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SCIENCE MATERIAL
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1
GENERAL SCIENCE
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
Cytology - Cells
Histology - Tissues
Mycology - Fungi
Phycology - Algae
Paleontology - Fossils
Pomology - Fruits
Arboriculture - Trees
Horticulture - Gardening
Silviculture - Plantation Forestry
Apiculture - Honey Bee Rearing
Sericulture - Silk worm Rearing
Ornithology - Birds
Entomology - Insects
Helminthology - Worms
Pedology - Soil
Petrology - Rocks
Geology - Earth
Selinology - Moon
Seismology - Earth Quakes
Osteology - Bone
Ophthalmology - Eye
Otology - Ear
Obstetrics - Pregnancy & Child birth
Gynecology - Women’s diseases
Andrology - Diseases of Male
Pediatrics - Child Diseases
Geriatrics - Diseases of old age
Orthopedics - Treating Bone diseases
Dentology - Teeth
Dermatology - Skin
Hematology - Blood
Oncology - Cancer
Oneriology - Dreams
Anatomy - Structure of the Body
Physiology - Functions of the body
Aetiology - Causes of Diseases
Pathology - Nature of Diseases
Therapeutics - Treatment of Diseases
Prophylaxis - Prevention of Diseases
Diagnostics - Identification of Diseases
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Ecology - Environment
Exobiology - Life in other planets
Myology - Muscles
Neurology - Origin of Words
Lexicography - Compiling Dictionary
Philology - Study of Language
Phonetics - Study of Pronunciation
Optics - Light
Acoustics - Sound
Philately - Stamp collection
Vexiology - Flags
Dactylography - Finger prints
Cryptography - Secret Writing
Cryogenics - Very low temperature
Physical Science - Facts
� Gravitational Force – We are all aware of the force which pulls us towards the
earth. This is called gravitational force. In face the gravitational force exists
between all bodies. It is gravitational force that holds the moon in its orbit round
the earth and the earth in its orbit round the sun.
� Kinetic Energy – The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called
kinetic energy and is described by the expression. KE = ½ mv2
� Potential Energy – The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position is
called potential energy. One of the commonest forms of potential energy is that
possessed by an object when it is above the level of the earth’s surface.
� Geostationary of Synchronous Satellites – A geostationary satellite is one
which appears stationary with respect to the earth. The period of rotation of the
earth about its axis is 24 hours. Thus is a satellite orbiting the earth over the
equatory has a 24-hour period of revolution, it appears stationary. The 24-hour
period is possible when a satellite is at a height of nearly 35,000 km above the
earth. Geostationary, satellites are used for communication and weather
forecasting.
� Hydrometer – A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density or
relative density of liquids. It is based on the principle of floatation. A special type
of hydrometer is used to measure the density of acid measuring its density.
� Clinical Thermometer – A clinical thermometer is also a mercury-in-glass type
thermometer, designed for measuring the temperature of the human body. Since
the temperature of the human body varies over a short range, the thermometer
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scale is marked from 95 F to 110 for 35° C to 43°C. The normal temperature of a
healthy person is 98.4 F of 36.9°C.
� Maximum and Minimum Thermometer – Weather reports in newspaper carry
the maximum and the minimum temperatures recorded during the last 24 hours.
These temperatures are recorded by a special type of thermometer called the Six’s
maximum and minimum thermometer.
� Pressure Cooker – The boiling point of a liquid depends on external pressure.
When the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm or mercury, water boils at 100°C. But
when the pressure is increased, the boiling point of water is raised. For example,
at a pressure of two atmospheres, water boils at 120°C. In a pressure cooker,
water boils at temperatures higher than 100°C due to increased pressure. The
increased boiling temperature allows water to hold heat which books food faster.
� Radio and Television Transmission – Radio waves sent out by radio stations
reflected by the ionosphere (a part of the atmosphere which extends from 60 to
500 km above the earth) and can be received anywhere on the earth.
� Radar – Radar (Radio detection and ranging) employs high-frequency radio
waves for detecting objects like ships and aeroplanes. A rotating aerial sends out
pulses which are reflected from the objects on which they fall.
� Kaleidoscope – The Kaleidoscope is a toy in which multiple images are formed
by two strips of plane mirrors placed at an angle of 60 inside a tube. Small, bright-
colored glass pieces are scattered on a ground-glass plate at the tube. When
viewed from the other end of the tube, beautiful symmetrical patterns, formed by
the colored glass pieces and their five images, are seen.
