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Search for time-dependent fluctuations in cosmic ray flux with the AMS-01 detector. PhD Thesis Mercedes Paniccia Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire Université de Genève March 2008. SEP Dec. 2006. SEP Dec. 2006: PAMELA. Kinetic Energy ( ). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent fluctuations in Search for time-dependent fluctuations in cosmic ray flux with the AMS-01 detectorcosmic ray flux with the AMS-01 detector
PhD Thesis
Mercedes PanicciaDépartement de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire
Université de Genève
March 2008
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Short-term CR flux variations• Huge plasma emissions from the Sun (CMEs) +
Magnetic reconnection at the Earth magnetosphere• Magnetic storms, Solar Energetic Particles, Ground
Level Enhancements, Forbush decreases• Time scales from minutes to several days• Energy up to ~50 GeV/n• Disturbances to satellite operations• Geomagnetic and solar activity continously monitored
SEP Dec. 2006
SEP Dec. 2006: PAMELA
Kinetic Energy ( )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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AMS-01 Precursor Flight on Space Shuttle Discovery Mission STS-91
• June 2-12, 1998• Near Earth orbit:
– Altitude: 320-390 km– Inclination: 51.7– Period: 90 min– Attitude: variable
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Searching for systematic fluctuations in cosmic ray flux
with the AMS-01 data • Cosmic ray flux measurements:
– Simplify flux measurement, enlarge acceptance– Verify by reproducing AMS-01 official cosmic ray flux
measurements
• Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations:– Determine mean and actual fluxes over all mission duration,
eliminating effects related to variable:detector attitudegeomagnetic position
– Search for statistically significant deviation from mean flux– Correlate with solar activity
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Cosmic ray flux measurements
€
For each range of geomagnetic latitude :
Φ(i)0
(Ek ) =1
2π (1− cosϑ max )
N(i)(E k,cosϑ ,ϕ )
A(i)(E k,cosϑ ,ϕ ) ⋅T
0
2π
∑1
cosϑ max
∑ =
=1
2π (1− cosϑ max )
N( i )(Ek )
A( i)(E k ) ⋅T i = He, p, e−
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Deuteron flux above cutoff 2%
Cosmic ray flux measurementsAcceptance & Background
€
Acceptance in m2 ⋅sr
A ( i )(Ek ) = 2π (1− cosϑ max ) ⋅A(i)(Ek )
Background due to particle's misidentification :
Φ(i)(Ek ) = Φ( i)0
(E k ) − Φ(i)bckg
(E k ) ; i = He, p,e−
Φ(i)bckg
(E k ) = bij
h
∑j= He,D,p,π ,e −
j≠ i
∑ (Ek, Eh ) ⋅Φ( j )0
(Eh )
Secondary pions produced on top of AMS-01 1% below 0.5 GeV
€
A ( i )(Ek,cosϑ max ) = S ⋅ΩNrec as i
when gen as i
MC (Ek,cosϑ max )
Ngen as iMC
bij (Ek,Eh ) =
Nrec as iwhen gen as j
MC (Ek, Eh )
Ngen as jMC (Eh )
Estimated from AMS-01 MonteCarlo simulation:
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Event Selection I
Cosmic ray flux measurementsEvent SelectionCosmic ray flux measurementsEvent Selection
• Trigger – LVL1– LVL3 (TOF + Tracker)
• No reconstructed cluster in Anticoincidence Counter• At least one track in Tracker• At least one track in TOF ≤40°• ChargeTOF=ChargeTracker
• Signal in at least 3 TOF planes• |R/R |<0.4• p, , Z compatibility:
• Only downward going particles
€
1
β= 1+
m
Ze
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟2
1
R2⇒
R2
m2
1
β 2−1
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟−
1
Ze
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟2
< 3σ
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Event Selection II
Cosmic ray flux measurementsEvent SelectionCosmic ray flux measurementsEvent Selection
• Electron selection:– R<0– Z=-1– Isolated track– Ultrarelativistic
• Proton selection:– R>0– Z=1– |massmeas - massproton| < 3.5 mass
• He nuclei selection:– R >0– Z=2 4 2
MSoff < 200
Reduce contamination from misreconstructed pions to 10-4
Reduces contamination from misreconstructed deuterons and pions
Track quality cut
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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AcceptancesCosmic ray flux measurementsCosmic ray flux measurements
• Systematics uncertainties included (taken from previous AMS01 analysis)
• Bayesian unfolding method to correct for experimental resolution (AMSUnfold in AMS Root by J. Alcaraz)
