U.S. HISTORY FINAL STUDY GUIDE

SECTION 1: Industrialization

1. In what region are industrial centers mainly located on the map?

2. The Hayes-Tilden election of 1876 ended Reconstruction and Federal occupation in the South. This enabled the Democrats in the South to reverse gains made by African-Americans.

3. Ways that African-Americans were kept from voting in the South were: the grandfather clause, poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation.

4. The Pendleton Act meant that now people had to take an exam to prove they were qualified for a government job.

5. Henry Bessemer invented a process to produce stronger steel, which Andrew Carnegie would then mass produce.

6. Thomas Nast was a cartoonist that drew cartoons of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall to expose their corruption.

7. William Jennings Bryan believed in bimetallism, or using both gold and silver to back U.S. currency. He thought the gold standard only benefited the rich.

8. Remember: Republican presidents generally believed in laissez-faire economics (hands-off business).

9. During the period 1870-1900 people moved from rural (country areas) to urban (cities).

SECTION 2: Progressivism

10. The Social Gospel movement believed through reform efforts in health, labor, and education, society could be improved and the poor could make a decent living.

11. Booker T. Washington believed African-Americans should make themselves invaluable in America’s economy through obtaining vocational skills and then work towards political gains. W.E.B. Dubois believed that African-Americans should attempt to gain a higher education (college degrees) and obtain political status and rights immediately.

12. Monopolies are bad for the consumer because they don’t allow competition. Competition keeps prices low which is better for consumers.

13. Children were used in industry because: their small bodies enabled them to do jobs adults could not do as easily; they were paid less; and they were easier to exploit.

14. Muckraker (a journalist who exposed problems in society) Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle (excerpt above), which was about appalling conditions in the meatpacking industry.

15. President Theodore Roosevelt was most famous for his role as a “Trust-busting” president. He wanted to eliminate trusts to allow more competition.

16. Harry Burn was a Tennessee representative who cast the deciding vote for the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote.

“trust busting”passage of the Pure Food and Drug ActSquare DealSupport for Conservation

17. Theodore Roosevelt did all of the above as a progressive president.

18. The Federal Reserve controls the money supply and sets interest rates.

“Cut up by the two-thousand-revolutions- a-minute flyers, and mixed with half a ton of other meat, no odor that ever was in a ham could make any difference. There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats.”

But, today, we are raising more than we can consume, making more than we can use. Therefore we must find new markets for our produce. -Sen. Beveridge, March of the Flag

19. The Great Migration was when African-Americans migrated from the South to the North in the early 1900’s to get industrial jobs and escape the Jim Crow South.

20. Sen. Beveridge was a supporter of imperialism. One of the causes of American imperialism was the need for new markets to sell goods.

21. President Taft used “Dollar Diplomacy” as a diplomatic tool, such as the funding of schools, railroads, and other improvements in upholding the Open Door Policy in China.

SECTION 3: World War One

22. Know the four M-A-I-N causes of World War One. Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

23. The United States declared its neutrality at beginning of World War I because we wanted to keep our economy prospering by trading with European countries on both sides.

“…we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona…”Zimmerman Telegram

24. The discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram above roused American anger towards Germany, helping to lead us into World War One.

25. The entry of the U.S. into World War One proved to be a turning point in World War I because we gave the Allies much needed manpower to help defeat Germany.

26. Native Tennessean Alvin C. York is best remembered for his acts of heroism that earned him the Medal of Honor.

27. One of the main reasons that World War I was so deadly in casualties and wounded was the use of new weaponry and technologies that no one had fought against yet.

28. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points was a post-WWI peace plan. Germany thought it would be the basis for the peace treaty after they surrendered. It was not.

29. The United States Senate rejected membership in the League of Nations primarily because of the belief that it would entangle us in future conflicts.

30. The purpose of the Creel Committee was to provide edited information to the American public about the war.

In the case of Schenck v. the United States, the Supreme Court determined that passing out leaflets urging draft-age men to refuse to appear for induction in the military constituted a “clear and present danger” to the nation while it was engaged in World War I.

31. Occurring during World War One; Schenk believed he was protected by freedom of speech when he handed out the anti-draft pamphlets. However, the court determined that in time of war his action were a “clear and present danger” to the national security of the United States. Schenk was sentenced to jail for six months.

