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Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Scientific presentations: SpeechFrom “The craft of scientific presentations” by Michael Alley
April 17, 2016
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids.
Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
General
Given the advantages and disadvantages of presentations,we attempt to offer advice that emphasizes the advantages.
In doing so, we analyse presentations from fourperspectives.
The first perspective is speech, which encompasses thewords that you say.
The second perspective is structure, which is theorganization, depth, emphasis and transition between majorpoints.
Third is the perspective of visual aids. Visual aids includenot only projected slides, posters, models, and writingboards, but also films and demonstrations.
The final perspective is delivery, which is one’s interactionwith the audience and the room.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
Simply put, speech is what you say in a presentation.
A speech targeted to the audience is essential for apresentation’s success.
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimer’s early lectures given atCalifornia-Berkeley in 1929.
Only twenty-five years old, but already well known for hiswork on quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his teachingthat first semester with a class full of eager graduatestudents.
Halfway through the semester, though, the number ofstudents registered for his course had dropped to one.
The principal reason that students dropped the course wasthat Oppenheimer did not target his speech to them.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
For one thing, Oppenheimer’s pace was much too fast forthe students.
Interestingly, although the students considered the pace tobe much too fast, Oppenheimer felt that it was too slow.
Another problem with Oppenheimer’s speech was that hemade “obscure references to the classics of literature andphilosophy.”
The combination of these two problems caused many ofthe students to complain to the head of the department.
However, Oppenheimer was already aware of the problemsand worked hard to slow his pace, to clarify his ideas, andto make connections between his points.
The result was that Oppenheimer’s later students foundhim to be “the most stimulating lecturer they hadexperienced.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience,
purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose,
and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speech
One important element of speech that Oppenheimer failedto achieve in his early lectures was the matching of whatwas said to the audience, purpose, and occasion.
When this match does not occur, one essentially gives thewrong speech.
Another important aspect of speech with which manyyoung scientists and engineers struggle involves the sourceof words for the speech.
Do the words arise by improvisation, from memory, fromreading off from some source, or from points (which may bememorized or written on note cards or presentation slides)?
The occasion of the presentation dictates which of thesesources should be used, and many times when the wrongsource is chosen, the presentation fails.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding flavours
Rather than simply presenting the work in a dry manner,the best speakers flavour their speeches.
One such flavour is the incorporation of analogies,examples, and stories.
Another flavour is achieving a personal connection with theaudience.
Still another flavour is to bring in humour.
Not only do these flavours give individuality to one’spresentation, but they also serve the audience.
For instance, analogies, examples and stories serve asmnemonics when the audience tries to recount thepresentation.
In addition, personal touches engage the audience, andhumour allows the audience to relax and participate.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
When you want to make a segment of your presentationmemorable, then consider using analogies, examples, orstories.
For instance, when the purpose of a portion of apresentation is simply to convey the size of something orthe likelihood of an event, analogies are powerful.
For instance, Otto Frisch liked to use the following exampleto describe the size of a nucleus: “If an atom were enlargedto the size of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot onthis i.”
Einstein used the analogy of “shooting sparrows in thedark” to describe the likelihood of producing nuclear energywith alpha particles striking nitrogen nuclei.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
When you want to make a segment of your presentationmemorable, then consider using analogies, examples, orstories.
For instance, when the purpose of a portion of apresentation is simply to convey the size of something orthe likelihood of an event, analogies are powerful.
For instance, Otto Frisch liked to use the following exampleto describe the size of a nucleus: “If an atom were enlargedto the size of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot onthis i.”
Einstein used the analogy of “shooting sparrows in thedark” to describe the likelihood of producing nuclear energywith alpha particles striking nitrogen nuclei.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
When you want to make a segment of your presentationmemorable, then consider using analogies, examples, orstories.
For instance, when the purpose of a portion of apresentation is simply to convey the size of something orthe likelihood of an event, analogies are powerful.
For instance, Otto Frisch liked to use the following exampleto describe the size of a nucleus:
“If an atom were enlargedto the size of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot onthis i.”
Einstein used the analogy of “shooting sparrows in thedark” to describe the likelihood of producing nuclear energywith alpha particles striking nitrogen nuclei.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
When you want to make a segment of your presentationmemorable, then consider using analogies, examples, orstories.
For instance, when the purpose of a portion of apresentation is simply to convey the size of something orthe likelihood of an event, analogies are powerful.
For instance, Otto Frisch liked to use the following exampleto describe the size of a nucleus: “If an atom were enlargedto the size of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot onthis i.”
Einstein used the analogy of “shooting sparrows in thedark” to describe the likelihood of producing nuclear energywith alpha particles striking nitrogen nuclei.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
When you want to make a segment of your presentationmemorable, then consider using analogies, examples, orstories.
For instance, when the purpose of a portion of apresentation is simply to convey the size of something orthe likelihood of an event, analogies are powerful.
For instance, Otto Frisch liked to use the following exampleto describe the size of a nucleus: “If an atom were enlargedto the size of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot onthis i.”
Einstein used the analogy of “shooting sparrows in thedark” to describe the likelihood of producing nuclear energywith alpha particles striking nitrogen nuclei.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
Such descriptions, when they support the presentation’scontent, are keepers:
things that audiences hold onto whenthey leave the room.
Too often, one attends a presentation and a couple of dayslater remembers nothing about that presentation: not aresult, not an image, not an observation, not even astriking detail.
One test for the success of a presentation is what theaudience remembers two days later.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
Such descriptions, when they support the presentation’scontent, are keepers: things that audiences hold onto whenthey leave the room.
Too often, one attends a presentation and a couple of dayslater remembers nothing about that presentation: not aresult, not an image, not an observation, not even astriking detail.
One test for the success of a presentation is what theaudience remembers two days later.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
Such descriptions, when they support the presentation’scontent, are keepers: things that audiences hold onto whenthey leave the room.
Too often, one attends a presentation and a couple of dayslater remembers nothing about that presentation:
not aresult, not an image, not an observation, not even astriking detail.
One test for the success of a presentation is what theaudience remembers two days later.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
Such descriptions, when they support the presentation’scontent, are keepers: things that audiences hold onto whenthey leave the room.
Too often, one attends a presentation and a couple of dayslater remembers nothing about that presentation: not aresult, not an image, not an observation, not even astriking detail.
One test for the success of a presentation is what theaudience remembers two days later.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Analogies
Such descriptions, when they support the presentation’scontent, are keepers: things that audiences hold onto whenthey leave the room.
Too often, one attends a presentation and a couple of dayslater remembers nothing about that presentation: not aresult, not an image, not an observation, not even astriking detail.
One test for the success of a presentation is what theaudience remembers two days later.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Examples
Examples are important in a different way for audiences.