� Total Internal Reflection – An interesting use of the total internal reflection is in
optical fibres, which are fine strands of high quality glass. When light is incident
at one end of the fibre, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections and emerges
at the other end as shown in fig.22. Thus an optical fibre “pipes” light from one
point to another. Such optical fibres are using din decorative table lamps. Bundles
of tiny optical fibres are used by doctors to see the inside of a patient’s stomach.
� The Rainbow – The most spectacular illustration of dispersion is the rainbow.
When the sun shines soon after a shower of rain, a rainbow is seen in the sky
opposite the sun. the beautiful colors of the rainbow are due to the dispersion of
sunlight by water droplets suspended in the air after rain.
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� Escape Velocity – If the speed is more than 11.2 km/s or 25,000 miles/hour, the
satellite would escape from the earth entirely and would never come back. This is
called escape velocity.
� Fourth state of matter – There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state called
plasma. Though this state is less common on the earth, the sun and other stars are
in this state.
� Apogee – A satellite revolves around a bigger heavenly body in elliptical orbit.
The farthest point on this orbit from the bigger heavenly. Body is called apogee.
The perigee is the closest point on this orbit from the bigger body.
� The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due to
nuclear fusion.
� Green house effect – A greenhouse acts like a radiation trap. Heat radiation from
the sun passed through the glass cannot be allowed to escape. So the air inside the
greenhouse is warm.
UNITS
1. Length - Metre
2. Mass - Kg
3. Time - Second
4. Current - Ampere
5. Temperature - Kelvin
6. Luminous intensity - Candela
7. Amount of substance - Mole
8. Plane angle - Radian
9. Solid angle - Stradcan
Derived Units
1. Area – (Metre)2 2. Velocity – Metre/Second
3. Accelaration – Metre/Second2 4. Density – Kg/m3
5. Weight – (mg)kg 6. Momentum – kgm/sec
7. Pressure – Pascal (Newton/m2) 8. Force(ma) – Newton
9. Energy – Joule 10. Work – Joule or Newton/meter
11. Moment of force – Force x distance 12. Heat Capacity – Joule/k
13. Specific heat capacity – Joule/kg/k 14. Power – work/time (watt)
15. Kinetic energy – ½ mv2 16. Potential energy – mgh
17. Mechanical advantage – Load/Power 18. Efficiency of engine – Mechanical
advantage/velocity ratio x 100
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19. C = (F – 32) 5/9 20. k = C + 273
21. Absolute zero – -273C 0K 22. Celsius equal to Farenheit at - -40
23. Power of lens – Dioptre 24. Intensity of light, Wavelength of Light
– A or Nanometer
25. Intensity of sound – Decibel 26. Frequency – Hertz
27. Wavelength – Metre 28. Velocity of Sound – metre/sec (330
m/s)
29. Magnetic pole strength – Ampere
metre
30. Magnetic moment – Ampere metre2
31. Permeability – Henry/metre 32. Potential difference – Volt
33. Electrical Conductivity – Mho 34. Electrical Resistance – Ohm
35. Electric Charge – Column 36. Electrical Capacitance – Farad
37. Electrical Inductance – Henry 38. Energy of Electron – Electron volt
39. Atmospheric pressure – Bar (1 Bar = 76
mmHg)
40. Distance used in navigation – Nautical
Mile (6080 feet) or 1837 m
41. Depth of Sea – Fathom (1 Fathom = 6
feet)
42. Speed of supersonic flight – Mac No
(One Mac No = 760 miles per hour)
43. Astronomical unit (AU) (Distance
between sun & Earth) – 150 million km
(8.2 light meters)
44. Distance between stars (Light year) –
9.46 x 10km
45. Parsec (Largest unit to measure
distance between celestial bodies) – 3.2
light years.
PROBLEMS & FIGURES PERTAINING TO UNITS
1. Gravitational force – 9.8 m/sec
2. Weight of a man in earth is 60 kg what is his weight in moon? 10kg
3. What is the weight of 5 litre of mercury? 13.6 x 5 = 68 kg. (Density of mercury –
13.6)
4. Why in rainy season voice is audible to long distance? Velocity of sound is 1500
m/sec in water
5. What is the minimum distance of hearing echo? To hear echo sound should return
to our ears within 0.1 sec, so distance traveled by sound = 2x / 0.1 sec.
` 330 = 2x / 0.1 sec. → 2x = 33 x = 16.5m
6. When we keep our ears close to the railway track we are able to hear the sound of
train even if it come 5 km away from us, the reason is that velocity of sound in
train in 5000 m/sec.
