Science SOL Review

Science SOL Science SOL ReviewReview55thth Grade Grade

5.2 Force, Motion, 5.2 Force, Motion, and Energy - Soundand Energy - Sound

5.2a Compression waves5.2a Compression waves

Sound – A form of Sound – A form of energy produced and energy produced and transmitted by transmitted by vibrating mattervibrating matter

Sound travels in Sound travels in compression compression (longitudinal) waves(longitudinal) waves

5.2a Compression Waves5.2a Compression Waves

Sound is a Sound is a compression compression (longitudinal)(longitudinal) wave moving wave moving back and forth from its sourceback and forth from its source As sound waves travel, molecules As sound waves travel, molecules

are pressed together in some are pressed together in some parts (compression) and in some parts (compression) and in some parts are spread out (rarefaction).parts are spread out (rarefaction).

Wave – A disturbance Wave – A disturbance moving through a medium moving through a medium (solid, liquid, gas)(solid, liquid, gas)

5.2b Vibration, Compression, 5.2b Vibration, Compression, Wavelength, Frequency, Wavelength, Frequency, AmplitudeAmplitude

Frequency – the number of Frequency – the number of vibrations in a given unit of timevibrations in a given unit of time

Wavelength- the distance Wavelength- the distance between two compressions or between two compressions or rarefactionsrarefactions

Pitch – determined by the Pitch – determined by the frequency of a vibrating object. frequency of a vibrating object. Objects vibrating faster have a Objects vibrating faster have a higher pitch than objects higher pitch than objects vibrating slower.vibrating slower.

Amplitude – the amount of Amplitude – the amount of energy in a compression wave energy in a compression wave related to intensity and volumerelated to intensity and volume

5.2c Transmitting Sound5.2c Transmitting Sound

Sound travels more quickly through solids than Sound travels more quickly through solids than through liquids and gases because the through liquids and gases because the molecules of a solid are closer together. molecules of a solid are closer together.

Sound travels most slowly through gases, Sound travels most slowly through gases, because the molecules are farthest apartbecause the molecules are farthest apart

If there is no matter to transmit the sound, there If there is no matter to transmit the sound, there is no sound, as in a vacuum.is no sound, as in a vacuum.

5.2d Uses and 5.2d Uses and ApplicationsApplications Some animals make and hear Some animals make and hear

ranges of sound vibrations ranges of sound vibrations different from those that humans different from those that humans can make (voice) and hearcan make (voice) and hear

Bats, dogs, and whales can hear Bats, dogs, and whales can hear and produce sounds at a much and produce sounds at a much higher frequency than humanshigher frequency than humans

Whales, dolphins, and bats find Whales, dolphins, and bats find objects using objects using echolocationecholocation, , which is locating an object using which is locating an object using reflected sound.reflected sound.

5.2d Uses and 5.2d Uses and ApplicationsApplications Humans use sonar to explore the ocean Humans use sonar to explore the ocean

depths. depths. SonarSonar is a device that locates underwater is a device that locates underwater

objects by sending out high frequency objects by sending out high frequency sound waves and recording their echoes. sound waves and recording their echoes.

5.2d Uses and 5.2d Uses and ApplicationsApplications Musical instruments Musical instruments

vibrate to produce vibrate to produce sound:sound:

Brass instruments: Brass instruments: vibrating airvibrating air

Woodwinds: vibrating Woodwinds: vibrating reeds or vibrating airreeds or vibrating air

Percussion: vibrating Percussion: vibrating surfacessurfaces

Strings: vibrating stringsStrings: vibrating strings

5.3 Force, Motion, 5.3 Force, Motion, and Energy - Lightand Energy - Light

5.3a Transverse Waves5.3a Transverse Waves Light has properties of waves and Light has properties of waves and

particles.particles. Light is energy.Light is energy. Light travels in Transverse waves, in Light travels in Transverse waves, in

which the particles of the medium move which the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction the wave perpendicular to the direction the wave moves.moves.

5.3a Transverse Waves5.3a Transverse Waves

Light travels in waves composed of a Light travels in waves composed of a wavelengthwavelength, , crest (peak)crest (peak), and , and troughtrough. .

5.3b Visible Spectrum5.3b Visible Spectrum

Visible light is a Visible light is a combination of several combination of several different wavelengths of different wavelengths of light traveling together. light traveling together.

These wavelengths are These wavelengths are represented by the represented by the colors red, orange, colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet indigo, and violet

ROYGBIVROYGBIV


Light waves are characterized by their Light waves are characterized by their wavelengths and frequency. wavelengths and frequency.

