School Disaster Management is the Process of Assessment and Planning

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School Di saster M anagementis the process of assessment and planning, physicalprotection and response capacity development designed to:

1. Protect students and the staff from physical harm;2. Minimize disruption and ensure the continuity of education for all children;3. Develop and maintain a culture of safety.

School safety and educational continuity require a dynamic, continuous process initiatedby management and involving workers, students, parents, and the local community.

School disaster management involves the familiar cycle of steps found in allproject management: assess hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities and resources;plan and implementfor physical risk reduction, maintenance of safe facilities, standard operating proceduresand training for disaster response; testmitigation and preparedness plans and skills

regularly, with realistic simulation drills; and revise your plan based on your experience.

School disaster management mirrors individual and family disaster prevention, andwider community disaster prevention efforts. This guidance document is organized to helpremember and observe the parallel processes for disaster prevention that are taken up atevery level of society. The full scope of activities is included as follows:

1. Assessment and planningestablishing or empowering your school disaster management

committee; assessing your risks, hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities;making contingency plans for educational continuity; communicating your plan.2. Physical and environmental protectionstructural safety maintenance, nonstructural

mitigation; local infrastructure and environmental mitigation; firesafety.

3. Response capacity developmentstandard operating procedures; response skillsand organization; response provisions.

Introduction

More than 400 national disasters take place every year, affecting more than 230 millionpeople and causing an average of almost 75,000 deaths annually (CRED, 2008).

Worldwide, 450 cities with populations over 1 million face recurring earthquakes.Cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes are among the deadliest and costliest of disasters.Droughts and desertification currently affect 250 million people and threaten 1.2 billion

people in 110 countries (UNESCO, 2007). Annually recurring floods regularly prevent millionsof children from attending a full year of school.Education is a human right, universal and inalienable. Education is especially importantin enabling people to reach their full potential and exercise other rights. This right doesnot disappear or get suspended because of disasters and emergencies. When education is

interrupted or limited, students drop out, with negative and permanent economic and socialimpacts for students, their families, and their communities. Natural hazards are part of


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the context for educational planning. Whether it is annually recurring floods, a once-in-5-generations earthquake, the increasing severity of storms and cyclones, water shortages, or

the slow onset of rising sea water levels, these known and expected hazards can be mitigatedwith the determined application of knowledge, education, and ingenuity.We are not able to prevent the earth from shaking, the wind from blowing, or the rainfrom falling. However, with assessment and planning, physical and environmental protection

and response preparedness we can prevent these events from becoming disasters. Sinceschools are our universal institution for sharing knowledge and skills, the expectations forschools to be role models in disaster prevention is high. Successful disaster mitigation is oneof the ultimate tests of the success of the education we provide over generations.ThisHandbookis written for administrators, teachers, support staff, and other individualsinvolved in emergency and disaster preparedness atschool. Its purposes are:

To guide administrators and staff in assessing risks and planning and carrying outphysical protection measures;

To develop skills and provisions for disaster and emergency preparedness, response,and rapid recovery;

To support schools in developing disaster and emergency plans specific to their

local needs and reflecting good practices internationally and nationally.This handbook has been prepared with a primary focus on school safety and thus the

language used throughout refers to schools versus universities. However, the underlyingtenets in terms of the development of policy, planning and implementation is equally relevant

regardless of the type of institution in question.

What are the advantages and disadvantages

of chemical fertilizers?

Advantages

Chemical fertilizer can be made much faster unlike the natural fertilizer

It has much more NPK, usually around 20 to 60 percent, natural fertilizer usually only

has a max. of about 14 percent

If it is made according to the soil that it will be used on, it will do nothing but grow a

healthy plant

Disadvantages

Puts acid in the soil

Strengthens pestecides(they become stronger and more resistant to chemicals that shouldkeep them away)

Other than NPK it contains inert filler and maybe some unnesesary chemicals

It has very little carbon which is a key element in plants

It has no energy, so it can only help the plant when there is enough organic matter around

from where it can get the energy, otherwise it burns the roots and destroys the plant


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These pests may comprise insects, rodents, plants, molds, and fungi. In farming,

pesticides are applied on fruit and vegetables to raise yields. Pesticides are used in

gardens and homes to destroy insects and weeds. At homes pesticides are used against

flies, cockroaches, termites, and wood boring insects. Notwithstanding the beneficial

effects of pesticides, they underwent serious reevaluation. Pesticides are toxic and can

cause serious health problems. Professionals advocate for reasonable awareness to the

dangers of pesticides.

Control

There are other positive aspects of crop protection chemicals, which we often take for granted. The responsible and

safe use of pesticidesalso benefits:

Household Pest Control: Pesticide products are used to control termites, roaches, ants, rats and other pests.

