Science- Chapters 10-18

Nicole Vesely

Science 1790-1850 (Ch. 10-12)

1794 Philip Vaughan invents one of the modern world’s most essential components- the humble but powerful ball bearing

– His invention reduces friction between moving parts, and helps to support loads smoothly

1798 Edward Jenner’s deadly experiment destroys the scourge of smallpox

1798 Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on geometric ratio, outstripping food supplies

– His population predictions are correct but British contributions to agricultural science will keep food supplies steadily expanding

1790-1850

1798-1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discovers heat is a form of motion; invents a kitchen range and a drip coffeepot; and founds the royal institution

– Thompson brings Watt’s steam Engine into common use and invents a prototype of the convection stove, and the drip coffeepot, and increases the amount of radiant heat thrown by a fireplace

1800-1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets of laughing gas, alkali metals, and electricity

– Davy becomes the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigates the properties of laughing gas by experimenting on himself

1790-1850

1802 Thomas Young discovers waves of light– Young’s famous experiment proves that light moves in waves– He splits a source of 2 light beams, then recombines them

and sees a pattern of light and dark fringes created because the waves and troughs of the 2 beams are not in phase

1802 James Hutton establishes science of Geology with revolutionary ideas

– Hutton Single-handedly created the science of geology by theorizing that the process of erosion was countered by the Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth, and that these processes required vast amounts of energy and time

1790-1850

1802-1803 Luke Howard names the clouds, and deciphers their clues to predict the weather

– Howard suggests in a published paper that there is a cause and effect relationship operating in the atmosphere that produces clouds, and that we can make weather predictions by studying them

1805-1806 Storm survivor Francis Beaufort invents wind force scale

– The Beaufort Wind Scale tells sailors what signs to look for on the surface of the water and in the air on a scale of 0 (dead calm) to 12 (a hurricane) and how to cope

1790-1850

1807 Geological Society founded over dinner– The Geological society celebrated its bicentennial in Burlington

House– It has a great library of geoscientific information, and exists to

promote the geoscientists and to provide professional support to over 9,000 members

1808 Moving from weather to the heart of the atom, John Dalton helps to jump start chemistry

– Dalton experiments, and confirms the ancient idea that all matter including air, is made up of atoms

1810 Henry Maudslay, “Father of Machine-Tools” Hits his stride– Transformed industry by inventing the screw-cutting lathes

capable of turning out accurate, standard threads on screws

1790-1850

1811-1830 Charles Bell explains the nervous system– Bell shows that nerves consist of separate fibers in a

common sheath 1815 William Smith goes from rocks to ruin and back

again 1816 Francis Ronalds invents the Telegraph

– He is fascinated by electricity, and in 1816, in his back garden at Hammersmith, he builds the first electrostatic telegraph, sending messages along wires

– The wire is charged using a friction machine– At each end, clockwork dials indicate the letter or figure

being transmitted

1790-1850

1816-1819 John McAdam builds modern Macadam roads– He recommends that roads be raised above adjacent ground to

create good drainage and covered first with rocks and then with smaller stones

1823 Thomas Wakely publishes lancet to advance medical knowledge and reform

– He founds one of the world’s oldest peer-reviewed medical journals, naming after the surgical instrument called a lancet

1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat– He is trying to find uses for the waste products of gasworks when

he hits on painting woolcloth with rubber to produce the first waterproof watercoat

1790-1850

1820s-1840s Michale Faraday establishes electromagnetic laws and invents the electric motor and power generator

1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower– Budding proceeds to invent the reel grass mower-

ecologically sound, capable pf mowing grass to look like strips of moiré silk, and possessing a lovely whirring sound redolent of summer

1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “Consuming Passion” produces a calculator and an early computer; Lady Ada Lovelace writes the first computer program

1790-1850

1835 William Talbot invents modern, pre-digital photography

1842- 1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation breakthroughs eradicate disease

1845 John Couch Adams predicts the existence and position of Neptune

1848 Parliament legislates for clean water

5 Terms to Know

Voltaic Cells- early forms of electric batteries researched by Benjamin Thompson and Henry Cavendish

Dry Fogs- a long-lasting acid aerosol cloud moved around the globe for three years after the eruptions in Iceland in 1783

Geological Society- in the winter of 1807, thirteen like-minded souls in London got together at the Freemasons Tavern at Long Acre, in Convent Garden, to form a dining club

Locomotive- a steam engine that pulls loads, improved by George Stephenson in 1813

Reel grass mower- ecologically sound, capable of mowing grass to look like strips of moiré silk, and possessing a whirring sound, invented by Edwin Budding

Historical People- Humphrey Davy

Davy was an exuberant buy who liked to sketch, write poems, collect minerals, and make fireworks.

