SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN our CENTURY OF KNOWLEDGE

NORBERT KROO

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH COUNCIL

PÉCS, 12.10.2010

LIVING IN A CHANGING WORLDLIVING IN A CHANGING WORLD Rapid technological, political, social und cultural Rapid technological, political, social und cultural

changeschanges Financial, economic, political, social, cultural crisesFinancial, economic, political, social, cultural crises Decline of old industries (with their value system)Decline of old industries (with their value system) IncreasIncreasee of of the knowledge added value the knowledge added value of of products products

and services and services Increasing competition combined with decreasing Increasing competition combined with decreasing

social safeguardingsocial safeguarding Increasing need for making use of the full range of Increasing need for making use of the full range of

human capacitieshuman capacities Increasing need for „creative“ labour forcesIncreasing need for „creative“ labour forces Increasing heterogenity of national populationsIncreasing heterogenity of national populations Increasing unproductivity of national education Increasing unproductivity of national education

systemssystems

GROWING SIGNIFICANCE OF KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE BASED SOCIETY (ECONOMY) . COMPETITION!

INNOVATION ORIENTED SOCIETY

RESOURCES (LABOUR, MATERIALS, ENERGY, CAPITAL,

KNOWLEDGE). SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE!

(danger to treat knowledge as a tradable commodity)

NEW PRACTICES IN RESEARCH (multidisciplinary,groups)

NEW PRIORITIES (sustainable development,jobs, competitiveness)

DRYING OUT TECHNOLOGIES

GLOBALIZATION. CRITICAL SIZE. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

NEW POTENTIAL REVOLUTIONS (BIO-, NANO-, INFO-TECHNOLOGIES )

SCIENCE IS IMPORTANT AND CHANGINGSCIENCE IS IMPORTANT AND CHANGING * THE * THE COMPLEXITYCOMPLEXITY OF KNOWLEDGE INCREASES OF KNOWLEDGE INCREASES DEEPER DEEPER

KNOWLEDGE IN NARROWER FIELDSKNOWLEDGE IN NARROWER FIELDS

* * INTERDISCIPLINARYINTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH EXPANDS.(COMPLEX PROBLEMS) RESEARCH EXPANDS.(COMPLEX PROBLEMS)

* THE COST OF RESEARCH * THE COST OF RESEARCH ((INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE)) SKYROCKETS. SKYROCKETS. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT NEEDED.GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT NEEDED.

* INCREASING * INCREASING CRITICAL SIZECRITICAL SIZE IN RESEARCH. NETWORKING. IN RESEARCH. NETWORKING.

(BOTH FINANCIALLY AND IN HUMAN POTENTIAL)(BOTH FINANCIALLY AND IN HUMAN POTENTIAL)

* STRONGER INFLUENCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE* STRONGER INFLUENCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMYECONOMY E.G. THROUGH E.G. THROUGH INNOVATIONINNOVATION

* NEW WAYS OF DOING SCIENCE: „KNOWLEDGE BORN IN CYBER-* NEW WAYS OF DOING SCIENCE: „KNOWLEDGE BORN IN CYBER-

SPACE” THROUGH THESPACE” THROUGH THE INTERACTIONINTERACTION OF DISLOCATED SCIENTISTS AND OF DISLOCATED SCIENTISTS AND INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

* * DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT COSTSCOSTS BEYOND THE POSSIBILITIES OF COMPANIES BEYOND THE POSSIBILITIES OF COMPANIESREQUEST REQUEST FOR STATE INTERVENTION, COMPANY FOR STATE INTERVENTION, COMPANY

CONSORTIA (JTI!)CONSORTIA (JTI!)

* SCIENCE HAS BECOME FULLY INTERNATIONAL. * SCIENCE HAS BECOME FULLY INTERNATIONAL. GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION..

