SE0097 - Southern Pine User Guide

Southern Pine User Guide Course No. SE0097

PDH: 2

In order to obtain credit for this course, the following steps listed below should be followed:

(1) Log into MyCE Account & purchase course. If you don’t have an Account, go to New User to create an account.

(2) Once a course is purchased, you have access to the course quiz. Complete the quiz at your convenience (Quiz is available online or in a printable format)

(3) Certificate of completion is available once a passing grade of 70% is obtained. If a passing grade is not obtained, you may re‐take the quiz as many times (or six (6) months from the purchase date) until a passing grade is obtained.

Questions or Technical difficulties, please call (888) 3go‐4pdh, (888) 346‐4734 or [email protected]

www.EngineerCE.com | 125 S. State Road 7 Suite 104-210 Wellington, Florida 33414 Phone: (888) 3go-4pdh, (888) 346-4734

Southern Pine Use Guidestrength • treatability • beauty

www.southernpine.com

q No other material can matchwood’s unique combination ofbenefits, including strength,affordability, ease of use, andenvironmental superiority.

q Wood-frame construction has a100-year track record for safetyand dependability. That’s whysome nine out of 10 homestoday are built with wood.

q Building codes require allmaterials to provide the samedegree of protection even forextreme events such asearthquakes and hurricanes.Wood-frame construction is assafe, sturdy and dependable asany other building material.

q Wood is the best insulatoragainst heat and cold, whichmakes it the most energy-efficient material that can help

keep energy bills in check.Unlike steel and concrete, wooddoesn’t conduct heat and cold.Wood is 400 times less heat-conductive than steel, so homesbuilt with wood studs take lessenergy to heat and cool.

q Wood is the most affordablebuilding material. The economyof wood construction is one ofthe many reasons why wood-frame construction hasremained the preferred methodfor residential use.

q Wood is easy to use and widelyavailable. Its practicality andworkability make constructionsimple and efficient for use inresidential or commercialapplications, including multi-story projects.

q As the world’s only renewablebuilding material, wood can berecycled and regenerated.What’s more, trees providebenefits to the environmentwhile they grow, taking incarbon dioxide and releasingoxygen.

q Wood contributes far fewergreenhouse gases during themanufacturing process than itsnon-renewable counterparts,steel and concrete. Althoughwood products make up 47% ofall raw materials made in theUnited States, the share ofenergy consumed by woodproducts during production isonly 4% of all manufacturedmaterials.

The Southern Pine Council

is a promotional program

sponsored by the

Southern Forest Products

Association.

2900 Indiana Ave.

Kenner, LA 70065

504/443-4464

FAX: 504/443-6612

[email protected]


The Southern Pine Council does not testlumber or establish design values. The purposeof the Use Guide is to collect and organizedata available from other sources for theconvenience of builders, engineers, architectsand other professionals. The Southern Pinedesign values contained herein are taken fromthe Standard Grading Rules for Southern PineLumber, 2002 Edition, published by the SouthernPine Inspection Bureau, and the adjustmentfactors are taken from the National DesignSpecification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction,2005 Edition, published by the American Forest& Paper Association. Neither the Southern PineCouncil, nor its members, warrant that the datafrom such sources on which the recommendeduses of Southern Pine lumber contained hereinare based is correct, and disclaim responsibilityfor injury or damage resulting from the use ofsuch design values.

The conditions under which lumber is usedin construction may vary widely, as does thequality of workmanship and constructionmethods. Neither the Southern Pine Council,nor its members, have knowledge of the qualityof the workmanship or construction methodsused on any construction project, and,accordingly, do not warrant the design orperformance of the lumber in completedstructures.

Contents Page

Why Southern Pine? 2

Product and Grade Descriptions 3

Standard Sizes 7

Seasoning Requirements 8

American Softwood Lumber Standard 8

Reinspection Availability 8

Reference Design Values 9

Adjustment Factors 12

Span Tables 13

Specialty Products & Applications 15

Pressure-Treated Lumber 16

AWPA Use Category System 18

Fire Endurance,Sound Transmission 19

Proper Lumber Storage 20

Specification Guidelines 21

Additional Resources Back Cover

Copyright © 2008. Southern Forest Products Association. All rights reserved.

WOOD: THE RIGHT CHOICE

1 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci l


SOURCE: Why Wood is Good, Wood Promotion Network at www.beconstructive.com

Highest Density

Southern Pine also has the highest density of allstructural lumber species, providing superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity.

Best Treatability

Southern Pine has long been the preferred species forpressure treatment because of its unique cellularstructure that permits deep, uniform penetration ofpreservatives. Some 85% of all pressure-treated woodproduced in the U.S. is Southern Pine.

Natural Beauty

Southern Pine offers a distinct grain pattern and anappealing golden color. Because of this natural beauty,exposed Southern Pine provides architectural appeal.

Widespread Availability

Southern Pine is an abundant and renewableresource, growing in a vast band across the SouthernUnited States from East Texas to Virginia. Nearly 400manufacturers produce Southern Pine lumber, making itreadily available.

Dimensional Stability

Southern Pine dimension lumber 2˝ and less inthickness must be dried to a maximum moisture contentof 19%. This minimizes shrinkage associated with greenlumber and provides long-term stability.

Proven Quality

Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance withthe Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) StandardGrading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber.

Green Building Material

Choosing domestic Southern Pine – a product grownin the U.S. – is not only a good environmental choicebut also an opportunity to support local economies.

WHY SOUTHERN PINE?Southern Pine lumber has been popular since Colonial

times for a wide variety of applications. Favorablegrowing conditions, wise forest management, andefficient manufacturing ensure a continuous supply ofhigh-quality Southern Pine products for futuregenerations. Southern Pine consists of four mainspecies – shortleaf, longleaf, loblolly, and slash – and isthe preferred choice for today’s design/buildprofessionals. Here are a few of the inherent advantagesof Southern Pine:

Cost Savings

Wood products are still the most cost-effectivebuilding material on the market today. Southern Pine iscompetitively priced because of abundant timbersupply, manufacturing expertise, and established marketpreference. Design/build professionals that choosestrong Southern Pine can reduce the amount of lumberrequired. As a result, using Southern Pine can translateinto significant cost savings.

Superior Strength and Stiffness

Southern Pine is the strongest softwood structurallumber species, as published in the National DesignSpecification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction. Designvalues for Southern Pine are the highest of allcommonly used wood species.

1,500

825

1,650

0

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

Po

un

ds p

er

squ

are

in

ch

SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR

200

1,600,000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Po

un

ds p

er

sq

ua

re in

ch (

x m

illio

n)

SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR

0.55

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci lwww.southernpine.com 2

SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY SPECIES

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BY SPECIES – NO.2

DESIGN VALUES BY SPECIES – NO.2 2X4

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONSBased on SPIB Grading Rules

See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator

Product

Dimension Lumber: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerSee Table 1 for design values

Prime Dimension: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 12˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values

*Timbers: 5˝ x 5˝ and largerSee Table 2 for design values

Grade Characteristics and Typical UsesGrade

*Dense Select StructuralSelect Structural

*Select Structural NonDense

No.1 Prime

No.2 Prime

High quality, limited in characteristics that affect strength or stiffness.Recommended for uses where high strength, stiffness and goodappearance are desired.

Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration.Grade based on No.1 Dimension Lumber except wane and othercharacteristics that affect appearance are limited.

Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration.Grade based on No. 2 Dimension Lumber except wane and othercharacteristics that affect appearance are limited.

Recommended for construction where high strength, stiffness and goodappearance are desired.

*No.1 DenseNo.1

*No.1 NonDense

*No.2 DenseNo.2

*No.2 NonDense

Recommended for most general construction uses where moderatelyhigh design values are required. Allows well-spaced knots of any quality.

Recommended for general framing purposes. Good appearance, butgraded primarily for strength and serviceability.

Recommended for same purposes as Construction grade. Characteristicsare limited to provide good strength and excellent serviceability.

Usable lengths suitable for bracing, blocking, bulkheading and othergeneral utility purposes where strength and appearance are not aconsideration.

Recommended where a combination of economical construction andgood strength is desired. Used for such purposes as studding, blocking,plates, bracing and rafters.

Recommended where high strength, stiffness and good appearance aredesired.

Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.1 Dimension Lumber.

Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.2 Dimension Lumber.

Non-stress rated, but economical for general utility purposes such asbracing, blocking, bulkheading, etc.

No.3 Recommended for general construction purposes where appearance isnot a controlling factor. Many pieces included in this grade would qualifyas No.2 except for a single limiting characteristic.

Stud

Design values are not assigned

Economy


No.3

*Construction (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)

*Standard (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)

*Utility (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)

Dense Select StructuralSelect Structural

No.1 DenseNo.1

No.2 DenseNo.2

Suitable for stud uses including use in load-bearing walls. Composite ofNo.3 strength and No.1 edge characteristics for a better nailing surface.

*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.




SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D )Based on SPIB Grading Rules


Product

*Mechanically Graded Lumber – Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber: 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerSee Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values

Grade Characteristics and Typical UsesGrade

1650f–1.5Ethru

3000f–2.4E

Machine Stress Rated (MSR) lumber is evaluated by mechanical stressrating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stressgraded lumber in that each piece is non-destructively tested. MSRlumber is also required to meet certain visual grading requirements.

*Mechanically Graded Lumber – Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL): 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerSee Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values

*Scaffold Plank: 2˝ and 3˝ thick, 8˝ and widerSee Table 4 for design values

*Stadium Grade: 2˝ thick, 4˝ to 12˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values

*Seawall Grades: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 6˝ to 14˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values

*Glued Lumber: 4" and less in thickness, widths vary by productSee Table 1 for design values

M–5 thru M–31

Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold PlankDense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank

MSR Scaffold Plank: 2400f–2.0EMSR Scaffold Plank: 2200f–1.8E

No.1 Dense Stadium GradeNo.1 Stadium Grade

Any grade ofDimension Lumber

Well-manufactured material evaluated by calibrated mechanical gradingequipment which measures certain properties and sorts the lumberinto various strength classifications. Machine Evaluated Lumber is alsorequired to meet certain visual requirements.