Often, presentations fail because the speaker restricts thespeech to an abstract or mathematical perspective.
While some people can learn from this purely mathematicalperspective, most cannot.
Most people require some image or physical process tofollow.
Consider the difference between listening to the solution ofa second order differential equation and listening to thesolution of a second-order differential equation thatrepresents the flight of a paratrooper dropped from a plane.
In the second presentation, you have something physical towhich you can anchor the mathematics.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Stories
When the speaker desires the audience to experience aproject in a more personal way, stories can servepresentations.
Noted for incorporating stories into their presentations wereFeynman, Linus Pauling and Albert Einstein.
In addition to allowing the audience to experience aproject, stories can serve long presentations by giving theaudience a needed rest break.
An advantage of incorporating stories for the speaker isthat they are relatively easy to recall.
The powerful effect of stories is that audiences can do thesame.
For that reason, stories can serve as mnemonics for theaudience when they try to remember points of thepresentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Another flavour that many people successfully incorporateinto speech is a personal connection with the audience.
Michael Faraday and Ludwig Boltzmann were noted forgiving presentations that had a warm and personalatmosphere.
At a time when so many others spoke for the sole purposeof impressing audiences with their knowledge, Faradayworked hard to make sure that everyone in the audienceunderstood what he had to say.
His eye contact, his humbleness, his passion for having theaudience understand him – these served to makeconnections with his audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Another flavour that many people successfully incorporateinto speech is a personal connection with the audience.
Michael Faraday and Ludwig Boltzmann were noted forgiving presentations that had a warm and personalatmosphere.
At a time when so many others spoke for the sole purposeof impressing audiences with their knowledge, Faradayworked hard to make sure that everyone in the audienceunderstood what he had to say.
His eye contact, his humbleness, his passion for having theaudience understand him – these served to makeconnections with his audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Another flavour that many people successfully incorporateinto speech is a personal connection with the audience.
Michael Faraday and Ludwig Boltzmann were noted forgiving presentations that had a warm and personalatmosphere.
At a time when so many others spoke for the sole purposeof impressing audiences with their knowledge, Faradayworked hard to make sure that everyone in the audienceunderstood what he had to say.
His eye contact, his humbleness, his passion for having theaudience understand him – these served to makeconnections with his audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Another flavour that many people successfully incorporateinto speech is a personal connection with the audience.
Michael Faraday and Ludwig Boltzmann were noted forgiving presentations that had a warm and personalatmosphere.
At a time when so many others spoke for the sole purposeof impressing audiences with their knowledge, Faradayworked hard to make sure that everyone in the audienceunderstood what he had to say.
His eye contact, his humbleness, his passion for having theaudience understand him – these served to makeconnections with his audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Other speakers make the speech of their presentationspersonal by showing connections between their own workand the work done by members of the audience.
Such speakers often refer to those audience members byname during the presentation.
This style can be particularly effective if you find yourselfhaving to explain something to an audience that includesan expert who knows much more than you do about atopic in your talk.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Other speakers make the speech of their presentationspersonal by showing connections between their own workand the work done by members of the audience.
Such speakers often refer to those audience members byname during the presentation.
This style can be particularly effective if you find yourselfhaving to explain something to an audience that includesan expert who knows much more than you do about atopic in your talk.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Personal connections
Other speakers make the speech of their presentationspersonal by showing connections between their own workand the work done by members of the audience.
Such speakers often refer to those audience members byname during the presentation.
This style can be particularly effective if you find yourselfhaving to explain something to an audience that includesan expert who knows much more than you do about atopic in your talk.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humour
Humour can relax an audience.
Humour can also allow an audience to respond to apresentation.
Moreover, humour can engage an audience and can give anaudience a needed rest.
However, because attempts at humour are risky, severalpoints about humour are worth noting.
First, not everyone is suited to make a crowd laugh.
Granted, humour comes in various forms: Some people’shumour is dry, and other people’s humour is dramatic.
Although these different ways exist to make people laugh,not everyone’s attempt will work.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
A second point is that although some books onpresentations suggest that the speaker should open eachpresentation with a humorous remark, the beginning of atalk is probably the most difficult time to make peoplelaugh, especially if those people do not know the speaker.
One reason is that humour usually arises from sayingsomething that no one expects, but that contains sometruth. The unexpected realization of truth then makespeople laugh.
At the beginning of a presentation in which people do notknow the speaker, the audience does not know what toexpect of the speaker. In this situation, the unexpectedmay lose its function of coming as a surprise.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
A second point is that although some books onpresentations suggest that the speaker should open eachpresentation with a humorous remark, the beginning of atalk is probably the most difficult time to make peoplelaugh, especially if those people do not know the speaker.
One reason is that humour usually arises from sayingsomething that no one expects, but that contains sometruth.
The unexpected realization of truth then makespeople laugh.
At the beginning of a presentation in which people do notknow the speaker, the audience does not know what toexpect of the speaker. In this situation, the unexpectedmay lose its function of coming as a surprise.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
A second point is that although some books onpresentations suggest that the speaker should open eachpresentation with a humorous remark, the beginning of atalk is probably the most difficult time to make peoplelaugh, especially if those people do not know the speaker.
One reason is that humour usually arises from sayingsomething that no one expects, but that contains sometruth. The unexpected realization of truth then makespeople laugh.
At the beginning of a presentation in which people do notknow the speaker, the audience does not know what toexpect of the speaker. In this situation, the unexpectedmay lose its function of coming as a surprise.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
A second point is that although some books onpresentations suggest that the speaker should open eachpresentation with a humorous remark, the beginning of atalk is probably the most difficult time to make peoplelaugh, especially if those people do not know the speaker.
One reason is that humour usually arises from sayingsomething that no one expects, but that contains sometruth. The unexpected realization of truth then makespeople laugh.
At the beginning of a presentation in which people do notknow the speaker, the audience does not know what toexpect of the speaker.
In this situation, the unexpectedmay lose its function of coming as a surprise.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
A second point is that although some books onpresentations suggest that the speaker should open eachpresentation with a humorous remark, the beginning of atalk is probably the most difficult time to make peoplelaugh, especially if those people do not know the speaker.
One reason is that humour usually arises from sayingsomething that no one expects, but that contains sometruth. The unexpected realization of truth then makespeople laugh.
At the beginning of a presentation in which people do notknow the speaker, the audience does not know what toexpect of the speaker. In this situation, the unexpectedmay lose its function of coming as a surprise.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
Another reason that opening the presentation with humouris difficult is that the speaker is usually the most nervousthen.
Moreover, if the remark fails to draw warm laughter, thespeaker could easily become more nervous.
A third point is that humour is risky in a professionalsituation.
What might strike people as funny in a restaurant duringan informal lunch can come across as crass in a formalmeeting where the audience members are seated with theirmanagers and colleagues.
