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SynchronousDigitalHierarchySDH
SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)
SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)
PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)
SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)PrinciplesSDHstructureAccommodationofBitRatesforSDHUnificationofLowerTributariesofUS&CEPTUnificationofHigherTributariesofUS&CEPTAdaptationofSTMinSatellitesHigherOrderSTMInterfaceBetweenPDHandSDHWhatisJustificationFormationofTributaryUnitsSummaryofTributaryUnitFormation
PathOverheadHigherOrderPathOverheadLowerOrderPathOverhead
PointersFunctionsofaPointerOperationalPrinciplesofapointerPointerSummary
SDHMajorOperationalComponentsSummaryofSDHManagementSectionsRegeneratorSectionOverheadMultiplexSectionOverhead
SummaryofSDHMapping,Aligning,Pointerprocessing&Multiplexing
ExamplesofSDHNetworksExamplesofLocalSDHNetworkExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork
2
3
55
6121314161617171919
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202027
30313737
38383940
42
4646247
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SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)
CharacteristicsCancombineEuropean&AmericanPDHBasicallybasedonSynchronousOpticalNETworkSONET(American)ThefollowingPDH(European)canbemultiplexed3
4MultiplexingofPDHTributariestoSTM12(63)34(3)140(1)STM1SynchronousTransmissionMode1155.52Mbps
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VariousCombinationsofPDHTributariestoSTM1
2.048Mbps(63channels)or34Mbps(3channels)or140Mbps(1channel)willformanSTM1.n1of2.048Mbps,n2of34Mbpscanbemultiplexedwheren1&n2willgiverisetoatotaloflessthan155.52Mbps;ifn2=2,n1(max)=21
n2=1,n1(max)=42
5
PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)-Principles
Basicbitperiodshrunkateachpointfrom2Mbpsupwards(multiplexing)andateachmultiplexingpointbitsareadded.Example:
SpeedBitPeriodAddedbits(assume)2Mbps488ns8Mbps118nsx34Mbps25nsx1140Mbps7nsx2560Mbps1.7nsx3
6
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7ThePrinciplesofPDH2Mbps2/82/8AddbitstointroduceSYN8140Mbps34Mbps8MbpsAddbitstointroduceSYN34AddbitstointroduceSYN140RemovebitstoverifySYN8RemovetotoverifySYN34RemovebitstoverifySYN140DEMULTIPLEXINGMULTIPLEXING34/1408/3434/1408/34
xxxxxxxxxxxx2Mbps2/82/8AddbitstointroduceSYN8140Mbps34Mbps8MbpsAddbitsto
introduceSYN34AddbitstointroduceSYN140RemovebitstoverifySYN8RemovetotoverifySYN34RemovebitstoverifySYN140DEMULTIPLEXINGMULTIPLEXING34/1408/3434/140
8/34xxxxxxxxxxxxAteachde-multiplexingpointbitperiodexpands,andtheinsertedbitsareremoved
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Hencefromexample,560Mbpsstream,an8Mbpsstreamcannotbeobtaineddirect.560Mbpshastobeconvertedto140Mbps,thento34Mbps,andthento8Mbps;duetotheextractionofoverheadbitsateachde-multiplexingpoint.PDHmeansPlesiochronousdigitalHierarchy.PlesiochronousmeansMultiplesynchornization.Thatiswhytheabovecannotbeachieved.8
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9SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)-Principles2Mbps(n1)34Mbps(n2)140Mbps(n3)155.52Mbps(6.4ns)(488ns)25ns)(7ns)2Mbps(n1)34Mbps(n2)140Mbps(n3)155.52Mbps(6.4ns)(488ns)25ns)(7ns)Differentperiodsofbitsaremultiplexedtoformasingleperiodof6.4nsSimilarly,from6.4nsdifferentperiodscanbeobtainedatde-multiplexingpoints
Alltreatmentwillbedoneattheentrancefrom2Mbps,34Mbpsor140MbpsintoSTM1NoadditionalbitsareintroducedwithinSTM1(afterentrance)transformingfrom2Mbpsor34Mbpsor140MbpstoSTM110
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PDHtoSDHattheEntry
SDHisalwaysofhigherfrequencythanPDH.ThetreatmenttothedeviationofthePDHstreamshastobeaccommodatedintheSDHstream.ComplexityincreaseswhenthehigherorderPDHstreamtobeplacedintheSDHstream.Hencepositive,negative&zerojustificationtobeapplied,dependinguponthePDHstreamattheentrytoSDH.ManagementofPDHtributary(bitstream)throughoutSDHandbackagaintode-multiplextoPDHThismanagementinformationiscalledpathOverhead(POH).Exchangeatwhichthistributarytobeterminated,errorcontroletc.AttheentrytoSDHstream,anyPDHtributarywillbetreatedforpositive,negative&zerojustification,dependingupontheprimaryPCMscharacteristics.POHandstuffingbitstoconverttoasinglebitperiodof6.4ns.Afterthisnoadditionalbitsareintroducedtofurthershrinktheperiodof6.4ns.EveninhigherorderSDH,assumeSTM4,noadditionalbitsintroduced.InSTM4thebitperiodexactly(6.4ns)/4=1.6ns
SameconceptextendsforhigherorderSTM.11
SDHstructure
BasicStructureIn125s,2430words,eachwordrepresent8bitswhichisequivalenttoasample.Hencefor1secondthereare155.52Mb.Usesword(byte)interleaving.Henceeasytomanage.Inordertoanalyze
thestructurethese2430wordsareorganizedin9rowswith270columnsasfollows:12
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BasicStructure
123456789
12270271216021612430
125s125s
2430x8bits
13
1s
155.52MbitsStructurefor2Mbpsand34Mbps
2.048Mbps34.368Mbps1234
56789
12345..............................................
......3233343536
12......838485..................................................................................
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..............
