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SECTION 2

SECTION 3

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Religion Sparks Reform

Slavery and Abolition

Women and Reform

The Changing Workplace

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Reforming American Society

Section 1

Religion Sparks ReformA renewal of religious sentiment—known as the Second Great Awakening—inspires a host of reform movements.

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The Second Great AwakeningReligious Activism• Second Great Awakening—religious movement,

sweeps U.S. after 1790• Individual responsible for own salvation, can

improve self, society• Preacher Charles Grandison Finney inspires

emotional religious faith• Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or

more at outdoor camps

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Continued . . .

Revivalism• Revival—gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts

4 to 5 days• Revivalism greatly increases church membership

The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening was more than a series of religious 'crazes' and camp meetings. It was an organizing process that helped to give meaning and direction to people suffering in various degrees from the social strains of a nation on the move into new political, economic and geographical areas. The Awakening was a general social movement that organized thousands of people into small groups.

The African-American Church• Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches open

to blacks and whites• Southern slaves interpret Christian message as

promise of freedom• In East, free African Americans have own churches• African Methodist Episcopal Church—political,

cultural, social place

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continued The Second Great Awakening

Transcendentalism and ReformsTranscendentalism• Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing

transcendentalism:- literary and philosophical movement- emphasizes simple life- truth found in nature, emotion, imagination

• Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden

• Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws

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Americans Form Ideal CommunitiesUtopias• Utopian communities—experimental groups,

try to create perfect place• In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley

establishes Brook Farm• Most utopias last only a few years

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Shaker Communities• Shakers share goods, believe men and women

equal, refuse to fight• Do not marry or have children; need converts,

adoption to survive

Schools and Prisons Undergo ReformReforming Asylums and Prisons• Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions

for mentally ill• Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful

position in society

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Improving Education• In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided

by grade• Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public

school system in 1834• Horace Mann establishes teacher training,

curriculum reforms• By 1850s, all states have publicly funded

elementary schools

Section 2

Slavery and AbolitionSlavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to put an end to it.

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Abolitionists Speak OutThe Resettlement Question• 1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate

resettlement in Africa• Benjamin Lundy’s “Union Humane Society”

advocates gradual emancipation and return to Africa• Most free blacks consider themselves American; few

emigrate • Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of

slavery

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William Lloyd Garrison• William Lloyd Garrison—radical white abolitionist;

founds: - New England Anti-Slavery Society- American Anti-Slavery Society

• The Liberator calls for immediate emancipation— freeing of slaves Continued . . .

William Lloyd Garrison’s The LiberatorGarrison typified all that the slave states hated and feared. Nor were he and other Abolitionists particularly popular in the free states. Few citizens there were particularly upset about slavery elsewhere, and hardly any of them believed in giving Blacks equality—as long as there were no Blacks in their neighborhood, that was enough. To the average free-stater, Garrison was a disturbing radical—for all the causes he so loudly supported, not antislavery alone. On October 21, 1835, Garrison was nearly lynched by a Boston mob; he had to be jailed and temporarily escorted out of the city in order to keep him alive.

continued Abolitionists Speak Out

David Walker• David Walker’s Appeal advises blacks to rebel

against their masters and fight for freedom, not wait to get it

• A document that has been described as "for a brief and terrifying moment. . ., the most notorious document in America."

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Frederick Douglass• As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read,

write by owner’s wife• Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery

Society• Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through political

action

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipV2u-MxlFc

Life Under SlaveryThe Slave Population• Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to

1830 (2 million)• 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on

small farms• By 1830, majority are American, work on

plantations or large farms

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Rural Slavery• On plantations, men, women, children work dawn

to dusk in fields• Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no

breaks for rest

Continued . . .

Urban Slavery• Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves• Slave owners hire out their workers to factory

owners and to work as artisans• Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on

plantations

continued Life Under Slavery

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Nat Turner’s Rebellion• Nat Turner, preacher, leads slave rebellion;

about 60 whites killed• Turner, followers, innocent are captured; 200 killed

in retaliation

Nat Turner RebellionOn August 21, 1831, Turner and several followers broke into the house of Turner’s master and killed him, along with 5 other members of the family. By the next day, Turner’s group had grown to 53, and in the course of that day 55 more whites were killed. By that time though, armed whites had gathered and dispersed the group. They proceeded to hunt down suspect blacks, killing about 100 (mostly innocent). Nat Turner was taken on October 30, and along with 16 others, hanged on November 11.