He liked to experiment and became the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigated the properties of laughing gas by experimenting on himself.

Davy discovered it could be used as an anesthetic. He researches into oxides and acids, and isolates and identifies sodium, potassium,

calcium, boron, magnesium, strontium, and barium. He made the discovery that electricity can be produced by chemical activity and that

electrolysis, the interaction of the electric currents with chemical compounds, can break a chemical compound into its component parts.

In 1800 he invents the first electric light by connecting wires to his battery and a piece of carbon: The carbon glows, producing light.

He also invents a safety ‘lamp’ for deep-seam mining called the Davy lamp, and a safety helmet.

Miners need light to work, but candle flames in the gas-filled mines are a terrible hazard. Based on his understanding that gas must be heated to its ignition point before it

explodes, Davy surrounds the flame in his lamp with a metal gauze, which distributes, and reduces the heat.

Historical People- James Hutton

Hutton was born in 1726, drifted into medicine, and out of it, turned to farming and drifted out of it, and moved to Edinburgh where he found his métier producing sal ammoniac and eating dinner at the Oyster Club with “the economist Adam Smith, the chemist Joseph Black and the philosopher David Hume, as well as such occasional visiting sparks as Benjamin Franklin and James Watt”.

Becoming interested in questions about the age of the Earth, and staring with renewed interest at the rocks on his old farm, Hutton single-handedly created the science of geology by theorizing that the process of erosion was countered by the Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth, and that these processes required vast amounts of energy and time.

His ideas were revolutionary, and not completely understood for 200 years. They were published in 1795 and republished in less opaque prose in 1802.

Multiple Choice

1) In 1798, Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on geometric ratio, which he believes will lead to

A. PlagueB. Limited water suppliesC. Minor SicknessD. Outstripping food supplies

2) 1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discoversA. Heat is a form of motionB. The 3 states of MatterC. The AtomD. Subatomic particles

Multiple Choice

3) 1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets ofA. Surgery toolsB. Laughing gasC. medical suppliesD. latchets

4) 1802 Thomas Young discoversA. Waves of soundB. Waves of lightC. Waves of energyD. Types of energy

Multiple Choice

5) 1803 Luke Howard namesA. Types of stormsB. Types of tornadoes C. Types of plantsD. Clouds and uses them to predict weather

6) 1810 Henry Maudslay was known as A. The Father of Machine-toolsB. The Father of MedicineC. The Father of EnergyD. The Father of Modern Science

Multiple Choice

7) 1830 Charles Bell explains theA. Nervous systemB. Cardiovascular SystemC. Respiratory SystemD. Endocrine System

8) 1816 Francis Ronalds inventsA. The telephoneB. The typewriterC. The telegraphD. The refrigerator

Multiple Choice

9) 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the firstA. UmbrellaB. Rain bootsC. RaincoatD. Scissors

10) 1831 Edwin Budding invents the firstA. Weed-whackerB. LawnmowerC. The light bulbD. The axe

Answer Key

1) D2) A3) B4) B5) D6) A7) A8) C9) C10) B

Reference

Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from

http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777.html

Science 1820-1850 (Ch. 13-15)

The invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products during the 19th century led to a 2nd industrial revolution (1865-1900), that featured the growth of railways and steamships, faster and wider means of communication.

The 19th century was the age of machine tools- tools that made tools- machines that made parts for other machines, including interchangeable parts.

The assembly line was invented during the 19th century, speeding up the factory production of consumer goods.

The 19th century gave birth to the professional scientist, the word scientist was first used in 1833 by William Whewell.

Inventors began to design practical internal combustion engines.

1820-1850

The light bulb, telephone, typewriter, sewing machine, all came during the 19th century.

The Canal Age occurred in the United States from 1790-1855– Industrialization wouldn’t have been possible without quick,

inexpensive transportation.– Mountains forests, swamps had hampered the development of the

Northwest Territory, and the lands of the Louisiana Purchase.– The opening of the Erie Canal in 1826 bridged the Appalachians,

opening the Great Lakes to trade.– Wooden Canal boats worked hard, withstood tremendous abuse,

and rotted quickly after abandonment..

