Diplomacy & Diplomacy & Deterrence Deterrence

How Singapore manages How Singapore manages conflict?conflict?

Lesson AgendaLesson Agenda

By the end of the lesson, students should By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:be able to:

– Explain the characteristics of deterrence and Explain the characteristics of deterrence and diplomacy.diplomacy.

– Explain how deterrence and diplomacy Explain how deterrence and diplomacy practiced by Singapore.practiced by Singapore.

– Explain why these two prongs form the basis Explain why these two prongs form the basis of Singapore’s foreign policy.of Singapore’s foreign policy.

DeterrenceDeterrenceDeterrence refers to measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats.

Nations can deter aggressors by:

– maintaining military installations (camps, bases etc.)– Carrying out military exercises. – Installing surveillance devices in key installations.– Sharing information among countries.

Why does sharing information among countries help to deter aggressors?

DeterrenceDeterrence

Why is deterrence necessary for Why is deterrence necessary for nations?nations?

– Nations especially small nations are vulnerable (open) Nations especially small nations are vulnerable (open) to threats from aggressors.to threats from aggressors.

– Aggressor countries must realise that it is costly for Aggressor countries must realise that it is costly for them to start a war…this will help their leaders to re-them to start a war…this will help their leaders to re-consider attacking these nations.consider attacking these nations.

– Watch video on Vietnam WarWatch video on Vietnam War

DeterrenceDeterrence

Why is it important for Singapore to Why is it important for Singapore to have deterrence?have deterrence?

– S’pore understands the need to be militarily S’pore understands the need to be militarily self-reliant after its population experienced the self-reliant after its population experienced the Japanese Occupation and “Konfrontasi”.Japanese Occupation and “Konfrontasi”.

British defences crumbled - Singaporeans suffered.British defences crumbled - Singaporeans suffered.

During Konfrontasi – S’pore had to wait for KL to During Konfrontasi – S’pore had to wait for KL to authorise troops to defend it against Indonesian authorise troops to defend it against Indonesian Terrorists.Terrorists.

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 1: A citizen Armed forceMethod 1: A citizen Armed force

– Singapore cannot afford a standing (permanent) Singapore cannot afford a standing (permanent) armed forces.armed forces.

– 1967 National Service (NS) was introduced. All able-1967 National Service (NS) was introduced. All able-bodied male citizens called up to serve.bodied male citizens called up to serve.

– Learnt:Learnt:

how to defend Singapore. how to defend Singapore.

to develop a common identity, to develop a common identity,

to develop a sense of loyaltyto develop a sense of loyalty

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 2: 3Method 2: 3rdrd Generation SAF Generation SAF

– Warfare has become more complex.Warfare has become more complex.

– SAF must therefore constantly improve its capability.SAF must therefore constantly improve its capability.

– SAF must review its method of warfare through SAF must review its method of warfare through research & development.research & development.

– Worked with research institutes and universities to Worked with research institutes and universities to develop 3G SAF.develop 3G SAF.

– It equips soldiers to fight decisively in war and It equips soldiers to fight decisively in war and respond (take actions) in a flexible manner in respond (take actions) in a flexible manner in peacetime.peacetime.

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 3: Singapore’s defence industryMethod 3: Singapore’s defence industry

– Armies need to use the latest technology and equipment. Armies need to use the latest technology and equipment. Singapore does this by building up its own defence industry to Singapore does this by building up its own defence industry to enable SAF to be self-reliant.enable SAF to be self-reliant.

– Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) was established in 1967 Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) was established in 1967 was established to produce ammunitions.was established to produce ammunitions.

– DSTA was formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern DSTA was formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern technology to the SAF and the Ministry of Defencetechnology to the SAF and the Ministry of Defence

– Focuses on: Focuses on:

buying and upgrading weaponsbuying and upgrading weapons

developing new weapon systems for SAF’s usedeveloping new weapon systems for SAF’s use

defence related research & developmentdefence related research & development

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 4: Total DefenceMethod 4: Total Defence

– Total Defence was introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the Total Defence was introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the defence of the country.defence of the country.

– Total Defence can be effective only when all Singaporeans believe that Total Defence can be effective only when all Singaporeans believe that Singapore is worth defending.Singapore is worth defending.

Civil DefenceCivil Defence

Economic DefenceEconomic Defence

Social DefenceSocial Defence

Psychological DefencePsychological Defence

– TD is about the different ways Singaporeans can do every day in every TD is about the different ways Singaporeans can do every day in every sector of the society to strengthen the people’s resilience as a nation.sector of the society to strengthen the people’s resilience as a nation.

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 5: Multi-Agency coordination Method 5: Multi-Agency coordination on securityon security

– Set up the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS).Set up the National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS).– To coordinate the work of the various ministries and agencies.To coordinate the work of the various ministries and agencies.

– The close networking and coordination among the various The close networking and coordination among the various agencies further improves Singapore’s national security.agencies further improves Singapore’s national security.

– Meets regularly and works with private sector organizations.Meets regularly and works with private sector organizations.

– This integrated approach to security aims to:This integrated approach to security aims to: preventprevent

protect and protect and

effectively respond to any security threats.effectively respond to any security threats.

How is deterrence practiced How is deterrence practiced in Singapore?in Singapore?

Method 6: Military co-operation with other Method 6: Military co-operation with other countries.countries.

– Singapore fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of other Singapore fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of other countries.countries.

– This is conducted mainly through bilateral (between 2 countries) This is conducted mainly through bilateral (between 2 countries) and multilateral (more than 2 countries) agreements.and multilateral (more than 2 countries) agreements.

