CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

SUMMARIZE THE 3 CHANGES I THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES THAT GELPED THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS DEVELOP NEW VIEWS

Renaissance humanists made available the works of Ptolemy, Archimedes and Plato

Invention of new instruments for more accurate measurement(telescope, microscope)

Printing press spreads ideas

With the advance of mathematics (algebra, trigonometry and geometry) it became easier for scientists to demonstrate the proof of abstract theories with clear, logical evidence

SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS

Explain what the Ptolemaic system is based upon.Geocentric --- it places the Earth at the

center of the Universe

Nicolaus CopernicusMathematician; PolandBelief---heliocentric ---sun-centered universe;

planets revolve around the sun

Johannes KeplerMathematician; GermanLaws of Planetary motion (confirms sun-

centered universe)Planets orbit sun in elliptical pattern not

circular; sun located toward end of the ellipse

Galileo GalileiItalian Scientists; taught MathematicsRegular observations of the heavens using

the telescopeDiscoveries: mountains on Earth’s moon; 4

moons around Jupiter; sunspotsHeavenly bodies are composed of material

substance not pure orbs of light (idea of Ptolemy)

Published The Starry Messenger (1610) – made people aware of new view of the universe

Issac NewtonProf. of Mathematics; work: Mathematical Principles

of Natural PhilosophyDefined 3 laws of motion that govern planetary bodies

as well as objects on EarthCrucial to whole argument --- universal law of

gravitationEvery object in the universe is attracted to every other

object by a force called gravityThis one universal law could explain all the motion in the

universe, mathematically calculated.Ideas created new picture of the universe --- one huge,

regulated uniform machine that worked according to natural laws

Andreas VasaliusAccurately described the individual organs

and general structure of the human bodyHuman dissection

William HarveyShowed heart – NOT LIVER – was the

beginning point for the circulation of blood

Proved blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit through the body

What did Vasalius andHarvey do differently than Galen that led to their medical discoveries?Dissected human bodies

BREAKTHROUGHS IN CHEMISTRY

Robert Boyle1st to conduct controlled experiments in

chemistryBoyle’s Law --- volume of a gas varies with

the pressure exerted on it

Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming chemical elementsFounder of modern chemistry

CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO SCIENCE

Margaret Cavendish (philosopher)Work – Observatons upon Experimental

PhilosophyCritical that humans, through science, were

the masters of naturepublished under her own name

Maria Winkelmann (atronomer)Discovered a cometApplied to Berlin Academy – rejected – told

studies would interfere with duties women were expected to perform

Describe the obstacles that women I the 1600s and 1700s faced in being accepted as scientists * little opportunity for formal training or

employment in science • Work not taken seriously• Science was male dominated and at odds with

domestic duties of women

PHILOSOPHY AND REASON

RENE DESCARTES’S1ST PRINCIPLE – “I think therefore I am”2nd PRINCIPLE - Because the mind cannot be

doubted by the body and material world can, the 2 must be radically different”. Separation of mind and body – This idea allowed

scientist to view matter as dead or inert; should be investigated independently by reason

Father of Rationalism – system of though based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

FRANCIS BACONDeveloped scientific Method

Inductive reasoning – proceeding from the particular to the general

Scientific Method: systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidenceCrucial to the evolution of science I the modern

world