..........755756
125s=>36x8125s=>756x8
1s=>2304kb1s=>48.384kb
Sparebits=0.256(12.5%)Sparebits=14.02(40%)
Furtherreviewedonslide#15
Sparebits=PathOverhead+justification
14
For34Mbpsstructure21Nos.2.048Mbpscanbeplaced
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Observations
For34MbpsinPDH2.048Mbps,16streamscanbemultiplexedInSDH21Nos.canbemultiplexed,WHY?ForPDH,CEPT34.368MbpsandPDHAmericanequipmentis44.736Mbps,Hence84columnsareusedfor44.736MbpsAmericansystem,SDHstreamstemsfromAmericanSONET.(CEPTCommitteeofEuropeanPost&Telecommunication)
HenceithasbeendesignatedforAmerican44.736Mbps,thoughweareusingitforCEPT34Mbps.Thatswhytherearemanysparebitsifweuseitfor34MbpsdirectlyonSTM1.15
Structureof34Mbpswhenformedfrom2Mbps
(Actual34.368Mbps)
1234
56789
12......838485......................................................................................................755756
1
2........84
For125s=>756x8bits1s=>48384
16
SparebitsforPOH+Justification=9.3444(6.7%)
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Structureof34MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom34Mbpsitself
EverybasictributaryhastoaccommodateforeachPOH+JustificationHencefor34directtobeplaced,itneedstwomorecolumnstoaccommodatePOH+Justification12........86
Ifwefillwith21Nos.of2.048Mbps,thesefirsttwocolumnsarespare
17
Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom34Mbps
(Actual139.264Mbps)
1234
56789
12......257258259....................................................................
..........................14641465........23212322
1
2........258
For125s=>2322x8bits1s=>148.605
18
SparebitsforPOH+Justification=9.3444(6.7%)
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Observations
For140MbpsisPDH(CEPT)thereare4Nos.34Mbpsstreams.ButinSDHonly3Nos34Mbpscanbeaccommodated63Nos2.048MbpscanbeaccommodatedinSDH.NoequipmentforPDH140Mbps(America)19
Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom140Mbpsitself
Similarreasoningasfor34Mbps,inordertodirect140MbpsintoSDH,Onemightthinkthat3columnsareusedforPOHandIfwefillwith3of34Mbps,thesefirst3columnsarespare
20
10
Justification,butitisnot.Why?261260......4321
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BytesAllocatedforJustificationandMatchingthespeedvariationsinputtributaries
WhenweconsiderTU12,12.5%bitsareavailableformatchingthevariationsaswellasforjustification.ForsimilarvariationsTU340.0%bitsareavailableButorsimilarvariationsinTU4,ifweuse258columns6.7%bitsareavailable,whichisnotenoughwhenweconsiderthebitspeed.Hence2morecolumnsarekeptforthetreatmentofvariationsin140Mbpsaswellasjustification(tobeadjusted).Hencethereisadeviationfromthepreviousthinkingand260columnsareallocatedfor140Mbpsinsteadof258columns.OnemorecolumnisallocatedforPOHandforthePointerfirst9bytesofthe4thRowisallocated.21
Structureof140MbpsinSTM1whenformedfrom140Mbpsitself
Additional3columnsare
1234......260261
Ifwefillwith3of34Mbps,thesefirst3columnsarespare
22
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23AccommodationofBitRatesforSDHManagementforRepeaterOverhead(RSOH)seeslide#77d.combinationofa&b*orc.140Mbps1No.orb.34Mbps3Nosora.2.048Mbps63NosMaximumofPointerforVC-4seeslide#60*if,1Noof34Mbpsthenamaximumof42Nos.of2Mbpsor2Nosof34Mbpsthenamaximumof21Nos.of2Mbps12709MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)seeslide#77
d.combinationofa&b*orc.140Mbps1No.orb.34Mbps3Nosora.2.048Mbps63NosMaximumofPointerforVC-4seeslide#60*if,1Noof34Mbpsthenamaximumof42Nos.of2Mbpsor
2Nosof34Mbpsthenamaximumof21Nos.of2Mbps12709MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)seeslide#77BuildingblocksofSTM1
2MbpsisthelowestspeedforEuropeansystemtobeconnectedtoSTM1Then34Mbpsand140Mbpssystemscanbeconnected
8MbpscannotbeconnectedtoSTM1STM1canbemadeeitherfrom140Mbpsoracombinationof2Mbpsand34Mbps.HencethebasicbuildingblockhasbeendesignedtoaccommodatetheabovethinkingTUisthebasicbuildingblockofSDH,fromPDHfor2Mbpsor34MbpsTU12=2Mbps
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TU3=34MbpsIntermediatemultiplexingpointhasbeencreatedtoaccommodateAmericansystems.24
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PDH
Thereare3standardsintheworld:CEPT.NorthAmericaandJapan.SDHcancombineallthese3systemsexceptCEPT8.448MbpsandJapan32.064Mbpsand97.728Mbps
*-thesebitratesarenotdirectlyaccommodatedinSDH
MbpsCEPTMbpsNorthAmericaMbpsJapan2.0481.5441.5448.448*6.3126.31234.36844.37632.064*139.2642597.728*
26UnificationofLowerTributariesofUS&CEPTForexample,TUG2toaccommodate
American6Mbpsand1.5MbpswithEuropean2MbpsTUG2TU12TU11TU2x1x4x3American6.142MbpsAmerican1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsNoaddedbits
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AlsointermediatemultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedinadditiontomixingofEuropeanandAmericansystemstoaccommodatelowerspeedtributariesEx:TUG3WhileTUG3canaccommodateEuropean34MbpsandAmericanaccommodate7ofTUG244Mbps,itcanSeenextslide27
28TUG3TUG2TU3x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide22
UnificationofHigherTributariesofUS&CEPT
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29AdministrativeUnitGroupTUG3TU4x1x3European140MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide24HighestmultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedtoaccommodateEuropean140MbpsandtoaccommodatelowerbitspeedtributariesAdministrativeUnitGroupTUG3TU4x1x3European140MbpsNoaddedbits-Seeslide24HighestmultiplexingpointhasbeenintroducedtoaccommodateEuropean140Mbpsandtoaccommodatelowerbitspeedtributaries30Administrative
UnitGroupTU4x1x3European140MbpsTUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11
TU2x1x4x3American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsSTM1SummaryofMultiplexinguptoSTM1TU3
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31AdaptationofSTMinSatellitesInsteadof155.52Mbpsalowerbitrate51.84Mbpsisadoptedforsatellitecommunication.TUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11TU2x1x4x3American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsTU3STM-0AdaptationofSTMinSatellitesInsteadof155.52Mbpsalowerbitrate
51.84Mbpsisadoptedforsatellitecommunication.TUG3TUG2x1x7American44MbpsorEuropean34MbpsTU12TU11TU2x1x4x3
American6.142Mbps1.544MbpsEuropean2.048MbpsTU3STM-0HigherOrderSTM
UnlikePDH,inSDHwhenitgoestohigherordernoadditionalbitsareinsertedathigherordermultiplexingpoints.ThefollowinggivesthedetailsofhigherorderSTMs.Bitrate(Mbps)
ApproximatebitratesCalculationofhigherorderbitratesNo.ofvoicechannelsBitperiodSTM1155.521,8906.4nsSTM4622.08=155.52x47,5601.6ns
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STM162488.32~2.5Gbps=622.08x430,240400psSTM649953.28~10Gbps=2488.32x4120,960100ps
Note:ConventionalCEPTPCMof30channelsisassumed.