7. Why don’t we hear sound in moon? Because sound does not travel in vacuum
8. Power of a person’s spectacle is – 4 dioptre, what is the nature of his eye defect?
Short sight & he is wearing concave lens, focal (myopia)
9. Beyond c intensity of sound is recorded as noise pollution – 85 decibel
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10. Audible frequency – 20Hz to 20000 Hz
11. Wavelength range of visible spectrum – 7300 A° – 9000 A°
12. In how many hours will a 100 watts bulb consume 1 unit of current? 10 hours
ASTRONOMY
1. Astronomy is the study of the heavenly bodies
2. Giant clusters of stars are called Galaxies
3. Megullonic clouds are Galaxies
4. Our sun belongs to Milky Way
5. Milky way is spiral shaped galaxy
6. The sun is about 30,000 light years from the center of the galaxy
7. The diameter of the Milky Way is nearly 1,20,000 light years
8. The spectra of light from these galaxies show a frequency shift towards the red
known as the ‘red shift’
9. Red shift indicates that the galaxies are moving away. It is due to Doppler Effect
10. All galaxies burst out from a single point.
11. This explosion that resulted in the expansion of the universe is called Bre Bang
12. The age of the Universe is estimated to be around (1-2) * 1010
years
13. Nebulae are cloudy, luminous patches in the heaven consisting of clusters of stars
and gaseous cloud. These are a number of nebulae within the Milky Way itself
Stars are formed out of condensing gases within these nebulae
14. One can note that Stars within certain groups are so arranged as to look like
familiar objects or animals. These groups are called constellation.
15. E.g., Vrsa Major (Great Bear), Ursa Minor (Little Bear). Orion (Giant Hunter).
Cygnus (Swan), Hydra (Sea Serpent) are Constellations.
16. It is interesting to note that Vega is a brightest Star in the constellation Lyra
17. Vega would be the second star to have planets. The first of course being the sun.
18. There are 89 constellations; Hydra is the largest of these.
19. In Universe, certain objects appear smaller than any galaxy, yet they emit more
energy than all the stars of the Milky Way. Since they resembled stars. They were
called quasars
20. The north can be identified using the pole star by the ship mariner
21. If we look at the northern sky, at an elevation equal to the latitude of our place.
We will be able to locate the pole star.
22. Stars are formed out of the condensing gases within the Nebulae which form part
of most galaxies.
23. The condensing process goes on, until the star is without shrinking further and the
central part of the star become so hot that fusion reaction start and the star emits
radiation into space.
24. The process of the death of a star begins, when fuel in its core run out.
25. The collapsing core, during the death of star, imparts so much energy to the
exterior of the star that it explodes with an increase in its luminosity 10000 times
or even more. This stage is referred to as super nova explosion.
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26. After the supernova explosion, the highly dense residual core of the small star is
called a white dwarf.
27. A star with a mass of less than 1.4 solar masses will end its life as a white dwarf.
This is called the Chandrasekhar limit.
28. The extremely dense core left after the explosion of a bigger star is known as
neutron star.
29. Neutron stars spin very fast while spinning. Neutron stars radiate all kinds of
electromagnetic radiations. When this happens, the star is known as a pulser.
30. Bigger star (mass greater than 5 solar masses) are believed to end up as black hole
after the explosion.
31. The gravitation field of a black hold is believed to be so intense that no matter or
radiation can escape from it.
32. The sun is our nearest star. The sun is a hot spheres of gas – 74% hydrogen. 25%
helium and 1% other elements
33. The sun as it is visible to us is actually the photosphere. The photosphere has a
surface temperature of 5800 K.
34. The Chromo sphere is the solar atmosphere just above the photosphere. The
temperature in the Chromospheres rises from 4300 K to above 4,00,000 K
35. The Corona is the outermost layer of the sun. It is very hot. The rise of its
temperature is even upto 50000 K.
36. There are nine planets revolving around the sun. Compared to the sun, the planets
are quite small and relatively cool. They are not self-luminous.
37. In order of their proximity to the sun, these are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto
38. Mercury is nearer to the Sun and it is too hot. It is a very small planet. It has no
satellites.
39. Venus appears to be the brightest of all the planets. Venus along with Neptune
revolves in almost circular orbit. All other planet revolves in elliptical orbit.
Venus along with Mars has more Carbon di oxide in their atmosphere. It has no
satellite.
40. Earth takes 365 days for its one revolution and 24 hrs for its one rotation. It is
fifth in the size of planets. Earth’s atmosphere contain 79% Nitrogen, 20%
Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.03% Carbon-di-oxide etc.
41. Moon, the only satellite of Earth takes same time for its rotation and revaluation
so, we can see only one face (59%) of the moon
42. Mars is called as Red Planet. It has 2 satellites (moons). They are Phobas. Tumas
43. Jupiter is the biggest planet. It has 16 moons. Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, lo are
the moons of Jupiter. Ganymede is the largest satellite in solar system.
