP25 Danio rerio no island detected

SNAP25 Drosophila melanogaster 1


OLIG2 Homo sapiens 2

OLIG2 Pan troglodytes 2

OLIG2 Macaca mulatta 3

OLIG2 Canis Lupus familiarus 1

OLIG2 Bos taurus 3

OLIG2 Mus musculus 2

OLIG2 Rattus norvegicus 2

OLIG2 Gallus gallus 1

OLIG2 Danio rerio 1



SCZD4 Homo sapiens 1

SCZD4 Pan troglodytes 1

SCZD4 Macaca mulatta 1

SCZD4 Canis Lupus familiarus 1

SCZD4 Bos taurus 3

SCZD4 Mus musculus 1

SCZD4 Rattus norvegicus 1

SCZD4 Gallus gallus no island detected

SCZD4 Danio rerio 1

SCZD4 Drosophila melanogaster 3

SCZD4 Anopheles gambiae 1

SCZD4 Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected



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GENES CONSERVED IN AMNIOTA

MRX30 Homo sapiens no island detected

MRX30 Pan troglodytes no island detected

MRX30 Macaca mulatta no island detected

MRX30 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

MRX30 Bos taurus no island detected

MRX30 Mus musculus no island detected

MRX30 Rattus norvegicus no island detected

MRX30 Gallus gallus no island detected

MRX30



QKI Homo sapiens 1

QK7I Pan troglodytes no island detected

QKI Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected

QKI Bos taurus no island detected

QKI Mus musculus 1

QKI Rattus norvegicus 1

QKI Gallus gallus 1

QKI Danio rerio 2QKI Caenorhabditis elegans 2


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PHYLOGENETIC TREES OF THE GENES HAVING MAXIMUM NO .

OF CPG ISLANDS


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Blast of The Serotonin Sequence Using Swiss Model Repository

SWISS-MODEL Workspace
http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/


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Physiochemical Report of The Serotonin Protein Molecule Using Prot

Param Tool of Expasy:

Prot Param

User-provided sequence:

Number of amino acids: 15

Molecular weight: 1832.08

Theoretical pI: 5.99

Amino acid composition:

CSV format

Ala (A) 0 0.0%

Arg (R) 1 6.7%

Asn (N) 2 13.3%

Asp (D) 1 6.7%

Cys (C) 2 13.3%

Gln (Q) 0 0.0%

8


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Glu (E) 1 6.7%

Gly (G) 0 0.0%

His (H) 2 13.3%

Ile (I) 0 0.0%

Leu (L) 2 13.3%

Lys (K) 0 0.0%

Met (M) 0 0.0%

Phe (F) 2 13.3%

Pro (P) 1 6.7%

Ser (S) 1 6.7%

Thr (T) 0 0.0%

Trp (W) 0 0.0%

Tyr (Y) 0 0.0%

Val (V) 0 0.0%

Pyl (O) 0 0.0%

Sec (U) 0 0.0%

(B) 0 0.0%

(Z) 0 0.0%9

(X) 0 0.0%

Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu): 2

Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys): 1

Atomic composition:

Carbon C 79

Hydrogen H 114

Nitrogen N 24

Oxygen O 23

Sulfur S 2

Formula: C79H114N24O23S2Total number of atoms: 242

Extinction coefficients:

This protein does not contain any Trp residues. Experience shows thatthis could result in more than 10% error in the computed extinction coefficient.

Extinction coefficients are in units of M-1 cm-1, at 280 nm measured in water.

Ext. coefficient 125Ab10s 0.1% (=1 g/l) 0.068, assuming all pairs of Cys residues form cystines

Ext. coefficient 0

Abs 0.1% (=1 g/l) 0.000, assuming all Cys residues are reduced

9


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Estimated half-life:

The N-terminal of the sequence considered is C (Cys).

The estimated half-life is: 1.2 hours (mammalian reticulocytes, in vitro).

>20 hours (yeast, in vivo).>10 hours (Escherichia coli, in vivo).

Instability index:

The instability index (II) is computed to be -1.71This classifies the protein as stable.

Aliphatic index: 52.00

Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY): -0.607

CONCLUSION

Many people with schizophrenia now never have to go into hospital and are able to settle down,

work and have lasting relationships.

For every 5 people with schizophrenia:

1 will get better within five years of their first obvious symptoms

3 will get better, but will have times when they get worse again

The present work has been devised in manner to bring to light the various psychoses ofschizophrenia and related disorders by studying the cases of a wide range of schizophrenic

patients.The study has been conducted with a bioinformatics perpective to find out the genetic

relationships of the other organisms with that of Homo sapiens having evolutionary relatedness.A genetic analysis of the organism is made on the basis of homologous genes of the total pairs of

chromosomes in Homo sapiens by finding their gene name and genetic loci corresonding to that

of other similar model organisms ,which helps us to find a cure of the disease via a connecting

link alongwith the phylogenetically related model organisms to find the number of commontransmemebrane domains among them further finding the cPg islands among the related

organisms so that they can be used as a means to the study the disease with respect to othergenetically related organisms..

REFERENCES

1.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/org

3.www.expasy.org

4.www.googlescholar.com


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5.www.embl.ac.in

6. pub med central-research papers

7.OMIM-genetic analysis of schizophrenia8.www.psychenet-uk.com/dsm_iv_schizophrenia_disorder.htm

9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,

Text Revision. 3. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.10.royal college of psychiatry-wikipedia11.pub chem-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

12.www.prosite.org

13.www.rcsb.org

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Schizophrenia Full Paper