In the visible spectrum, red has the In the visible spectrum, red has the longest wavelength, and violet has the longest wavelength, and violet has the shortest. Wavelengths get progressively shortest. Wavelengths get progressively shorter from red to violet.shorter from red to violet.


Light waves travels much faster than Light waves travels much faster than soundsound

Unlike sound, light waves travel in Unlike sound, light waves travel in straight paths called straight paths called rays rays and do not and do not need a medium through which to move.need a medium through which to move.

A beam is a group of wavesA beam is a group of waves

5.3c Opaque, 5.3c Opaque, Transparent, and Transparent, and TranslucentTranslucent Light passes through some objects but is Light passes through some objects but is

blocked by others.blocked by others.

OpaqueOpaque TransparentTransparent TranslucentTranslucentOpaque Opaque materials materials completely block light completely block light from passing through.from passing through.

Transparent Transparent materials materials allow light to pass through allow light to pass through with little or no with little or no disturbance. Transparent disturbance. Transparent objects may or may not objects may or may not color the light, but you can color the light, but you can see objects clearly see objects clearly through them.through them.

TranslucentTranslucent materials materials allow only part of the light allow only part of the light to pass through, while to pass through, while bouncing the rays off in bouncing the rays off in many directions giving many directions giving only a blurry view.only a blurry view.

5.3d,e Reflection and 5.3d,e Reflection and RefractionRefraction

Light travels in straight paths until it hits Light travels in straight paths until it hits an object where it may be:an object where it may be: reflectedreflected- bounced off- bounced off refractedrefracted- bent- bent transmittedtransmitted- passed - passed

through the object orthrough the object or absorbed-absorbed- taken in taken in

as heatas heat

5.3d Reflection5.3d ReflectionIf the surface of the medium If the surface of the medium contacted by the wave is contacted by the wave is smooth and polished (like a smooth and polished (like a mirror), each reflected wave mirror), each reflected wave will be reflected back at the will be reflected back at the same angle as the incident same angle as the incident wave.wave.

On the surface of a smooth pool of On the surface of a smooth pool of water, incident light is reflected in an water, incident light is reflected in an orderly manner to produce a clear orderly manner to produce a clear image of the scenery surrounding the image of the scenery surrounding the pool. Throw a rock into the pool, and pool. Throw a rock into the pool, and the water forms waves, which disrupt the water forms waves, which disrupt the reflection by scattering the the reflection by scattering the reflected light rays in all directions. reflected light rays in all directions.

5.3e Refraction5.3e Refraction

The amount of bending of a light wave The amount of bending of a light wave (refraction) depends on:(refraction) depends on: The density of the materialThe density of the material The wavelength of the light waveThe wavelength of the light wave The angle at which the light wave enters the The angle at which the light wave enters the

new mediumnew medium

5.3e Refraction5.3e Refraction

A prism can be used to refract visible A prism can be used to refract visible light. When the different wavelengths of light. When the different wavelengths of light in visible light pass through a prism, light in visible light pass through a prism, they are bent at different angles. The they are bent at different angles. The colors of light we see are red, orange, colors of light we see are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

5.3d,e Reflection and 5.3d,e Reflection and RefractionRefraction

A A rainbowrainbow occurs from occurs from water droplets that act water droplets that act as both mirrors and as both mirrors and prisms. The drops bend prisms. The drops bend rays of sunlight at rays of sunlight at different angles, causing different angles, causing the colors to spread our. the colors to spread our. The colors are reflected The colors are reflected off the back of the drops off the back of the drops into our eyes. into our eyes.

5.4 Matter5.4 Matter

5.4 Matter5.4 Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and Matter is anything that has mass and volumevolume

Mass is the amount of matter in an objectMass is the amount of matter in an object

The mass of an object does not changeThe mass of an object does not change

5.4a Phases of Matter5.4a Phases of Matter

Solid Solid LiquidLiquid GasGas

Keep their shape and Keep their shape and have a fixed size, have a fixed size, shape, and volume shape, and volume Particles are packed Particles are packed tightly together tightly together (touching) and vibrate (touching) and vibrate back and forthback and forth

Take the shape of Take the shape of their container, but their container, but have fixed volumehave fixed volumeParticles are spread Particles are spread out a little and are able out a little and are able to slide past each to slide past each otherother

Take the size, shape, Take the size, shape, and volume of their and volume of their containercontainerParticles are very Particles are very spread out and move spread out and move very quickly in all very quickly in all directionsdirections

Matter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gasMatter can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas

5.4b Effect of 5.4b Effect of TemperatureTemperature

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particles move slowerparticles move slower

5.4c Atoms and Elements5.4c Atoms and Elements

All things, living and dead, are made of All things, living and dead, are made of matter.matter.