(HIGH)EDUCATION IS ALSO CHANGING

-SOCIETY STRUCTURE IS CHANGING SO DOES EDUCATION TOO

-THE CHANGE OF SCIENCE ALSO FORCES UNIVERSITIES TO CHANGE

-THE TRANSFORM OF UNIVERSITIES IS THE TRANSFORM OF TEACHING PRACTICES

-IN ADDITION TO KNOWLEDGE, UNIVERSITIES HAVE TO GIVE CHANCES TO YOUNG PEOPLE TO BECOME RESPONSIBLE LEADERS

-THE SUCCES OF UNIVERSITIES IS THE SUCCESS OF THEIR ALOMNI

-TO GIVE INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH TO SURVIVE COMPETITION AND TO MAKE THE SOCIETY STRONGER

BUT THE TRANSFORMATION IS NOT EQUAL TO GETTING RID OF THE OLD STRUCTURES COMPLETELY

THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THESE CHANGES

-INTERNATIONALIZATION: CURRICULA; MOBILITY; GRANT APPLICATIONS

-MULTIDISCIPLINARITY: FACULTY STRUCTURE; SOCIAL SCIENCE INVOLVEMENT; OKINAWA MODEL

-COLLABORATION: IN COMPETITION; UNIVERSITY-RPO AND ACADEMIA-INDUSTRY COOPERATION; OPEN ACCESS.

-DEMOCRATIZATION: LEARNING PROCESS AROUND THE STUDENT, NOT THE PROFESSOR (making mistakes is part of the learning process); UNIVERSITIES FOR HIGH SCHOOLS (teach them to better understand science); THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ICT ON EDUCATION

tto bo boost excellence in oost excellence in ""Frontier ResearchFrontier Research""   by investing in the best researchers and ideasby investing in the best researchers and ideas through competition at through competition at globalglobal/European/European level,level, on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole

criterion,criterion, raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of

individual researchers,individual researchers, providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader

(structural) improvements in(structural) improvements in research.research.

ONE OF ONE OF THE STHE STRATEGIC TRATEGIC AAIMS IN BOTH IMS IN BOTH SCIENCE AND EDUCATION ISSCIENCE AND EDUCATION IS

GROWING NEED FOR TALENTSCHURCHILL: …THE EMPIRES OF THE FUTURE WILL BE THE EMPIRES OF THE MIND (1943) -THE TALENTS: THE ABILITY TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS OR INVENT NEW SOLUTIONS

-TALENT HAS BECOME THE WORLD’S MOST SOUGHT-AFTER COMMODITY. SHIFTING BALANCE OF POWER .

-TALENTS ALONE ARE NOT ENOUGH: REWARDING EXPERIENCE; STRONG ETHICAL CODEX; INTERNAL CONTROL ALSO NEEDED

-GLOBAL HUNT FOR TALENTS: STRUCTURAL CHANGES; AGEING; FALLING LOYALTY OF EMPLOYEES; BROADER SPECTRUM OF JOBS WHERE TALENTS ARE NEEDED

-EDUCATION CAN INCREASE THE TALENT POOL

-INEQUALITIES ARE WIDENING AS TALENTS BECOME MORE VALUABLE

-NOT EVERYBODY IS HAPPY WITH THE ELITE OF TALENTS: MERITOCRACY AND ITS DISCONTENT

TO KEEP TALENTS IN THE EUTO KEEP TALENTS IN THE EU The gThe global competition for lobal competition for R&DR&D talent is talent is

intensifying;intensifying; The number of The number of R&DR&D graduates entering the graduates entering the

workforce is likely to decline unless workforce is likely to decline unless wewe intervene intervene (brain drain + education)(brain drain + education)

Recommendations:Recommendations:• Support to Support to studentsstudents and institutions in order to and institutions in order to

improve the success in improve the success in R&DR&D studies studies ofof undergraduates;undergraduates;

• Attract and retain well-prepared Attract and retain well-prepared high schoolhigh school teachersteachers of science, math of science, mathematicsematics, technology;, technology;

• International competitiveness with regard to International competitiveness with regard to research research talenttalent (ERC, Marie Curie, etc.) (ERC, Marie Curie, etc.)