Moreover, if the speaker touches on a controversial subject,humour can irritate an audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
Another reason that opening the presentation with humouris difficult is that the speaker is usually the most nervousthen.
Moreover, if the remark fails to draw warm laughter, thespeaker could easily become more nervous.
A third point is that humour is risky in a professionalsituation.
What might strike people as funny in a restaurant duringan informal lunch can come across as crass in a formalmeeting where the audience members are seated with theirmanagers and colleagues.
Moreover, if the speaker touches on a controversial subject,humour can irritate an audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
Another reason that opening the presentation with humouris difficult is that the speaker is usually the most nervousthen.
Moreover, if the remark fails to draw warm laughter, thespeaker could easily become more nervous.
A third point is that humour is risky in a professionalsituation.
What might strike people as funny in a restaurant duringan informal lunch can come across as crass in a formalmeeting where the audience members are seated with theirmanagers and colleagues.
Moreover, if the speaker touches on a controversial subject,humour can irritate an audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
Another reason that opening the presentation with humouris difficult is that the speaker is usually the most nervousthen.
Moreover, if the remark fails to draw warm laughter, thespeaker could easily become more nervous.
A third point is that humour is risky in a professionalsituation.
What might strike people as funny in a restaurant duringan informal lunch can come across as crass in a formalmeeting where the audience members are seated with theirmanagers and colleagues.
Moreover, if the speaker touches on a controversial subject,humour can irritate an audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Adding humor
Another reason that opening the presentation with humouris difficult is that the speaker is usually the most nervousthen.
Moreover, if the remark fails to draw warm laughter, thespeaker could easily become more nervous.
A third point is that humour is risky in a professionalsituation.
What might strike people as funny in a restaurant duringan informal lunch can come across as crass in a formalmeeting where the audience members are seated with theirmanagers and colleagues.
Moreover, if the speaker touches on a controversial subject,humour can irritate an audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
How do you target a specific audience?
When your audience consists of people whom you knowwell, targeting the audience is straightforward.
As you prepare the presentation point by point, youcontinually ask yourself two questions:
(1) Will the audience understand these points? and
(2) Will the audience be interested in these points?
A more difficult situation arises when you do not know theaudience well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions:
What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions: What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions: What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions: What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions: What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
Before such a presentation, many good speakers move outinto the audience before the presentation and askquestions: What kind of work do you do?
Why did you come today?
What do you know about the presentation’s topic?
This tactic is not only important for targeting the audience,but also effective at alleviating nervousness.
In the situation of the audience not being availablebeforehand, many good speakers try out their presentationon someone who knows or has the same background as theintended audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience.
(Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade:
not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Targeting the Audience
After the presentation is also a fruitful time to think aboutthe presentation.
Generally, if you present a subject once, you will have topresent it a second time.
When reflecting on a presentation, one should think aboutthe questions raised by the audience. (Scrolling throughyour notes or slides, if you have any, may help.)
Perhaps those questions arose because one needed toexplain certain points better in the body of thepresentation.
One should also consider the comments that the audiencemade: not only what they responded to, but also what theydid not respond to.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Scientific presentations have a variety of purposes.
In a presentation to instruct employees of a zoo how tohandle a drugged hippopotamus, the primary purpose is toinform.
In a presentation to propose a purchase of a laservelocimetry system, the primary purpose is to persuade.
In the opening address to a conference, the primarypurpose is to inspire.
Although these mentioned presentations have clear primarypurposes, most presentations carry a mixture of purposes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Scientific presentations have a variety of purposes.
In a presentation to instruct employees of a zoo how tohandle a drugged hippopotamus, the primary purpose is toinform.
In a presentation to propose a purchase of a laservelocimetry system, the primary purpose is to persuade.
In the opening address to a conference, the primarypurpose is to inspire.
Although these mentioned presentations have clear primarypurposes, most presentations carry a mixture of purposes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Scientific presentations have a variety of purposes.
In a presentation to instruct employees of a zoo how tohandle a drugged hippopotamus, the primary purpose is toinform.
In a presentation to propose a purchase of a laservelocimetry system, the primary purpose is to persuade.
In the opening address to a conference, the primarypurpose is to inspire.
Although these mentioned presentations have clear primarypurposes, most presentations carry a mixture of purposes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Scientific presentations have a variety of purposes.
In a presentation to instruct employees of a zoo how tohandle a drugged hippopotamus, the primary purpose is toinform.
In a presentation to propose a purchase of a laservelocimetry system, the primary purpose is to persuade.
In the opening address to a conference, the primarypurpose is to inspire.
Although these mentioned presentations have clear primarypurposes, most presentations carry a mixture of purposes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Scientific presentations have a variety of purposes.
In a presentation to instruct employees of a zoo how tohandle a drugged hippopotamus, the primary purpose is toinform.
In a presentation to propose a purchase of a laservelocimetry system, the primary purpose is to persuade.
In the opening address to a conference, the primarypurpose is to inspire.
Although these mentioned presentations have clear primarypurposes, most presentations carry a mixture of purposes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
For instance, in a technical presentation at a conference,you not only want to inform the attendees of your work,but you also want to persuade them about your results andstimulate conversation about your subject area.
Understanding the purpose of a presentation is important,because the purpose affects how you craft the speech.
Most presentations do not have just the single purpose ofinforming, persuading, or inspiring.
A conference presentation, for instance, certainly includesthe instructional purpose of informing others about thework, but also has the purpose of persuading audiences tobelieve the results and the purpose of inspiring theaudience to discuss the topic and contribute new ideas.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
For instance, in a technical presentation at a conference,you not only want to inform the attendees of your work,but you also want to persuade them about your results andstimulate conversation about your subject area.
Understanding the purpose of a presentation is important,because the purpose affects how you craft the speech.
Most presentations do not have just the single purpose ofinforming, persuading, or inspiring.
A conference presentation, for instance, certainly includesthe instructional purpose of informing others about thework, but also has the purpose of persuading audiences tobelieve the results and the purpose of inspiring theaudience to discuss the topic and contribute new ideas.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
For instance, in a technical presentation at a conference,you not only want to inform the attendees of your work,but you also want to persuade them about your results andstimulate conversation about your subject area.
Understanding the purpose of a presentation is important,because the purpose affects how you craft the speech.
Most presentations do not have just the single purpose ofinforming, persuading, or inspiring.
A conference presentation, for instance, certainly includesthe instructional purpose of informing others about thework, but also has the purpose of persuading audiences tobelieve the results and the purpose of inspiring theaudience to discuss the topic and contribute new ideas.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
For instance, in a technical presentation at a conference,you not only want to inform the attendees of your work,but you also want to persuade them about your results andstimulate conversation about your subject area.