All matter, regardless of its size, shape, All matter, regardless of its size, shape, or color, is made of particles (atoms and or color, is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to be seen molecules) that are too small to be seen by the eye.by the eye.

5.4c Atoms and Elements5.4c Atoms and Elements

AtomAtom

The smallest particles The smallest particles of matterof matter Cannot be divided into Cannot be divided into smaller parts without smaller parts without changing their changing their propertiesproperties

ElementElement More than 100 known More than 100 known elements that make up elements that make up all matterall matter The smallest part of The smallest part of an element is an atoman element is an atom

5.4d Molecules and 5.4d Molecules and CompoundsCompounds

MoleculeMolecule CompoundCompound

The smallest whole bit The smallest whole bit of a substanceof a substance Molecules are made Molecules are made of two or more atomsof two or more atoms

Two or more elements Two or more elements combined to form a new combined to form a new substancesubstanceThe smallest part of a The smallest part of a compound is a compound is a moleculemolecule

5.4e Mixtures Including 5.4e Mixtures Including SolutionsSolutions

MixtureMixture SolutionSolution

A combination of two A combination of two or more substances that or more substances that do not lose their do not lose their identifying identifying characteristics when characteristics when combinedcombined

A mixture in which one A mixture in which one substance dissolves in substance dissolves in anotheranother

5.5 Living Systems – 5.5 Living Systems – Characteristics of Characteristics of OrganismsOrganisms

5.5a Basic Cell Structures 5.5a Basic Cell Structures and Functionsand Functions

Living things are made of Living things are made of cellscells. . Cells carry out all life processes. Cells carry out all life processes. New cells come from existing cells. New cells come from existing cells. Cells are too small to be seen with the Cells are too small to be seen with the

eye alone. By using a microscope, many eye alone. By using a microscope, many parts of a cell can be seen.parts of a cell can be seen.


Plant CellsPlant CellsRectangular shapeRectangular shape

Nucleus – The Nucleus – The control center, control center, holds the DNAholds the DNA

Cell Wall – Cell Wall – Provides support Provides support and protection to and protection to the cell membranethe cell membrane

Cell Membrane – Cell Membrane – holds in cytoplasm, holds in cytoplasm, lets some materials lets some materials go through go through

Vacuole – Stores waterVacuole – Stores water

Chloroplasts – Chloroplasts – Traps energy from Traps energy from the sun to produce the sun to produce food, contains food, contains chlorophyll (makes chlorophyll (makes the plant green)the plant green)

Cytoplasm – The Cytoplasm – The jelly-like substancejelly-like substance


Animal CellsAnimal Cells

Nucleus – The Nucleus – The control center, control center, holds the DNAholds the DNACell Membrane – Cell Membrane –

holds in cytoplasm, holds in cytoplasm, lets some materials lets some materials go throughgo through Cytoplasm – The Cytoplasm – The

jelly-like substancejelly-like substance

Vacuole – Storage areaVacuole – Storage areaRound Shape Round Shape

5.5b Classification5.5b Classification Organisms that share similar characteristics can be Organisms that share similar characteristics can be

organized into groups in order to help understand similarities organized into groups in order to help understand similarities and differences.and differences.

Five KingdomsFive KingdomsMoneransMonerans ProtistsProtists FungiFungi PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

One-celledOne-celled No nucleusNo nucleus Some make Some make food, some food, some don’tdon’t Example: Example: bacteriabacteria

Most are one-Most are one-celled, but celled, but some are many-some are many-celledcelled Have nucleusHave nucleus Some make Some make food, some food, some don’tdon’tExample: Example: algaealgae

One-celled or One-celled or many-celledmany-celled DecomposerDecomposerExamples: Examples: mold, mold, mushroommushroom

Many-celledMany-celled Make own Make own foodfood Has nucleusHas nucleus Examples: Examples: trees, rosestrees, roses

Many-celledMany-celled Very complexVery complex Obtain food Obtain food from othersfrom others Examples:Examples:

Human, fish, Human, fish, birdbird

5.5b Classification5.5b Classification

VascularVascular NonvascularNonvascular Has special tissues to Has special tissues to transport food and watertransport food and water Most plants are Most plants are vascularvascular Examples: Examples:

Trees, flowering plantsTrees, flowering plants

Does not have tissues Does not have tissues to transport food and to transport food and waterwater Examples: Moss, ferns, Examples: Moss, ferns, liverwort, hornwortliverwort, hornwort