32
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InterfaceBetweenPDHandSDH
ForexplanationCEPTsystemisused.Sameconceptappliesforothersystems.PDHtributarywillbeconvertedtoavirtualcontainerbyaddingPathOverhead(POH)bits,sothateachtributarytheoriginatinganddestinationnodescanbeidentified.ThisVirtualContainer(VC)willbeaddedaPointer.Hence,madeasaTributaryUnit(TU).ThepointerthusaddedwillprovidethejustificationofPDHtributarywithrespecttotheSDHtributary.ThepointerwillhelpatthedemultiplexingpointtodemultiplextothecorrectphaseoftheoriginalPDHsignal.33
WhatisJustification
Imagine2compartmentsofatrain.Itisconnectedwithapairofbuffersandflexiblechain.Ifthefirstmovingcompartmentgoingfasterthenext.Thechainwillpullthenextcompartment.ThisisequivalenttoPositiveJustification.Ifthefirstcompartmentismovingslowerthanthenextthebufferswillcollideandslowdownthenextone.ThisisequivalenttoNegativeJustification.Inthisexample,thefirstmovingcompartmentisanalogoustohigherordertributaryandthenextisequivalenttoprimarytributa
ry.34
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TrainAnalogy
Bufferchaincouplingmechanism
PositiveJustificationNegativeJustificationTensioninthechainCompressioninthebuffer35
EffectsofJustification
AssumesecondarytributaryspeedfsAssumeprimarytributaryspeedfpIffs>fp,PositiveJustification,theeffectwillbetoreadoneinformationbitofprimaryastwoinformationbitsofsecondary.Hence,insecondaryonebithastobeinhibited.
Iffs
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FormationofTributaryUnits
InSDH,thebasicPDHtributary(whether2Mbps,34Mbpsor140Mbps)willbecarriedinanyorderofSTMasarespectivetributaryunitofTU-12,TU-3orAU-4.ThebasicPDHwillbetreatedattheentranceasacontainerofbits.ThiscontainerwillbeaddedcertainoverheadbitstomatchtotheSTMbitperiodof6.7ns.Thisiscalledacontainer(C-12,C-3orC-4).Thesecontainersarethenaddedwithmanagement-bits-likepathoverhead.POHplaysvitalroleinoperation,administrationandmaintenanceoforiginalPDHtributariesuptothetransportationtotherequireddestinationofthesame.ThebasicfunctionsofPOHincludeserrordetectionandtransmissionpathverification.SothatthiscontainercanbetreatedasaVirtualContainer(VC).HencethiswillbecomeVC-12,VC-3orVC-4.ThisvirtualcontainerwillbefurtheraddedwithJustificationBitsorcalledasaPointertoindicatedthephasedifferencesbetweenthePDHtributarieswithrespecttotheSTM1.
TheSTM1willhaveaseparatepointertobeusedwhenitismultiplexedfurthertoahigherorderSDH.37
SummaryofTributaryUnitFormation
PDHAddPathOverheadContainerVirtual
ContainerAddPointerTributaryUnitLetsstudy:**Forhigherorder,itisAdministrativeUnitAddbits1.PathOverhead
2.Pointer38
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39HigherOrderPathOverheadThereare9wordsforPOH,whicharelistedbelow:DetailsofJ1&B3ofHigherOrderPOH
J1-Higher-OrderVC-NpathtracebyteThisuser-programmablebyterepetitivelytransmitsa15-bytestringplus1-byteCRC-7.A64-bytefree-formatstringisalsopermittedforthisAccessPointIdentifier.Thisallowsthereceivingterminalinapathtoverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmittingterminal.
B3-PathBitInterleavedParitycode(PathBIP-8)byteThisisaneven-paritycode,usedtodetermineifatransmissionerrorhasoccurredoverapath.ItsvalueiscalculatedoverallthebitsofthepreviousvirtualcontainerbeforescramblingandplacedintheB3byteofthecurrentframe.(BIP-8iscalculatedonthe8bitblocksofthenthframeandplacedonthe(n+1)thframeofVC3/VC4.)
40
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WhatisBIP?