*E-rated Structural Laminations: 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerDesign Values by qualification

E--grades Suitable for use as individual laminations for structural glued laminatedtimbers. This lumber has been non-destructively evaluated by anAmerican Lumber Standard Committee approved machine.

See DimensionLumber Grades

End-glued, face-glued, and edge-glued Southern Pine in gluedassemblies, including stress-rated grades of finger-jointed 2" DimensionLumber.

All Scaffold Plank design values are calculated using ASTM StandardsD245 and D2555. These values are modified using procedures shown in“Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks,” as publishedby the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993.

Dressed to standard dry size prior to machine stress rating, and visuallygraded to assure that characteristics affecting strength are no moreserious than the limiting characteristics for each grade. MSR ScaffoldPlank is available 2˝-thick only.

For outdoor seating. Free of pitch pockets, pitch streaks and mediumpitch on one wide face, but otherwise conforms to No.1 Dense orNo.1 Dimension Lumber.

One wide face and both adjacent narrow faces must be free of pithand/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressuretreatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marineusage.






Product Grade Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

*Marine Grades: 1˝ to 20˝ thick, 2˝ to 20˝ wideSee Tables 1 and 2 for design values

Boards: 1˝ to 1-1/2˝ thick, 2˝ and widerSee Table 1 for design values


*Decking, Heavy Roofing and Heavy Shiplap: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝and widerSee SPIB Grading Rules for design values

*Industrial Lumber: 2˝ and thicker, 2˝ and widerSee SPIB Special Product Rules for design values

Any grade of DimensionLumber or Timbers

Industrial 55

Industrial 45

Industrial 26

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4

Dense Standard Decking

Dense Select DeckingSelect Decking

Dense Commercial DeckingCommercial Decking

Industrial 86

Industrial 72

Industrial 65

All four longitudinal faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood.Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approvedtreating process and preservative for marine usage.

Graded as per No.1 Dimension Lumber.



High quality with good appearance characteristics. Generally sound andtight-knotted. Largest hole permitted is 1/16 . Superior product suitablefor a wide range of uses including shelving, boxing, crating, and formlumber.

Good-quality sheathing, fencing, shelving and other general purposeuses.

Good, serviceable sheathing; usable for many economical applicationswithout waste.

Admits pieces below a No.3 grade which can be used without waste, orwhich contain less than 25% waste by cutting.

A superior decking grade, suitable for plank floor where face serves asfinish floor. Has a better appearance than No.1 Dense Dimension Lumberbecause of additional restrictions on firm red heart, pith, knots and wane.

An excellent decking grade that can be used face side down for roofdecking or face side up for floor decking.

An economical roof decking which conforms to No.2 Dimension Lumbercharacteristics.

Appearance is same as B&B Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less andwidths 12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 86Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement.

Appearance is same as C Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less and widths12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 72 StructuralLumber except for dense grain requirement.

Appearance is same as D Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less and widths12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 65 StructuralLumber except for dense grain requirement.







Product Grade Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

Finish: 3/8˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerDesign values are not assigned

Flooring, Drop Siding, Paneling, Ceiling and Partition, OG Batts, Bevel Siding, Miscellaneous MillworkDesign values are not assigned

MouldingDesign values are not assigned

*Structural Lumber: 2˝ and thicker, 2˝ and widerSee SPIB Special Product Rules for design values

Radius Edge Decking: 1-1/4˝ thick, 4˝ to 6˝ wideMaximum recommended support spacing is 24˝ on center (16˝ on center for Imported Southern Pine)

*B&B

*B&B, CC&Btr, D

C

C&Btr

D

No.1

No.2

No.3

B&B, CC&Btr, D

Premium

Standard

Dense Structural 86Dense Structural 72Dense Structural 65

Highest recognized grade of Finish. Generally clear, although a limitednumber of pin knots are permitted. Finest quality for natural or stainfinish.

Excellent for painting or natural finish where requirements are lessexacting. Reasonably clear, but permits limited number of surfacechecks and small tight knots.

Combination of B&B and C grades; satisfies requirements for high-quality finish.

Economical, serviceable grade for natural or painted finish.

See Finish grades for face side; reverse side wane limitations are lower.

No.1 Drop Siding is graded as No.1 Boards; No.1 Flooring and Panelingnot provided under SPIB Grading Rules as a separate grade, but ifspecified, will be designated and graded as D.

Graded as No.2 Boards. High utility value where appearance is not afactor.

Suitable for economical use as sheathing or lathing.

Recommended for moulding and millwork applications.

Premier structural grades. Provides good appearance with some of thehighest design values available in any softwood species.

High-quality product, recommended where smallest knots are desiredand appearance is of utmost importance. Excellent for painting orstaining.

Slightly less restrictive than premium grade. A very good product touse where a more rustic appearance is desired. Excellent for paintingor staining.




STANDARD SIZES OF SOUTHERN PINE Based on SPIB Grading Rules

Thickness

Nominal

inches

Nominal

inches

Nominalinches

Nominal

Dry Green inches mm inches mm

inches inches mm inches mm

inches mm inches mmDry Green

Dressed

Dressed

Dressed

Dressed

Width

DimensionLumberdressed,

S4S1

Timbersdressed, S4S 1

Boardsdressed,S4S, dry

Finishdressed,

dry

Radius EdgeDecking

dressed, S4S,dry

22-1/233-1/24

11-1/41-1/2

3/81/25/83/4

11-1/41-1/21-3/422-1/233-1/24

1-1/4 1 25

5/167/169/165/83/4

11-1/41-3/81-1/222-1/233-1/2

5” & thicker 1/2˝ off 1/2˝ offnominal nominal

5˝ & wider 1/2˝ off 1/2˝ offnominal nominal

234568

101214161820

23456789

101112

23456789

1011121416

456

over 12 3/4˝ offnominal

1-1/222-1/233-1/2

3851647689

192532

8111416192532353851647689

386489

114140184235286337387438489

6590

117143190241292343394444495

386489

114140165184210235260286

386489

114140165184210235260286337387

52657890

3/4 2

11-1/4

1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/27-1/49-1/4

11-1/413-1/415-1/417-1/419-1/4

1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/26-1/27-1/48-1/49-1/4

10-1/411-1/4

1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/26-1/27-1/48-1/49-1/4

10-1/411-1/413-1/415-1/4

3-1/24-1/25-1/2

89114140

2-1/162-9/163-1/163-9/16

2-9/163-9/164-5/85-5/87-1/29-1/2

11-1/213-1/215-1/217-1/219-1/2

Nominalinches

Nominalinches inches mm inches mm

Dressed Dressed

Nominalinches

Nominalinches inches mm inches mm

Dressed Dressed

(1) Dimension Lumber 2˝ thick and less than 14˝ wide is required to be dry with amoisture content of 19% or less. HeavyDimension Lumber (2x14 and wider,2-1/2˝ thick by all widths, and 3x3 andlarger) and Timbers are not required to bedry unless specified. Thicknesses apply totheir corresponding widths as squares andwider, except a thickness of 1-9/16˝applies to nominal 2˝ in widths of 14˝ andwider if dressed green. ( In 2˝ Dimension,widths over 12˝ are not customary stocksizes, so 2x14 and wider sizes are usuallyproduced only on special order.)

(2) Boards less than the minimum dressed thickness for 1˝ nominal but which are 5/8˝or greater thickness dry may be regarded asAmerican Standard Lumber, but suchBoards shall be marked to show the sizeand condition of seasoning at the time ofdressing. They shall also be distinguishedfrom 1˝ Boards on invoices and certificates.

19 mm offnominal




SOUTHERN PINE REINSPECTION AVAILABILITY

Based on SPIB Grading Rules

In absence of special agreement between buyer and seller, the SPIB StandardGrading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber provide that the purchase, sale or shipment oflumber designated by grades described in these rules must be construed as involvingagreement to abide by all applicable provisions of the rules, including submission toinspection of any lumber under complaint as to size, grade or tally. For completereinspection information contact:

Southern Pine Inspection Bureau4709 Scenic Highway, Pensacola, FL 32504-9094

850/434-2611 • FAX 850/433-5594www.spib.org • e-mail: [email protected]

Timber Products Inspection, Inc.1641 Sigman Rd., Conyers, GA 30012770/922-8000 • FAX 770/922-1290

www.tpinspection.come-mail: [email protected]

Renewable Resource Associates, Inc.3091 Chaparral Place, Lithonia, GA 30038

770/482-9385 • FAX 770/484-2541e-mail: [email protected]

SOUTHERN PINE SEASONING REQUIREMENTS*

AMERICAN SOFTWOOD LUMBER STANDARD

Moisture Content Limit

Items

D and Better Grades1˝ and 1-1/4˝

1-1/2˝, 1-3/4˝ and 2˝Over 2˝, but not over 4˝Over 4˝

Paneling

Boards1

Dimension1, 2

Decking3

Timbers2

Max. 12% on 90% of pieces 15% on remainder

15%15%18%

12%

19%

19%

19%

20%

15%

18%19%20%

12%

19%

19%

19%

23%

Kiln-Dried Dry

*Lumber dressed at a moisture content withinthe limits of these rules is sufficiently stabilizedfor most uses, but limited size changes will occurfrom shrinkage or expansion if the moisturecontent is further reduced or increased afterdressing. The normal shrinkage allowance is 1%reduction in size for each 4-point reduction inpercentage of moisture content and sametolerance for any expansion.

(1) KD15 or MC15 may be specified if desired.

(2) Moisture content provisions must bespecified for material 2-1/2˝ and thickerbecause seasoning is not mandatory forthese sizes.

(3) All thicknesses of roof decking should bespecified at 15% maximum moisture content.

‡ NGR applies to dimension lumber and excludesitems such as crossarms, factory and shoplumber, finish (selects), foundation lumber,industrial clears, ladder stock, laminating stock,railroad stock, rough lumber, scaffold planks,ship decking and plank stock, stadium plank,worked lumber, and special product rules foritems such as radius edge decking, and prime &merchantable dimension.

The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20, of the U.S. Department of Commercerelates lumber size to moisture content. Separate size schedules for green and drylumber assure that both products will approximate the same size in service. All billsand invoices are required to show actual net sizes of lumber. Strength and stiffnessvalues for Southern Pine products in current SPIB rules have been approved by theBoard of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee. PS 20 provides for aNational Grading Rule (NGR) for Dimension Lumber ‡ with simplified grade names andsizes to assure uniformity, efficiency and economy in the use of dimension lumber. TheNGR is incorporated in the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber,published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau.