44. Saturn has very prominent rings around it. It has 22 satellites. It has a great
gravitational pull. Titan, Zapetus, Dione, Rhea and Tethys are the satellites of
Saturn. Titan of Saturn is the second largest moon.
45. William Sharshal discovered Uranus.
46. Pluto is the farthest planet. It is the coolest and smallest planet of solar system. It
has one moon. It is the coolest.
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47. The earth’s age is estimated to be 4.6 * 109 years.
48. In the belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, there are thousands of minor
planets called asteroids. Ceres, the largest known asteroid has a diameter of any
about 1000 km.
49. As a result of collision between two asteroids, a small lump of material may be
thrown off. When such lumps enter the earth’s atmosphere, they produce blazes of
light. Some of the earth’s surface is called meteorites.
50. Comets are the debris left over from the formation of the outer planets. They orbit
elliptically in the solar system.
51. A comet has a central core of icy material. When a comet comes nearer to the sun,
the light from the sun affects the head icy region. A portion of the gas leaves the
head altogether forming tail, which always points away from the sun.
52. The period of Halley’s comet is 76 years. Its 33rd
appearance was February 9th
1986.
53. Since a comet loses its icy material by evaporation, it ends up in small chunks and
tiny sand-like particles. These chunks and tiny-sand like particles keep orbiting
the sun. when such particle enters the earth’s atmosphere, it evaporates almost
immediately and produces trail of hot gas often visible at night. These are meteors
or shooting stars.
54. Sputnik – 1 is the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR in 1957
55. The US space probe ‘Voyager’ transmitted very clear pictures of Neptune. These
pictures showed six moons around Neptune.
56. The USA developed the Strategic Defence Initiatives (SDI) programme dubbed as
star wars system. If successful, this system will be capable of destroying enemy
nuclear warheads on ground or in space, before they reach their targets.
57. Troposphere is the lower most layer of atmosphere. Mountains, Clouds, rains are
present in this space. 9/10 of total air is in this region. This region covers upto 15
kms from the earth.
58. Stratosphere is the second Layer. This region covers from 15 to 75 kms above the
earth. It is the region of constant temperature, constant horizontal winds with very
little air. It is difficult to breath here. Explorations are done with balloons. The
Ozone layer is in this region.
59. Ionosphere is the next Layer. This region comes from 75 to 250 km above the
earth. Exploration is done with sounding rockets. The sky is black even when the
sun is shinning. Radio waves are reflected from this region.
60. Exosphere is the Top Layer of atmosphere. This region covers from 250 to 900
km above the earth. No gases or air is in this region which is very dark.
61. In 1981, India too successfully put into orbit is first experimental geostationary
communication satellite, Apple, launched in French Guyana.
62. The ionosphere consists of two layers of ionized air. The outer one is 200
kilometers from the earth and is known as the Appleton layer named after its
discoverer.
63. Aryabatta is the first Indian satellite named after the great Indian astronomer of
the 5th
century AD as launched from Russian Cosmodraome on April 19, 1975.
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64. Cosmic Rays are extremely high-energy high-speed proton capable of causing
severe burns or even death. Invented by Millican.
65. Explorer I was the first United States artificial satellite to enter earth’s orbit on
31st January 1958. It was responsible for the discovery of the Van Allan radiation
belts.
66. The Star (other than the sun) nearest to the earth is proximate century.
67. The nearest star (other than the sun), which is visible to the naked eye is Alpha
Centuari
68. Mars is the red planet. Mercury is the closest planet and the hottest planet. Venus
is the brightest planet. Pluto is the farthest Planet. Jupiter is the biggest Planet.
Mercury and Venus do not have planet.
69. Stars appear to move from east to West because the earth is rotating from west to
east.
70. On the moon, an astronaut cannot drink lemonade with the help of straw. Because
there is no atmosphere on the moon.
INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES
Aryabhatta - calculated the value of π
Brahmagupta - Invented Zero
Bhaskaracharya - Wrote leelavati (Treaties on maths)
Vatsayana - Kamasutra
Dhanvanter - Ayurveda
Patanjali - Yoga
Saraka
Susheuta
Vagabhatta - Physician
Henry Becquesel - Radioactivity
Madam Curie - Polonium
J.L. Baird - Television
Benjamin Franklin - Heightening conductor
Binet - IQ
J.C. Bose - Cresco graph
S.N. Bose - Bosons
Bohr - Atomic Structure
Cavendish - Hydrogen
Inert gases - Ramsay
Rutherford - Nitrogen, Splitting of atom
J.J. Thomson - Electron
Goldstein - Proton
Chadwick - Neutron
Roentgen - X-rays
Heavy water - U ray
Battery - Volta
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Alfred Noble - Dynamic
Otto Hann - Atom Bomb
Newton - Law of motion, Laws of gravitation
Einstein - theory of relativity, photoelectric effect
Galileo - Telescop, Geocentric Theory
Copernicus - Heliocentric, Solar system
Kepler - Planetary motion
Faraday - Electro magnetic conduction
Dewar - Thermos flask
Grahambel - Telephone
Samuel Mosse - Telegraph
Marcony - Wireless, Telegraphy
Dunlop - Tyre
Austin - Motorcar
Dainler - Gas engine
James watt - Steam engine (Principle)
Stevenson - Steam Locomotive
Diesel - Internal combustion engine
Macmillan - Bicycle
Sholar - Typewriter
Pascal - Calculator
John van Norman - Computer (Digital)
Toricalli - Barometer
Farenheit - Thermometer
Waterman - Fountain pen
John Napier - Logarithms
Pittman - Shorthand
Shockley - Transistor
Otis - Lift
Onnes - Super conductivity
CHEMICAL SCIENCE
ACIDS
1. Lemon - Citric Acid
2. Milk - Lactic Acid
3. Tomato - Oxalic Acid
4. Tamarind & Grapes - Tartaric Acid
5. Amla & Gooseberry - Ascorbic Acid
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6. Apple - Malic Acid
7. Vinegar - Acetic Acid
8. Ants - Formic Acid
9. Antimycotic - Propionic Acid
10. Phenol (medicated soap) - Carbolic Acid
11. Making of Nylon - Adipic Acid
12. Making of Phenolpthalein - Thalic Acid
13. Aspirin - Acetyl Salicylic Acid
14. Gold dissolves in - Aqua Regia 3 : 1 (Hcl : HNO3)
15. Oil of Vitreol - Sulphuric Acid
16. Acid rain - H2So4 & Hno3
17. Glass dissolves in - Hydrochloric Acid
18. Stomach - Hydrochloric Acid
19. Blood Buffer & Soda - Carbonic Acid
20. Pure acetic acid - Glacial acetic Acid
CHEMICAL NAMES
1. Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate
2. Epsom - Magnesium Sulphate
3. Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate
4. Baking Soda - Sodium bi Carbonate
5. Table Salt (common salt) - Sodium Chloride
6. Hypo - Sodium thio sulphate
7. Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide
8. Caustic Potash - Potassium Hydroxide
9. Chilic Salt Petere - Sodium Nitrate
10. Indian Salt Petere - Potassium Nitrate
11. Bleaching Powder - Calcium Chloro hypochlorite
12. Slaked lime - Calcium hydroxide
13. Quick lime - Calcium oxide
14. Chalk - Calcium carbonate
15. Talc - Magnesium Silicate
16. Calamine - Zinc Carbonate
17. Calomel - Mercuric Chloride
18. Bluevitriol - Copper Sulphate
19. Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate
20. White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate
21. Tartar emetic - Potassium antimony tartarate
22. Bordeaux mixture (fungi acid – CuSo4 + Cao)
CHEMICAL & USES
1. Sodium thio Sulphate – Antichlor agent, fixing in photography
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2. Hydroquenone or Pyeogallol – Develops in Photography
3. Silver bromide & Galatin – Coating of Photographic Films
4. Silver Iodide – Artificial rain
5. Silver nitrate – Silvering of mirrors, making inks and hair dye
6. Sodium carbonate – softening of water
7. Sodium bi carbonate – effervescent drinks
8. Glycerol – To preserve tobacco (Anti drying agent)
9. Ethylene glycol – Anti freezing agent in radiators
10. Ethylene – Ripening of fruits, making polyethene
11. Carbon tetra chloride – Extinguish electricity frees
12. Aluminium Sulphate & Sodium bi carbonate – Extinguish oil frees
13. H2So4 + Sodium bi Carbonate – Soda acid fire extinguisher
14. Sodium & Potassium salts of higher fatty acids – Soaps
15. Salts of Sulphonic acid – Detergents
16. White phosphorus – Rat poison
17. Red phosphorus – Matchbox sides
18. TNT – explosive
19. DDT, BHC – Insecticide
20. Teflon – Coating in non-stick Vessels