Industry and Infrastructure: Herbicides are used to control vegetation that clogs navigable and other waterways or

threatens to obstruct highway, utility and railroad rights of way.

Recreation areas: Pesticides are used to protect and enhance lawns, gardens, public parks, playing fields, lakes and

ponds for public enjoyment.

Human Health: Many agricultural commodities are vulnerable to attack by aflatoxins and insect control is necessary

to prevent its passage from insect to plant. Aflatoxin, a carcinogen, can cause liver and other cancers in humans,

lower the bodys normal immune response, and can impair growth in children. Crop protection chemicals are used to

control insect damage that leads to aflatoxin contamination.

What are the disadvantages of pesticides for environment?

Pesticides are detrimental for the environment and produce considerable damage to

ecosystems. Insecticides and herbicides may be harmful for non-target species.

Pesticides pollute air, water and soil. Carried by the wind, pesticide suspensions

contaminate other areas. Pesticides affect considerably natural biological equilibrium.Pesticides diminish biodiversity, reduce nitrogen fixation, contribute to the

disappearance of pollinators, threaten fish, and destroy bird and animal habitats. Pets

may also become affected by strong pesticides.
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What is pesticide resistance?

The use of some pesticides may contribute to the development of resistance among the

target pests. Extensive herbicide use resulted in genetic modifications in some weeds

with resistance to pesticide compounds. The use of the same herbicides in some areas

for many years led to the development of immunity to the herbicides among targeted

plant species. Resistance makes weed control considerably difficult.

What are the disadvantages of pesticides for health?

Particularities of working conditions expose some people to dangerous concentrations

of pesticides. Farmers, pesticide applicators, veterinarians, forestry, horticultural, and

park workers may contact with pesticides in their professional environment. Several

millions of cases of pesticide poisoning are registered every year. Risks of poisoning

depend on toxicity, dose, period of exposure, and sensitivity. Pesticides may cause

neurological and psychiatric complications, brain tumors, cancers, spontaneous

abortions, stillbirths, and birth defects. Pesticide exposure is damaging to the immune

system. The endocrine system is particularly sensitive to pesticides. Many pesticides are

endocrine disrupters and can produce detrimental effect upon hormonal balance of

human body.

How to circumvent disadvantages of pesticides

To avoid numerous disadvantages of pesticides one can use several

approaches:

Consume food grown in ecologically favorable conditions.

It is good to wash and peel fruit and vegetables.

Grow your own food.

Do not consume only raw vegetables, but cook them.

Meat must be cooked carefully.

Avoid fat foods and trim fat from meat because some pesticides can accumulate infat tissue.

Avoid areas sprayed with pesticides.

Those who are exposed to pesticides professionally must use proper protective

measures.


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Intensive farming

Intensive farming orintensive agriculture is anagriculturalproduction system characterized

by a lowfallowratio and the high use of inputs such ascapital,labour, or heavy use ofpesticides

and chemicalfertilizersrelative to land area.[1][2]

This is in contrast to many sorts oftraditional agriculturein which the inputs per unit land are

lower. With intensification, labor use typically goes up, unless, or until, it gets replaced by

machines (energy inputs) at which point labor use can decrease dramatically. Agricultural

intensification has been the dominant response to population growth, as it allows for producing

more food on the same amount of land.

Intensive animal farming practices can involve very large numbers of animals raised on limited

land which require large amounts of food, water and medical inputs (required to keep the animals

healthy in cramped conditions).[2]

Very large or confined indoor intensive livestock operations

(particularly descriptive of common US farming practices) are often referred to asfactory

farming[1][3][4]

and are criticised by opponents for the low level of animal welfare standards[4][5]

and associated pollution and health issues.[6][7]

Modern day forms of intensive crop based agriculture involve the use of mechanical ploughing,

chemicalfertilizers, plant growth regulators orpesticides. It is associated with the increasing use

ofagricultural mechanization, which have enabled a substantial increase in production, yet have

also dramatically increased environmental pollution by increasing erosion and poisoning water

with agricultural chemicals.

AdvantagesIntensive agriculture has a number of benefits:

[8]

Significantly increased yield per acre, per person, and per monetary input relative to extensive

farming and therefore,

Food becomes more affordable to the consumer as it costs less to produce.

The same area of land is able to supply food and fibre for a larger population reducing the risk of

starvation.

The preservation of existing areas of woodland and rainforest habitats (and the ecosystems and

other sustainable economies that these may harbour), which would need to be felled for

extensive farming methods in the same geographical location. This also leads to a reduction in

anthropogenic CO2 generation (resulting from removal of the sequestration afforded bywoodlands and rainforests).

