Schools of Thought Draftt

7/31/2019 Schools of Thought Draftt

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First PsychologicalLaboratory was

established at theUniversity of Leipzig(Germany) in 1879Founder: Wilhelm Wundt


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StructuralismProponents Wilhelm Wundt

Edward TitchenerBasics: Analyze the mind and its part by studying conscious mental experience What is consciousness?Method : Analytic Introspection,

Introspective Analysis


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The Three basic element of consciousness

Sensations

ImagesFeelings


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The method that Wundt developed is a sortof experimental introspection: Theresearcher was to carefully observe somesimple event -- one that could be measuredas to quality, intensity, or duration -- andrecord his responses to variations of thoseevents. (Note that in German philosophy atthat time, sensations were consideredpsychological events, and thereforeinternal to the mind, even though thesensation is of something that is outside

the mind. Hence what we might callobservation was called by Wundtintrospection!)


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experimental version of introspection -- thecareful observation of ones perceptions --and outlined some pretty specific details tothe method: 1. The observer must know when the

experience begins and ends.

2. The observer must maintain"strained attention." 3. The phenomenon must bear

repetition.4. And the phenomenon must be

capable of variation -- i.e.experimentation.


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The scientific psychology of

Helmholtz and Wundt had aprofound effect on James when he visited Germany in 1867. James joined the faculty of HarvardUniversity where he opened alaboratory in 1875.


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FunctionalismProponents William JamesBasics: Function of the organisms behaviorand consciousness in his adaptation to hisenvironment What is consciousness for ?

Method : How the mind affects what peopledo


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Functionalism as a psychology developed out of Pragmatism as a

philosophy: To find the meaning of anidea, you have to look at itsconsequences (see where it leads). Sotruth is what is useful, practical,pragmatic.This led James and his studentstowards an emphasis on cause and

effect, prediction and control, andobservation of environment andbehavior, over the careful introspectionof the Structuralists.


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Pragmatism Validation of knowledge in

terms of its consequence, values of utility


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Structuralism and Functionalism


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The Conscious and theUnconscious


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PsychoanalysisProponents Sigmund FreudBasics: Unconscious Mind What are your past childhoodexperiences

Method : Free association, Dream Analysis, Projective Test,Hypnosis


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The UnconsciousBasic but unacceptable

(forbidden, punished) wishes of childhood get driven out of awarenessThe Iceberg


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Free AssociationCouch Therapy

(under the guidance of analyst)

ways of helping unconscious wishes


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Dream AnalysisDreams are the royal road to

unconsciousInterpretation of Dreams


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Projective TestDraw A Person

Inkblot Test


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Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness


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Both Wundt and James were

empiricists, and considered theirpsychologies experimental. Neitherliked the rationalistic systems

prevalent in the philosophy of theirday. However, neither were anythinglike what most people understand as

experimentalists today, because neitherof them were materialists orreductionists.


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BehaviorismProponents John B. Watson, IvanPavlov, BF Skinner, ThorndikeBasics: Stimulus ResponseObservable Behavior that are

measurableMethod : Experimental Method(Laboratory)


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BehaviorismSchool of psychology rejected thestudy of mind and mentalexperiences to explain humanbehavior as explained by the

structuralist, functionalist and psychoanalyst


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BehaviorismEmphasis on prediction

and control of behavior


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3 important characteristicsEmphasis on condition reflexes asthe building blocks of behaviorEmphasis on learned behaviorEmphasis on animal behavior


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Behaviorism denied theexistence of instinct


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GestaltProponents Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt KoffkaBasics: The whole is different from the

sum of its part What is the essence or unity of humanbehavior?Method : Phenomenology, study of conscious experience


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GestaltGerman word meaning

FormShapeOrganizationConfiguration


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The Organizing Ability of the

human mind


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PhenomenologyStudying phenomena as

perceived by the subject


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Phi phenomenonThe mind organizes stimuli into

related wholes so thatperception or the mentalprocessing of information ismore than a series of individualsensations.


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GestaltDreams are royal road to

integrity


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They did not protest against theconcept of conscious experience and

introspection in any form. Insteadthey objected the idea of mentalchemistry that complex conscious

experience could be broken down by introspective observation into itscomponent elements. Once this is

done, they maintained, the unity of phenomenon being studied isdestroyed

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