Dimension lumber sizes and grades are:

Structural Light Framing: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 4˝ wideSelect Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options.

Light Framing: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 4˝ wide Construction, Standard, Utility

Studs: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerStud

Structural Joists & Planks: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 5˝ and widerSelect Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options.

Southern Pine grading rules restrict moisture content of lumber 2˝ and less inthickness to a maximum of 19%. If specified as “KD,” “KD19,” “dry” or “air-dried” themaximum is 19%. If specified as “KD15” (kiln-dried) or “MC15” the maximum is 15%.Material identified by a certified grade mark is evidence that Southern Pine has beenproperly seasoned.

Moisture content restrictions apply at time of shipment, as well as time of dressingif dressed lumber is involved, and at time of delivery to buyer unless shipped exposedto the weather.

(Nominal thickness)



SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Based on SPIB Grading Rulesand AF&PA National Design Specification®

Values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Table 1 Dimension Lumber – 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and wider

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC ≤ 19%) 1 — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors

Size Grade

BendingFb

Modulusof

Elasticity 5

E EminSingle

Member UsesRepetitive

Member Uses2

2˝ to 4˝thick,

2˝ to 4˝wide

Includes:2x22x32x43x33x44x4

2˝ to 4˝thick,

5˝ to 6˝wide

Includes:2x63x64x6

2˝ to 4˝thick,

8˝ wide

Includes:2x83x84x8

Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .

No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .


No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .

Construction. . . . . . . . . .Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utility3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .


No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .


No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .


No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .

305028502650

200018501700

170015001350

850

1100625300

270025502350

175016501500

145012501150

750

245023002100

165015001350

140012001100

700

351032803050

230021301950

196017201550

980

1270720345

310029302700

201019001720

167014401320

865

282026502420

190017301550

161013801260

805

TensionParallel to Grain

Ft

165016001350

11001050900

875825775

475

625350175

150014001200

950900800

775725675

425

135013001100

875825725

675650600

400

ShearParallelto Grain

Fv

175175175

175175175

175175175

175

175175175

175175175

175175175

175175175

175

175175175

175175175

175175175

175

CompressionPerpendicular

to GrainFc⊥

660565480

660565480

660565480

565

565565565

225021001950

200018501700

185016501600

975

18001500975

660565480

660565480

660565480

565

660565480

660565480

660565480

565

CompressionParallelto Grain

Fc

215020001850

190017501600

175016001500

925

205019001750

180016501550

170015501450

875

690,000660,000620,000

660,000620,000580,000

620,000580,000510,000

510,000

550,000470,000470,000

1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000

1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000

1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000

1,400,000

1,500,0001,300,0001,300,000

690,000660,000620,000

660,000620,000580,000

620,000580,000510,000

510,000

1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000

1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000

1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000

1,400,000

690,000660,000620,000

660,000620,000580,000

620,000580,000510,000

510,000

1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000

1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000

1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000

1,400,000

(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values.

(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values.

(3) For Utility, the Fb, Ft and Fc values apply to 4˝ wide lumber only.

(4) For lumber 4˝ thick and 8˝ or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1.

(5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on purebending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.

4

2x53x54x5






Modulusof

Elasticity 5

E Emin


Table 1 Dimension Lumber – 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and wider

Table 2 Timbers – 5˝ x 5˝ and larger

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC≤ 19%) 1 — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry or Wet Service — See Tables A-1 and A-3 for Adjustment Factors

Size Grade

BendingFb

Modulusof

ElasticityE Emin

Single Member Uses

5˝ x 5˝and larger

Dense Select Structural. . . . . .Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . .

No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17501500

15501350

975850


Ft

12001000

1050900

650550


Fv

165165

165165

165165


to GrainFc⊥

440375

440375

440375


Fc

1100950

975825

625525

580,000550,000

580,000550,000

470,000440,000

1,600,0001,500,000

1,600,0001,500,000

1,300,0001,200,000

1

2

Size Grade

BendingFb

SingleMember Uses

2˝ to 4˝thick,

10˝ wide

Includes:2x103x104x10

2˝ to 4˝thick,

12˝ wide

Includes:2x123x124x12




No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .




No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . .

215020501850

145013001200

12001050950

600

205019001750

135012501150

1150975900

575

RepetitiveMember Uses2

247023602130

167015001380

138012101090

690

236021902010

155014401320

132011201040

660


Ft

12001100950

775725650

625575550

325

11001050900

725675600

575550525

325


Fv

175175175

175175175

175175175

175

175175175

175175175

175175175

175


to GrainFc⊥

660565480

660565480

660565480

565

660565480

660565480

660565480

565


Fc

200018501750

175016001500

165015001400

850

195018001700

170016001500

160014501350

825

690,000660,000620,000

660,000620,000580,000

620,000580,000510,000

510,000

1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000

1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000

1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000

1,400,000

690,000660,000620,000

660,000620,000580,000

620,000580,000510,000

510,000

1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000

1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000

1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000

1,400,000

(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values.

(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values.

(3) For lumber 4˝ thick and 8˝ or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1.

(4) For lumber wider than 12˝, multiply these 12˝ width values by CF = .90 for Fb, Ft, and Fc values.


4

3

3

(1) When the depth, d, of a timber exceeds 12˝, the tabulated bending design value, Fb, shall be multiplied by the following size factor:

CF = (12 )1/9 where d is the actual depth of the member.


d




Table 3 Mechanically Graded Lumber – 2˝ thick or less, 2˝ and wider

Table 4 Scaffold Plank1 – 2˝ and 3˝ thick, 8˝ and wider

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC≤ 19%) — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors

GradeDesignation

Size Grade

BendingFb

Bending Fb

Modulusof

ElasticityE Emin

Modulus ofElasticity

E

SingleMember Uses

Flatwise Use Only

1650

1800

1950

2100

2250

2400

2550

2700

2850

1600

1800

2400

2800

1550

2050

2850

750,000

790,000

840,000

930,000

790,000

790,000

890,000

1,600,000

1,700,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1,700,000

1,700,000

1,900,000



1650f – 1.5E

1800f – 1.6E

1950f – 1.7E

2100f – 1.8E

2250f – 1.9E

2400f – 2.0E

2550f – 2.1E

2700f – 2.2E

2850f – 2.3E

M – 12

M – 14

M – 23

M – 26

M – 29

M – 30

M – 31

RepetitiveMember Uses2

1840

2070

2760

3220

1780

2360

3280

1900

2070

2240

2420

2590

2760

2930

3110

3280


Fc

1675

1750

1975

2150

1650

1850

2150

1700

1750

1800

1875

1925

1975

2025

2100

2150

24002200

18001650

760,000

810,000

860,000

910,000

970,000

1,020,000

1,070,000

1,120,000

1,170,000

1,500,000

1,600,000

1,700,000

1,800,000

1,900,000

2,000,000

2,100,000

2,200,000

2,300,000

1,800,0001,800,000

1,600,0001,600,000


Ft

850

1000

1900

1800

850

1050

1600

1020

1175

1375

1575

1750

1925

2050

2150

2300


Fv

175

175

190

190

175

175

190

175

175

175

190

190

190

190

190

190

1

4

3


to GrainFc⊥

565

565

805

805

565

565

805

565

565

565

805

805

805

805

805

805

4

3

5

(1) The most commonly produced Mechanically Graded Lumber grades are given here. See the SPIB Grading Rules for a complete listing of all MSR and MEL grades.

(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] innumber, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed RepetitiveMember Use design values.

(3) When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the allowable horizontal shear and compression perpendicular-to-grain design values may be higher. See the SPIBGrading Rules for more details.

(4) When not qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the grademark for mechanically graded lumber grades with a 1,800,000 psi modulus of elasticity design value shall include aspecific gravity value of .55, a horizontal shear value of 175 psi, and a compression perpendicular-to-grain value of 565 psi.

(5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity,plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.

(1) Scaffold plank design values are for flatwise use only. They were calculated using ASTM D245 and D2555 standards and modified using procedures shown in “Calculating Apparent Reliabilityof Wood Scaffold Planks,” as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993.

(2) For exposed conditions of use (where the moisture content in service may exceed 19%) the values shall be multiplied by: 0.85 for Fb and 0.90 for E.

1

2˝ thick,8˝ and wider

MC≤19% 2

3˝ thick,8˝ and wider

MC>19%

Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber

Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL)






Wet

Ser

vice

Fact

or

Load

Dur

atio

nFa

ctor

Ref

eren

ceDes

ign

Valu

e

Adj

uste

dDes

ign

Valu

e

Tem

pera

ture

Fact

or

Bea

mSta

bilit

yFa

ctor

Siz

eFa

ctor

Inci

sing

Fact

or

Flat

Use

Fact

or

Rep

etitiv

eM

embe

rFa

ctor

Col

umn

Sta

bilit

yFa

ctor

Buc

klin

gStiffne

ssFa

ctor

Bea

ring

Are

aFa

ctor

Form

atCon

vers

ion

Fact

or

Res

ista

nce

Fact

or

Tim

eEf

fect

Fact

or

Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions. Because the strength of wood varies withconditions under which it is used, these design values should only be applied in conjunction with appropriate design and servicerecommendations from the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction published by the American Forest & PaperAssociation. The latest connection design information is also provided in the NDS.

Reference design values ( Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E Emin) in Tables 1 thru 3 shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factorsto determine adjusted design values ( Fb´ Ft´ Fv´ Fc⊥´ Fc´ E´ Emin ).

Table A-1 is excerpted from the NDS and summarizes the applicability of adjustment factors for solid-sawn lumber.

SOUTHERN PINE ADJUSTMENT FACTORSBased on SPIB Grading Rules

and AF&PA National Design Specification ®

Table A-1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber

Table A-2 Wet Service Factor, CMFor lumber 2˝ to 4˝ thick

Table A-3 Load Duration Factor, CDFor all solid wood products – Allowable Stress Design Only

Table A-4 Flat Use Factor, CfuFor lumber 2˝ to 4˝ thick

Tables A-2 thru A-4 highlight the most common adjustment factors as they apply to Southern Pine. In addition, Table 1 and 2footnotes provide information about the Size Factor, CF, while Tables 1 and 3 include the Repetitive Member Factor, Cr, in thetabulated Repetitive Member Use bending design values. For complete information on adjustment factors, see the NDS.

