Upload
len-higgins
View
84
Download
9
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Sea-Level changes. Learning Objectives. The shape of the planet: difference between Geoid and Ellipsoid The concept of M ean S ea L evel Article: http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/geoid1of3.html Processes that control the M ean S ea L evel and its changes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
1
Sea-Level changes
2
Learning Objectives
The shape of the planet: difference between Geoid and Ellipsoid
The concept of Mean Sea LevelArticle: http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/geoid1of3.html
Processes that control the Mean Sea Level and its changes
Sea level changes over millions of year
Sea level changes over the recent geologic past
3
What does it mean to be at an altitude of 4000 m?
4
What does it mean to be at an altitude of 4000 m?
It means that I am 4000 m above the Mean Sea Level (MSL)
5
Model of the shape of the Earth
geoid: The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level (MSL)
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/geoid_def.html
6
The height of the Earth surface
7
by definition:Mean Sea Level = 0 m = equilibrium level
Changes in volume of water Changes in shape and volume of ocean basins
Changes are measured as relative changes to a reference datum
This reference datum can be a fixed one (e.g. distance from the center of the earth) or local (coastline).
8
9
10
A change in volume of seawater in one ocean will affect the level in all others. Any such world-wide change in sea-level is called EUSTATIC SEA-LEVEL change
A change in local sea level measured with respect to a land reference point is referred to as a RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL change
11
12
13
14
Sea Level Change
?
15
16
17
Other effects of plate tectonicse.g. Upper Cretaceous (90 Ma) MSL > 300 m
18
19
Summary of spatial-temporal scale of processes contributing to Mean Sea Level
TIME (years)
MSL (meters)
100 1000 100 Ka 10 Ma 100 Ma
1 cm
1 m
10 m
100 m
1 day
(A) Exchange of water with continents (Groundwater, Lakes, etc.)(B) Temperature expansion
(D) Plate Tectonics
(C) Melting of ICE Load from ice sheets deforms crust
• Thickness and area of continental crust• Thermal state (age) of crust• sediment loading
A,B,C change in volume of waterD change in shape of container
NOTE:
20
Other processes complicating the study of mean sea level (ice or sediment loads)
The concept of Post Glacial Rebound (PGR) !!!
21
Last Glacial Maximum: 20 thousand years ago
Laurentide Ice Sheet, 3-4km thick
All this ice caused a EUSTATIC sea level drop of 125m
How do we know this?
22
U-shaped valley
Aerial view of glaciated Bylot Island, Canada
Glacial Striations
Glacial Flow
23
OK, so we’ve mapped the extent of glaciation.
Now what?
24
Date coral samples from various paleo-sea levels.
Barbados is the “dipstick” for eustatic sea level reconstruction
Now what?
Corals for paleo-sea level reconstruction
From corals we know thatLGM sea level was -125m
26
The world looked different during the LGM
27
The subsidence of the Northern Sea (associated with relaxation from glacial loading)
Northern Sea
Great Britain
Rate of change in Sea Levelmm/year
Scandinavia
28
Geological proxy for sea level change:18O/16O in foraminifera
Oxygen has two stable isotopes: 16O (99.8%) and 18O (0.2%)
Rainfall and Ice are very depleted in 18O (lots more 16O)
So when you build ice sheets, ocean loses 16O, becomes 18O-rich
Forams record ocean 18O/16O ratio in shells
21,000 ybp
29
30
Take-home points:
-eustatic vs. local sea level
-lots of new, young, hot crust means higher sea level; tectonic changes on 10-100Ma timescales Wilson cycle
-glacial cycles have several impacts on sea level: 1) ice sheets remove water lower sea level
2) glacial loading/unloading reshapes crust underand surrounding ice sheets
- changes occur on 10-100ky timescales
-tools for studying sea level change through geologic time:
1) radiocarbon-date marine shells & corals found at
known elevation (above MSL) and depth (below MSL)
2) deep-sea sediment 18O record