Understanding the purpose of a presentation is important,because the purpose affects how you craft the speech.
Most presentations do not have just the single purpose ofinforming, persuading, or inspiring.
A conference presentation, for instance, certainly includesthe instructional purpose of informing others about thework, but also has the purpose of persuading audiences tobelieve the results and the purpose of inspiring theaudience to discuss the topic and contribute new ideas.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Another interesting purpose to consider is teaching a classof students.
In this situation, the primary purpose is to have thestudents learn the material at hand, and a secondarypurpose is to inspire the students to continue studying thesubject after they leave the course.
Given these two purposes, just telling the students themain points is not always the most effective way to teach.
As a teacher, you often want the students to discover theinformation on their own, because by discovering thematerial the students are much more likely to retain thematerial.
In other words, the students should become owners of theinformation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Another interesting purpose to consider is teaching a classof students.
In this situation, the primary purpose is to have thestudents learn the material at hand, and a secondarypurpose is to inspire the students to continue studying thesubject after they leave the course.
Given these two purposes, just telling the students themain points is not always the most effective way to teach.
As a teacher, you often want the students to discover theinformation on their own, because by discovering thematerial the students are much more likely to retain thematerial.
In other words, the students should become owners of theinformation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Another interesting purpose to consider is teaching a classof students.
In this situation, the primary purpose is to have thestudents learn the material at hand, and a secondarypurpose is to inspire the students to continue studying thesubject after they leave the course.
Given these two purposes, just telling the students themain points is not always the most effective way to teach.
As a teacher, you often want the students to discover theinformation on their own, because by discovering thematerial the students are much more likely to retain thematerial.
In other words, the students should become owners of theinformation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Another interesting purpose to consider is teaching a classof students.
In this situation, the primary purpose is to have thestudents learn the material at hand, and a secondarypurpose is to inspire the students to continue studying thesubject after they leave the course.
Given these two purposes, just telling the students themain points is not always the most effective way to teach.
As a teacher, you often want the students to discover theinformation on their own, because by discovering thematerial the students are much more likely to retain thematerial.
In other words, the students should become owners of theinformation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
Another interesting purpose to consider is teaching a classof students.
In this situation, the primary purpose is to have thestudents learn the material at hand, and a secondarypurpose is to inspire the students to continue studying thesubject after they leave the course.
Given these two purposes, just telling the students themain points is not always the most effective way to teach.
As a teacher, you often want the students to discover theinformation on their own, because by discovering thematerial the students are much more likely to retain thematerial.
In other words, the students should become owners of theinformation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
It is important to understand that for any given subject andaudience, several different methods are effective, and atleast as many methods are ineffective.
Moreover, some unusual methods that would have no placein a business or conference presentation can succeed withthe right teacher and audience.
For instance, the great mathematics teacher EmmyNoether spoke very quickly, so quickly that the studentsstruggled to keep up.
Not only did she speak quickly, but she wiped theblackboard clean almost as soon as she had written upon it.
According to one of her students, the algebraist SaundersMacLane, her method was an exercise of sorts that forcedthe students to think quickly, which Noether believed wasnecessary to become a mathematician.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
It is important to understand that for any given subject andaudience, several different methods are effective, and atleast as many methods are ineffective.
Moreover, some unusual methods that would have no placein a business or conference presentation can succeed withthe right teacher and audience.
For instance, the great mathematics teacher EmmyNoether spoke very quickly, so quickly that the studentsstruggled to keep up.
Not only did she speak quickly, but she wiped theblackboard clean almost as soon as she had written upon it.
According to one of her students, the algebraist SaundersMacLane, her method was an exercise of sorts that forcedthe students to think quickly, which Noether believed wasnecessary to become a mathematician.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
It is important to understand that for any given subject andaudience, several different methods are effective, and atleast as many methods are ineffective.
Moreover, some unusual methods that would have no placein a business or conference presentation can succeed withthe right teacher and audience.
For instance, the great mathematics teacher EmmyNoether spoke very quickly, so quickly that the studentsstruggled to keep up.
Not only did she speak quickly, but she wiped theblackboard clean almost as soon as she had written upon it.
According to one of her students, the algebraist SaundersMacLane, her method was an exercise of sorts that forcedthe students to think quickly, which Noether believed wasnecessary to become a mathematician.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
It is important to understand that for any given subject andaudience, several different methods are effective, and atleast as many methods are ineffective.
Moreover, some unusual methods that would have no placein a business or conference presentation can succeed withthe right teacher and audience.
For instance, the great mathematics teacher EmmyNoether spoke very quickly, so quickly that the studentsstruggled to keep up.
Not only did she speak quickly, but she wiped theblackboard clean almost as soon as she had written upon it.
According to one of her students, the algebraist SaundersMacLane, her method was an exercise of sorts that forcedthe students to think quickly, which Noether believed wasnecessary to become a mathematician.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Recognizing the Purpose
It is important to understand that for any given subject andaudience, several different methods are effective, and atleast as many methods are ineffective.
Moreover, some unusual methods that would have no placein a business or conference presentation can succeed withthe right teacher and audience.
For instance, the great mathematics teacher EmmyNoether spoke very quickly, so quickly that the studentsstruggled to keep up.
Not only did she speak quickly, but she wiped theblackboard clean almost as soon as she had written upon it.
According to one of her students, the algebraist SaundersMacLane, her method was an exercise of sorts that forcedthe students to think quickly, which Noether believed wasnecessary to become a mathematician.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
In addition to considering the presentation’s audience andpurpose, you should think about the occasion of thepresentation.
The occasion is defined by several variables.
One is the formality of the presentation.
Is the presentation at a conference, at a business meeting,or after a dinner in a banquet hall?
Each of these presentations is quite different in regard tothe formality expected by the audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
In addition to considering the presentation’s audience andpurpose, you should think about the occasion of thepresentation.
The occasion is defined by several variables.
One is the formality of the presentation.
Is the presentation at a conference, at a business meeting,or after a dinner in a banquet hall?
Each of these presentations is quite different in regard tothe formality expected by the audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
In addition to considering the presentation’s audience andpurpose, you should think about the occasion of thepresentation.
The occasion is defined by several variables.
One is the formality of the presentation.
Is the presentation at a conference, at a business meeting,or after a dinner in a banquet hall?
Each of these presentations is quite different in regard tothe formality expected by the audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
In addition to considering the presentation’s audience andpurpose, you should think about the occasion of thepresentation.
The occasion is defined by several variables.
One is the formality of the presentation.
Is the presentation at a conference, at a business meeting,or after a dinner in a banquet hall?
Each of these presentations is quite different in regard tothe formality expected by the audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
In addition to considering the presentation’s audience andpurpose, you should think about the occasion of thepresentation.