1820-1850

Steam Engine– The Steam Engine could be considered the single most important invention

of the entire industrial revolution.– The dawn of the 19th century brought about the industrial revolution.– Steam locomotives and steam paddle boats began to appear everywhere– In 1807, Robert Fulton introduced the first steamship to provide regular

passenger service to the people of America– He named it the “Clemont” which made a 150 mile trip from New York City

to Albany in 32 hours at an average speed of 5 miles per hour– By 1825, steam locomotives were no longer just used for transporting

goods.– Passenger Locomotives were rapidly growing due to the increase in

commuter traffic in large cities

1820-1850

1819 Samuel Fahnestock patents a soda fountain 1819 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope 1823 Thomas Wakely publishes Lancet to advance medical knowledge and

reform 1824 Michael Faraday invents the 1st balloon 1825 George Stephenson invents the railroad locomotive and train travel; his

son Robert and nephew George build railroad bridges 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet 1826 Thomas Telford helps to perfect the suspension bridge 1827 John Walker invents modern matches 1827 Charles Wheatstone was the 1st person to coin the phrase microphone 1820s-1840s Michael Faraday establishes electromagnetic laws and invents

the electric motor and power generator

1820-1850

1824 Joseph Aspdin invents Portland cement 1828 George Green’s mathematical theories lay groundwork for

modern industry 1829 American William Austin Burt invents a typewriter 1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower 1831 Cyrus McCormick invents the 1st commercially successful reaper 1831 Michael Faraday invents an electric dynamo 1831 William Bickford invents the safety fuse 1802-1830s Francis Baily improves financial markets and star

catalogues and discovers Baily’s beads 1832 Charles Wheatstone invented the first patented stereoscope 1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “consuming passion” produces a

calculator and an early computer; Lady Ada Lovelace writes the first computer program

1820-1850

1832-1860s Hodgkin, Bright, and Addison Advance Medical Science 1834 Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S.

patent 1834 Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator type device- an ether ice machine 1835 William Talbot invents modern, pre-digital photography 1835 Solymon Merrick patents the wrench 1835 Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller 1836 Samuel Colt invented the first revolver 1837 Wheatstone and Cooke invent first viable electric telegraph 1831-1840 Rowland Hill’s counter-intuitive thinking transforms mail service 1830s-1859 Isambard Kingdom Brunel builds tunnels, bridges, railroads, and the first

screw-propelled transatlantic steamer 1838 Samual Morse invents Morse Code 1839-1846 William Grove invents forerunner of fuel cell 1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales 1839 Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization

1820-1850

1840 John Herschel invents the blueprint 1841 Thomas Carlye founds London Library 1841 Samuel Slocum patents the stapler 1842-1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation breakthroughs eradicate

disease 1842 Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator 1843 James Joule Discovers the nature of energy and Joule’s law 1843 Alexander Bain invents the facsimile 1844 John Mercer invents mercerized cotton 1845 Elias Howe invents a sewing machine 1845 Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanized rubber

pneumatic tire

1820-1850

1845 John Couch Adams predicts the exsistence and position of Neptune 1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth

extraction 1847 James Simpson Discovers Anesthesia that works 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics 1848 Waldo Henchett patents the dental chair 1840s-1860s William Jackson Hooker expands the great royal botanic research garden,

Kew 1848 Parliament legislates for clean water 1848-1900s William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) develops temperature scale; helps to establish

modern physics; defies danger to lay telegraph 1849 Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents bicycle 1849 Walter Hunt invents the safety pin 1850 Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for a dishwasher 1851 crystal palace dazzles 1854 George Boole establishes the modern symbolic logic basic to the design of digital

computers

5 Terms to Know

Suspension Bridge- a type of bridge where the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.

Portland cement- is the most common type of cement used around the world because of its basic ingredients which include concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout

Typewriter- a mechanical device with keys that when pressed, cause ink to be printed on paper.

Reaper- a horse drawn machine to harvest wheat Electric Dynamo- the first electrical generator capable of

delivering power for industry

Historical People- Cyrus McCormick

Cyrus McCormick of Virginia was responsible for liberating farm workers from hours of back-breaking labor by introducing the farmers to his newly invented mechanical reaper in July 1831.

By 1847, Cyrus McCormick began the mass manufacture of his reaper in a Chicagp factory.

The invention of 2 successful reaping machines brought about an end to tedious handiwork and encouraged the invention and manufacture of other labor saving farm implements and machinery.

The first reapers cut the standing grain and, with a revolving reel, swept it onto a platform from which it was raked off into piles by a man walking alongside.

It could harvest more grain than five men using the earlier cradles. The next innovation, patented in 1858, was a self-raking reaper with an endless

canvas belt that delivered the cut grain to 2 men who riding on the edge of the platform, bundled it.