• To stabilize and strengthen the role of the To stabilize and strengthen the role of the European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council

PARADOXICAL ISSUES 1.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SCIENCE INCREASES WHILE THE INTEREST OF THE YOUNG GENERATION DECREASES (knowledge paradox)

2.THE TIME NEEDED TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE INCREASES AND THE OBSOLESCENCE TIME OF IT DECREASES (time paradox)

3. GOOD RESEARCH (IN EUROPE), BUT LOOSING GROUND IN COMPETITIVENESS (innovation paradox)

4. THE ROLE OF R&D IN COMPETITIVENESS INCREASES BUT THE DECISIONMAKERS ARE OFTEN TEMPTED TO FORGET ABOUT IT (competitiveness paradox)

5. THE SHARE OF GOVERNMENTS IN FINANCING R&D ACTIVITIES IS DECREASING, BUT THE ROLE OF THE REMAINING CONTRIBUTION IS INCREASING (governance paradox)

Elements of European science Elements of European science policypolicy

BASED ON THE KBASED ON THE KNOWLEDGE NOWLEDGE TTRIANGLERIANGLE EDUCATIONEDUCATION,, RESEARCH, INNOVATION RESEARCH, INNOVATION

- - THE LISBON STRATEGYTHE LISBON STRATEGY Knowledge-based economy – Knowledge-based economy – competitivenesscompetitiveness and and

jobsjobs

- - THE THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA)EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA)

Harmonization, fHarmonization, freedom of researchers, knowledge, reedom of researchers, knowledge, technologytechnology. ERC!. ERC!

-- THE THE LJUBLJANA PROCESSLJUBLJANA PROCESS Joint programmingJoint programming; ; FFifth freedom; ERA governanceifth freedom; ERA governance

- - THE BOLOGNA PROCESSTHE BOLOGNA PROCESS

European Higher Education Area (EHEA) byEuropean Higher Education Area (EHEA) by 2010 2010

BASIC INSTRUMENTS

EUROPEAN LEVEL COMPETITION: -ADDED VALUE: HIGHER QUALITY RESEARCH

COOPERATION, NETWORKING: -CRITICAL MASS (INTELLECTUAL AND FINANTIAL)

-LESS DUPLICATION, FRAGMENTATION

SUPPORT OF EXCELLENCE: -GOOD FOR ALL (inclusive the potential loosers)

BUT THE SAME APPLIES TO THE PROPER

USE OF STRUCTURAL FUNDS!

THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA)THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA) (the European response)(the European response)

IT SIT SHOULD BE AN AREA WHEREHOULD BE AN AREA WHERE the the scientific capacity and material resourcesscientific capacity and material resources

can be can be optimized in synergyoptimized in synergy,, where where national and European policiesnational and European policies can becan be

implemented more coherently, andimplemented more coherently, and where where people and knowledge can circulatepeople and knowledge can circulate freely; freely;IT SHOULD BEIT SHOULD BE attractiveattractive both to European researchers and the best both to European researchers and the best

researchers from researchers from outside the EU (talents)outside the EU (talents), and, and be based onbe based on common social and ethical valuescommon social and ethical values,,

rooted in rooted in EuropeEuropean traditionsan traditions.. Its main instruments are the Framework Its main instruments are the Framework

ProgrammesProgrammes

LL

STRATEGIC GOALSSTRATEGIC GOALS OF ERA OF ERA

HUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL – A diverse, internationally – A diverse, internationally competitive and globally engaged workforce of competitive and globally engaged workforce of scientists, engineers and well-prepared citizens. scientists, engineers and well-prepared citizens.

IDEASIDEAS – Discovery across the frontier of science – Discovery across the frontier of science and engineering, connected to learning, and engineering, connected to learning, innovation, and service to society.innovation, and service to society.

INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS – Broadly accessible, state-of- – Broadly accessible, state-of-the-art S&E facilities, tools, and other the-art S&E facilities, tools, and other infrastructure that enable discovery, learning and infrastructure that enable discovery, learning and innovation.innovation.