• Plants can be categorized as vascular or nonvascularPlants can be categorized as vascular or nonvascular

5.5b Classification5.5b Classification Animals can be categorized as vertebrates or invertebratesAnimals can be categorized as vertebrates or invertebrates

VertebratesVertebrates InvertebratesInvertebrates

Have backbonesHave backbones Examples:Examples:

Fish, amphibians, birds, Fish, amphibians, birds, mammals, reptilesmammals, reptiles

Do not have backbonesDo not have backbones Examples:Examples:

Sponges, jellyfish, Sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, worms, insects, crustaceans, crustaceans,

5.5c Survival Traits5.5c Survival Traits Organisms have many traits that allow them to survive in Organisms have many traits that allow them to survive in

their environment.their environment. These include physical and behavioral characteristics, such as:These include physical and behavioral characteristics, such as:

A thick A thick coat of fur coat of fur to survive to survive in cold in cold climatesclimates

A curved A curved beak to beak to catch catch preyprey

Thick Thick bark to bark to protect protect against against the cold the cold winterswinters

Migration Migration to avoid a to avoid a cold wintercold winter

Hibernation Hibernation to survive a to survive a cold wintercold winter

Becoming Becoming dormant dormant during dry during dry periodsperiods

AND MANY MORE…AND MANY MORE…

5.6 Earth/Space 5.6 Earth/Space Systems - OceansSystems - Oceans

5.6a Geological 5.6a Geological CharacteristicsCharacteristics Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of

EarthEarth Features: continental shelf, continental slope, Features: continental shelf, continental slope,

continental risecontinental rise These are covered with thick layers of These are covered with thick layers of

sediments (sand, mud, rocks)sediments (sand, mud, rocks)

5.6b Physical 5.6b Physical CharacteristicsCharacteristics

The depth of the ocean varies. The depth of the ocean varies.

Relatively Relatively shallowshallow

Progressively Progressively deepensdeepens

Moderately Moderately deepdeep DeepDeep Very deepVery deep


Ocean water is a complex mixture of Ocean water is a complex mixture of gases (air) and dissolved solids (salts, gases (air) and dissolved solids (salts, especially sodium chloride). especially sodium chloride).

Marine organisms are dependent on Marine organisms are dependent on dissolved gases for survival. dissolved gases for survival.

The salinity of ocean water varies in The salinity of ocean water varies in some places depending on rates of some places depending on rates of evaporation and amount of runoff from evaporation and amount of runoff from nearby land.nearby land.


The The basic motions basic motions of ocean water are the of ocean water are the waves, currents, and tides.waves, currents, and tides.

Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are Ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, are caused by wind patterns and the differences in caused by wind patterns and the differences in water densities (due to salinity and water densities (due to salinity and temperature differences). temperature differences).

Ocean currents affect the mixing of ocean Ocean currents affect the mixing of ocean waters. This can affect plant and animal waters. This can affect plant and animal populations. Currents also affect navigation populations. Currents also affect navigation routes.routes.

Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moonmoon


The Gulf StreamThe Gulf Stream


Waters on the continental shelf receive Waters on the continental shelf receive the most sunlight and can support most the most sunlight and can support most of the life in the oceans.of the life in the oceans.

Trenches receive no sunlight, are very Trenches receive no sunlight, are very cold, and experience extreme pressure. cold, and experience extreme pressure. They support the least life.They support the least life.

5.6c Ecological 5.6c Ecological CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Plankton are tiny free-floating Plankton are tiny free-floating organisms in the water.organisms in the water.

Life in the oceans is dependent Life in the oceans is dependent upon energy from the sun, upon energy from the sun, dissolved gasses, currents, and dissolved gasses, currents, and minerals.minerals.

Plankton flourish in areas Plankton flourish in areas where nutrient-rich water where nutrient-rich water upwells from the deep.upwells from the deep.

Phytoplankton form the base of Phytoplankton form the base of the food web. the food web.

5.6c Ecological 5.6c Ecological CharacteristicsCharacteristics

As the depth of As the depth of ocean water ocean water increases, the increases, the temperature temperature decreases, the decreases, the pressure pressure increases, and increases, and the amount of the amount of light decreases. light decreases. These factors These factors influence the influence the type of life forms type of life forms that are present that are present at a given depth.at a given depth.

5.7 Earth Patterns, 5.7 Earth Patterns, Cycles and Change – Cycles and Change – Earth’s Changing Earth’s Changing SurfaceSurface

5.7a Rock Types5.7a Rock Types

Rocks have properties that can be observed, tested, Rocks have properties that can be observed, tested, and described. and described.