Cyrus McCormick had moved to Chicago, built a reaper factory, and founded what eventually became the International Harvester Company.

Historical People- Henry Blair

Henry Blair was the only inventor to be identified in the Patent Office records as “a colored man.”

Blair was born in Montgomery County, Maryland around 1807. He received a patent on October 14, 1834 for a seed planter

and a patent in 1836 for a cotton planter. Henry was the second black inventor to receive a patent the

first was Thomas Jennings who received a patent in 1821 for a dry cleaning process.

Henry Blair signed his patents with an “x” because he couldn’t write.

Henry Blair died in 1860.

Multiple Choice

1) In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the a. Sewing machineb. Electromagnetc. Lawn mowerd. Typewriter

2) In 1827 John Walker invents a. Safety Fuseb. Electromagnetc. Lighter Fluidd. Modern matches

Multiple Choice

3) In 1829 American William Austin Burt invents a a. Typewriterb. Postage stampsc. Reaperd. Plow

4) In 1831 William Bickford invents the a. Revolverb. Safety fusec. Calculatord. Modern matches

Multiple Choice

5) In 1835 William Talbot invents a. Lancetb. Machetec. Modern, pre-digital photographyd. Lateen Sail

6) In 1836 Samuel Colt invented the first a. Revolverb. Duct tapec. Light bulbd. Microphone

Multiple Choice

7) In 1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents a. Platform scalesb. Caravel Boatsc. Electromagnetd. Stappler

8) In 1839 Charles Goodyear invents a. Blueprintb. Rudderc. Rubber vulcanizationd. Cotton

Multiple Choice

9) In 1845 Elias Howe invents a a. Scissorsb. Postage stampsc. Mailboxesd. Sewing machine

10) In 1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the first to use

a. Anesthesia for tooth extractionb. Cotton ginc. Dental Chaird. Toothpaste

Answer Key

1. B2. D3. A4. B5. C6. A7. A8. C9. D10. A

Refernces

Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777.html

Bellis, M. (2010). 19th century timeline. Retrieved from http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth_2.htm

Bolon, K. (2001, May). The steam engine. Retrieved from http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm

Held, J. (1998, July 1). The canal age. Retrieved from http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/canal/index.html

Science 1861-1900 (Ch. 16-18)

The 1st Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was built in the 6 year period between 1863-1869

– The transcontinental railroad was built by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Nebraska

– The railroad linked with the existing railroad network of the Eastern US 1860s James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the

relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation

– Maxwell’s equations are a set of 4 partial differential equations that, together with the Lorenta force law, Form the foundation of classical optics, and electric circuits

– The equations have 2 major variants: microscopic & macroscopic 1860s Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the basis for

genetics – Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene

separate so that each gamete receives only one copy– Law of Independent Assortment- the alleles of different genes assort independently

of one another during gamete formation

1861-1900

1860s Dmitri Mendeleev develops the periodic table– Arranged by elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in

columns– He left space for unknown elements and could predict their properties

based on location– Evidence to support Mendeleev’s Periodic Table- new elements matched

Mendeleev’s predictions 1876 telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

– Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone)

– Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other, although Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone 1st

– Elisha Gray and Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won

1861-1900

1877 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph – While improving the efficiency of the telegraph transmitter, he noted that

the tape of the machine gave off a noise resembling the spoken words when played at a high speed

– His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, “Mary had a little lamb”

1870s Ludwig Boltzmann’s statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy

– Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or that dynamically ordered states are “infinitely improbable”)

1880s- development and commercial production of electric lighting– Electricity was first wired from power stations into homes, offices, and

factories, in big cities such as New York and London

1861-1900

1880s development and commercial production of gasoline powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach

– These men invented the 4-stroke engine which proved to be a trend setter and resulted in further progress

– The 4-stroke engine had 4 significant movements to create its power 1880s 1st commercial production and sales of phonographs and

phonograph recordings – Phonographs and phonograph recordings were becoming increasingly

produced and sold– The original inventor of the phonograph was Thomas Edison

1880s 1st steel frame construction “sky scrapers”– Steel frame skyscrapers came out in the 1880s as the some of the 1st

major buildings scontructed

1861-1900

1880s American Society of Mechanical Engineers founded February 16, 1880 New York, NY

– The ASME was founded in 1880 as an educational and technical society– The goal of the ASME is to provide continuing education to mechanical engineers,

the industries they serve and society in general throught the development and dissemination of technical information

1880s Construction begins on the Panama Canal by the French. This is the 1st attempt to build the canal