The occasion is defined by several variables.
One is the formality of the presentation.
Is the presentation at a conference, at a business meeting,or after a dinner in a banquet hall?
Each of these presentations is quite different in regard tothe formality expected by the audience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
The occasion is also defined by the time limits.
In some presentations, such as at conferences, the timelimits are fixed because others are waiting to speak.
In such situations, if you exceed the limits, you riskupsetting, even angering, your audience.
The occasion is also defined by the time at which thepresentation occurs.
Are you speaking in mid-morning, when people have muchenergy, or late in the afternoon, when people are usuallytired?
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
The occasion is also defined by the time limits.
In some presentations, such as at conferences, the timelimits are fixed because others are waiting to speak.
In such situations, if you exceed the limits, you riskupsetting, even angering, your audience.
The occasion is also defined by the time at which thepresentation occurs.
Are you speaking in mid-morning, when people have muchenergy, or late in the afternoon, when people are usuallytired?
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
The occasion is also defined by the time limits.
In some presentations, such as at conferences, the timelimits are fixed because others are waiting to speak.
In such situations, if you exceed the limits, you riskupsetting, even angering, your audience.
The occasion is also defined by the time at which thepresentation occurs.
Are you speaking in mid-morning, when people have muchenergy, or late in the afternoon, when people are usuallytired?
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
The occasion is also defined by the time limits.
In some presentations, such as at conferences, the timelimits are fixed because others are waiting to speak.
In such situations, if you exceed the limits, you riskupsetting, even angering, your audience.
The occasion is also defined by the time at which thepresentation occurs.
Are you speaking in mid-morning, when people have muchenergy, or late in the afternoon, when people are usuallytired?
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
The occasion is also defined by the time limits.
In some presentations, such as at conferences, the timelimits are fixed because others are waiting to speak.
In such situations, if you exceed the limits, you riskupsetting, even angering, your audience.
The occasion is also defined by the time at which thepresentation occurs.
Are you speaking in mid-morning, when people have muchenergy, or late in the afternoon, when people are usuallytired?
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
This variable might affect how ambitious you are, coveringfour main points in the mid-morning as opposed tocovering just three points in the late afternoon.
Yet another defining variable is the logistics for thepresentation.
In a teleconference presentation, in which you do not havethe opportunity to gauge the audience’s expressions andadjust your speech, you should design your presentationslides so that they stand alone.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
This variable might affect how ambitious you are, coveringfour main points in the mid-morning as opposed tocovering just three points in the late afternoon.
Yet another defining variable is the logistics for thepresentation.
In a teleconference presentation, in which you do not havethe opportunity to gauge the audience’s expressions andadjust your speech, you should design your presentationslides so that they stand alone.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Addressing the occasion
This variable might affect how ambitious you are, coveringfour main points in the mid-morning as opposed tocovering just three points in the late afternoon.
Yet another defining variable is the logistics for thepresentation.
In a teleconference presentation, in which you do not havethe opportunity to gauge the audience’s expressions andadjust your speech, you should design your presentationslides so that they stand alone.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
By far the most common and accepted way to make ascientific presentation is to speak from points that youhave memorized or have placed onto slides or written downas notes.
For instance, for his famous set of lectures on freshmanphysics, Feynman brought to each class only one sheet ofnotes.
Einstein used this strategy for his lectures as well, bringingto class only one note card.
The advantages of this strategy are numerous, perhaps themost important being the effect upon the audience inregard to the audience’s assessment of the speaker.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
By far the most common and accepted way to make ascientific presentation is to speak from points that youhave memorized or have placed onto slides or written downas notes.
For instance, for his famous set of lectures on freshmanphysics, Feynman brought to each class only one sheet ofnotes.
Einstein used this strategy for his lectures as well, bringingto class only one note card.
The advantages of this strategy are numerous, perhaps themost important being the effect upon the audience inregard to the audience’s assessment of the speaker.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
By far the most common and accepted way to make ascientific presentation is to speak from points that youhave memorized or have placed onto slides or written downas notes.
For instance, for his famous set of lectures on freshmanphysics, Feynman brought to each class only one sheet ofnotes.
Einstein used this strategy for his lectures as well, bringingto class only one note card.
The advantages of this strategy are numerous, perhaps themost important being the effect upon the audience inregard to the audience’s assessment of the speaker.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
By far the most common and accepted way to make ascientific presentation is to speak from points that youhave memorized or have placed onto slides or written downas notes.
For instance, for his famous set of lectures on freshmanphysics, Feynman brought to each class only one sheet ofnotes.
Einstein used this strategy for his lectures as well, bringingto class only one note card.
The advantages of this strategy are numerous, perhaps themost important being the effect upon the audience inregard to the audience’s assessment of the speaker.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Because the presenter is producing most of the words fromwithin himself or herself, the audience perceives that thespeaker owns this information, as opposed to having beengiven this information.
Rather than speaking from a page of notes or a set ofpresentation slides, some speakers simply memorize thepoints that they are to make, which has the sameadvantages.
Another advantage is that because the speaker must findthe words from within, he or she ends up working throughthe subject at a pace that is much closer to the way thatthe audience understands the material.
In other words, when the speaker comes upon a difficultpoint, the speaker naturally slows to explain that pointbecause the words do not come as easily.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Because the presenter is producing most of the words fromwithin himself or herself, the audience perceives that thespeaker owns this information, as opposed to having beengiven this information.
Rather than speaking from a page of notes or a set ofpresentation slides, some speakers simply memorize thepoints that they are to make,
which has the sameadvantages.
Another advantage is that because the speaker must findthe words from within, he or she ends up working throughthe subject at a pace that is much closer to the way thatthe audience understands the material.
In other words, when the speaker comes upon a difficultpoint, the speaker naturally slows to explain that pointbecause the words do not come as easily.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Because the presenter is producing most of the words fromwithin himself or herself, the audience perceives that thespeaker owns this information, as opposed to having beengiven this information.
Rather than speaking from a page of notes or a set ofpresentation slides, some speakers simply memorize thepoints that they are to make, which has the sameadvantages.
Another advantage is that because the speaker must findthe words from within, he or she ends up working throughthe subject at a pace that is much closer to the way thatthe audience understands the material.
In other words, when the speaker comes upon a difficultpoint, the speaker naturally slows to explain that pointbecause the words do not come as easily.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Because the presenter is producing most of the words fromwithin himself or herself, the audience perceives that thespeaker owns this information, as opposed to having beengiven this information.
Rather than speaking from a page of notes or a set ofpresentation slides, some speakers simply memorize thepoints that they are to make, which has the sameadvantages.
Another advantage is that because the speaker must findthe words from within, he or she ends up working throughthe subject at a pace that is much closer to the way thatthe audience understands the material.