Composition, grain size and textural features, color, Composition, grain size and textural features, color, and the presence of fossils help with identification. and the presence of fossils help with identification.

Classification keys can aid this process.Classification keys can aid this process.

GraniteGranite GneissGneiss SlateSlate LimestoneLimestone ShaleShale SandstoneSandstone CoalCoal

5.7a Rock Types5.7a Rock Types

Depending on how rocks are formed, they are Depending on how rocks are formed, they are classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphicclassified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic

SedimentarySedimentary IgneousIgneous MetamorphicMetamorphic Layers of Layers of sediment sediment cemented cemented togethertogether

Melted and Melted and cooled (lava and cooled (lava and magma)magma)

Changed by Changed by heat and heat and pressurepressure

5.7b Rock Cycle5.7b Rock Cycle

Rocks move and change Rocks move and change over time due to heat over time due to heat and pressure within the and pressure within the Earth and to Earth and to weathering, weathering, erosion, and deposition erosion, and deposition at the surface. These at the surface. These and other processes and other processes constantly change rock constantly change rock from one type to from one type to another.another.

5.7c Earth History and 5.7c Earth History and Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence

Scientific evidence indicates the Earth is very Scientific evidence indicates the Earth is very ancient, approximately 4.6 billion years old. ancient, approximately 4.6 billion years old.

The age of many rocks can be determined very The age of many rocks can be determined very reliably. reliably.

Fossils provide information about life and Fossils provide information about life and conditions of the past.conditions of the past.

Many fossils are found in the sedimentary Many fossils are found in the sedimentary rocks of Virginia’s Appalachian Mountains, rocks of Virginia’s Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain RegionsPiedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions

5.7d The Structure of 5.7d The Structure of Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is

composed of four concentric layers: crust, mantle, composed of four concentric layers: crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core, each with its own inner core, and outer core, each with its own distinct characteristics. distinct characteristics.

The outer two layers are composed primarily of rocky material.

The innermost layers are composed mostly of iron and nickel.

Pressure and temperature increase with depth beneath the surface.

5.7e Plate Tectonics5.7e Plate Tectonics The Earth’s thermal The Earth’s thermal

energy causes energy causes movement of material movement of material within the Earth. within the Earth.

Large continent-size Large continent-size blocks (plates) move blocks (plates) move slowly about the Earth’s slowly about the Earth’s surface, driven by that surface, driven by that thermal energy.thermal energy.

Most earthquakes and Most earthquakes and volcanoes are located at volcanoes are located at the boundary of the the boundary of the plates (faults).plates (faults).

5.7e Plate Tectonics5.7e Plate TectonicsPlate MovementPlate Movement

Convergent Convergent BoundariesBoundaries

Divergent Divergent BoundariesBoundaries

Transform Transform BoundariesBoundaries

Where plates Where plates move togethermove together

Where plates Where plates move apartmove apart

Where plates slip Where plates slip past each other past each other horizontallyhorizontally Also called strike-slip Also called strike-slip or sliding boundariesor sliding boundaries

5.7e Plate Tectonics5.7e Plate Tectonics

Geological features in Geological features in the oceans (including the oceans (including trenches and mid-trenches and mid-ocean ridges) and on ocean ridges) and on the continents the continents (mountain ranges, (mountain ranges, including the including the Appalachian Appalachian Mountains) are caused Mountains) are caused by current and past by current and past plate movements.plate movements.

5.7f Weathering, Erosion, 5.7f Weathering, Erosion, and Depositionand Deposition Weathering – Breaking Weathering – Breaking

apart rocks by rain, wind, apart rocks by rain, wind, or other meansor other means

Erosion – Moving away Erosion – Moving away particles loosened by particles loosened by weatheringweathering

Deposition – Depositing Deposition – Depositing of material in a new of material in a new locationlocation

5.7f Weathering, Erosion, 5.7f Weathering, Erosion, and Depositionand Deposition Rocks and other materials on the Earth’s Rocks and other materials on the Earth’s

surface are constantly being broken down surface are constantly being broken down both chemically and physically. both chemically and physically.

The products of weathering include clay, The products of weathering include clay, sand, rock fragments, and soluble sand, rock fragments, and soluble substances. substances.

Material can be moved by water and wind Material can be moved by water and wind and deposited in new locations as and deposited in new locations as sediment.sediment.

5.7g Human Impact5.7g Human Impact

Humans have varying Humans have varying degrees of impact on degrees of impact on the Earth’s surface the Earth’s surface through their everyday through their everyday activities. activities.

With careful planning, With careful planning, the impact on the land the impact on the land can be controlled.can be controlled.

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