21. Boron carbide – To cut diamonds
22. Bakelite (Phenol + formaldehyde) – made switches
23. Nylon (hexamethylenediamine & Adipic acid) Synthetic fiber
24. Rayon – Artificial Silk
25. Benzene – Solvent
26. Formaldehyde – Preserve Biological specimen
27. Power alcohol (Petrol + ethyl alcohol) Fuel
28. Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine – Rocket fuel
29. Solid Co2 – Dry ice (smoke screens)
30. 5% methanol + Ethanol – Methylated spirit to prevent conspicuous drinking of
alcohol
31. 95% ethanol – Ractified spirit – fuel
32. 100% ethanol – Absolute alcohol – Lab use
GASES
1. Producer gas – Nitrogen + Carbon monoxide
2. Water gas – Hydrogen + Carbon monoxide
3. Marsh gas (miner) – Mathanes
4. LPG – Propane, Butane, Isobutene, Butyline
5. Indane – LPG marketed by IOC
6. Cobar gas – Carbon dioxide + methane
7. Major green house gas – Carbon dioxide
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8. Other green house gases – water vapour, methane, Nitrous oxide
9. Gas present in stratosphere – Ozone (fillers UV rays)
10. Gases responsible for ozone layer depletion – CFCs (chloro fluoro carbon)
11. Gas present abundant in atmosphere of earth – Nitrogen (71%)
12. Other atmospheric gases – Oxygen, Argon, Co2
13. Gases filled in Balloons & Gas 2nd
abundant gas in Sun – Helium
14. Gas abundant in atmosphere of Venus – Co2
15. Gas with rotten egg odiour – Hydrogen Sulphide
16. Gas with rotten fish odiour – Phosphine
17. Gas used in welding – Oxyacetylene
18. Gases responsible for acid rain – Sulphur dioxide, No2, Co2
19. Gas filled in electric bulb – Argon / Nitrogen
20. Gas used in advertisement lamps – Neon
21. Main automobile pollutant gas – Carbon monoxide
22. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy – Methyl isocyanide
23. Gaseous hormone of plants – Ethylene
24. Laughing gas – Nitrous oxide
25. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy – Methyl isocyanide
26. Gaseous hormone of plants – Ethylene
27. Laughing gas – Nitrous oxide
28. Gas filled in soda bottles – Co2
29. Gas highest calorific Value – Hydrogen
LIFE SCIENCE
NUTRITION
1. Principle nutrients – Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water
2. Balanced Diet – Diet having all requised nutrients in right proportion
3. Types of carbo hydrates
a. Monosaccharides – Glucose (Blood Sugar)
- Fructose (Fruit Sugar)
- Ribose, dioxyribose (sugars of nucleic acids)
b. Disaccharides - Lactose (milk sugar) (glucose + Fructose)
- Cane Sugar (Sucrose) (Glucose + Fructose)
c. Polysaccharides – Starch (End product of photosynthetic)
- Glycogen (arrival starch) & (stored in liver and muscle)
- Cellulose (present in vegetables and greens) (crude fibre)
4. Energy Value of Nutrients
- Carbohydrate – r cal/g
- Protein – 5.25 cal/g
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- Fat – 9.46 cal/g
5. Carbohydrate and fat are essential for giving energy & protein is essential for
growth
6. In children deficiency of energy, protein (energy-protein malnutrition) produces
2-disease conditions Kwashiorkor & Marasmas
7. Cereals (rice, wheat) are rich in carbohydrate two types of carbohydrate are: a.
Soluble Sugars (mono & di saccharides starch) b. Crude Fibre
8. Diabetic patriots are advised to take less starchy more fibrous diet (wheat, ragi)
9. PROTEIN
1. Sources rich in protein are pulses, oilcakes, milk, egg and meat
2. Proteins are made up of amino acids: Those amino acids that cannot be
synthesized in our body are called essential amino acids
3. E.a.a. for human are Valine, Argentine, metrionine, hestidine, isoleucine,
phenylalanine, lysine, threonine, leonine and Tryptophan (remembered as
AVMHIPLTLT)
4. Based on the e.a.a content of foods its biological value (B.V.) eletromine
5. B.V of egg-100, milk-95, rice-80 Milk & egg are complete proteins. Pulse
proteins are incomplete cereal products are poor in lysine and animal
products are rich in lysine.
10. Fat
1. 2 types are saturated fat (e.g.animal fat & coconut oil), unsaturated far
(sunflower oil)
2. Saturated fat makes the person more prone to cardiac diseases.
11. Vitamins
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source
1. Vitamin A Retinol Night Blindness
(Nicktelopis) &
exophthalmia
(Corneal dryness)
Carrot & green
vegetable
(Carotenes) & meat,
milk, fish, egg.
