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Scientific Revolution1500-1800
New Direction for Science
Scientific Method
Heliocentric vs Geocentric
Other Discoveries
Galileo on Trial
Natural Laws
Improvements in Medicine
The Age of reason( The Enlightenment)
Scientific Method•During the Renaissance, a spirit of curiosity
encouraged some people to study the
natural world.
•By the late Renaissance, scholars had
greatly expanded the body of scientific
knowledge.
•A new approach to the Thinking of ideas
called “Scientific Method”
Aristotle
• The Greek Philosopher
Aristotle created a system
of thought based on
observation and a process
of reasoning called logic.
• “if it looks like a duck and
quacks like a duck… it
must be a duck.”
Between 1200-1700, many Europeans began to question the value of the logic form of problem solving.
Many began to incorporate experiments in the problem solving process.
What developed from these experiments was a new approach to the Natural World.
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
Nicolas Copernicus
• A Polish
mathematician and
astronomer, played
a central role in
developing the
Scientific method.
• 1543 published his
book Revolutions of
the Heavenly
Bodies.
• Copernicus’s work challenged the Ancient Greek, Ptolemaic, view of the universe.
• Copernicus used mathematics to show Ptolemy was wrong on two crucial points.
1. The Earth was not stationary but rotated on its axis once a day.
2. The Earth, Was Not at the center of the universe, but rather one of several planets that revolved around the Sun in Perfect Circles.
Heliocentric vs Geocentric
• Because most scientific
and religious
philosophies were
based on Greek logic
many Western
Scholars' rejected his
new ideas.
• While his ideas were
not readily accepted,
the way he tested his
ideas using
mathematics, nature
and observation had far
reaching effects on the
scientific world.
Other Discoveries
In the late 1500’s Astronomers Tycho Brahe and his assistant Johannes Kepler proved that the planets Moved around the Sun, but they also proved the orbits were not perfect circles but rather elliptical!
In 1633 the Italian scientist Galileo invented the telescope and proved the universe was very different than what the ancient Greeks believed it to be.
Galileo on Trial• By declaring the heavenly
bodies to be imperfect and changing . Humiliating his opponents in public, Galileo made very powerful enemies.
• His enemies convinced the Catholic Church to condemn his teachings and forbid him from defending his ideas.
• Galileo refused to obey, church officials called him before the INQUSITION.
• In order to avoid being called a heretic and facing a death penalty, at his trial he declared “the earth stands still” Afterwards he whispered “yet it moves?”
Isaac Newton and Natural Laws
1687 published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in it he proved men like Kepler and Galileocorrect with the use of a new math he called calculus.
Among his most important discoveries was his “Law of Gravity” and his “ Laws of Motion.”
Newton’s Laws Gravity = There is a force of
attraction between objects that increases as objects move closer together.
1st Law of Motion = Every object remains in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until compelled by an external force to change.
2nd Law of Motion = The change of acceleration with which an object moves is proportional to the magnitude of force applied.
3rd Law of Motion = Every force or action has an
opposite and equal reaction.
Improvements in Medicine
• In the1500s and 1600s
medical scientist began
to challenge the
theories of Galen, a
Greek physician from
the Roman court of
Marcus Aurelius.
• His works dominated
medicine in the Middle
Ages through the
Renaissance.
Improvements in Medicine II 1500s Swiss MD. Paracelsus
proved that chemical changes such as transforming one substance into another is impossible.
French MD. Pare` developed ointment for infected wounds and the method for closing wounds with stitches.
1600s English MD. William Harvey proved that the heart was a pump that circulated the blood.
1671 Dutch MD. van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to see single cell organisms.
The Enlightenment
• During the 1600-1700s Social thinkers
began to use the principles of the
Scientific Method to discover Natural Laws
that governed human behavior.
• As a result this time period is called The
Age of Reason or The Enlightenment .
• These philosophers took the French word
Philosophes as their title.
Men of The Enlightenment
René Descartes
• Considered the
“Father” of modern
Philosophy.
• Believed the earth was
composed of 2
substances (matter
and spirit).
• “I think, therefore I
am.”
Thomas Hobbes
• English Philosopher
• 1640’s published the Book Leviathan ,in which he describes a state of nature which there was no law or government.
• Hobbes claims life would be “nasty, brutish and short”
• In order to escape the chaos people enter into a
Social Contract with rulers.
• Once they entered the contract, they could not rebel.
John Locke (Mr. Williams favorite Philosopher!)
• Another English Philosopher, John Locke, agreed with Hobbes that the purpose of government is to establish order.