In other words, when the speaker comes upon a difficultpoint, the speaker naturally slows to explain that pointbecause the words do not come as easily.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Because the presenter is producing most of the words fromwithin himself or herself, the audience perceives that thespeaker owns this information, as opposed to having beengiven this information.
Rather than speaking from a page of notes or a set ofpresentation slides, some speakers simply memorize thepoints that they are to make, which has the sameadvantages.
Another advantage is that because the speaker must findthe words from within, he or she ends up working throughthe subject at a pace that is much closer to the way thatthe audience understands the material.
In other words, when the speaker comes upon a difficultpoint, the speaker naturally slows to explain that pointbecause the words do not come as easily.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Paralleling that decrease of the speaker’s pace is thedecrease of the audience’s comprehension rate.
The more difficult the idea, the more time the audienceneeds to understand that idea.
Similarly, when the speaker covers material that is relativelyeasy, the words come more easily, but that is fine for theaudience because the understanding comes more easily.
Yet another advantage of this strategy is that the speakerhas ample opportunity to make eye contact with theaudience.
Because the lion’s share of the wording comes from within,the speaker can keep his or her eyes trained upon theaudience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Paralleling that decrease of the speaker’s pace is thedecrease of the audience’s comprehension rate.
The more difficult the idea, the more time the audienceneeds to understand that idea.
Similarly, when the speaker covers material that is relativelyeasy, the words come more easily, but that is fine for theaudience because the understanding comes more easily.
Yet another advantage of this strategy is that the speakerhas ample opportunity to make eye contact with theaudience.
Because the lion’s share of the wording comes from within,the speaker can keep his or her eyes trained upon theaudience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Paralleling that decrease of the speaker’s pace is thedecrease of the audience’s comprehension rate.
The more difficult the idea, the more time the audienceneeds to understand that idea.
Similarly, when the speaker covers material that is relativelyeasy, the words come more easily, but that is fine for theaudience because the understanding comes more easily.
Yet another advantage of this strategy is that the speakerhas ample opportunity to make eye contact with theaudience.
Because the lion’s share of the wording comes from within,the speaker can keep his or her eyes trained upon theaudience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Paralleling that decrease of the speaker’s pace is thedecrease of the audience’s comprehension rate.
The more difficult the idea, the more time the audienceneeds to understand that idea.
Similarly, when the speaker covers material that is relativelyeasy, the words come more easily, but that is fine for theaudience because the understanding comes more easily.
Yet another advantage of this strategy is that the speakerhas ample opportunity to make eye contact with theaudience.
Because the lion’s share of the wording comes from within,the speaker can keep his or her eyes trained upon theaudience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
Paralleling that decrease of the speaker’s pace is thedecrease of the audience’s comprehension rate.
The more difficult the idea, the more time the audienceneeds to understand that idea.
Similarly, when the speaker covers material that is relativelyeasy, the words come more easily, but that is fine for theaudience because the understanding comes more easily.
Yet another advantage of this strategy is that the speakerhas ample opportunity to make eye contact with theaudience.
Because the lion’s share of the wording comes from within,the speaker can keep his or her eyes trained upon theaudience.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
That opportunity allows the speaker to read the audienceand to adapt the presentation to their understanding orlack of understanding.
A final advantage is that because the words are not set instone, the speaker can change the presentation toaccommodate the audience.
Should the speaker perceive that the audience does notunderstand something or that the audience is bored andwants the presentation to move more quickly, the speakercan make the desired adjustments.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
That opportunity allows the speaker to read the audienceand to adapt the presentation to their understanding orlack of understanding.
A final advantage is that because the words are not set instone, the speaker can change the presentation toaccommodate the audience.
Should the speaker perceive that the audience does notunderstand something or that the audience is bored andwants the presentation to move more quickly, the speakercan make the desired adjustments.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
That opportunity allows the speaker to read the audienceand to adapt the presentation to their understanding orlack of understanding.
A final advantage is that because the words are not set instone, the speaker can change the presentation toaccommodate the audience.
Should the speaker perceive that the audience does notunderstand something or that the audience is bored andwants the presentation to move more quickly, the speakercan make the desired adjustments.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking from points
The main disadvantage with this strategy is that becausethe words are not set in stone, the speaker runs the risk ofnot finding the exact words during the presentation.
The speaker might become stuck as he or she gropes forthe right word.
To counter this disadvantage, the speaker should practicethe presentation repeatedly until the speaker is sure thatthe words will come.
Also, if the speaker desires exact wording, the speaker caninclude it on the slides or in the notes.
Another disadvantage of speaking from points is that thepreparation time is generally higher than for simply reading.
The reason is that for the speaker to gain confidence thatthe words will come, the speaker has to practice thepresentation several times.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
One advantage of having memorized the points or even thefull text of a speech is that the speaker can deliver thewords in a dramatic fashion, as an experienced actor doesin a play.
Another advantage is that because the words come fromwithin, the speaker can maintain constant eye contact withthe audience, whenever not writing on a blackboard.
Yet a third advantage, if the full text is memorized, is thatbecause the speaker chooses the words beforehand, thespeaker has control over the exact wording, as long as thespeaker’s memory does not fail.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
One advantage of having memorized the points or even thefull text of a speech is that the speaker can deliver thewords in a dramatic fashion, as an experienced actor doesin a play.
Another advantage is that because the words come fromwithin, the speaker can maintain constant eye contact withthe audience,
whenever not writing on a blackboard.
Yet a third advantage, if the full text is memorized, is thatbecause the speaker chooses the words beforehand, thespeaker has control over the exact wording, as long as thespeaker’s memory does not fail.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
One advantage of having memorized the points or even thefull text of a speech is that the speaker can deliver thewords in a dramatic fashion, as an experienced actor doesin a play.
Another advantage is that because the words come fromwithin, the speaker can maintain constant eye contact withthe audience, whenever not writing on a blackboard.
Yet a third advantage, if the full text is memorized, is thatbecause the speaker chooses the words beforehand, thespeaker has control over the exact wording, as long as thespeaker’s memory does not fail.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
One advantage of having memorized the points or even thefull text of a speech is that the speaker can deliver thewords in a dramatic fashion, as an experienced actor doesin a play.
Another advantage is that because the words come fromwithin, the speaker can maintain constant eye contact withthe audience, whenever not writing on a blackboard.
Yet a third advantage, if the full text is memorized, is thatbecause the speaker chooses the words beforehand, thespeaker has control over the exact wording, as long as thespeaker’s memory does not fail.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
A major disadvantage of memorizing the full text of aspeech is that for most of us, it takes too much time.
In a presentation, the typical person says more than onehundred words per minute.
For that reason, a fifteen-minute presentation then calls formemorizing more than fifteen hundred words.