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Background Estimation
Cosmic ray flux measurementsCosmic ray flux measurements
Samplee- p He
e- -------- 10-5 10-7
p 10-6 -------- 10-6
He 10-7 <10-8 -------
• Deuterons and pions contaminations reduced to negligible levels by selection cuts
• Mutual e-, p and He contamination evaluated from MonteCarlo:
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Data collected during Zenith pointing period (~24 hours absolute time)• Only single particles propagating toward the Earth• Events collected when the Earth was in the AMS field of view excluded• South Atlantic Anomaly excluded: 85W-25E; 0-55S
Cosmic ray flux measurementsCosmic ray flux measurements
Data set
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Proton fluxComparison to previous results
Cosmic ray flux measurementsProtonsCosmic ray flux measurementsProtons
<40°: this analysis <32°: previous AMS-01 resultsM.Aguilar et al. (AMS coll.), Physics Reports, 366:331-405 (2002)
cutoff
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Cosmic ray flux measurementsCosmic ray flux measurements
• Reproduced previous AMS01 flux measurements
(proton, electron and He nuclei )
• Background contamination negligible:– Mutual e-, p and He nuclei contaminations negligible given CR flux
magnitude– Deuterons and pions contaminations reduced by selection cuts
• Corrections for experimental resolution negligible because of large bin widths
• Use same event selection procedure to study systematic CR flux fluctuations possibly related to solar activity
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
Shuttle geomagnetic latitude vs longitude
M
(rad
)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
1
0.5
0
-0.5
M (rad)
• DATA sample: all data collected after undocking from MIR ( from June 8 18h00 UT to June 12 2h36 UT)
• For each pointing period measure average counting rate as function of geomagnetic position:
M= ; M=0; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 ….
• Measure actual counting rate with ~1 min time sampling
• DATA sample: all data collected after undocking from MIR ( from June 8 18h00 UT to June 12 2h36 UT)
• For each pointing period measure average counting rate as function of geomagnetic position:
M= ; M=0; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 ….
• Measure actual counting rate with ~1 min time sampling
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.1 GeV ≤ Ek < 0.3 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.1 GeV ≤ Ek < 0.3 GeV
Actual vs Expected Counting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.3 GeV ≤ Ek < 1 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.3 GeV ≤ Ek < 1 GeV
Actual vs Expected Counting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 1 GeV ≤ Ek < 3 GeV
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 1 GeV ≤ Ek < 3 GeV
Actual vs ExpectedCounting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 3 GeV ≤ Ek < 10 GeV
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 3 GeV ≤ Ek < 10 GeV
Actual vs ExpectedCounting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 10 GeV ≤ Ek < 30 GeV
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 10 GeV ≤ Ek < 30 GeV
Actual vs ExpectedCounting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 30 GeV ≤ Ek < 100 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 30 GeV ≤ Ek < 100 GeV
Actual vs ExpectedCounting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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• Actual counting rate time sampling ~1 min
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 100 GeV ≤ Ek < 200 GeV
Search for time-dependentcosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 100 GeV ≤ Ek < 200 GeV
Actual vs ExpectedCounting rate
Nco
unts
/sec
flux
varia
tion
(%)
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
1h40 2h00 2h20 2h40 3h00 3h20 3h40 4h00 4h20
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Selection Refinement
• Observed flux variations near South Atlantic Anomaly region• Add refined South Atlantic Anomaly exclusion:
– From Box (85°W-25°E; 0°-55°S) to geomagnetic field contour E. Fiandrini et al. (AMS coll.),J. Geophys. Res, 109, (2004)
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
€
Prob(N ≥ N(i)obs(Ek, t)) = e