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT – An agile, innovative – An agile, innovative organization that fulfills its mission through organization that fulfills its mission through leadership in state-of-the-art business practices.leadership in state-of-the-art business practices.

7th7th FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR RES FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR RES.. AND AND TECHTECH.. DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (Specific Programmes) (Specific Programmes)

CO-OPERATIONFostering collaboration between industry and academia to gain sustainable

leadership in key technology areas10 Thematic Priorities

IDEASSupporting individual basic research at scientific frontiers

European Research Council

PEOPLESupporting mobility and career development for researchers both

within and outside EuropeMarie Curie Actions

CAPACITIESHelping develop the capacities that Europe needs to be a sustainable

knowledge-based economySME Research/Research Infrastructure/RoK/INCO/Policy Research

For

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By ta

len

ts

THE CRADLE OF CREATIVITY (AND DISCOVERY)

!

EUROPEAN RESEARCH COUNCIL

ONE OF THE KEY INSTRUMENTS TO REALIZE THE GOALS OF FP7:THE “IDEAS”SPECIFIC PROGRAMME

BY PROMOTING EXCELLENCE IN ALL AREAS OF SCIENCE

BY COMPETITIVE FUNDING, SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF

EXCELLENCE

BY SUPPORTING GROUP RESEARCH BUT INDIVIDUALS TOO

(FIRST OF ALL YOUNG RESEARCHERS, HIGH RISK,

INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH)

WITH MINIMAL BUREAUCRACY. OPEN ON GLOBAL SCALE!

EARLY STAGE INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATOR SCHEME

ESTABLISHED INVESTIGATOR GRANT SCHEME

MASTERED BY ERC AND ITS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL

Frontier research based solely on excellence

Open competition of outstanding individuals (talents)of all nationalities and ages

willing to move, stay and do research in Europe (*)

(*) minimum 50% time in Europe, 30% time on project Europe = 39 countries of European Research Area (ERA)

Generous funding for ambitious projects (up to €2 mil / €3.5 mil)

No quotas per country/region, gender, etc.

All fields supported: 3 Domains from humanities to engineering

The ERC pThe ERC principlesrinciplesresearcher

proposal

Boost European excellence in Boost European excellence in ""Frontier ResearchFrontier Research""   by investing in the best researchers and ideasby investing in the best researchers and ideas through competition at European levelthrough competition at European level on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole

criterioncriterion raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of

individual researchersindividual researchers providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader

(structural) improvements in European research(structural) improvements in European research

THIS IS PART OF THE BROADER VISION OF FP7THIS IS PART OF THE BROADER VISION OF FP7

STRATEGIC AIMSSTRATEGIC AIMS OF ERC OF ERC

y = 1.85x

R2 = 0.97

1

10

100

1000

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

R&D budget (billions $)

ER

C g

ran

ts t

o n

ati

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als 1-1.5%

1.5-2%

2-3%

>3%

<1%

27 small/mediumsized countries

6 bigcountries

EU27EU15

EU12

AC

ALLPopulation clusters Historical clustersR&D intensity clusters

Source: Eurostat / OECD / World Bank (2005 data)

DEFR

CY BG

RO SI IS

HUEL

CZ

PL

TR

UK

ES

IT

SE

CH

NLIL

NO

DK

BE

FI

AT

PT

IE

SK

Success scales with country’s R&D investmentSuccess scales with country’s R&D investment(grants to nationals)(grants to nationals)

R2=0.97

NB: small numbers, log scale

European High Education AreaEuropean High Education Area (EHEA) (EHEA) Important Important instrument: the Bologna Processinstrument: the Bologna Process

Recommendations and reforms under ten action Recommendations and reforms under ten action lineslines