BitInterleavedParityErrormonitoringinSDHusesaCRCwithapolynomial,xn+x0,calledBitInterleavedParity(BIP-n).Thesignaltobemonitoredisdividedintosmallblockswithn-bitsize.Theevenparitycheckisappliedtoeachbitofalltheblocksinthesignal,from1sttonthbitindependently.41
ExampleofBIP
ThefollowingisanillustrationofBIP-2onabitstreamof10informationbitsand2evenparitybits.DatablocksBIP-2110100010110
1
0
1
1
0
42
0
0
0
1
1
0
Interleaveddatablocks
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ApplicationofBIPinSDHSystems
FollowingtablegivesthevaryingvaluesofnusedatdifferentstagesofthemultiplexingofanSDHsignal
FrameOrderofBIP(n)ReferenceabbreviationtotheOverheadByteRSOHBIP-8B1MSOHBIP-24B2VC-4BIP-8B3VC-3BIP-8B3VC-12BIP-2V5(b1,b2)
43
44DetailsofC2ofHigherOrderPOHC2-PathsignallabelbyteThisbytespecifieswhetherthevirtualcontainerisequippedornotandthemappingtypeintherespectivevirtualcontainer.StandardbinaryvaluesforC2are:
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DetailsofG1ofHigherOrderPOH
G1-PathstatusbyteThisbyteisusedtoconveythepathterminatingstatusandperformancebacktotheoriginatingpathterminatingequipment.Thereforethebi-directionalpathinitsentiretycanbemonitored,fromeitherendofthepath.REIRemoteErrorIndicator(forpath)Anindicationreturnedtoatransmittingnode(source)thatanerroredblockhasbeendetectedatthereceivingnode(sink).REIwaspreviouslyknownasFarEndBlockError(FEBE).
RDIRemoteDefectIndicator(forterminal)
45
DetailsofG1ofHigherOrderPOH
(contd.)
TheE-RDIG1(bits5-7)codeinterpretationprovidesforinterworkingwithequip
mentwhichsupportsRDI.ItisnotnecessaryfortheinterpretationtoidentifyiftheequipmentsupportsRDIorE-RDI.FortheE-RDIcodes,bit7issettotheinverseofbit6.FollowingistheE-RDIG1(bits5-7)codeinterpretation:NOTE1:ThesecodesaregeneratedbyRDIsupportingequipmentandareinterpretedbyE-RDIsupportingequipmentasshown.ForequipmentsupportingRDI,clause9.3.1.4/G.707,thiscodeistriggeredbythepresenceorabsenceofoneofthefollowingdefects:AIS,LOP,TIM,orUNEQ.EquipmentconformingtoanearlierversionofthisstandardmayincludePLMasa
triggercondition.ATMequipmentcomplyingwiththe1993versionofITU-TRecommendationI.432mayincludeLCDasatriggercondition.Notethatforsome
nationalnetworks,thiscodewastriggeredonlybyanAISorLOPdefect.NOTE2:ATMequipmentcomplyingwiththe08/96versionofITU-TRecommendation
I.432.2mayincludeLCDasatrigger46condition.
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DetailsofF2,H4,F3&K3ofHigherOrderPOH
F2PathuserchannelbyteThisbyteisusedforusercommunicationbetweenpathelements.H4PositionandSequenceIndicatorbyteThisbyteprovidesamultiframeandsequenceindicatorforvirtualVC-3/4concatenationandageneralizedpositionindicatorforpayloads.Inthelattercase,thecontentispayloadspecific(e.g.,H4canbeusedasamultiframeindicatorforVC-2/1payload).FormappingofDQDBinVC-4,theH4bytecarriestheslotboundaryinformationandtheLinkStatusSignal(LSS).Bits1-2areusedfortheLSScodeasdescribedinIEEEStandard802.6.Bits3-8formtheslotoffsetindicator.TheslotoffsetindicatorcontainsabinarynumberindicatingtheoffsetinoctetsbetweentheH4octetandthefirstslotboundaryfollowingtheH4octet.Thevalidrangeoftheslotoffsetindicatorvalueis0to52.Areceivedvalueof53to63correspondstoanerrorcondition.F3-PathuserchannelbyteThisbyteisallocatedforcommunicationpurposesbetweenpathelementsandispayloaddependent.
K3-APSsignallingisprovidedinK3bits1-4,allocatedforprotectionattheVC-4/3pathlevels.K3bits5-8areallocatedforfutureuse.Thesebitshave47
nodefinedvalue.Thereceiverisrequiredtoignoretheircontent.
DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH
N1-NetworkoperatorbyteThisbyteisallocatedtoprovideaHigher-OrderTandemConnectionMonitoring(HO-TCM)function.N1isallocatedforTandemConnectionMonitoringforcontiguousconcatenatedVC-4,theVC-4
andVC-3levels.48
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DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH
(contd.)
NOTE:Toguaranteeanonall-zeroesN1byteindependentoftheincomingsignalstatus,itisrequiredthattheIECcodefieldcontainsatleastone1.WhenzeroerrorsintheBIP-8oftheincomingsignalaredetected,anIECcodeisinsertedwith1sinit.Inthismanner,itispossiblefortheTandemConnectionsinkatthetailendoftheTandemConnectionlinktousetheIECcodefieldtodistinguishbetweenunequippedconditionsstartedwithinorbeforetheTandemConnection.
49
DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH
(contd.)
Bit5-OperatesastheTC-REIoftheTandemConnectiontoindicateerroredblockscausedwithintheTandemConnection.Bit6-OperatesastheOEItoindicateerroredblocksoftheegressingVC-n.Bit7,8-Operateina76multiframeas:AccesspointidentifieroftheTandemConnection(TC-APId);itcomplieswiththegeneric16-bytestringformatgivenin9.2.2.2.