Wood has the property of carrying substantially greatermaximum loads for short durations than for long durations ofloading. Reference design values apply to normal load duration,meaning a load that fully stresses a member to its allowabledesign value by the application of the full design load for acumulative duration of approximately ten years. When thecumulative duration of the full maximum load does not exceedthe specified time period, all reference design values (exceptFc⊥, E, and Emin) shall be multiplied by the appropriate loadduration factor. Frequently used load duration factors areprovided to the right.

Reference bending design values, Fb, are based on edgewise use(load applied to narrow face). When dimension lumber is usedflatwise (load applied to wide face), Fb shall also be multipliedby the flat use factors to the right.

Applies to Fb, Ft , Fv , and Fc valuesDoes not apply to Fc⊥ , E, and Emin values

Applies to Fb values only

Applies to all values

(1) Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressuretreated with waterborne preservatives, or fire-retardant chemicals. The impact loadduration factor shall not apply to connections.

Flat Use Factors, Cfu

Width (depth) Thickness (breadth)

Load Duration (Typical Design Loads) CD

Permanent (dead load)Ten years (occupancy live load) Two months (snow load)Seven days (construction load)Ten minutes (wind/earthquake load) Impact1 ( impact load)

0.91.01.151.251.62.0

2˝ & 3˝4˝5˝6˝8˝10˝ & wider

2˝ & 3˝1.01.11.11.151.151.2

4˝–

1.01.051.051.051.1

When dimension lumber is used under conditions where themoisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for anextended time period, reference design values shall bemultiplied by the appropriate wet service factors to the right.

Ft

1.0

Fv

0.97

Fc⊥

0.67

E

0.9

Emin

0.9

(1) When Fb ≤ 1150 psi, CM = 1.0 (2) When Fc ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0

ASD and LRFDASD only

LRFDonly

ASD – Allowable Stress Design; LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design

Fb

0.851

Fc

0.82



Fb´ = Fb ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CL ] CF ] Cfu ] Ci ] Cr ] KF ] φb ] λFt´ = Ft ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CF ] Ci ] KF ] φt ] λFv´ = Fv ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] KF ] φv ] λFc⊥´ = Fc⊥ ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] Cb ] KF ] φc ] λFc´ = Fc ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CF ] Ci ] CP ] KF ] φc ] λE´ = E ] CM ] Ct ] Ci

Emin´ = Emin ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] CT ] KF ] φs

Tables 5 thru 11 are abbreviated span tables for the most commonly available grades of Southern Pine lumber. For othergrades, loading conditions and spacings, refer to the SPC publication Maximum Spans for Southern Pine Joists and Rafters.

These spans are based on AF&PA’S Span Tables for Joists and Rafters, and the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for SouthernPine Lumber. Except for Table 8, they are intended for use in covered structures or where the moisture content in use doesnot exceed 19 percent for an extended period of time.

SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES – ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGNMaximum spans given in feet and inches

Inside to inside of bearings

Table 5 Floor Joists

Table 6 Ceiling Joists – Drywall Ceiling

Table 7 Floor Joists – Heavy Live Loads

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 30, 40, or 50 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only).Strength – based on 10 or 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 5 or 10 psf dead load.

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 75, 100, 125 or 150 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.

Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)



2 x 6

2 x 4

2 x 6

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

Grade

Grade

Grade

No.1

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.2

No.3

Live Load

Live Load

Live Load

30 psf40 psf50 psf

75 psf100 psf125 psf150 psf



10 psf20 psf

10 psf20 psf

10 psf20 psf

12 – 010 – 1110 – 2

8 – 108 – 17 – 67 – 1

8 – 87 – 117 – 46 – 9

7 – 26 – 35 – 85 – 3

12 – 810 – 0

19 – 1115 – 9

19 – 615 – 6

17 – 012 – 0

12 – 59 – 10

11 – 68 – 2

15 – 1014 – 513 – 5

11 – 810 – 89 – 109 – 3

11 – 610 – 59 – 68 – 8

9 – 18 – 07 – 36 – 8

20 – 318 – 517 – 1

14 – 1113 – 712 – 711 – 7

14 – 312 – 611 – 410 – 4

10 – 99 – 58 – 67 – 10

26 – 0*20 – 10

25 – 820 – 1

21 – 815 – 4

24 – 822 – 520 – 9

18 – 216 – 615 – 013 – 9

16 – 814 – 813 – 312 – 2

12 – 1011 – 310 – 29 – 4

26 – 0*26 – 0*

26 – 0*23 – 11

25 – 718 – 1

24 – 221 – 919 – 10

18 – 816 – 815 – 3

15 – 714 – 213 – 1

19 – 1018 – 016 – 9

15 – 814 – 012 – 10

13 – 311 – 1110 – 10

11 – 1010 – 99 – 11

10 – 59 – 48 – 6

10 – 119 – 119 – 3

8 – 17 – 46 – 106 – 5

7 – 117 – 06 – 45 – 10

6 – 25 – 54 – 114 – 6

11 – 69 – 1

11 – 38 – 11

10 – 07 – 1

9 –78 – 88 – 1

7 – 16 – 55 – 115 – 6

6 – 65 – 95 – 24 – 9

5 – 14 – 54 – 03 – 8

10 – 08 – 0

9 – 107 – 8

8 – 25 – 9

14 – 513 – 112 – 2

10 – 89 – 89 – 08 – 5

10 – 49 – 18 – 27 – 6

7 – 116 – 116 – 35 – 9

18 – 114 – 4

17 – 813 – 6

14 – 910 – 5

18 – 516 – 915 – 6

13 – 712 – 110 – 1110 – 0

12 – 410 – 109 – 99 – 0

9 – 48 – 27 – 56 – 9

23 – 1018 – 11

23 – 417 – 5

18 – 913 – 3

22 – 520 – 418 – 10

16 – 414 – 513 – 011 – 11

14 – 512 – 811 – 610 – 6

11 – 19 – 98 – 108 – 1

26 – 0*23 – 1

26 – 0*20 – 9

22 – 215 – 8

21 – 118 – 1017 – 2

16 – 214 – 613 – 2

18 – 016 – 114 – 8

13 – 712 – 211 – 1

14 – 212 – 1011 – 11

11 – 610 – 39 – 5

10 – 99 – 99 – 1

9 – 48 – 67 – 9

9 – 08 – 17 – 4

7 – 46 – 76 – 0

12 – 711 – 510 – 8

9 – 38 – 37 – 66 – 10

8 – 57 – 56 – 86 – 2

6 – 55 – 85 – 14 – 8

15 – 912 – 6

15 – 611 – 0

12 – 08 – 6

16 – 114 – 713 – 4

11 – 29 – 108 – 118 – 2

10 – 18 – 108 – 07 – 4

7 – 76 – 86 – 05 – 7

20 – 1015 – 10

20 – 114 – 2

15 – 410 – 10

19 – 617 – 515 – 11

13 – 411 – 910 – 79 – 9

11 – 1010 – 49 – 48 – 7

9 – 18 – 07 – 26 – 7

26 – 0*18 – 10

23 – 1116 – 11

18 – 112 – 10

17 – 215 – 514 – 0

13 – 211 – 1010 – 9

14 – 813 – 112 – 0

11 – 19 – 119 – 1

12 – 411 – 010 – 0

9 – 58 – 57 – 8

30 psf40 psf50 psf

30 psf40 psf50 psf

2 x 8

2 x 6

2 x 8

2 x 10

2 x 8

2 x 10

2 x 12

2 x 10

2 x 12

* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26´ - 0˝ based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20´.




SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES – ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGNMaximum spans given in feet and inches

Inside to inside of bearings

Table 8 Wet-Service Floor Joists

Table 9 Rafters – Drywall or No Finished Ceiling – Construction Load (CD = 1.25) 1

Table 10 Rafters – Drywall Ceiling – Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1

Table 11 Rafters – No Finished Ceiling – Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 40, 60, or 100 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 or 180 (live load only).Strength – based on 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only).Strength – based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.

Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 180 (live load only).Strength – based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.