Bologna Follow-Up Group (BFUG) – examining how Bologna Follow-Up Group (BFUG) – examining how EHEA might develop after 2010EHEA might develop after 2010 • The process should remain voluntaryThe process should remain voluntary• There should beThere should be a legal framework for the EHEA a legal framework for the EHEA• Future priorities:Future priorities:

– Consolidation of current activities for recognition Consolidation of current activities for recognition of qualifications and lifelong learningof qualifications and lifelong learning

– Increased staff and student mobilityIncreased staff and student mobility– Increased use of the Diploma SupplementIncreased use of the Diploma Supplement

    

EIT AND SOME HOPES AND EXPECTATIONSEIT AND SOME HOPES AND EXPECTATIONS

The EIT shouldThe EIT should : : Have an Have an impact across the whole of the EUimpact across the whole of the EU Be Be financially viable financially viable Be attractive to potential partnersBe attractive to potential partners

The role of the business sector (SMEs & Large firms) : The role of the business sector (SMEs & Large firms) :

Private companies should be involved not only as funding Private companies should be involved not only as funding (contracting) sources but also(contracting) sources but also as full partnersas full partners..

New approaches to science and innovation :New approaches to science and innovation : Interdisciplinarity, a new way of working and pulling diverse Interdisciplinarity, a new way of working and pulling diverse

resources.. (theresources.. (the focus should be more on the bordersfocus should be more on the borders, , rather than the core of existing disciplines).rather than the core of existing disciplines).

AA wide range of wide range of topicstopics need to be covered need to be covered Within this contextWithin this context social and human studiessocial and human studies have a place have a place

in the EIT.in the EIT.

ON RESEARCH PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS

40% OF TOTAL COSTS OF PUBLIC SECTOR R&D IN EUROPE

FOCUS ON LONG TERM VISION OF SOCIETAL NEEDS

ENGINES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

WITH PROFESSIONAL OPERATIONAL STRUCTURES,

WORLD CLASS INFRASTRUCTURES,

EXCELLENCE AS THE BASIS OF OPERATION,

KNOWLEDGE SHARING (INCLUSIVE WITH INDUSTRY) and

BROAD INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AS AN RPO

38 RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN ALL FIELDS OF SCIENCES

HAS SUPPORTED RESEARCH GROUPS AT UNIVERSITIES

STRONG INVOLVEMENT IN TEACHING (DOCTORAL SCHOOLS, BUT

REGULAR COURSES TOO)

The participation of knowledge institutions (mainly the universities and the Academy of Sciences, which plays a major role in the Hungarian research landscape) in innovation activities has improved but remains insufficient.

Hungary has built a solid core of high-quality scientific research, produces quite good scientific output at costs well below the European average, and has some promising examples of co-operation between business firms and publicly funded public research organisations in some industries and regions (Budapest, but also locations such as Debrecen and Szeged).

OECD REVIEW ON HUNGARIAN SCIENCE

PROPOSED STRATEGIC TASKS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

-Raise the R&D and knowledge intensity of the Hungarian economy broadly-Strengthen Hungary’s knowledge infrastructures.-Predictable, evidence-based policy.-Effective governance. -Evaluation and accountability. -A comprehensive approach to fostering innovation.-A participatory approach to priority setting. -Balanced policy mixes.-Quality, relevance and critical mass in public research. -International openness.

LISBON EU 2020SMART, SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH

FOCUS ON GRAND CHALLENGES BY CHALLENGING NEW IDEAS- MOVING FRONTIERS,SUPPORTING BLUE SKY RESEARCH WITH ERC RESPONSIBILITY,MOBILITY, NETWORKING AND MORE JOINT INFRASTRUCTURE.

FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES(7): INNOVATIVE UNION; MOBILITY OF THE YOUNG GENERATION; HIGH SPEED INTERNET; RESOURCE EFFICIENCE; SUPPORT OF SME-s; NEW SKILLS AND JOBS; FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY.

BUT BUDGET DEFICIT IN THE EU AND IN MOST OF THE MEMBER COUNTRIES!

LET US WORK TOGETHER TO REALIZE THESE GOALS!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!