TC-RDI,indicatingtothefarendthatdefectshavebeendetectedwithintheTandemConnectionatthenearendTandemConnectionsink.ODI,indicatingtothefarendthatAU/TU-AIShasbeeninsertedintotheegressingAU-n/TU-nattheTC-sinkduetodefectsbeforeorwithintheTandemConnection.Reservedcapacity(forfuturestandardization).50
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51DetailsofN1ofHigherOrderPOH(contd.)StructureofTU12
ThestructureofTU3issuchthatinagiven125sframewhenmappeddirectlyfrom34MbpstoVC3andthentoTU3thereareenoughsparewordstoaccommodatethePOHandPointer.Howeverinthecaseof2MbpsthenumberofsparewordstoaccommodatePOHandPointerinagiven125speriodisnotsufficientenough.Hence4framesof125sareusedtoindicatethePOHandPointerfortherespective2MbpsPDHstream.TheslideshowshowthePOHisaccommodatedfor2Mbpstributarystreams:
52
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53TheStructureofVC12POH01404consecutiveframesformaMultiframe125*4=500sIndicationinH4(MultiframeIndicationByte)H4byte00V5Frame101J2Frame210N2Frame311K4Frame434bytes34bytes34bytes34bytesH4byte
00V5Frame101J2Frame210N2Frame311K4Frame434bytes34bytes34bytes34bytes54
DetailsofV5ofLowerOrderPOHV5VTpathoverhead
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DetailsofJ2ofLowerOrderPOH
J2-UsedtorepetitivelytransmitaLower-OrderAccessPathIdentifiersothatapathreceivingterminalcanverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmitter.A16-byteframeisdefinedforthetransmissionofPathAccessPointIdentifiers.This16-byteframeisidenticaltothe16-byteframeoftheJ1andJ0bytes.55
DetailsofN2ofLowerOrderPOH
(contd.)
N2-AllocatedforTandemConnectionMonitoringfortheVC2,VC-12,andVC-11level.Bits1-2Bit3UsedasanevenBIP-2fortheTandemConnection.Fixedto1.ThisguaranteesthatthecontentsofN2isnotallzeroesattheTC-so
urce.ThisenablesthedetectionofanunequippedorsupervisoryunequippedsignalattheTandemConnectionsinkwithouttheneedofmonitoringfurtherOH-bytes.Bit4OperatesasanincomingAISindicator.Bit5OperatesastheTC-REIoftheTandemConnectiontoindicateerroredblockstheTandemConnection.causedwithinBit6Bits7-856OperatesastheOEItoindicateerroredblocksoftheegressingVC-n.Operateina76multiframeas:
TheaccesspointidentifieroftheTandemConnection(TC-APId)TheTC-RDI,indicatingtothefarendthatdefectshavebeendetectedwithintheTandemConnectionatthenearendTandemConnectionsink.TheODI,indicatingtothefarendthatTU-AIShasbeeninsertedattheTC-sinkintotheegressingTU-nduetodefectsbeforeorwithintheTandemConnection.Reservedcapacity(forfuturestandardization).
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57DetailsofN2ofLowerOrderPOH(contd.)DetailsofK4ofLowerOrderPOH
K4-Bits1-4areallocatedforAPSsignallingforprotectionattheLower-Orderpathlevel.Bits5-7arereservedforoptionaluse.Bit8isreservedforfutureuseandhasnodefinedvalue.58
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ComparisonofPOHinHigherandLowerOrders
FunctionVC3,4POHByteVC12POHByteverificationofVCconnectionJ1J2BitInterleavedparityCheckByteB3V5(b1-b2)IndicationofVCcompositionC2V5(b5-b7)RemoteAlarmIndicationG1V5(b3,4,8)64kbclearchannelsF2,F3N/AMultiframePositionIndicatorH4N/AAutomaticProtectionSwitchsignalingK3K4NetworkOperatorByteN1N2Spare(unused)
59
Pointers
ApplicationofPointerAPointerisusedtoaddressaparticularlocationwithinanAUoraTUstructure.Therearemainly2typesofpointers1.AUPointers:usedtopointatHigherOrderVCs(VC-4,3)inanSTMframe2.TUPointers:usedtopointatLowerOrderVCs(VC-12)inhigherorderVCEachofthesepointerscarrytheoffsetnumber(address)atwhichthe1stbyteofthepayloadislocated,withintheframe.TheoffsetnumberingofAU4,TU3,TU12,framesareshowninslide#66,68,71.TheoffsetnumberingofTUs/AUswillbeaccordingtotheCCITTRec.G.707.
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FunctionsofaPointer
1.MinimizationofmultiplexingDelayThisisthemainadvantageofpointers.Normallysignalsfromdifferentoriginatingpointsdifferintheirphases,becauseofdifferenttransmissionlengthanddifferentclockgeneration.Intheusualmultiplexingprocess,toalignthem,eachsignalhastobewrittenintomemoriesandreadoutusinganewphaseoftheframetobemultiplexed.Thus,itisinevitabletocauseadditionaldelayofhalfoftheframetimeinaverageandoneframetimeatmaximum.Also,itrequireslargecapacitymemories.Toavoidaboveinconveniences,thispointermethodwasintroducedintothemultiplexingofSDHsignal.ApointerisassignedtoeachVCtobemultiplexedanditindicatesrelativephaseshiftbetweentheVCandthenewframebyusingtheaddressnumberinthenewframe.Asamatterofcourse,everyVChasdifferentpointervalue.Thepointerisrenewedateverymultiplexingprocess,soitisnotnecessarytointroduceundesirableadditionaldelays.2.FrequencyJustificationGenerallythisfunctionisnotrequiredinanSDHnetworksinceallnetworkelementsaresynchronizedtoasingleclock.ButiftheVCsaretransportedoverdifferentnetworks,andifanetworkelementisinanabnormalcondition,
justificationisnecessarytoabsorbanyfrequencydifferencesbetweenpayloadandtheframes.Thereare2typesofjustificationinSDH:a.PositiveJustification:IftheframespeedoftheSTMishigherthanthepayloadarrivalspeed.b.Negativejustification:IftheframespeedoftheSTMislowerthanthepayloadarrivalspeed.61
Positivejustification
H3H3H3ApplicationofthechainintheTrainanalogy.
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Negativejustification
H3H3H3ApplicationofthebufferintheTrainanalogy.