2 x 6

2 x 6

2 x 6

2 x 4

2 x 8

2 x 8

2 x 8

2 x 6

2 x 10

2 x 10

2 x 10

2 x 8

2 x 12

2 x 12

2 x 12

2 x 10

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc

Grade

Grade

Grade

Grade

No.1

No.1

No.1

No.1

No.2

No.2

No.2

No.2

No.3

No.3

No.3

No.3

Live Load

Deflection

Live Load

Live Load

40 psf60 psf

100 psf

240180

30 psf40 psf

30 psf40 psf

40 psf60 psf

100 psf

240180

30 psf40 psf

30 psf40 psf

40 psf60 psf

100 psf

240180

30 psf40 psf

30 psf40 psf

10 – 79 – 37 – 9

15 – 917 – 4

15 – 617 – 0

13 – 613 – 6

13 – 912 – 6

13 – 612 – 3

11 – 210 – 0

9 – 88 – 9

9 – 68 – 7

7 – 76 – 9

9 – 78 – 57 – 1

14 – 415 – 9

14 – 115 – 1

11 – 811 – 8

12 – 611 – 5

12 – 311 – 2

9 – 88 – 8

8 – 98 – 0

8 – 77 – 10

6 – 75 – 10

9 – 58 – 16 – 6

8 – 16 – 105 – 5

8 – 57 – 46 – 1

12 – 613 – 9

12 – 312 – 3

9 – 69 – 6

10 – 119 – 11

10 – 29 – 2

7 – 117 – 1

7 – 87 – 0

7 – 16 – 4

5 – 44 – 9

13 – 1112 – 210 – 3

20 – 1022 – 11

20 – 522 – 5

17 – 217 – 2

18 – 216 – 6

17 – 1016 – 2

14 – 312 – 9

15 – 213 – 9

14 – 512 – 11

11 – 210 – 0

12 – 811 – 19 – 4

18 – 1120 – 10

18 – 619 – 5

14 – 1014 – 10

16 – 615 – 0

16 – 214 – 5

12 – 411 – 0

13 – 912 – 6

12 – 611 – 2

9 – 88 – 8

12 – 510 – 68 – 4

10 – 38 – 86 – 11

11 – 19 – 77 – 8

16 – 617 – 9

15 – 1015 – 10

12 – 112 – 1

14 – 513 – 1

13 – 211 – 9

10 – 19 – 0

11 – 910 – 6

10 – 29 – 2

7 – 117 – 1

17 – 915 – 612 – 10

26 – 0*26 – 0*

26 – 026 – 0*

20 – 320 – 3

23 – 221 – 1

22 – 319 – 11

16 – 1015 – 1

20 – 018 – 2

18 – 816 – 8

14 – 312 – 9

17 – 515 – 212 – 6

14 – 011 – 109 – 5

16 – 213 – 1111 – 1

24 – 125 – 10

23 – 223 – 2

17 – 617 – 6

21 – 119 – 2

19 – 317 – 3

14 – 713 – 0

18 – 116 – 2

16 – 214 – 5

12 – 411 – 0

15 – 1013 – 710 – 10

12 – 210 – 38 – 2

13 – 611 – 59 – 1

21 – 121 – 1

18 – 1118 – 11

14 – 414 – 4

17 – 615 – 8

15 – 914 – 1

11 – 1110 – 8

14 – 913 – 2

13 – 211 – 9

10 – 19 – 0

21 – 718 – 1015 – 4

26 – 0*26 – 0*

26 – 0*26 – 0*

24 – 124 – 1

26 – 0*25 – 7

26 – 0*23 – 4

20 – 017 – 11

24 – 922 – 2

22 – 319 – 11

16 – 1015 – 1

21 – 218 – 514 – 8

16 – 814 – 111 – 3

19 – 816 – 713 – 3

26 – 0*26 – 0*

26 – 0*26 – 0*

20 – 1120 – 11

25 – 722 – 10

22 – 720 – 2

17 – 415 – 6

21 – 519 – 2

19 – 317 – 3

14 – 713 – 0

18 – 1015 – 1112 – 8

14 – 612 – 39 – 9

16 – 113 – 710 – 4

25 – 225 – 2

22 – 222 – 2

17 – 117 – 1

20 – 1118 – 8

18 – 516 – 6

14 – 212 – 8

17 – 615 – 8

15 – 914 – 1

11 – 1110 – 8

15 – 513 – 010 – 4

11 – 1010 – 08 – 0

13 – 111 – 18 – 10

9 – 118 – 56 – 8

10 – 28 – 76 – 10

8 – 57 – 15 – 8

13 – 811 – 119 – 8

11 – 1110 – 08 – 0

7 – 106 – 85 – 3

6 – 75 – 74 – 5

10 – 49 – 17 – 6

9 – 47 – 116 – 3

* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26´ - 0˝ based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20´.(1) CD = load duration factor for Allowable Stress Design. See page 12 for additional information on adjustment factors.



SPECIALTY PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONSDue to its inherent strength, treatability and beauty,

Southern Pine is the ideal choice for a wide range of specialtyproducts and construction applications. For moreinformation about these topics, visit the Specialty Productsand Applications sections of www.southernpine.com, or refer tothe specific SPC publications referenced below. For sourcesof supply for Southern Pine lumber products, refer to theProduct Locator at www.southernpine.com.

Flooring

Properly installed and maintained, Southern Pine flooringmeets the challenges of the most demanding applications.Available in a wide variety of sizes and grades, Southern Pineflooring is an attractive and durable addition to homes,schools, churches, sports venues, and commercial buildings.Pressure-treated Southern Pine porch flooring providesdecades of termite and decay-resistant service. Refer to AGuide to Southern Pine Flooring.

Interior Patterns

Many designers choose Southern Pine to lend warmth andcharm to the interior environment. Southern Pine beadedceiling, paneling, wainscoting, and partition is widelyavailable. Refer to Southern Pine Patterns.

Siding

Nothing beats the look of real wood siding. Southern Pinesiding is available in a variety of patterns and can be pressuretreated for even greater resistance to termites and decay.Refer to Southern Pine Siding.

Millwork Stock and Furniture

Southern Pine has superior qualities for machining,fastener-holding and finishing that makes it suitable for use ina wide range of trim and industrial applications. Manymanufacturers of mouldings, stepping, ladder stock, and doorand window components rely on Southern Pine finish-gradematerial. Its strength and density makes it a premium choicefor solid and upholstered furniture.

Material Handling

Kiln-dried Southern Pine, heat treated and marked “HT”,exceeds international phytosanitary requirements for woodpackaging. HT Southern Pine is ideal for pallets, crates, skids,boxes, cable reels, and specialty packaging. For moreinformation about international phytosanitary requirements,refer to www.southernpine.com.

Finger-Jointed Studs

Finger-jointed studs are ideal for single- and multi-familyhomes, as well as commercial construction. Southern Pinefinger-jointed studs are straight and dimensionally stablebecause they are manufactured from short pieces of kiln-dried lumber. They are accepted for use by the buildingcodes and are considered as interchangeable with solid-sawndimension lumber of the same size, grade, and species.Finger-jointed studs are grademarked as “HRA” (HeatResistant Adhesives) or “Non-HRA”. HRA grademarkedfinger-jointed studs should be used for wall assemblies thatrequire a fire resistance rating under the building codes.




Typical examples include separations between living units inmulti-story or multi-family structures, and common walls incommercial buildings. Refer to Southern Pine Finger-JointedStuds.

Trusses

The open web configuration of metal plate connectedwood trusses leaves plenty of room for plumbing, electrical,and mechanical runs. Other truss advantages include designflexibility, long spans, and speed of construction. SouthernPine’s superior strength, stiffness, and density make it thepreferred lumber species for structural building components,including trusses. Component manufacturers that chooseSouthern Pine can reduce the amount of raw materials usedin each truss, resulting in significant cost savings. Refer toSouthern Pine for Structural Components.

Raised Floor Systems

American homes have been built on raised wood floorsystems since Colonial times. Depending on the geographicregion, a raised floor system may also be called a crawlspace,raised wood platform floor, or raised floor foundation.Regardless of the name, the aesthetic, economic, andpractical reasons for building a raised home still apply today.By design, a raised floor system elevates the living space offthe ground, isolating it from moisture and pests. Elevating astructure reduces flood insurance premiums and can evenprevent flood damage. Visit www.RaisedFloorLiving.com or referto Raised Floor Systems: Design and Construction Guide.

Outdoor Decks

Decks extend the living space of the home and offer manydifferent design choices from simple, compact structures toelaborate multi-level decks with benches, planters, andrailings. Southern Pine is the preferred species of choice fordecks because of its inherent strength and ease oftreatability, along with its visual appeal. Refer to YourDecking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.

Marine, Bridge, and Highway Construction

Southern Pine is available in large sizes and heavytreatments, making it ideal for marine, bridge, and highwayconstruction. American Wood Protection Associationstandards require different retention levels for treatedmaterial intended for freshwater, saltwater, or saltwatersplash exposures. Refer to Aquatic & Wetland Structures.

Post-Frame Construction

Post-frame buildings are economical, easy to construct,and code-complying. They also offer excellent performanceunder high-wind and seismic loads. These advantagesexplain their continued popularity in rural buildings and theirexpansion into commercial and residential markets.Southern Pine’s high strength and treatability make it apopular species choice for post-frame builders. Refer to Post-Frame Construction Guide.

Permanent Wood Foundations

The Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is an innovativebuilding system for crawlspace, split-level, or full-basementfoundations. Refer to Permanent Wood Foundations: Design &Construction Guide.

PRESSURE-TREATED LUMBERPressure treatment with preservatives protects wood

exposed to high-moisture conditions and potentialdeterioration. When properly treated and installed for theirintended use, pressure-treated wood products can beexpected to last for many decades.

Southern Pine’s ease of treatability has made it thepreferred species when pressure treatment with woodpreservatives is required. The unique cellular structure ofSouthern Pine permits deep, uniform penetration ofpreservatives, rendering the wood useless as a food sourcefor fungi, termites and micro-organisms.

This section of the Use Guide provides an overview toSouthern Pine preservatively treated lumber. For morecomplete information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.

Types of Wood Preservatives

Pressure-treated Southern Pine lumber products areavailable in a range of treatment options. There are threebroad classes of wood preservatives for pressure treatment:

• Waterborne preservatives serve a wide variety of uses, includingresidential, commercial, marine, agricultural, recreational, andindustrial applications.

• Oilborne preservatives are used primarily for applications such asutility poles, piling, posts, glulam beams, and timbers.

• Creosote preservatives, including creosote/coal tar mixtures,protect railroad ties, marine pilings, and utility poles.

New Preservatives Serve Consumer Uses

Pressure-treated wood products intended for residential andrecreational (consumer) applications are now manufactured witha new generation of advanced waterborne preservatives. Thesepreservatives provide the same long-term resistance to termiteattack, but contain no components considered hazardous underEnvironmental Protection Agency regulations. Examples of typicalapplications for advanced waterborne preservatives and CCA areshown to the upper right.

Advanced waterborne preservatives are available in bothcopper-based and noncopper-based formulations. Examplepreservatives and their approved end-use service conditions arelisted below in Table 12.

Preservative Retention Levels

Treated wood must meet minimum requirements forpreservative penetration and retention for use in a particularservice condition. Penetration refers to the depth apreservative must permeate into the wood fiber during thepressure-treating process. Retention levels refer to theamount of preservative that remains in the wood after thepressure-treating process is complete. Retentions areexpressed in pounds of preservative per cubic foot of woodfiber; the higher the number, the harsher the condition towhich the wood may be exposed.

Code Acceptance and Standards

Wood preservatives are accepted for building codecompliance either by reference to American Wood ProtectionAssociation (AWPA) standards or through the productevaluation process of the International Code Council (ICC)Evaluation Service. Acceptance of a preservative into theAWPA Book of Standards, or by ICC evaluation, ensures thatproperly treated wood products perform satisfactorily fortheir intended service condition.