– The first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership, but was abandoned after 21,900 workers died (mostly from disease)

– The Us launched a 2nd effort incurring a further 5,600 deaths but succeeding in opening the canal in 1914

1880s Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect– Photoelectric effect- electrons are emitted from matter as a consequence of their

absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as visible or ultraviolet light

1861-1900

1880s Michelson-Morely experiment, showing that the speed of light in invariant

1880sJames-Lange theory of emotion– Theory of emotion refers to a hypothesis on the origin and

nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotion, developed independently by 2 19th century scholars

1890s Early commercial production of automobiles– In the 1890s, the mass production of automobiles began

1861-1900

1896 Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity– While investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts, Becquerel

accidentally discovered radioactivity– Radioactivity- is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus losses

energy by emitting ionizing particles 1895 Discovery of x-rays by Wihelm Rontgen

– Rontgen accidentally discovered an image cast from his cathode ray generator, projected far beyond the possible range of cathode rays (now known as an electron beam

– Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate

Swedish Scientist Svante Arrhenius and US geologist Thomas Crowder Chamberlain independently come to the conclusion that burning fossil fuels might cause global warming due to carbon dioxide emissions

5 Terms to Know

Transcontinental Railroad- the railroad linked to the existing railroad network of the eastern US

Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy

Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or dynamically ordered states are “infinitely improbable”)

Radioactivity- the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles

Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate

Historical People- Alexander Graham Bell

Bell was a physicist, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847 In 1872 he took up his residence in the United States, introducing with success

his father’s system of deaf-mute instruction. Bell had 2 sons who died in infancy and two daughters He was and inventor, scientist, and a professor at Boston University His was married to Mabel Hubbard from 1877-1922 Bell was most commonly known for the invention of the telephone He had been interested for many years in the transmission of sound by

electricity, and had devised many forms of apparatus for the purpose, but the first public exhibition of his invention was at Philadelphia in 1876.

His invention of the "photophone," in which a vibratory beam of light is substituted for a wire in conveying speech, has also attracted much attention, but has never been practically used.

He died August 2, 1922 of Pernicious Anemia

Historical People- Thomas Edison

Edison was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.

Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name.

He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications.

These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.

His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator.

Multiple Choice

1) The Transcontinental Railroad helped improve America mainly bya. Linking the new railroad tracks with the already existing network of

railroad tracks in the Eastern USb. Transporting farm animals from east to westc. Helping create new healthy & clean worksites for people of Americad. Providing separate non-linked railroads across America

2) In the 1860s Gregor Mendel’s 2 laws were a. Law of gravity & Law of motionb. Law of allopatric speciation & Law of sympatric speciationc. Law of thermodynamics & law of radioactivity d. Law of segregation & law of independent assortment

Multiple Choice

3) In the 1860s Dimitri Mendeelv’s periodic table was arranged by a. Atomic number b. Decreasing atomic massc. Elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in columnsd. Number of neutrons

4) What two men developed the telephone independently at the same time?

a. Elisha Gray & Alexander Graham Bellb. Thomas Edison & Wihelm Rontgenc. Svante Arrhenius & Gottlieb Daimlerd. Ludwig Boltzmann & Karl Benz

Multiple Choice

5) In the 1880s, construction on the Panama Canal was begun by the

a. Englishb. Frenchc. Spanishd. Chinese

6) The 1st major buildings constructed in the 1880s were a. observatoriesb. church buildings c. steel frame skyscrapers d. town meeting halls

Multiple Choice

7) In the 1890s there was early commercial production of a. Telephones b. Telegraphs c. Phonographsd. Automobiles

8) Thomas Edison was an American inventor best known fora. The phonograph b. Motion Picture Camerac. Long lasting Practical Lightbulbd. all of the above

Multiple Choice

9) Thomas Edison was one of the 1st inventors to apply the principles of *Blank* and large teamwork to the process of invention

a. Fast productionb. Mass productionc. No trainingd. Limited production

10) When Alexander Graham Bell 1st moved to the united states he experienced great success with his invention of

a. Phonographb. His fathers system of deaf-mute instructionc. Telegraphd. Motion Picture Camera

Answer Key

1) a2) d3) c4) a5) b6) c7) d8) d9) b10) b

References

Bellis, M. (2010). 19th century timeline. Retrieved from http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth_2.htm

Smith, C. (2003). Alexander graham bell. Retrieved from http://www.alexandergrahambell.org/

Beals , G. (2007). Thomas edison. Retrieved from http://www.thomasedison.com/