−N ( i )exp (Ek ,t ) N(i)
exp(E k, t)n
n!n= N ( i )
obs (Ek ,t )
∞
∑
Prob(N ≤ N(i)obs(Ek, t)) = e
−N ( i )exp (Ek ,t ) N(i)
exp(Ek, t)n
n!n= 0
N ( i )obs (Ek ,t )
∑
€
Prob(N ≥ N(i)obs(Ek, t)) = e
−N ( i )exp (Ek ,t ) N(i)
exp(E k, t)n
n!n= N ( i )
obs (Ek ,t )
∞
∑
Prob(N ≤ N(i)obs(Ek, t)) = e
−N ( i )exp (Ek ,t ) N(i)
exp(Ek, t)n
n!n= 0
N ( i )obs (Ek ,t )
∑
• Calculate deviation from Poisson distribution with mean value the expected counts:
Flat for random deviations
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.1 GeV ≤ Ek < 0.3 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.1 GeV ≤ Ek < 0.3 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.3 GeV ≤ Ek < 1 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 0.3 GeV ≤ Ek < 1 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 1 GeV ≤ Ek < 3 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 1 GeV ≤ Ek < 3 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 3 GeV ≤ Ek < 10 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 3 GeV ≤ Ek < 10 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 10 GeV ≤ Ek < 30 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 10 GeV ≤ Ek < 30 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 30 GeV ≤ Ek < 100 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 30 GeV ≤ Ek < 100 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 100 GeV ≤ Ek < 200 GeV
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsProtons 100 GeV ≤ Ek < 200 GeV
Searching for fluctuation evidence:
Prob(N≥Ncounts obs)
Prob (N≤Ncounts obs )
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Systematic fluctuation frequency
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
• Evidence for proton, electron and He nuclei flux fluctuation occurrence in the kinetic energy range from 0.1 GeV to 30 GeV
• Systematic fluctuation if more than 3 deviation in at least three adiacent kinetic energy bins
• Three-hour average fluctuation frequency:
€
ν fluct(i) (t) =
N fluct(i) (t)
Δt(3 hours)
i = e−, p,He
Positive and negative flux variations treated separatelyTime duration and intensity not taken into account
Positive and negative flux variations treated separatelyTime duration and intensity not taken into account
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Geomagnetic activitySearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
• Planetary geomagnetic activity index Kp:
– Three-hour average geomagnetic field perturbations
– Data from 13 geomagnetic stations at subauroral latitudes (44°-60°)
– Disturbance level:• from 0 (quiet) to 9 (highly perturbed) in 28 steps
– Sensitive to solar particle effects
Data retrieved from Space Physics Interactive Data Resource
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Systematic fluctuation index
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
• Three-hour average proton flux fluctuation index:
€
Q fluct( p ) (t) =
τ h ⋅i hΔt(3 hours)h= 0
n fluct( p ) ( t )
∑
n fluct( p ) (t) : total number of systematic fluctuations
τ h : time duration of single fluctuation event
i h : percentage flux variation averaged over Nbins
Positive and negative flux variations summed togetherTime duration and intensity of systematic fluctuation considered
Positive and negative flux variations summed togetherTime duration and intensity of systematic fluctuation considered
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Systematic fluctuationsversus geomagnetic activity
Search for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuationsSearch for time-dependent cosmic ray flux fluctuations
• Spearman rank correlation coefficient -0.37 with 0.99 significance
Proton fluctuation index versus planetary geomagnetic activity index
Proton fluctuation index versus planetary geomagnetic activity index
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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Conclusions
• Observed systematic fluctuations in He, proton and electron flux in the kinetic energy range from 0.1 to 30 GeV/n
• Biggest effects for protons• Both flux increases and decreases occurs
during active periods• Systematic decreases correlated to
geomagnetic disturbances of solar origin• Article in preparation
July 23, 2008 Mercedes Paniccia - AMS Analysis Meeting
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THANK YOU