In the case of intensive livestock farming: an opportunity to capture methane emissions which

would otherwise contribute to global warming. Once captured, these emissions can be used to

generate heat or electrical energy, thereby reducing local demand for fossil fuels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-bbcFactSheet-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-bbcFactSheet-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-bbcFactSheet-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefIntensiveAgriculture-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefIntensiveAgriculture-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefIntensiveAgriculture-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefIntensiveAgriculture-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRefFactoryFarm-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-bbcFactSheet-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming#cite_note-britannicaRef-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural


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Disadvantages

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please helpimprove this articlebyadding

citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(February 2010)

Intensive farming, however, alters the environment in many ways.

Limits or destroys the natural habitat of most wild creatures, and leads to soil erosion.[9]

Use offertilizerscan alter the biology ofriversand lakes. Some environmentalists attribute the

hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico as being encouraged by nitrogen fertilization of the algae

bloom.

Pesticides generally kill useful insects as well as those that destroy crops.[9]

Is often notsustainableif not properly managedmay result indesertification, or land that is so

poisonous and eroded that nothing else will grow there.

Requires large amounts of energy input to produce, transport, and apply chemical

fertilizers/pesticides

The chemicals used may leave the field as runoff eventually ending up in rivers and lakes or may

drain into groundwater aquifers.

Use of pesticides have numerous negative health effects in workers who apply them, people

that live nearby the area of application or downstream/downwind from it, and consumers who

eat the pesticides which remain on their food.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Agriculture

Advantage: Increased Food Availability

For millions of years, humans and their evolutionary ancestors roamed

savannahs and forests hunting game and gathering edible plants. During thisperiod, the global population changed very little, limited by ecological carryingcapacity. With the advent of agriculture, food availability grew exponentially.Starvation decreased significantly, and family sizes increased when early peoplehad enough food to support more offspring. While crop failures were possible,the overall trend of cultivating food instead of searching for it allowed for rapidgrowth and expansion of humanity.

Advantage: Allows Settlement

Growing crops requires constant attention. Tribes who once traveled withnomadic tendencies quickly changed, as people learned to build basic shelter

and irrigation. Agriculture marked the beginning of permanently settled areas,where generations could establish government, store food and raise livestock.Trade between villages commenced, as did cultural milestones such as art,architecture and music. Much of what people associate with society began as anindirect result of the need to stay in one place to grow crops.
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Advantage: Job Specialization

Since finding food no longer required the efforts of a whole tribe but insteadbecame the task of a relatively small group of farmers, the concept of free timeemerged. With it came cultural activities and also the specialization of trades,such as tool-making, cloth-making and building, among others. People couldspecialize in a task and use that knowledge to trade for items or services. Socialclasses and the exchange of ideas emerged from this new society.

Disadvantage: Habitat Loss

As populations grow, so does the need for food. The most agriculturallyproductive land involves grasslands or forests, which must be cleared of nativevegetation to make room for cultivated plants. This destruction of habitat causesdeclines in wildlife numbers and diversity as species must compete for fewer,and often lower quality, resources. Natural cycles get disrupted when establishedplant communities are cleared. Carbon is no longer fixed from the atmosphere

into biomass or soil; and water runoff increases, while infiltration and aquiferrecharge decreases.

Disadvantage: Soil Degradation

High-quality soil is essential for food production. Without it, crops fail and famineensues. In many cases worldwide, poor soil management is eroding countries'ability to grow their own food. For example, soil planted for too many consecutiveyears with corn turns from black to brown as the nitrogen is stripped out by theplants. Poorly terraced hillsides and farms with no cover crop experience largeamounts of topsoil erosion, which can never be replaced. Large farmingimplements such as tractors and combines compress the soil beneath them,severely restricting gas exchange, rainfall percolation and microbial activity.These activities have the capability to render land infertile for generations.

10 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY:

Easy Access to information: It has become very easy to get access to relevant information at any

time anywhere. This has been possible because of modern technologies like broadband internet.

Lots of data is being published and indexed online, sites like Wikipedia and Youtube have great

original content which can be used in research or entertainment. Informationis power, andthose who find information and use it well always succeed. With smart gadgets like the ipad ,

iphone , galaxy tablet , users can easily have access to information through these smart gadgets

because they use internet. So a user on a train can easily read breaking news while traveling,

they can alsobuy and sell stocks while in the bedroom using the internet. These smart gadgets

make it easy to access internet and this simplifies the way we get information.
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Encourages innovation and creativity Since technology is challenging, it sparks the braintoworkto its full potential. In the past, it used to be very difficult to start a business, one had to

have lots of capital and they even had limited access to business information. Today, it is very

easy to start a business while at home. Lets look at companies like Etsy.com which enable

creative people sell theirworks online, this encourages creativity. Another good example iskickstarter.comwhich helps creative people get funds for their projects through crowd funding.