2. Vitamin D Calciferol (Act as
hormone)
Rickets &
Osteomalacia
Sunlight, yeast, fish,
liver oil, egg
3. Vitamin E Tocopherol Sterility Wheat germ oil
4. Vitamin K Philloquinone Hemorrhage Greens
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source
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1. Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beri Beri Yeast, rice, bran,
greens
2. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Hescone in mouth &
growth problems
Milk and milk
products
3. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Loss of appetite,
nervousness and
depression
Green & Vegetables
4. Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Convulsion and
pernicious anemia
Milk, meat, liver
5. Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy & Bleeding
in gums
Citrus Fruits,
Gooseberry
12. Minerals
Name Importance Source
1. Calcium Bone & teeth formation,
Blood clotting, nerve
conductivity, cardiac
contraction
Greens, Milk
2. Phosphorus Bone, teeth formation,
formation of phospholipide,
nucleic acids, ATP
Cereal by products milk
3. Sodium and Chloride Necessary for acid, base
balance, osmolality of blood
Salt
4. Potassium Relaxation of heart Green Vegetables
5. Iron Hemoglobin synthesis,
deficiency causes anemia
Greens
6. Iodine Synthesis of thyroxin
deficiency causes goiter
Seaweeds & iodized salt
(Salt + KI)
MEDITCAL INVENTIONS
Banting - Insulin
Christian Barnard - Hear Transplantation
Alexander Fleming - Penicillin
Harvey - Blood Circulation
Lands tecner - Blood Groups
Samuel Hahnemann - Homeopathy
Edward Jenner - Small pox vaccine
Jonas. E. Salk - Polio
Louis Pasteur - Rabies
Lainnee - Stethoscope
Calmette Guerin - TB Vaccine
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Ronald Ross - Malarial parasite (life cycle)
Hansen - Leprosy Bacillus
Robert kock - TB Bacillus
Antanvon heaven Hock - Bacteria
Dimity Ivonosky - Virus
William Einthoven - ECG
James Blundell - Blood transfusion
Robert Hook - Cell
Laveran - Malaria Germs
Robert Brown - Nucleus
Fontana - Nucleolus
Watson & Crick - DNA Double helix
Body Fluids Nerves
Brain - Cerobro Spinal Fluid Spinal nerves - 31 Pairs
Stomach - Hydro Chloric Acid Cranial nerves - 12 Pairs
Eye - Aguous Humor, Vitreous Humor
Ear - Perilymph, endoplymph
Heart - Pericardial Fluid
Neurotransmitters Sympathetic system - Adrenalin
Parasympathetic System - Acetylcholin
Coverings
Brain - Meninges (Piamater, Arachnoid, Duramater)
Heart - Pericardium
Lung - Pleura
Liver - Gleason’s Capsule
Glands
Splean - Immunity, Graveyard of RBCs
Liver - Detoxification, Urea Synthesis, Secretes Bile
Pancreas - Recemove gland, Secretes Glucagon (Alpha cells) insulin (Beta cells)
Thymus - Immunity (T lymphocytes)
Endocrine Glands Pituitary - Tropic Hormones, FSH, LH, GH
Adrenal - Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine
Ovary - Estrogen
Testis - Androgen
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Kidney - Erythropoietin
Thyroid - Thyroxin
Para Thyroid - Calcitonin
Organ Disease Specialists/Special Aid
Liver Jaundice, hepatitis Hepatologist
Eye Myopia, Hypermetropia,
Glaucoma Astigmatism
Ophthalmologist/Opthalscope
Teeth Pyorrhea Odontology / Dentist
Kidney Nephritis, (Dialysis) Nephrologist
Heart Myocardial infarction Electrol Cardio Gram (ECG)
Lungs TB, Pneumonia Ventilator
Brain Encephalitis Electro Encephala Gram
(ECG)
Uterus Metritis Endoscopy, MIR,
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) Scan
Pancreas Diabetic (Gluconometere)