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AU-4PointerThispointerpointstotheVC-4inanSTM-1frame.FollowingisthetypicalstructureofanAU-4pointer.H1,H2TogetherareusedtogivetheoffsetoftheVC-4intheSTM-1frame.H1H2
H1YYH21*1*H3H3H3
DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN10bitpointervalueN-Newdataflag,1001enabled,0110disabledIIncrementbit,InpositivejustificationIbitsareinvertedDDecrementbit,InnegativejustificationDbitsareinverted.SS10H3Negativejustificationopportunitybytes
VC-4PayloadAUPointer9
Y1001SS111*-all1bits64
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AUPointer
VC-4AUPointerPayload9
Observations:
Whenthepayloadisdirectlyfilledby140MbpsPDHanAUpointerwilldirecttothestartingpointofVC-4.IftheVC-4isfilledbylowertributariessuchas34Mbps,2Mbpsoranyofthesetwocombinations,theAUpointerwillnotbefilledbyanyinformation.65
AU-4Pointeroffsetnumbering
12345678910AUG270
1
234H156789H3H3H30--187123
456789-0................H2Y125s
250sH1H3H3H3H2YYY1*1*1*1*-Negativejustificationopportunity(3bytes)Positivejustificationopportunity(3bytes)TheAU-4pointervalueisabinarynumberwitharangeof0to782[tonumber(261x9)/3bytes]whichindicatestheoffset,inthree-byteincrements,betweenthepointerandth
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efirstbyteoftheVC-4(POHisincludedinthisnumbering).Numberingstartsfromthefirstbyteofthe4throwofVC.---86....521--522-....
782--86--
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TU3Pointer
SimilartoAUpointerthisTU3pointerwillbefilledonlywhentheVC3isfilleddirectlyfromPDH34Mbps.
Ifitisfilledby2Mbpsthesepointerbyteswillbenotbefilledandwillbetreatedasspare.
ThispointstoVC-3withintheTU3frame.FollowingshowsTU3pointerintheTU3frame.
TU4pointerissimilartoTU3pointeronitsapplication.
H1VC-3H2H3Sparebits
185
67
TU-3PointeroffsetnumberingTheTU-3pointervalueisabinarynumberwitharangeof0-764[(255x9)/3]whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-3(POHisincluded).258
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AU-n/TU-3Pointer(H1,H2,H3)
Coding
H1H2H312345678910111213141516
NNNNSSIDIDIDIDID10bitpointervalue
IIncrementDDecrementNNewdataflag
Newdataflag
Enabledwhenatleast3outof4bitsmatch"1001"Disabledwhenatleast3outof4bitsmatch"0110"InvalidwithothercodesNegativejustification
Invert5D-bitsAcceptmajorityvoteNegativePositivejustificationjustificationopportunityopportunity
Pointervalue(b7-b16)
Normalrangeis:forAU-4,AU-3:0-782decimalforTU-3:0-764decimalPositivejustification
Invert5I-bitsAcceptmajorityvoteConcatenationindication
1001SS1111111111(SSbitsareunspecified)10AU-4,AU-4-Xc,AU-3,TU-3SSbitsAU-n/TU-ntype70TU12PointerThispointstoVC-12withintheTU12frame.FollowingshowsTU12pointerintheTU12frame.V1~V4
49VC-1235bytesV435bytesV335bytesV235bytesV1
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500s
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TU-12Pointeroffsetnumbering
TheTU-12pointervaluecontainedinV1andV2indicatestheoffsetfromV2(V3,V4bytesarenotcounted)tothefirstbyteoftheVC-12.0-139whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-12.Thatis,thevalueofthepointerforaTU-12hasarangeof0to140.Forexample,iftheTUPayloadPointerhasavalueof0,thentheVC-12beginsinthebyteadjacenttotheV2byte;iftheTUPayloadPointerhasavalueof35,thentheVC-12beginsinthebyteadjacenttotheV3byte...TheV5byteisthefirstbyteoftheVC-12inthefirstmultiframe.71
DetailsofthePointerCoding
H1,H2Togetherareusedtogivetheoffsetofthepayload.
H1H2
72DIDIDIDIDISSNNNN10bitpointervalueN-NewDataFlag-Bits1-4(N-bits)ofthepointerwordcarryanNDF.Itisthemechanismwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofapointer.thenormalvalueis"0110",andthevalue"1001"indicatesanewalignmentfortheVC-n,andpossiblynewsize.1001enabled,0110disabledIIncrementbit,InpositivejustificationIbitsare
invertedDDecrementbit,InnegativejustificationDbitsareinverted.SS10
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OperationalPrinciplesofapointer
H1&H2bytes:Indicatestheoffsetvalueofthestartingofaframe.Offsetvaluecanbeof3types.OffsetzeroZerojustification:Framestartsinthenormalwordnumber1.OffsetPositivePositiveJustification:Framestartsinthewordnumbern.thevalueofnwillbegivenintheH1&H2bytes.OffsetNegative-NegativeJustification:Framestartinadvance.Startingpointwillbeoneofthe9bytesoftheH3.73
74PointerAU-4TU-3TU-12ProvidesamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentoftheVC4withintheAU-4frame.ProvidesamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentofVC-3withintheTU-3frame.
ProvideamethodofallowingflexibleanddynamicalignmentoftheVC-12theTU-multiframeForthrow(9bytes)ofOverheadbytesectionContainedinTU-3asthreeseparateH1,H2andH3bytesAtthebeginningofeachframe(4bytes-V1,V2,V3,V4.ThepointercontainedinH1andH2designatesthelocationofthebytewheretheVC4begins.TheTU-3pointervaluecontainedin
H1andH2designatesthelocationofthebytewheretheVC-3begins.TheTU-12pointervaluecontainedinV1andV2indicatestheoffsetfromV2(V3,V4bytesarenotcounted)tothefirstbyteoftheVC12Nbits-Bits1-4ofthepointerwordcarryanNDF(NewDataFlag)whichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthepointervalueifthatchangeis
duetoachangeinthepayload.CarryanNDFwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofthepointerifthatchangeisduetoachangeintheVC-3.CarryanNDF.Itisthemechanismwhichallowsanarbitrarychangeofthevalueofapointer.SSbits-twoSbits(bits5
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and6)Fixed-01Fixed-01Specifythesize/indicatetheTributaryUnittype.TU1210I,Dbits-Thelasttenbits(bits7-16)ofthepointerwordCarrythepointervalue.Carrythepointervalue.Carrythepointervalue.NegativejustificationbyteappearsintheindividualH3byteoftheAU-4framecontaininginvertedD-bits.ApositivejustificationbyteappearsimmediatelyaftertheindividualH3byteoftheAU-4framecontaininginvertedI-bitsNegativejustificationbyteappearsintheindividualH3byteintheTU-3framecontaininginvertedD-bits.ApositivejustificationbyteappearsimmediatelyaftertheindividualH3byteintheTU-3framecontaininginvertedI-bits.ApositivejustificationopportunityimmediatelyfollowstheV3byte.