Given the frequency with which scientists and engineershave to make presentations, most scientists and engineerssimply do not have the time to memorize the full text oftheir presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
A major disadvantage of memorizing the full text of aspeech is that for most of us, it takes too much time.
In a presentation, the typical person says more than onehundred words per minute.
For that reason, a fifteen-minute presentation then calls formemorizing more than fifteen hundred words.
Given the frequency with which scientists and engineershave to make presentations, most scientists and engineerssimply do not have the time to memorize the full text oftheir presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
A major disadvantage of memorizing the full text of aspeech is that for most of us, it takes too much time.
In a presentation, the typical person says more than onehundred words per minute.
For that reason, a fifteen-minute presentation then calls formemorizing more than fifteen hundred words.
Given the frequency with which scientists and engineershave to make presentations, most scientists and engineerssimply do not have the time to memorize the full text oftheir presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
A major disadvantage of memorizing the full text of aspeech is that for most of us, it takes too much time.
In a presentation, the typical person says more than onehundred words per minute.
For that reason, a fifteen-minute presentation then calls formemorizing more than fifteen hundred words.
Given the frequency with which scientists and engineershave to make presentations, most scientists and engineerssimply do not have the time to memorize the full text oftheir presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream,
which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork,
as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence.
(However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
Another disadvantage of memorizing the full text is that itdoes not leave much opportunity for changing thepresentation in midstream, which is one of the reasons thatscientists and engineers make presentations about theirwork, as opposed to just documenting their work in writing.
Yet another disadvantage of memorization is that the paceof our recall of words from memory does not necessarilyreflect the pace at which the audience understands thosewords.
Stated another way, our memory might recall a sentencemore quickly than the audience can understand thatsentence. (However, if you have to write on a blackboard,this may get adjusted.)
Given these disadvantages, you might think thatmemorization has no place in scientific presentations.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true.
When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true. When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true. When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true. When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true. When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Memorizing a speech
That is not true. When you have only a few words to saybefore an audience, such as the introduction of a colleague,memorization might be the best approach.
Also, you might memorize the first couple of lines of adifficult or important presentation just so that you create agood first impression with the audience and so that thewords begin to flow as you speak from your slides or notes.
For many people who speak from points, the first couple ofsentences are the most difficult.
Much of that difficulty arises from the nervousness thatspeakers often feel before a presentation.
Having the first couple of lines memorized allows you to getstarted and to get to what Feynman refers to as thatmiraculous moment when you concentrate on the scienceand are “completely immune to being nervous.”
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard. Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard. Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard. Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard. Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard.
Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
The principal advantage of reading a speech is that you saythe exact words that you intend to say.
As you can imagine, given the disdain that many engineersand scientists have for speeches that are read, thedisadvantages are numerous.
As with a speech that someone gives from memory, aspeech that someone reads often is at too fast a pace forthe audience to understand.
Complex ideas that should be presented slowly are oftenrattled off.
Again, things are usually different when you write on ablackboard. Whether you do it from memory or copy frompaper, it usually adjusts the speed well.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
When someone reads a speech, that person’s eye contact ison the page and not on the audience.
The lack of eye contact prevents the speaker from assessingthe reactions of the audience.
The lack of eye contact also prevents the audience fromassessing the intentions of the speaker.
The audience gathers much from the eyes of the speaker interms of emphasis.
When the speaker’s eyes are on the page, the audiencecannot read those eyes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
When someone reads a speech, that person’s eye contact ison the page and not on the audience.
The lack of eye contact prevents the speaker from assessingthe reactions of the audience.
The lack of eye contact also prevents the audience fromassessing the intentions of the speaker.
The audience gathers much from the eyes of the speaker interms of emphasis.
When the speaker’s eyes are on the page, the audiencecannot read those eyes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
When someone reads a speech, that person’s eye contact ison the page and not on the audience.
The lack of eye contact prevents the speaker from assessingthe reactions of the audience.
The lack of eye contact also prevents the audience fromassessing the intentions of the speaker.
The audience gathers much from the eyes of the speaker interms of emphasis.
When the speaker’s eyes are on the page, the audiencecannot read those eyes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
When someone reads a speech, that person’s eye contact ison the page and not on the audience.
The lack of eye contact prevents the speaker from assessingthe reactions of the audience.
The lack of eye contact also prevents the audience fromassessing the intentions of the speaker.
The audience gathers much from the eyes of the speaker interms of emphasis.
When the speaker’s eyes are on the page, the audiencecannot read those eyes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
When someone reads a speech, that person’s eye contact ison the page and not on the audience.
The lack of eye contact prevents the speaker from assessingthe reactions of the audience.
The lack of eye contact also prevents the audience fromassessing the intentions of the speaker.
The audience gathers much from the eyes of the speaker interms of emphasis.
When the speaker’s eyes are on the page, the audiencecannot read those eyes.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Another disadvantage is that when someone reads a speech,the audience wonders whether the speaker actually knowsthe subject or is repeating what others have gathered.
Granted, some disciplines such as literary criticism have atradition of reading papers at conferences.
For those disciplines, a read speech does not cast shadowson the credibility of the speaker in the same way that aspeech read in the sciences or in engineering does.
Yet another disadvantage of reading a speech is thatchanging the presentation is more difficult to do.
Because the speech is already ordered on the page,rearranging that speech poses problems.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Another disadvantage is that when someone reads a speech,the audience wonders whether the speaker actually knowsthe subject or is repeating what others have gathered.
Granted, some disciplines such as literary criticism have atradition of reading papers at conferences.
For those disciplines, a read speech does not cast shadowson the credibility of the speaker in the same way that aspeech read in the sciences or in engineering does.
Yet another disadvantage of reading a speech is thatchanging the presentation is more difficult to do.
Because the speech is already ordered on the page,rearranging that speech poses problems.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Another disadvantage is that when someone reads a speech,the audience wonders whether the speaker actually knowsthe subject or is repeating what others have gathered.
Granted, some disciplines such as literary criticism have atradition of reading papers at conferences.
For those disciplines, a read speech does not cast shadowson the credibility of the speaker in the same way that aspeech read in the sciences or in engineering does.
Yet another disadvantage of reading a speech is thatchanging the presentation is more difficult to do.
Because the speech is already ordered on the page,rearranging that speech poses problems.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Another disadvantage is that when someone reads a speech,the audience wonders whether the speaker actually knowsthe subject or is repeating what others have gathered.
Granted, some disciplines such as literary criticism have atradition of reading papers at conferences.
For those disciplines, a read speech does not cast shadowson the credibility of the speaker in the same way that aspeech read in the sciences or in engineering does.
Yet another disadvantage of reading a speech is thatchanging the presentation is more difficult to do.