Thymes, spleen AIDS ELISA, Wetern Blot
National Laboratories & Institutes
1. National Physical Lab – New Delhi
2. National Chemical Lab – Poona
3. National Biological Lab – Palamput (H.P)
4. National Aeronautical Lab – Bangalore
5. Central Building Research Institute – Roorkela (Uttaranchal)
6. Central Drug Research Institute – Lucknow (U.P.)
7. Central Electro Chemical Research Centre – Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu)
8. Central Food Technological Research Centre – Mysore
9. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) – Hyderabad
10. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NERI) – Nagpur
11. National Agmark Lab – Nagpur
12. Central Leather Research Institute – Chennai
13. National Institute of Oceanography – Panaji (Goa)
14. National Institute of Ocean technology – Chennai
15. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre – Mumbai
16. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research – Mumbai
17. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics – Calcutta
18. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research – Kalpakkam
19. Centre of Advanced Technology (CAT) – Indore
20. Birla Industrial & Technological Museum – Calcutta
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21. Solerjung Museum – Hyderabad
22. National Botanical Garden – Lucknow
23. Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleobotany – Lucknow
24. Bose research center – Calcutta
25. Central Rice Research Institute – Cuttack
26. Central Potato Research Institute – Simla
27. Central Sugarcane Breaking Institute – Coimbatore
28. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research – Lucknow
29. Central Tobacco Research Institute – Rajamundri
30. Indian Veterinary Research Institute – Izatnagar
31. National Dairy Research Institute – (NDRI) – Karnal
32. Central Marine Fishery Research Institute – Coachin
Facts on General Science
1. Blue parts of the light is most effective in photosynthesis
2. Auxanometer – Auxanometer is used to measure the growth of the plants
3. Adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones
4. Hydroponics is concerned with growing plants without soil
5. The substance coated on plastic tape recorder tape is Iron Oxide
6. The PH of human blood is 7.5
7. In the human body, the most abundant element is oxygen
8. The hottest part of the gas flame is blue zone
9. The first organic compound to be synthesized in the laboratory was urea (46% of
Nitrogen)
10. The acid used in batteries is sulphuric acid
11. Dry ice is chemically solid Co2
12. Cooking gas in cylinder is in the form of liquid
13. Diamond is chemically pure carbon
14. Amalgams – An amalgam is solution of metal in mercury
15. Diseases Spread by Protozoan – dysentery, Amoebiosis, Malaria etc.
16. Diseases spread by virus – Measies, Influenza, Polia, rabies etc.
17. Bacterial Disease – Diphtheria, Tetanus, Plague, Typhoid, TB, Cholera, Leprosy
18. Communicable Disease – Acquired diseases are acquired after birth. Eg. Leprocy,
AIDS
19. LPG – (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) – The Propane – Butane Fractions
20. Rust – The chemical composition of rust is Fe2O3
21. Fruit Ripener – Acetiline (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) are used for ripening
22. Caustic Soda – NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) is called Caustic soda
23. Sound cannot travel through vacuum
24. A device used for measuring the depth of the sea is called fathometer
25. Atomic bomb – Atomic bomb is constructed on the principle of nuclear fission
26. The age of the earth can be estimated by uranium dating
27. Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of fossils
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28. Coppernicus is famous for heliocen tric theory. Kepler is for laws of planetary
motion
29. Transformers – This is a device for stepping up or stepping down of alternating
current voltages.
30. ‘IC Chips’ for computers are usually made of silicon
31. Semi conductor is made of silicon and germanium
32. Elements – There is 109 elements
33. Sublimation – On application of heat, the solid state directly changes into the
vapour. E.g. Iodine, Nepthalene
34. Mendeleef arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic weights.
35. The modern periodic classification of elements is based on Mosely’s
36. Vinegar – Acitic acid is present in vinegar (CH3COOH)
37. Tartaric Acid – Tartaric acid is present in Tamarind and grape
38. Oxaloacitic Acid – It is present in Tomato
39. Lactic Acid – It is present in milk
40. Sulphuric Acid – It is secreated in our stomach
41. Aqua regia – It is made up of 3 part of Hcl and 1 part of HNO3 (Nitric acid). It is
used to dissolve.
42. Washing Soda – Na2Co3 (Sodium Carbonate) is called washing soda
43. Backing Soda – NaHCo3 (Sodium bicarbonate) is called backing soda
44. Colors in soap bubbles – Beautiful colors in soap bubbles and oil films on water
are produced due to the interference of white light reflected by these surfaces.
45. Primary colors – Red, Green and Blue
46. Lunar Eclipse – An eclipse of the moon occurs, when the earth comes between
the sun and the Moon.
47. Solar Eclipse – The eclipse occurs, when the moon comes between the sun and
the earth. 48. Visible light is simply electro-magnetic radiation in the range of frequencies 4.3 *
1014
to 7 * 1014
49. Longitudinal Wave – Sound waves are longitudinal wave
50. Transverse Wave – Light waves are transverse wave
51. Mica can be classified as good conductor of heat and bad conductor of electricity
52. Nuclear fusion – The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy.
This is due to Nuclear fusion.
53. Fourth state of matter – There is a fourth state of matter – the ionized state called
Plasma.
54. Hydrometer – A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density of
liquid.
55. Atmospheric Pressure – atmospheric pressure is measured with an instrument
called Barometer
56. Weight in moon – An object on the moon would weigh only one-sixth its weigh
on the earth.