Additionally,V3servesasthenegativejustificationopportunitysuchthatwhentheopportunityistaken,V3isoverwrittenbydataReserved0to782whichindicatestheoffset,inthree-byteincrements,betweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-40-764whichindicatestheoffsetbetweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-30-139whichindicatestheoffset
betweenthepointerandthefirstbyteoftheVC-12V4PointerValuerangeLocationH1,H2(orV1,V2)H3/V3PointerSummary
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SDHMajorOperationalComponents
InSDHbasicelementisaVirtualContainer.Thiscontainerwillfollowaspecifiedpathfromoriginatingnodetodestinationnode.Henceavirtualcontainerhastotravelapath.Whenitistravelingitspath,itwillencounter2majoroperationalcomponents.ThesemajoroperationalcomponentsintheSDHareasfollows;RegeneratorUnitAdd-DropMultiplexerorTerminalMultiplexerUnitTheabove2majorcomponentsaremanagedseparatelyfromonemultiplexunittotheimmediatenextmultiplexunitasamultiplexersectionandfromaregeneratortotheimmediatenext/previouseithermultiplexunitorregeneratorasaregeneratorsection.WhenaVCfollowapathitwillencountermanyregeneratorsectionsaswellasmanymultiplexersections.
Therefore3typesofoverheadscanbeidentified.IntheVCPathOverhead(alreadyanalyzed.)RegeneratorSectionOverhead(RSOH)MultiplexerSectionOverhead(MSOH)InamultiplexerunitbeforetheanalysisofMSOH,RSOHwillbecheckedtreatingthismultiplexerunitasarepeater.75
76PathREGREGPTE
ADMMultiplexSectionRegeneratorSectionMultiplexSectionRegeneratorSectionRegeneratorSectionRegeneratorSection
SDHNetworkLayersSummaryofSDHManagementSectionsRSOHRSOHRSOHRSOHMSOHMSOHPOHPTE=PathTerminatingElementREG=RegeneratorADM=Add/DropMultiplexerPTE
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RegeneratorSectionOverheadTheRegeneratorSectionOverheadcontainsonlytheinformationrequiredfortheelementslocatedatbothendsofasection.TheRegeneratorSectionOverheadisfoundinthefirstthreerowsofColumns1through9xNoftheSTM-N,N=1frame.MultiplexSectionOverheadTheMultiplexSectionOverheadcontainstheinformationrequiredbetweenthemultiplexersectionterminationequipmentateachendoftheMultiplexsection.TheMultiplexSectionOverheadisfoundinRows5to9ofColumns1through9xNoftheSTM-N,N=1frame.PathOverheadDiscussedearlier
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STM-1Regeneratorsectionoverhead(RSOH)&MultiplexSectionOverhead(MSOH)
9bytes
A1andA2-Framing9rowsA1A1A1A2A2A2J0**B1.
.E1.F1D1..D2.D3
RSOH
AdministrativeUnitpointer(s)
B2B2B2K1K2
D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2
MSOH
T1543290-01
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Unscrambledbytes
J0-RegeneratorSection(RS)TracemessageB1-RSbitinterleavedparitycode(BIP8)byteE1-RSorderwirebyteF1-RSuserchannelbyteD1,D2,D3-RSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesB2-MultiplexSection(MS)bitinterleavedparitycode(MSBIP-24)byteK1&K2-AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APSchannel)bytesD4toD12-MSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesS1-Synchronization
statusmessagebyte(SSMB)M1-MSremoteerrorindicationE2-MSorderwirebyteBytesreservedfornationaluseThecontentofthesereservedbyteshastobecarefully
*
selectedastheyarenotscrambled..Media-dependentbytes
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NOTEAllunmarkedbytesarereservedforfutureinternationalstandardization(formedia-dependent,additionalnationaluseandotherpurposes).
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RegeneratorSectionOverhead
A1andA2-FramingbytesThesetwobytesindicatethebeginningoftheSTM-Nframe.TheA1,A2bytesareunscrambled.A1hasthebinaryvalue11110110,andA2hasthebinaryvalue00101000.TheframealignmentwordofanSTM-Nframeiscomposedof(3xN)A1bytesfollowedby(3xN)A2bytes.J0-RegeneratorSection(RS)TracemessageItsusedtotransmitaSectionAccessPointIdentifiersothatasectionreceivercanverifyitscontinuedconnectiontotheintendedtransmitter.ThecodingoftheJ0byteisthesameasforJ1andJ2bytes.Z0-Thesebytes,whicharelocatedatpositionsinSTM-Nsignal(N>1),arereservedforfutureinternationalstandardization.B1-RSbitinterleavedparitycode(BIP-8)byteThisisaparitycode(evenparity),usedtocheckfortransmissionerrorsoveraregeneratorsection.ItsvalueiscalculatedoverallbitsofthepreviousSTM-Nframeafterscrambling,thenplacedintheB1byteofSTM-1beforescrambling.E1-RSorderwirebyteThisbyteisallocatedtobeusedasalocalorderwire
channelforvoicecommunicationbetweenregenerators.F1-RSuserchannelbyteThisbyteissetasidefortheuserspurposes;itcanbereadand/orwrittentoateachsectionterminatingequipmentinthatline.D1,D2,D3-RSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesThesethreebytesforma192kbit/smessagechannelprovidingamessage-basedchannelforOperations,AdministrationandMaintenance(OAM)betweenpiecesof79sectionterminatingequipment.Thechannelcanbeusedfromacentral
locationforcontrolmonitoringadministrationandothercommunication
MultiplexSectionOverhead
B2-MultiplexSection(MS)bitinterleavedparitycode(MSBIP-24)byteThisbitinterleavedparityNx24codeisusedtodetermineifatransmissionerrorhasoccurredoveramultiplexsection.Itsevenparity,andiscalculatedoverallbitsoftheMSOverheadandtheSTM-NframeofthepreviousSTM-Nframebeforescrambling.K1andK2-AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APSchannel)bytesThesetwobytesareusedforMSP(MultiplexSectionProtection)signalingbetweenmultiplexleve
lentitiesforbi-directionalautomaticprotectionswitchingandforcommunicatingAlarmIndicationSignal(AIS)andRemoteDefectIndication(RDI)conditions.K1ByteK2ByteBits1-4TypeofrequestBits1-4Selectschannelnumber
1111LockoutofProtectionBit5Indicationofarchitecture1110ForcedSwitch01+1
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1101SignalFailHighPriority11:n1100SignalFailLowPriorityBits6-8Indicatemodeofoperation1011SignalDegradeHighPriority111MS-AIS1010SignalDegradeLowPriority110MS-RDI1001(notused)101Provisionedmodeisbi-directional1000ManualSwitch100Provisionedmodeisunidirectional0111(notused)011Futureuse0110Wait-to-Restore010Futureuse0101(notused)001Futureuse0100Exercise000Futureuse0011(notused)0010ReverseRequest0001DoNotRevert0000NoRequest80
Bits5-8Indicatethenumberofthechannelrequested
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MultiplexSectionOverhead(contd.)