ADVANCED WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES

Examples of typical consumer applications for pressure-treated

Southern Pine using advanced waterborne preservatives include:

Benches • Boardwalks • Fences • Freshwater Marine Piling

Gazebos • Hand Railings • Access Ramps

Wood Foundations • Lattice • Landscape Accents • Planters

Outdoor Decks • Outdoor Furniture • Pedestrian Bridges

Play Structures • Pergolas • Porches • Stadium Seats

Steps • Storage Sheds • Structural Framing • Trellises

CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE

Examples of non-consumer applications for CCA-treated

Southern Pine include:

Lumber and Timber for Salt Water Marine Use • Piles and Poles

Wood for Highway Construction • Shakes and Shingles

Poles, Piles and Plywood Used on Farms

Lumber and Plywood for Permanent Wood Foundations

Round Poles and Posts Used in Building Construction

Sawn Crossarms • Structural Glued-Laminated Members

Structural Composite Lumber

Sawn Timber to Support Residential and Commercial Structures

Service Condition Waterborne, Non-Copper Waterborne, Copper-Based

Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µCA-C, MCA)

Copper HDO (CX-A)

Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W)

Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ)


Copper HDO (CX-A)






Interior,

Dry or Damp

Exterior,

Above Ground

Ground Contact

or Fresh Water

DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2)DOT & Polymer BinderInorganic Boron (SBX)

Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI)

DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2)

DOT & Polymer Binder

Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI)

Table 12 Waterborne Preservatives Approved for Southern Pine in Consumer Uses




Building Code Requirements

Pressure-treated Southern Pine is recognized by buildingcodes and regulatory agencies for use in construction.Specific code requirements for pressure-treated wood aredetailed in your local building code. Generally, buildingcodes require preservative-treated or naturally durable woodfor protection against decay and termites in the followingapplications:

ã Wood in contact with the ground or fresh water

ã Wood used above ground in contact with concrete or masonry

ã Wood used above ground where specified distances from exposedearth are not met

ã Wood providing structural support and exposed to the weather

ã Wood used below the Design Flood Elevation (DFE)

ã Wood floor framing in geographical areas where hazard of termitedamage is known to be very heavy, unless provided with approvedmethods of termite protection.

Building codes also require pressure-treated lumber tohave a moisture content of 19% or less when used for aframing application where it will be covered or enclosed.Lumber treated with waterborne preservatives has a veryhigh moisture content when removed from the treatmentcylinder, so specify kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) or airdried (ADAT or Dry) on the quality mark.

Wood end-cut, notched, or bored at the jobsite must be fieldtreated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallicsolution.

Design Values for Pressure-Treated Applications

Reference design values for Southern Pine lumber aretabulated in the Design Values for Wood ConstructionSupplement of the National Design Specification® (NDS)®

published by the American Forest & Paper Association.Reference design values for untreated lumber also apply tolumber pressure-treated by an approved process andpreservative.

Reference design values are based on normal loadduration and dry service conditions; they must be multipliedby applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusteddesign values. Adjustment factors for untreated lumber alsoapply to pressure-treated lumber with one exception – inAllowable Stress Design applications allowing an increasewith the Load Duration Factor, CD, that factor cannot exceed1.6 for structural members pressure-treated with waterbornepreservatives.

As an example, common adjustment factors to considerwhen sizing pressure-treated joists for an exterior applicationinclude:

ã Wet Service Factor, CM – A reduction required for lumberused under conditions where the moisture content of thewood in service will exceed 19% for an extended period oftime, such as for uncovered outdoor decks regularly exposeddirectly to rain or other sources of moisture. Members thatare protected from the weather by roofs or other means butare occasionally subjected to windblown moisture, such asfor covered porches, are generally considered dryapplications.

ã Repetitive Member Factor, Cr – An increase allowed whenat least three joists are in contact or spaced not more than24” on center and are joined by a load distributing elementsuch as decking.

ã Incising Factor, Ci – A reduction required for difficult-to-treatspecies that must be incised to meet AWPA treatingstandards. This reduction does not apply to Southern Pinebecause of its ease of treatability.

Grade and Quality MarksTo protect the buyer and consumer, the industry has

developed a system requiring ink-stamped grade marking ofeach piece of lumber under adequate quality controlmeasures. This assures delivery of the grade specified for itsintended use. Lumber grading and marking is monitored andinspected by agencies accredited by the American LumberStandard Committee (ALSC). A valid agency grade mark onSouthern Pine lumber indicates the product meets structuraland appearance requirements established for that grade.

In addition, all treated Southern Pine should be identifiedwith an inspection agency quality mark (either plastic end tagor ink stamp) conforming to building code standards. For thequality mark to be valid after treatment, the lumber mustadhere to the grade requirements and the moisture content ofthe grade represented by the mark.

It is recommended that the buyer specify pressure-treatedwood bearing ink-stamped quality marks and/or plastic endtags denoting the material was produced under supervision ofan independent inspection agency accredited by the ALSC.Use of such marks by the producer provides assurance thatthe preservative retention and penetration complies withAWPA and/or building code specifications, and that thepreservative used is approved by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency and treated in compliance with federal law.Use of treated wood that does not bear an approved agencyquality mark will not meet requirements of the InternationalCode Council (ICC).

Fasteners & Connectors

Properly treated Southern Pine will last several decades, sothe use of proper fasteners and connectors is very important.The potential for corrosion of hardware in contact with treatedwood occurs when metals in the preservative (such as copper)are different from the metals in the hardware (the iron in steel,or aluminum). In a wet environment, these dissimilar metalscreate a small electrical current that triggers a chemical reactionresulting in galvanic corrosion.

To select proper hardware, the specifier should first considerthe end-use application and exposure conditions. In damp orwet exposure, hardware in contact with pressure-treated woodmust be corrosion resistant. Hardware includes fasteners (e.g.nails, screws, and bolts) and all connectors (e.g. joist hangers,straps, hinges, post anchors, and truss plates). Regardless ofexposure condition, fasteners and connectors should bespecified in compliance with the hardware manufacturer’srecommendations and the building codes for their intended use.For more specific fastener and connector requirements for usewith treated Southern Pine, refer to Fastener & ConnectorGuidance for Treated Wood.

Handling & Storage

Pressure-treated wood is safe and environmentally friendlywhen properly treated, handled, and installed. Many of thesame safety rules for using untreated wood also apply to the safeuse of treated wood. Treated lumber should be stacked andstored in the same manner as untreated wood. Refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.



Use Category

UC1

UC2

UC3A

UC3B

UC4A

UC4B

UC4C

UC5A

UC5B

UC5C

UCFA

UCFB

Ground contact or fresh waterCritical structural components

Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone

Northern waters

Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone

NJ to GA, south of SanFran

Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zoneSouth of GA, Gulf Coast,Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

Fire protection as required by codes

Above ground Interior construction

Fire protection as required by codes

Above groundExterior construction

Interior construction Above ground

Dry

Interior construction Above ground

Damp

Exterior construction Above ground

Coated and rapid water run-off

Exterior construction Above ground

Uncoated or poor water run-off

Ground contact or fresh waterNon-critical components

Ground contact or fresh waterCritical components ordifficult replacement

Service Conditions

Subject to wetting

Continuous marine exposure(salt water)

Continuous marine exposure (salt water)

Continuous marine exposure (salt water)

Continuously protected from weather or other sources of

moisture

Exposed to all weather cycles,severe environments,

extreme decay potential

Exposed to all weather cycles,high decay potential,

includes salt water splash

Continuously protected from weather or other sources of

moisture

Protected from weather, but may besubject to sources of moisture

Exposed to all weather cycles,not exposed to prolonged wetting

Exposed to all weather cycles, including prolonged wetting

Exposed to all weather cycles,normal exposure conditions

Use Environment

Fire

Salt water organisms

Salt water organisms,including creosote tolerant,

Limnoria tripunctata

Salt water organisms,including

Martesia, Sphaeroma

Fire

Decay fungi and insectswith extreme potential for

biodeterioration

Decay fungi and insectswith increased potential

for biodeterioration

Insects only

Decay fungi and insects




Common Agents of Deterioration

Vertical exterior walls, inclinedroof surfaces or other

construction which allows waterto quickly drain

Land and fresh water piling,foundation piling,

crossties and utility poles (severe decay areas)

Piling, bulkheads, bracing



Roof sheathing, roof trusses,studs, joists, paneling

Permanent wood foundations,building poles, horticultural

posts, crossties and utility poles(high decay areas)

Interior construction and furnishings

Interior construction

Coated millwork, siding and trim

Decking, deck joists, railings,fence pickets, uncoated

millwork

Fence, deck, and guardrailposts, crossties and utility poles

(low decay areas)

Typical Applications

NOTE: Table 13 copyright AWPA, Book of Standards, 2008 Edition, Section 2, Service Conditions for Use Category Designations.

Table 13 Service Conditions for Use Category Designations

AWPA USE CATEGORY SYSTEMThe AWPA Use Category System (UCS) establishes major

exposure conditions that wood products are subjected to in

service. The UCS helps users identify the exposure condition

for specific products and end-use environments (Table 13),

and then specify the acceptable preservatives and retention

levels for that application.

Specify the following items (see example to right):

Step 1 – Use Category (Table 13)

Step 2 – General Commodity Classification and Specification Sectionin the AWPA Book of Standards

Step 3 – Specific Commodity Classification

Step 4 – Species, Preservatives, and Retention Levels

Step 5 – Special Requirements (such as pre- or post-treatment

preparations, including conditioning and drying such as Kiln

Dried After Treatment, KDAT)

For more complete treated specification information, refer

to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine or AWPA Book of Standards.

SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE

Treated sawn-lumber joists supporting an outdoor deck

Step 1 – Use Category: UC3B(from Table 13: Exterior Construction, Above Ground,Uncoated or poor water run-off Service Conditions.Typical Applications include deck joists.)