• Unlike Hobbes, John Locke saw human nature more optimistically, he believed “People to be more reasonable and cooperative.”
• He argued that a government should only stay in power only as long as the people want them.
• If the government would not leave, “The people had the right to REBEL.”
John Locke
• 1690 Locke publishes his book, Two Treaties
on Government .
• Locke believed that mankind was born with
Natural Rights and those are:
• Life
• Liberty
• Property
Adam Smith• Scottish Economist
• 1776 publishes The Wealth of Nations
• Opposed mercantilism, favored a Free or Open, Market in which all goods could be bought without restraint. In the Open Market, the means of production is privately owned. Those who own the means of production are called Capitalist.
The Baron de Montesquieu• In his book The Spirit of
Laws, he discusses various forms of Government.
• He was impressed with the type of government developed in England.
• The English preserved liberty by separating the powers of government into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial
Voltaire• Probably the best
known of the Philosophes.
• Voltaire came from a middle-class French family.
• Praised English liberties and believed in the Enlightened Monarch.
• Voltaire also taught that all citizens should have Freedom of Speech, so to be able to speak out against the Government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau Swiss philosophe from a
poor and unhappy family.
He always felt out of place with the intellectuals in Paris.
He was seen as a constant complainer and found himself at odds with most other philosophes.
He believed the nature of man to be basically good.
His ideal society would have mankind form a community and make a contract among themselves, not with their ruler! They would give up some liberties in favor of the common will or majority rule.
Impact of the Enlightenment
• Enlightened ideas spread over Europe as philosophes traveled and corresponded with one another.
• Wealthy women held Salons, or formal gatherings at their homes where writers, musicians, painters, and philosophes presents their works and exchange ideas.
• Only one thing left to do. Create a government based completely on Enlightened ideas@#$%^&*
•Finis! That is French
for…
All done till the
next time
BABY!
The American Revolution
• Events in England and Enlightenment
ideals greatly influenced the English
colonist in North America.
• England allowed the Colonist to develop
on their own.
• Colonist controlled local affairs, and
England controlled colonial trade.
2 Definitions for Revolution
1. Anything
that changes
human events
2. The use of
Armed Forces
to overthrow
a Government
or Society
The Road to Independence• The French and Indian
war ( also known as the
7 years war) ended in
1763.
• American colonist felt
like everything should
remain the same
• The British wanted the
colonist to pay for their
security and set up a
series of taxes to that
end
• Americans did not want
to pay taxes that they
had no part in making
TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION 1765 – The Stamp
Act – A tax on all
written or printed
material
1774 The
Intolerable acts –
a series of laws
passed to control
the American
colonist
The Stamp Act
• 1765 - Delegates
from 9 of the 13
Colonies met in New
York to protest the
Stamp Act. The first
Continental Congress
• Riots break out
• 1773 – The Boston
Tea Party, The
British were
outraged by what
they see as an act of
rebellion
The Americans React APRIL 19, 1775 – At
Lexington British regulars meet armed colonist and “The Shot Heard ‘round the world” is fired.
May 1775 – The Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, some hope for compromise… others want independence.
July 4, 1776 – The Declaration of Independence is signed.
The Declaration of Independence
A letter to the King of England explaining the reasons for independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Incorporates the ideals of John Locke
Men are born with Natural or Unalienable Rights.
Rulers rule only with the consent of the RULED
Fighting the War
The
British
Best
Trained
Troops
Occupied
all large
Cities
Occupied
Major Ports
The
Americans
Fighting on Their own
Turf
Owned
The
Countryside
Had
GEORGE
WASHINGTON
An American
Victory !!
• October 1777 – The
Battle of Saratoga:
Is considered the
turning point of the
war.
• May 1781 – Battle of
Yorktown : With the
help of the French
Navy, Washington
captures the British
Army and forces a
surrender.
• September 3, 1783 -The Treaty of Paris is
signed officially
ending the American
Revolutionary War
TheArticles of
Confederation
Weak
Central
Government
Strong
State
Government
Congress
LACKS
Power to
TAX !
Building a Government
U.S. Constitution 1787 Leaders meet in
Philadelphia to revise
Articles of
Confederation.
1788 The New
Constitution is ratified.
The constitution divides
the powers of the
Government.
States responsibilities of
the Government.
States the Rights of its
Citizens.
Impact of American Revolution
Symbolizes a dramatic struggle for
Freedom.
Begins the Great Enlightened Experiment.
Becomes the pattern used for the French
Revolution.
fin