D4toD12-MSDataCommunicationsChannel(DCC)bytesTheseninebytesforma576kbit/smessagechannelfromacentrallocationforOAMinformation.S1-Synchronizationstatusmessagebyte(SSMB)Bits5to8ofthisS1byteareusedtocarrythesynchronizationmessages.Bits5-8
0000Qualityunknown(existingsync.network)0010G.811PRC0100SSU-A(G.812transit)1000SSU-B(G.812local)1011G.813Option1SynchronousEquipmentTimingClock(SEC)1111Donotuseforsynchronization.Thismessagemaybeemulatedbyequipmentfa
iluresandwillbeemulatedbyaMultiplexSectionAISsignal.M1-MSremoteerrorindicationTheM1byteofanSTM-1orthefirstSTM-1ofanSTM-NisusedforaMSlayerremoteerrorindication(MSREI).E2-MSorderwirebyteThisorderwirebyteprovidesa64kbit/schannel81betweenmultiplexentitiesforanexpressorderwire.AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APS)
AutomaticProtectionSwitching(APS)isthecapabilityofatransmissionsystemtodetecta
failureonaworkingfacilityandtoswitchtoastandbyfacilitytorecoverthetraffic.Thiscapabilityhasapositiveeffectontheoverallsystemavailability.TwomodesofAPSareprovided:1+1protectionswitching1:Nprotectionswitching.82
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831+1ProtectionSwitching1+NProtectionSwitching1+1ProtectionSwitching1+NProtectionSwitching84C-12VC-12TU-12TUG-2VC-3C-3TU-3TUG-3C-4VC-4AU-4x3x1x7x3STM-1PointerprocessingMultiplexingAligningMappingSummaryofSDHMapping,Aligning,Pointerprocessing&Multiplexing
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VC-3Structure
Whenmappedby34Mbpsor44Mbps
J112....84B3C2G1C-3F2H4F3K3N1
1........85
85
VC-3POH
TUG-3Structure
Whenmappedby34Mbpsor44Mbps
N1K3F3H4F2G1C2H3B3H284....21J1H112........86
86
TU-3Pointer
Sparebits
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87TUG-3structureTUG-3Structure
Whenmappedfromlowerorder
12....84
12........86*-noPOHareaddedatVC3,butthe
88
Sparebits
individualPOHswillbecarriedbyeachlowerordercontainer,i.e.VC12
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StructureofVC4
WhenmappedfromTUG3:TUGx3(A,B,C)=AU4
CBAHHHCOOOCBA..........CBACBACBAPPPBA1234....................................
261
89
Sparebits
90StructureofAU4WhenmappedfromVC4:H3H3H3H2H2H2YYH1258
261....................................4321HOPC-49
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ExamplesofSDHNetworks
91
..PresentAvailabilityofthisringis99.955%ExamplesofLocalSDHNetwork-SLTCentralRing
..OneHighspeed(STM-16)OFTransmissionnetworkisavailable.(CentralRing)..OpticalFibercablefailurebetweentwonodesdoesnotcauseanytrafficloss..Availabilityofthisringwillbe100%soon700kminlength..ThisringcatersonlyapartofSLTnetwork92
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93PathProtectionFEBCADBothworkingandprotectionfibercutatoneplaceAutomaticrestorationfromtheprotectionfiberbytwostepsatBandCwhichshowbelowPrincipleofSelf-HealinginanSDHRingNetworkPathProtectionFEBCAD
BothworkingandprotectionfibercutatoneplaceAutomaticrestorationfromtheprotectionfiberbytwostepsatBandCwhichshowbelowPrincipleofSelf-HealinginanSDHRingNetworkKPNQwestEuroRingsNetwork13,000kmin2001ToUnitedStatesToUnitedStatesDWDM/STM-64:
96fibers@80wavelengths@10Gbit/s
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95ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkQwestUnifiedGlobalBroadbandNetworkExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkSEAMEWE3
40landingpointsin34countries39,[email protected],Upgradedto20Gbpsin2000
96
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ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetworkSEAMEWE4
MUMBAIKARACHIFUJAIRAHCOLOMBOCHENNAICOXSBAZARSUEZJEDDAHMARSEILLESPALERMOALEXANDRIAMELAKASINGAPOREBIZERTEBIZERTESATUNSATUNANNABAANNABA20,000kmlongUltimatecapacity1.2Tbps
97
98ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork
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99ExamplesofGlobalSDHNetwork100
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