On this platform, creative developers post projects seeking for funding from the community, this

helps them generate lots of cash for their good ideas which latter leads to creation of new Jobs.

The other creative works which have been facilitated by modern technology include Google ,

Apple , Facebook , Microsoft , Amazon , etc

Improved communication: Communication is like water to life. We can not develop without

communication. Modern technology has blessed us with advanced communication technology

tools. These can include e-fax machines, electronic mail, mobile phones,videoconferencing,

instant text messaging applications, social networking applications. All these moderncommunication technology tools have simplified the way humans and businesses communicate.

I can easily talk to my relative oversees using a mobile phone or video chatting services like

Skype.

Convenience of Traveling: Modern transportation technology makes it very easy to travel long

distances. Transport is a very important both in our lives and in the business world.

Transportation technology has evolved with years. In the past it used to be slow and expensive

to move long distances. Now days, I can cover a 10 miles distance with in a few minutes or

hours using electric trains or airplanes.

Improved housing and lifestyle: This is another great way how modern technology has

simplified our lives. If you compare the type of housing we used to have in 1900 and the

architecture of houses today, the difference is very big. New architectural technology has

improved the types of housed we build now days. People with money can afford town floating

housed and glass homes. Most of the items in our house are now automated, for example,

doors use finger prints which guarantee security. Remote webcams which you can use to

monitor what goes on at your home.

Improved Entertainment: Modern technology has played a big role in changing the

entertainment industry. Home entertainment has improved with the invention of video games

and advance music and visual systems like smart televisions which can connect live to internet

so that a user can share what theyre watching with friends. Easy access and storage of music,

services like iTunes allow users to purchase and download music on their ipods at a small cost,

this is a win win situation for both musicians and the users. Because musicians can easily sell
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their music via iTunes and the user can also have a wide selection of which music to buy without

having troubles of going to a physical music store.

Efficiency and Productivity: Modern technology has helped businesses increase production.Humans are slow and some times they fail to deliver on time. So many businesses have

integrated modern technology in their production line, most of the hardworkhas become so

simple and the resultsare better than those of humans. Lets look at a farmer who uses moderntechnology right from the day of preparing the farm land to the day of harvesting. They save a

lot of time and money during this process.

Convenience in Education: Learning is a process and it is part of our daily lives. Modern

technology has made it simple for students to learn from any where through onlineeducation

and mobile education. Also students now use modern technology in classrooms to learn better.For example, students use ipads to share visual lessons and examples with peers in the

classroom. This has made learning more convenient and fan. Also new modern educational

technologies support individual learning which gives a chance to students to learn on their own

with no need of tutors.

Social Networking: Modern technology has made it simple to discover our old friends and also

discover new people to network with. This is a benefit to both individuals and businesses. Many

businesses have embraced the social networking technology to interact with their customers.

Users of social networks can share information with friends, live chat with them and interact in

all sorts of ways.

Changed the health industry: Now days most hospitals have implemented modern technology

in surgical rooms, this has reduced on mistakes made by doctors. Humans can easily make

mistakes because of work overload and stress factors. Also the business community has

developed health applications which can enable us monitor our health and weight. These

applications can be used on mobile phones, so users can have them at any time of the day.

6 DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY:

Increased loneliness Social Isolation is on the increase, people are spending more time playing

video games, learning how to use new modern technologies, using social networks and theyneglect their real life. Technology has replaced our old way of interacting. If a user can easily
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interact with 100 friends online, they will feel no need to going out to make real friends which at

a later stage leads toloneliness.

Job Loss: Modern technology has replaced many humans; robots are doing of the jobs which

used to be done by humans. Many packing firms have employed robots on production lines to

increase on production and efficiency, this is good news for businesses because it helps them

make more moneyand serve customers in time, but it is bad news to employees because theyget replaced by a robot.

Competency - Increased dependency on modern tools like calculators has reduced on our

creativity. You can find a student when they can solve a very simple mathematical equation

without using a calculator. This affects the way this student uses their brains and reduces on the

level of creativity.

World destruction weapons: Modern technology has been the main aid in the increasing and

endless wars. It aids the manufacturing of modern war weapons which will require testing. So

when these weapons get into the hands of criminals, they will use them for their selfish reasons
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School Disaster Management is the Process of Assessment and Planning