WHAT IS SCIENCE?
• Science is the systematic study of nature  and how it affects us and our environment.
• Science can explain natural phenomena that happen in our environment.
• How?
scientific investigations.
 
• Science covers a very wide area of study and is
divided into various fields, such as:
 – Biology: the study of living things
 – Physics : the study of interaction of matter and energy
 – Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical
properties of substances, their reactions and uses
 – Geology : the study of rocks and minerals
 – Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets
 – Meteorology : the study of weather and climate
 
 
W&!t !#e t&e )oo* %#!+ti+es *emost#!te* ,- t&e st"*et?
• Wearing goggles
• Carrying ottles
 
#est tue Crucile
 
 
Ste%s i s+ieti+ i/esti)!tio 1. dentifying problem
!. "orming a hypothesis
investigation(
  pendulum experiment(
of the pendulum.
pendulum?
time taken for 1/ complete swing of the
pendulum is longer.
: time taken for 1/ complete swings
• Constant 6"ept the same7
 
clamp, stop watch
• *pparatus setup:
1. $repare the simple pendulum with a 1/cm long
thread.
#. 2ecord the time taken for 1/ complete oscillations
in a table.
different lengths, e.g. !/cm, #/cm, &/cm and (/cm.
(. raw a graph showing the time taken versus length
of pendulum for 1/ complete oscillations.
 
5. PROCEDURE 6+&!)e to %!ssi/e sete+e 8&e 8#iti) ! #e%o#t7
1. * simple pendulum with a 1/ cm long thread was
prepared.
!. The pendulum was pulled to one side, and then was
released.
recorded in a table.
pendulum with !/cm, #/cm, &/ and (/cm long.
(. * graph showing the time taken versus length of
pendulum for 1/ complete oscillations was drawn.
 
oscillations 6 s 7
versus length of simple pendulum.
 
1. The pendulum with a longer string takes
time to oscillate than the pendulum
with a shorter string.
  complete oscillation will when
.
make one complete oscillation
accepted
increases
UNITS
 –t is a part of the scientific investigation
process
 
How far is your house to the school?
How beautiful a person is?
How long does you take to finish your homework?
How does a durian taste?
How hot is a glass of water?
How soft a pillow is?
How a flower smell?
• * physical 8uantity is something that can be measured.
• There are five basic 8uantities: length, time, mass, temperature and electric current.
• 4easurement of physical 8uantities consist of two parts:
 – * number indicating value or how much5
 – * unit of measurement.
STANDARD UNITS' S.I. UNITS
• 9nit is a scale that helps you understand a particular measurement.
 
information easily and more accurately5
;o confusion because there is specific
symbols for each unit5
measurement.
<ength 4etre m
* measurement of how long something from one point to another
4ass =ilogra m
kg * measurement of how much matter there is in an ob>ect
Time Second s
Temperature =elvin =
* measurement of the warmness or coldness in any ob>ect
lectric current *mpere *
 
gram when we need to state values that are too
small or too large(
$refi% 4ultiplier Symbol ;umerical
WEIGHT
 
WHAT IS WEIGHT? • The weight of an ob>ect is the pull o* the
Earth 6*orce o* gravity7 on the o:ect(
• The S. unit of weight is ;e$ton 6;7.
• The weight of any ob>ect depends on the
gravitational force.
• The weight of an ob>ect is obtained using a
spring alance or compression spring
alance.
• The mass of an o:ect is the 9uantity o*
matter in the ob>ect.
• The S.. unit of mass is "ilogram 6"g7(
• The mass of an ob>ect can be obtained using a
triple eam alance or lever alance.
 
MASS WE+G.#
MASS WE+G.#
t is the amount of matter in an ob>ect.
t is the gravitational pull on an ob>ect.
 
place to place.
balance.
balance.
• 4easuring the length of a straight line:
 – 9sing metre rule or a ruler
 – 'orrect position of eye 6to avoid paralla% error7
 
 – 9sing a ruler and a piece of thread
• * knot is tied at the end of a thread
• The thread is stretched along the curve carefully
• 4ake a mark at the end of the curve
• Stretch the thread along the ruler to obtain the length
 – 9sing an opisometer
o:ect:
 
 – The e%ternal diameter is measured using e%ternal
calipers and a ruler
caliper and a ruler.
 – The thickness of a piece of paper can be
determined by measuring the thickness of a stack
of papers and dividing the value of number of
sheets of paper.
 
 – The thickness of a glass tube can be measured by
taking the difference between its e%ternal and
internal diameter.
 
o:ect(
4athematical formulae.
using a graph paper.
paper.
than half full s8uares 6tick the
s8uares7
estimated by multiplying the
area of one s8uare.
more accurately with smaller
occupied y the o:ect.
• The S unit is cuic metre 6m-7(
• t also can be measured in millilitre 6ml7.
• The apparatus: measuring cylinder, burette and
pipette.
' m$ = ' cm-
 
 – The volume must be taken at the meniscus level of
the li8uid.
 – >se a piece o* $hite paper to enable the meniscus
to be seen clearly.
 – The eye is positioned at the same level of the
meniscus to avoid parallax error.
 
 – The volume of regularshaped and irregularshaped can be
measured using $ater displacement method.
 – The ob>ect to be measured must be submerged in the
measuring cylinder filled with water.
 – The volume o* the $ater displaced is the volume o* the
o:ect.
 – The volume of a solid can also be measured using
a displacement can or a Eure"a can.
 – The volume o* the $ater that *lo$s out from the
can is the volume o* the solid measured.
 
 – #he volume o* a light o:ect can be measured
with the aid o* a $eight, for e%ample, a stone.
 – The stone which is tied to the cork enables the cork
to be submerged in the water.