Because the speech is already ordered on the page,rearranging that speech poses problems.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Another disadvantage is that when someone reads a speech,the audience wonders whether the speaker actually knowsthe subject or is repeating what others have gathered.
Granted, some disciplines such as literary criticism have atradition of reading papers at conferences.
For those disciplines, a read speech does not cast shadowson the credibility of the speaker in the same way that aspeech read in the sciences or in engineering does.
Yet another disadvantage of reading a speech is thatchanging the presentation is more difficult to do.
Because the speech is already ordered on the page,rearranging that speech poses problems.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Although reading a speech has many disadvantages in aconference presentation, business meeting, or universitylecture, its one main advantage, precision, might cause youto choose this source in a press conference about acontroversial issue.
In such a situation, where the audience scrutinizes everyword or phrase, the precision that a read speech offers canoutweigh the disadvantages.
When the exact wording of scientists and engineers is undersuch scrutiny, then reading a prepared statement makessense.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Although reading a speech has many disadvantages in aconference presentation, business meeting, or universitylecture, its one main advantage, precision, might cause youto choose this source in a press conference about acontroversial issue.
In such a situation, where the audience scrutinizes everyword or phrase, the precision that a read speech offers canoutweigh the disadvantages.
When the exact wording of scientists and engineers is undersuch scrutiny, then reading a prepared statement makessense.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Reading a speech
Although reading a speech has many disadvantages in aconference presentation, business meeting, or universitylecture, its one main advantage, precision, might cause youto choose this source in a press conference about acontroversial issue.
In such a situation, where the audience scrutinizes everyword or phrase, the precision that a read speech offers canoutweigh the disadvantages.
When the exact wording of scientists and engineers is undersuch scrutiny, then reading a prepared statement makessense.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff
(i.e.,giving an unprepared speech) or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff (i.e.,giving an unprepared speech)
or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff (i.e.,giving an unprepared speech) or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff (i.e.,giving an unprepared speech) or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff (i.e.,giving an unprepared speech) or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The principal advantage of speaking off the cuff (i.e.,giving an unprepared speech) or improvising is that you donot have to spend any time in preparation.
If a second advantage exists, it is that the speaking pace ofthe presenter parallels the comprehension pace of theaudience.
Given the cost, though, in assembling a professionalaudience for a presentation, such a strategy for an entirepresentation is unsound.
For a complex subject, the likelihood is low that animprovising speaker would come up with an efficient andeffective structure that emphasizes the most importantpoints and that makes smooth transitions between thosepoints.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it. Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it. Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it. Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it. Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it.
Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
Moreover, the potential for disaster (the speaker becominglost) is high.
This potential for disaster might also be a deep source ofnervousness for the speaker.
Also, with improvising, the likelihood is high that thespeaker will lose the audience, should the presentation gointo any depth.
Yet another disadvantage is that little chance exists forvisual aids, other than a writing board.
Although such a strategy is discouraged for a conferencepresentation, lecture, or business meeting, one shouldpractice it. Often in these situations, one is forced toimprovise during question periods.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The more practice a presenter has at giving improvisedspeeches, the more confidence that presenter is likely toexhibit during question periods.
When asked a question, it is important to pause and thinkbefore answering.
Such a pause allows you to consider what you will say andprovides emphasis to the first sentence of your answer.
The audience is patient with a speaker who silently thinksabout the question for a moment, much more patient thanif the speaker fills the silence with empty chatter or a fillerphrase such as “uh,” “um,” or “you know”.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The more practice a presenter has at giving improvisedspeeches, the more confidence that presenter is likely toexhibit during question periods.
When asked a question, it is important to pause and thinkbefore answering.
Such a pause allows you to consider what you will say andprovides emphasis to the first sentence of your answer.
The audience is patient with a speaker who silently thinksabout the question for a moment, much more patient thanif the speaker fills the silence with empty chatter or a fillerphrase such as “uh,” “um,” or “you know”.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The more practice a presenter has at giving improvisedspeeches, the more confidence that presenter is likely toexhibit during question periods.
When asked a question, it is important to pause and thinkbefore answering.
Such a pause allows you to consider what you will say andprovides emphasis to the first sentence of your answer.
The audience is patient with a speaker who silently thinksabout the question for a moment, much more patient thanif the speaker fills the silence with empty chatter or a fillerphrase such as “uh,” “um,” or “you know”.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Speaking off the Cuff
The more practice a presenter has at giving improvisedspeeches, the more confidence that presenter is likely toexhibit during question periods.
When asked a question, it is important to pause and thinkbefore answering.
Such a pause allows you to consider what you will say andprovides emphasis to the first sentence of your answer.
The audience is patient with a speaker who silently thinksabout the question for a moment, much more patient thanif the speaker fills the silence with empty chatter or a fillerphrase such as “uh,” “um,” or “you know”.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
How do you eliminate filler phrases from your speech?
The process generally takes several days, with the first stepbeing to learn what filler phrases you say.
That step you can accomplish by having a colleaguecritique a presentation of yours.
Once you have discovered what your filler phrases are, yoursubconscious will work to eliminate them from your speech.
Your subconscious is powerful.
Do not underestimate its abilities.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
When you notice yourself saying one of your filler phrases,
you are well on your way to eliminating that phrase fromyour speech.
Not surprisingly, you are much more likely to say fillerphrases when you are tired, which is reason enough to geta good night’s sleep before an important presentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
When you notice yourself saying one of your filler phrases,you are well on your way to eliminating that phrase fromyour speech.
Not surprisingly, you are much more likely to say fillerphrases when you are tired, which is reason enough to geta good night’s sleep before an important presentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
When you notice yourself saying one of your filler phrases,you are well on your way to eliminating that phrase fromyour speech.
Not surprisingly, you are much more likely to say fillerphrases when you are tired,
which is reason enough to geta good night’s sleep before an important presentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Eliminating filler phrases
When you notice yourself saying one of your filler phrases,you are well on your way to eliminating that phrase fromyour speech.
Not surprisingly, you are much more likely to say fillerphrases when you are tired, which is reason enough to geta good night’s sleep before an important presentation.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print.
They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once,
and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.
That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare.
You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
Speech
General
Flavours
Targeting
Purpose
Addressingthe Occasion
Speakingfrom Points
Memorizing
Reading
Speaking offthe Cuff
FillerPhrases
Do not...
Do not...
...use slides written densely or in small print. They are hardto read, offer too much information at once, and thusdistract the audience.
...use pages of articles as slides, for the same reasons.
...use slides with text written in colours that are hard toread, such as yellow, and even green.
...say things that do not match the text on your slides.That will confuse and distract the audience.
...give in to the sudden idea of adding new material to yourtalk that you did not prepare. You risk to get it totallywrong and may lose precious time.
...ignore the signals of a chairperson.
Speech
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