– Examples:Examples:

Bi-lateral military agreements – with France, Australia, New Zealand and Bi-lateral military agreements – with France, Australia, New Zealand and IndiaIndia

Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises: Five-Power Defence Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises: Five-Power Defence Arrangements (1971) – S’pore, Malaysia, UK, Australia and NZArrangements (1971) – S’pore, Malaysia, UK, Australia and NZ

– In the event of an external threat against S’pore or Malaysia, In the event of an external threat against S’pore or Malaysia, members will consult and take appropriate measures..members will consult and take appropriate measures..

Lesson RecapLesson RecapHere are three methods through which Here are three methods through which S’pore deters aggressors:S’pore deters aggressors:

– A citizen armed force.A citizen armed force.– 33rdrd Generation Singapore Armed Forces. Generation Singapore Armed Forces.– Singapore’s Defence Industry. Singapore’s Defence Industry.

Which one of these methods is a Which one of these methods is a more more importantimportant means of deterring an means of deterring an aggressor? aggressor?

DiplomacyDiplomacyDiplomacy is a way countries conduct Diplomacy is a way countries conduct relations with one another.relations with one another.

– Promotes common interestsPromotes common interests– Resolves conflicts in a peaceful manner Resolves conflicts in a peaceful manner

Why is Diplomacy needed?Why is Diplomacy needed?

Countries are connected through:Countries are connected through:– Trade relations, Trade relations, – Political, historical and cultural ties.Political, historical and cultural ties.

Countries coordinate on several areas:Countries coordinate on several areas:– Global warmingGlobal warming– Haze Haze – SARS and other epidemicsSARS and other epidemics– Assistance in times of need – Asian Tsunami Assistance in times of need – Asian Tsunami

and Air crashes – Any other areas?and Air crashes – Any other areas?

Diplomacy and Deterrence in Diplomacy and Deterrence in SingaporeSingapore

Singapore has to adopt a policy of Singapore has to adopt a policy of deterrence that is supported by diplomacy.deterrence that is supported by diplomacy.

Deterrence is being prepared for any form Deterrence is being prepared for any form of threat while maintaining relations with of threat while maintaining relations with other countries.other countries.

Buzz Break!Buzz Break!

Why is Deterrence not enough?Why is Deterrence not enough?

– Discuss with your partner or in your groupDiscuss with your partner or in your group

How is Diplomacy Practiced?How is Diplomacy Practiced?

Countries practice diplomacy through:Countries practice diplomacy through:

– Bilateral relationsBilateral relations– Regional relationsRegional relations– International relationsInternational relations

How is diplomacy practiced?How is diplomacy practiced?

Practice Steps:Practice Steps:– Step 1Step 1: Recognize the sovereignty of another: Recognize the sovereignty of another– Step 2:Step 2: Establish representatives offices Establish representatives offices– Step 3:Step 3: Send representatives (Ambassadors Send representatives (Ambassadors

or High Commissioners)or High Commissioners)– Step 4:Step 4: Leaders of countries visit each other Leaders of countries visit each other

and strengthen relations.and strengthen relations.

Bilateral RelationsBilateral RelationsWhat is It?What is It?

- Countries establish relations with another.Countries establish relations with another.

- Treaties are signed by both countries.Treaties are signed by both countries.

- Promise to assist each other in specific Promise to assist each other in specific areas.areas.

Bilateral Relations & Bilateral Relations & SingaporeSingapore

Singapore has benefited from bilateral Singapore has benefited from bilateral relations:– relations:–

– In 1970s Japan and Germany established In 1970s Japan and Germany established relationships.relationships.

– Singapore acquired advanced technologies. Singapore acquired advanced technologies. Allowed S’pore to developAllowed S’pore to develop

Diplomacy and SingaporeDiplomacy and Singapore

Singapore also contributes to bilateral Singapore also contributes to bilateral relations. relations.

– Sending doctors and nurses during Asian Sending doctors and nurses during Asian Tsunami in 2004.Tsunami in 2004.

– Singapore Red Cross provides medicines, Singapore Red Cross provides medicines, first-aid, food parcels etc.first-aid, food parcels etc.

Regional RelationsRegional Relations

What is It?What is It?

- Countries in the same geographical region Countries in the same geographical region band together to form an association.band together to form an association.

- ASEAN is one such organization.ASEAN is one such organization.

- What would be the benefit of banding What would be the benefit of banding together?together?

Regional Relations & Regional Relations & SingaporeSingapore

In 1967 countries in South-East Asia were in In 1967 countries in South-East Asia were in an unstable political situation:an unstable political situation:

– Vietnam War was raging bet. US and North Vietnam War was raging bet. US and North Vietnam.Vietnam.

– Newly independent countries with economies Newly independent countries with economies that needed development.that needed development.

– Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand agreed to band together.and Thailand agreed to band together.

Aims of ASEANAims of ASEAN

See pg 182 See pg 182

– ASEAN’s strength is that it is the collective ASEAN’s strength is that it is the collective voice of 10 countries.voice of 10 countries.

– Strengthen member countries position when Strengthen member countries position when negotiating with bigger, more powerful or negotiating with bigger, more powerful or wealthier countrieswealthier countries

What Have We Learnt?What Have We Learnt?Why is diplomacy important to small states Why is diplomacy important to small states like Singapore?like Singapore?

In Bilateral relations, countries sign In Bilateral relations, countries sign _________ and promise to assist in _________ and promise to assist in _________._________.

In Regional relations, countries_______ In Regional relations, countries_______ together to be able to _________better together to be able to _________better with bigger countries.with bigger countries.