Proslavery Defenses• Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as

defense• Post offices in slave states refuse to handle abolitionist mail• Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule:

- limits or prevents debate- used on issue of slavery- deprives citizens of right to be heard

Slave Owners Defend Slavery

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Tensions with British over Slavery• As champion of the seas, Brits make treaties with other nations to

search ships with illegal cargo of slaves• US refuses to sign such a treaty; doesn’t allow searches• Illegal slave traders fly the American flag as protection

The Amistad• 1839, Blacks brought illegally to Cuba from Africa mutiny on a

Spanish ship, demand to be brought back to Africa• Ship lands in Connecticut• Abolitionists successfully argue they should be freed

The Creole• 1841, slaves aboard American ship mutiny• Ship taken to British Bahamas; US argue Amistad case doesn’t

apply• Brits ignore US and free the slaves, slave states enraged

The Illegal Slave Trade and Slave Mutinies

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The AmistadThe Amistad case reached the Supreme Court, five members of which were from slave states. Arguing on behalf of freedom for the slaves was John Quincy Adams. So compelling were Adams’ arguments to the effect that that the slave trade was illegal by both American and Spanish law and that the Blacks were therefore striking back against kidnapping, that the Supreme Court supported their freedom. They were returned to Africa. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZFr4VLPW9Q

Slavery and the Modern Prison SystemThere are more black men in jail today than there were slaves in the United States in 1840. Profit and racial subjugation were the motivating factor behind slavery. The justice system has mirrored those motivations in the modern era. The prison system is a $75 billion a year business. Crime pays! Unfortunately, just like slavery, it doesn’t pay the criminals.

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Section 3

Women and ReformWomen reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights.

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Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800sCultural and Legal Limits on Women• Cult of domesticity—only housework, child care for

married women• Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing

same job• Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries

- do not have guardianship of own children• A married woman’s property, earnings belong to her

husband• Women delegates at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention

rejected • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott form women’s

rights society

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Women Mobilize for ReformWomen Abolitionists• Middle-class white women inspired by religion join

reform movements• Sarah and Angelina Grimké— work for abolition

- daughters of Southern slave owner• Some men support women reformers; others

denounce them

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Working for Temperance• Many women in temperance movement—prohibit

drinking alcohol• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century• American Temperance Society founded 1826;

6,000 local groups by 1833

Continued . . .

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Education for Women• Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past

elementary school• Academic schools for women become available -Various schools solely for women open

- 1837: Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college

• African-American girls have few opportunities to get good education

continued Women Mobilize for Reform

Continued . . .

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continued Women Mobilize for Reform

Women and Health Reform• Elizabeth Blackwell, doctor, opens clinic for

women, children; first to get medical degree 1849• Catharine Beecher’s conducts national survey--

finds most women unhealthy • Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants;

popular with other women

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Seneca Falls• Reform encourages women’s movement, give

opportunities outside home• 1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention

for women’s rights• “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration

of Independence• Attendees approve all but one resolution of

Declaration unanimously:- men and women are equal- urge women to participate in public issues- narrowly pass women’s suffrage

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

Continued . . .

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continued Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

Sojourner Truth• Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels

country preaching• Later argues for abolition, women’s rights

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Section 4

The Changing WorkplaceA growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory system.

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Industry Changes WorkRural Manufacturing • Cottage industry—manufacturers supply materials,

goods made in homes• Entrepreneurs like Francis Cabot Lowell open

weaving factories in MA- by 1830s Lowell and partners have 8 factories, 6,000 employees

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Continued . . .

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Early Factories• Early 1800s, artisans produce items people cannot

make themselves:- master—highly experienced artisan- journeyman—skilled worker employed by master- apprentice—young worker learning craft

• Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops

• With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans

continued Industry Changes Work

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The Lowell Mill• Most mill workers are unmarried farm girls

- under strict control of female supervisor - live together in boarding houses• Owners hire females who can be paid lower wages

than men• Factory pay better than alternatives—sewing,

domestic work, or nothing at all• Most girls stay at Lowell only for a few years

Farm Worker to Factory Worker

Continued . . .

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Conditions at Lowell• Work 12 hours in heat, dark, poor ventilation:

- cause discomfort, illness• Conditions continue to deteriorate; 800 mill girls

conduct a strike: - work stoppage to force employer to respond to worker demands

continued Farm Worker to Factory Worker

Strikes at Lowell• 1834, strike over pay cut; 1836, strike over higher

board charges• Company prevails both times, fires strike leaders• 1845, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

founded

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Workers Seek Better ConditionsWorkers Unionize• Artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with

unskilled workers• 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens

of strikes- employers use immigrants as strikebreakers

Continued . . .

Immigration Increases• European immigration to the U.S. increases 1830–

1860• German immigrants cluster in upper Mississippi

Valley, Ohio Valley

A Second Wave• Irish immigrants settle in large Eastern cities• Disliked because Catholic, poor; resented because

they work for low pay

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continued Workers Seek Better Conditions

National Trades’ Union• 1830s, unions from same trade unite to

standardize wages, conditions • 1834, organizations from 6 industries form

National Trades’ Union• Bankers, owners form associations; courts declare

strikes illegalCourt Backs Strikers• In 1842, Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds

right to strike• In 1860, only 5,000 union members;

20,000 people in strikes