Step 2 – General Commodity Classification and Specificationsection in the AWPA Book of StandardsSawn Products – A

Step 3 – Specific Commodity Classification: Joists(Commodity – Joists, Use – Building Construction,Exposure – Above Ground, Exterior)

Step 4 – Species: Southern PinePreservatives and retention levels: Alkaline Copper Quat(ACQ), to .25 pcf or Copper Azole (CA-B) to .10 pcf(Above Ground, Exterior)

Step 5 – Special Requirements: None

FIRE ENDURANCE, SOUND TRANSMISSION

Dimension lumber joists and rafters have a long historyof solid fire endurance performance. The first fire enduranceassemblies developed for wood-frame structures wereperformed using dimension lumber structural members.Further evidence of this exists in the codes wherecalculating fire endurance assemblies is allowed. Times areassigned for the contribution of wood-frame construction infire assembly calculation sections (i.e. Section 721.6 andTable 721.6.2(2) of the 2006 International Building Code).Wood floor and ceiling joists, 16˝ on center, have a time of 10minutes assigned to them. For additional information, referto Component Additive Method (CAM) for Calculating andDemonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance, Design for CodeAcceptance No. 4, from the American Forest & PaperAssociation at www.awc.org.

Properly designing a building for fire safety meansfaithfully executing building code regulations. This meansbreaking up a building into fire-resistant compartments. Withcompartments and an efficient protection system in place,fires can be localized and suppressed easily. To prevent firefrom spreading from one compartment to the next, the codesrequire finished assemblies be built to withstand full fireexposure without major damage and, at the same time, actas barriers to heat transfer.

Standard fire tests measure the fire enduranceperformance of a variety of structural assemblies andboundary conditions that make up compartments. ASTMStandard E 119 sets forth the conditions of the test and theinterpretation of the results. Test results are measured interms of the assembly’s ability to withstand a severe fire for aperiod of time. Performance times are measured in hours:1-hour rated; 2-hour rated; etc. The codes reference thesehourly requirements for various building construction typesand occupancies.

The major sources for dimension lumber fire-enduranceassemblies are the Fire Resistance Design Manual publishedby the Gypsum Association, the Fire Resistance Directorypublished by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), andSection 720 and Table 720.1(3) of the 2006 InternationalBuilding Code. The major source for metal plate connectedtruss fire -endurance assemblies is found at www.sbcindustry.com.There are numerous fire-endurance assemblies detailed inthese sources. These assemblies include different options,such as the direct application of gypsum, or the use ofresilient channels, insulation or suspended ceilings. Theyrange in performance from 45 minutes to 2 hours. The mostcommon dimension lumber and truss fire-enduranceassemblies are detailed in Figures 1 – 5 to the left.

Wood has out-performed non-combustible materials indirect comparison fire tests. As illustrated above, a 2x4timber tie maintained more of its original strength underhigher temperatures and for a longer period of time thandid aluminum alloy or mild steel. This is because of wood’s

Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2˝ type X gypsum wallboard or veneer baseapplied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16˝o.c.

Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard orveneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1˝ Type S drywallscrews 12˝o.c. Resilient channels applied 24˝o.c. at right angles to 2x10 wood joists16˝o.c. with 6d common nail.

Wood Floor, Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: Base layer 5/8˝ proprietary type Xgypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16˝o.c.Face layer 5/8˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at rightangles to resilient furring channels with 1˝ Type S drywall screws 12˝o.c. Resilientfurring channel spaced 24˝o.c. and nailed at right angles to joists and through baselayer.

Gypsum Board, Parallel Chord Wood Trusses: Ceiling — Two layers of 1/2˝ type Xgypsum wallboard or veneer base applied perpendicular to trusses. Base layer endjoints staggered 24˝ and all face layer joints offset 24˝ from the joints of the baselayer. Trusses — chord and web members are fabricated from 2 x 4 lumber with20 gauge steel connector plates that have a minimum tooth length of 5/16˝. Trussesare spaced a maximum of 24˝o.c. and have a minimum depth of 12˝.

Wood Trusses, Gypsum Wallboard: 5/8˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or

veneer base applied at right angles to steel furring channel with 1˝ Type S drywall

screws 12˝o.c. Furring channels 24˝o.c. secured with steel wire 48˝o.c.

perpendicular to parallel chord wood trusses 24˝o.c. with a minimum depth of 12˝.

(1) Dock & Harbor Authority, London, England, “What About Fire?”, American Institute of Timber Construction, 1972, p.3.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Direct application of gypsum.1-Hour-Rated, STC 35-39, FC 5410

Resilient channels and insulation.1-Hour-Rated, STC 55-59, FC 5105

Resilient channels between gypsum layers.2-Hour-Rated, FC 5724.

Direct application of two layers of gypsum.1-Hour-Rated, FC 5512

FC 5515 UL L558Single gypsum layer on resilient channels.1-Hour-Rated.




unique charring properties, which actually protect it fromfire. As such, wood can be an excellent performer under fireconditions, contrary to misguided concerns over itscombustibility.

Sound Transmission

Sound transmission ratings are closely aligned with fireendurance ratings for assemblies. This is because flamepenetration and sound penetration follow similar paths ofleast resistance.

Sound striking a wall or ceiling surface is transmittedthrough the air in the wall or ceiling cavity. It then strikes theopposite wall surface, causing it to vibrate and transmit thesound into the adjoining room. Sound also is transmittedthrough any openings going into the room, such as air ducts,electrical outlets, window openings, and doors. This isairborne sound transmission.

The Sound Transmission Class (STC) method of ratingairborne sounds evaluates the comfortability of a particularliving space. The higher the STC, the better the airbornenoise control performance of the structure. An STC of 50 orabove is generally considered a good airborne noise controlrating. The following table describes the privacy from eachSTC rating:

Flame Spread

Flame spread ratings are often confused with fireendurance ratings. Flame spread is solely a measure of thesurface burning characteristics of a material. A low flamespread material will not necessarily improve the performanceof a fire endurance assembly. Flame spread requirements aretypically used by the code for interior finish materials.Different maximum flame spread rates are permitteddepending upon the building occupancy, location of thematerial in the building, and the presence of sprinklers.

Generally, the building code flame spread classifications are:

Most tested wood products, including Southern Pine, havea Flame Spread Index of 200, making them acceptable undercurrent building codes for a wide range of interior finish uses.Commerically available fire retardant treatments for woodand panel products can reduce the Flame Spread Index to 25or less. Refer to Flame Spread Performance of Wood Products,Design for Code Acceptance No.1, from the American Forest &Paper Association at www.awc.org.

Smoke Developed Index

A Smoke Developed Index was also measured for variouswood products. This Index has a value of 100 for Red Oak.None of the products tested exceeded 450, a limiting valuecommonly used in building code regulations.

STC Rating

ClassFlame Spread

Range Locations

Privacy Afforded

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

I or AII or BIII or C

0-2526-7576-200

Enclosed vertical exitsExit access corridorsOther rooms and areas

Normal speech easily understood

Normal speech audible but not intelligible

Loud speech audible and fairly understandable

Loud speech barely audible but not intelligible

Loud speech barely audible

Shouting barely audible

Shouting not audible

PROPER LUMBER STORAGEProper seasoning and storage provide optimal dimensional

stability of lumber in service. To minimize shrinkage, SPIBGrading Rules require dimension lumber 2” or less inthickness be kiln-dried or seasoned to a moisture content notexceeding 19%. This will result in an average moisturecontent of about 15% at the time of manufacture. Additionalconditioning will take place when lumber is stored and usedas it adjusts to the moisture content of its end-useenvironment. For interior items, such as flooring, millworkand furniture, the end-use moisture content will averagebetween 6% in the dry Southwestern U.S. and 11% in thehumid U.S. Gulf South. For exterior items, such as framing,siding and sheathing, the end-use moisture content willaverage 12% in most areas of the U.S., with a range from 7%to 14%.

Proper receiving, unloading, storage, handling, installationand bracing of lumber after delivery will help maintainmaterial quality during construction and service life. Followthese simple rules to help ensure proper storage and productperformance at the job site:

• Inspect lumber upon delivery for proper grade-marking andmoisture content, plus other conditions that may require attention,such as mold.

• Unload lumber in a dry place – not in wet or muddy areas.

• Elevate lumber on stringers to prevent absorption of groundmoisture and to allow air circulation. Do not store lumber in direct contact with the ground.

• Cover lumber stored in an open area with a material that will giveprotection from the elements. Polyethylene or similar non-porousmaterials act as a vapor barrier, so it is important to allowventilation around the material to prevent condensation on theunderside of the covering.

• Enclose framing lumber under roof as soon as possible.

• Store exterior patterns (e.g. siding, porch flooring) in a covered outdoor area.

• Store interior items such as flooring, millwork and cabinets in the enclosed conditioned area where installation will occur.

There is additional protection when lumber comes inpaper-wrapped packages or has been treated with a weather-protective coating. However, availability is limited andweather-protective coatings are generally effective for onlyabout three to six months. Damage to the paper duringtransportation can reduce its effectiveness, and protection islost when paper wrappings are removed. For additionalinformation, refer to the SPC publication Managing Moistureand Mold.



Grade and Strength of Material — Standard grades for eachproduct class should be specified after considering all gradesappropriate for the intended use and strength requirements.For structural applications, include the required referencedesign values along with the grade that represents thosedesign values. Grades and reference design values are listedon pages 9 -11.

Moisture Content — Specify desired moisture content(percent) based on requirements for the product, grade andintended use. Most product classes and grades of SouthernPine have specific moisture requirements. Seasoningrequirements and options are listed on page 8.

Surface Texture — Surfacing requirements should bespecified. Lumber is commonly ordered S4S (smoothsurfaced on all four sides), or rough sawn. Other examplesinclude: S1S2E (surfaced one side and two edges); or S2S&CM(surfaced two sides and center matched on edges withcentered tongue and groove). Variances from S4S will cause achange from the standard dressed size, so the effect ondesired net dry size should be considered. Refer to the SPIBStandard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber for moreinformation on surfacing designations and net product sizes.

Transportation and Storage — All lumber in transit, storageand handling areas should be protected from moisture,weather and contaminants. Coatings, wrappings or coveringsshould allow circulation and not trap moisture. Properstorage methods are explained on page 20.

Preservative Treatment — When pressure-treated lumber isrequired, it should be treated according to appropriateAmerican Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards.Quality control for treating should be done by an approvedinspection agency. Each piece of lumber should be identifiedwith a quality mark or end tag bearing the name of theinspection agency, applicable AWPA Standard, use exposure,preservative used, retention level, treating company and yearof treatment. Jobsite fabrication cuts and borings should befield treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2%metallic solution in accordance with AWPA Standard M4.Products, preservatives, uses and standards are described onpages 16-18.

SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES

Typical Quality Mark for Treated Lumber




*NOTE: Other agencies are accredited by ALSC to inspect and grade all or selected Southern Pine products according toSPIB Grading Rules, including: California Lumber Inspection Service (CLIS); Northeastern Lumber ManufacturersAssociation (NELMA); West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB); and Western Wood Products Association (WWPA).

Quality Southern Pine lumber is gradedin accordance with the grading rules ofthe Southern Pine Inspection Bureau(SPIB). SPIB, Timber ProductsInspection, Inc., Renewable ResourceAssociates, Inc. (RRA) and otherorganizations* are accredited to inspectand grade mark Southern Pine lumberin accordance with SPIB grading rules.

Typical Southern Pine Lumber Grade Marks

These guidelines are intended to assist in specifying the mosteconomical and efficient use of Southern Pine lumberproducts. They should also help minimize misunderstand-ings between specifier and supplier. Product availability andeconomy varies by market area. Becoming familiar with theproducts available in your area will allow you to more easilyobtain materials to satisfy your demands. For information onSouthern Pine products, applications, and suppliers, visitwww.southernpine.com.

Identification and Quality Control — Each piece of lumbershould be grademarked by an agency accredited by theAmerican Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC), andmanufactured in accordance with Product Standard PS 20published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Product Classification — Products should be identified bymanufactured categories such as Dimension, Structural LightFraming, Decking, Boards, Timbers, etc. Products incategories such as Finish, Flooring, Ceiling, and Siding, etc.,should include the pattern name and number assigned by theruleswriting agency. This will correctly identify the productand ensure that it conforms to standard. Select from theproduct and grade descriptions on pages 3 - 6.

Size and Length of Pieces — Products included in lumberstandards, such as Dimension Lumber, should be specifiedby nominal sizes for thickness and width, and by standardlengths which are 8´ to 20´ in two-foot increments. Productswith patterns and special orders should include the desirednet, dry size, plus the dimensioned profile pattern for less common items. Standard sizes are listed on page 7.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Inspection Service: Southern PineInspection Bureau (SPIB)

Inspection Service: Timber Products Inspection, Inc. (TP)

Inspection Service: Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA)

Lumber Grade

Mill Identification Number

Lumber Species

(optional) Logo denotinga member mill of Southern ForestProducts Association (SFPA)

Moisture Content (MC): Kiln-dried (KD) to a maximum of 19%

Heat Treated

1

7

8

8

8

9 6

6

5

5

5

4

4

43

2

7

7

9

9

1 Trademark of inspection agency accredited by American LumberStandard Committee (ALSC)*

2 American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Use Category

3 Preservative used for Treatment

4 Retention Level

5 Dry or KDAT, if applicable

6 Exposure Category

7 Treating Company & Location

8 Year of Treatment, if required

*Contact the Southern Pine Council for a listing of accredited inspection agencies.

ABOVEGROUND

KDAT

AWPA

UC2

SBX .28

ABC TREATING CO.ANYTOWN, USA

6

8

45

27

31

(ink stamp)

(plastic end tag or ink stamp)

2009-2010

LUMBER SPECIFICATION EXAMPLES1

Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWPA Standards

ProductClassification

Use Sizeinches – nominal

Lengthfeet

Species Grade MoistureContent

SurfaceTexture

Treatment &Retention

AWPAUse Category

1Abbreviations: ACQ – Alkaline Copper Quat; AWPA – American Wood Protection Association; C&Btr – grade C and better; CA-B – Copper Azole Type-B; CCA – Chromated Copper Arsenate; DNS – Dense;

HRA – Heat Resistant Adhesive; KD – Kiln-Dried; KDAT – Kiln-Dried After Treatment; Lbr – Lumber; MEL – Machine Evaluated Lumber; MSR – Machine Stress Rated; PET – Precision End Trim; PWF – Permanent

Wood Foundation; R/L – Random Lengths; R.E.D. – Radius Edge Decking; S-GRN – surface green; S1S2E – surfaced one side and two edges; S2S&CM-EV1S – surfaced two sides and center matched with edge

V on one side; S2S&SM – surfaced two sides and standard matched; S4S – surfaced four sides; SBX – Inorganic Boron; SP – Southern Pine (could also be SYP for Southern Yellow Pine); SPIB – Southern Pine

Inspection Bureau; SPP – Standard Patterns of Paneling; UC – Use Category;2

Preservative treatment code required;3

Preservative treatment recommended

Sill Plate 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x 4 x 12, 14, 16 SP No.3 KD19 S4S UC2 SBX .17 pcf KDATor Structural (Above Ground,Light Framing Interior Damp)

Fence Post 2 Dimension Lbr 4 x 4 x 8 SP No.2 S4S UC4A ACQ .40 pcf oror Structural ( Ground Contact, CA-B .21 pcf

Light Framing Non-critical)

Marine Heavy Dimension Lbr 3 x 6 x 12 SP No.1 S4S UC5C CCA 2.5 pcfBulkhead 2 or Structural Seawall (Salt Water,

Joists & Planks Gulf Coast)

PWF 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD19 S4S UC4B CCA .60 pcf KDATStud or Structural (Ground Contact,

Joists & Planks Critical)

Sill Beam 2 Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 S4S UC2 ACQ .25 pcf or(Above Ground, CA-B .10 pcfInterior Damp)

Highway Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 S4S UC4B CCA .50 pcf Guardrail Post 2 (Ground Contact,

Critical)

Post-Frame Timbers 6 x 6 x 16 SP No.1 S-GRN (25%) S4S UC4B ACQ .50 pcf or Building Post 2 (Ground Contact, CA-B .25 pcf

Critical)

Outdoor Deck Radius Edge 5/4 x 6 x 12 SP Premium S4S UC3B ACQ .15 pcf or Decking 3 Decking R.E.D. Eased (Above Ground, CA-B .08 pcf

Edges Exterior) Water Repellant)

Fascia Finish 1 x 6 x 12 SP C&Btr KD 15 S4S UC3A ACQ .25 pcf KDAT(Above Ground, or

Exterior, Coated) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT

Paneling Paneling 1 x 5-1/8 x 10 SP C&Btr KD (12%) Pattern UCFA Fire Retartant for (Net Dry) #SPP 62 (Above Ground, Fire Protection

Interior) Flame Spread Class A

Ceiling Ceiling and 5/8 x 4 x 8 SP D KD (12%) S2S&CM Partition -EV1S

Heavy Timber Decking 3 x 6 R/L SP Select KD15 S2S&CM UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATDecking Decking -EV1S (Above Ground,

Interior Dry)

Flooring Flooring 1 x 3-1/8 x 8, 10, 12 SP D KD (12%) S2S&SM (Net Dry) (Flat Grain)

Porch Flooring 1 x 4 x 12 SP D Dry (15%) S2S&SM UC3B ACQ .25 pcf KDAT Flooring 3 (Above Ground, or

Exterior) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT

Siding Drop Siding 1 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD15 Pattern UC3A ACQ .25 pcf KDAT #116 (Above Ground, or

Exterior, Coated) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT

Solid-Sawn Dimension Lbr 2 x 4 x 92-5/8˝ SP Stud KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATStud or Studs PET (Above Ground,

Interior Dry)

Finger-Jointed Glued Lumber 2 x 4 x 104-5/8˝ SP No.2 KD19 S4S Stud (Stud Use Only) PET

HRA

Floor Joist Dimension Lbr 2 x 10 x 6 - 16 SP MEL KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .28 pcf KDATor Structural M-29 (Above Ground, (Formosan

Joists & Planks Interior Dry) Termites)

Outdoor Deck Dimension Lbr 2 x 8 x 12 SP No.2 S4S UC3B ACQ .25 pcf orJoist 3 or Structural (Above Ground, CA-B .10pcf

Joists & Planks Exterior)

Roof Rafter Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 8 - 20 SP MSR KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATor Structural 2400f-2.0E (Above Ground,

Joists & Planks Interior Dry)



Trim Moulding 1 x 4 x 8 SP D KD (12%) S4S


SFPA #200/10M/11-08

2900 INDIANA AVE. KENNER, LA 70065504/443-4464 • FAX 504/[email protected] www.southernpine.com

SOUTHERN

PINEthe versatile

building

material

The Southern Pine Council offers a wide variety of helpfulpublications for design-build professionals. A single copy is freeupon request; refer to the publication number. The titles listedbelow are available online in PDF. Visit www.southernpine.com todownload, see a listing of all publications, or to order copies;e-mail requests to [email protected].

Southern Pine Maximum Spans for Joists & Rafters(#202, 36 pages)48 span tables, design criteria

Southern Pine Headers & Beams(#207, 36 pages)size selection and allowable load tables for Southern Pine lumber and

glued laminated timber

Raised Floor Systems: Design & Construction Guide(#411, 48 pages)advantages, footings & foundations, framing details

Managing Moisture & Mold(#907, 2 pages)basic facts, tips for moisture control, cleaning instructions

Pressure-Treated Southern Pine(#300, 16 pages)standards, specifications, proper use and handling

Your Decking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine(#307, 6 pages)product selection, construction guidelines, maintenance

Termite-Resistant Framing(#308, 8 pages)termite facts, treatments, costs

Aquatic & Wetland Structures(#322, 28 pages)product selection, design details

Southern Pine for Structural Components(#215, 12 pages)grades, cost savings, truss design comparison

A Guide to Southern Pine Flooring(#705, 20 pages)product description, installation, finishing

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Online

Continuing

Education

Professionals earn CEUs online at

southernpine.com/eClassroom

Participants earn a one-hourcontinuing education credit for each unit.

Lumber Library CD

Dozens of publications all on oneCD, more than 50 titles in all.

PDFs load in a matter of secondsand can be printed with ease.

Trade professionals interested inobtaining a copy should e-mail:

[email protected].

Online

PRODUCT LOCATOR

Sourcing Southern Pine products?

Visit the online Product Locator at

www.southernpine.com/productlocator.shtml

to find local dealers, distributors,and producers.

Southern Pine Questions?

Call for HELP!

253/620-7400The Wood Products Help Desk has

information about products

and applications.

e-mail: [email protected]

Documents

SE0097 - Southern Pine User Guide