SECTION 4: The 1920’s

32. What can you determine from the excerpt about the impact of household goods on home life in the 1920’s?

33. Mass production of automobiles, due to Henry Ford’s assembly line, made cars more affordable and people could afford to buy cars using credit.

Modern household goods such as vacuum cleaners, electric stoves, and refrigerators were mass produced in the 1920s. Newspapers, billboards, and radio programs encouraged people to buy the new items. More people were able to afford these because the prices were low and installment plans were available to buy the items on credit. New ways of reaching a wide audience were developed as well. One important form of media was the radio. Most American homes had radios and families often spent their evenings listening to favorite shows or sporting events. These radio programs brought Americans together as they shared the excitement of baseball games from faraway cities or listened to stories about heroes who saved the world.

34. The Piggly Wiggly stores begun by Clarence Saunders revolutionized grocery shopping by enabling shoppers to self-service their groceries.

35. The Teapot Dome scandal of the Harding administration concerned the sale of oil drilling rights to private companies on government lands in exchange for “kickbacks”.

36. Marcus Garvey differed from other African American leaders of the time period in that he wanted African-Americans to go “Back to Africa.”

37. An unintended consequence of Prohibition (when alcohol was illegal) was the rise of organized crime, such as Al Capone in Chicago.

38. The Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925 was about teaching evolution vs. creationism or “science vs. God”.

39. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington (shown above) popularized jazz music during the Harlem Renaissance.

40. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway are considered “Lost Generation” writers because their work deals with a loss of faith in traditional values.

41. The book by Margaret Sanger (left) caused great controversy because it offered information about birth control.

42. Charles Lindbergh became a national celebrity in 1927 when he successfully flew over the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris non-stop ..

SECTION 5: Great Depression & New Deal

43. The Republican Presidents of the 1920’s followed a laissez faire philosophy towards business which may have contributed to the Great Depression because the government failed to intervene to curb over-production and over-speculation.

44. What best completes the cause and effect diagram above? It would be OVERPRODUCTION due to farms in Europe recovering after WWI. Europe no longer needed the surplus crops from American farmers.

45. How did President Hoover respond to the event publicized in the poster? He ordered military troops to evict the veterans from their outdoor camps.

46. Hoover’s belief in “rugged individualism” led him to stick with laissez-faire policy and depend on thrift and charity to support the people.

47. The montage of photographs depicts the quality of life in Hoovervilles.

He drove his old car into a town.  He scoured the farms for work.  Where can we sleep the night?Well, there’s a Hooverville on the edge of the river.  There’s a whole raft of Okies there.He drove his old car to Hooverville.  He never asked again, for there was a Hooverville on the edge of every town.The rag town lay close to water; and the houses were tents, and weed-thatched enclosures, paper houses, a great junk pile.  The man drove his family in and became a citizen of Hooverville--always they were called Hooverville.  The man put up his own tent as near to water as he could get; or if he had no tent, he went to the city dump and brought back cartons and built a house of corrugated paper.  And when the rains came the house melted and washed away.  He settled in Hooverville and he scoured the countryside for work, and the little money he had went for gasoline to look for work.  In the evening the men gathered and talked of the land they had seen. -- John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

48. The Grapes of Wrath (above) was about migration from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s.

During the Great Depression, 1929-1939, over 250,000 young people left home in hope and desperation and began riding freight trains or hitchhiking across America.  Most of them were between 16 and 25 years of age.  Thousands of businesses had failed, and scores of schools had been forced to close, making jobs scarce and advanced education unavailable.-- from The National Heritage Museum

49. The Civilian Conservation Corps was the New Deal program described above.

50. This cartoon is depicting FDR as a magician and the rabbit that never failed him was deficit spending, which enabled him to get his New Deal programs up and running.

51. How did the New Deal program pictured on the map change the region it impacted? It created new forms of recreation. It brought electricity and modern conveniences. It raised the standard of living among the rural populations. It created jobs for skilled workers in hydro-power construction and facilities.

52. A major contributing factor to the disaster illustrated on the map was thesoil erosion caused by poor farming practices.

SECTION 6: Between the Wars and World War Two

Fascismobedience to the state

large scale use of

propaganda

?

?

?

53. When Hitler demanded additional territory (Sudetenland) in 1938, the British and French followed a policy of appeasement, or giving in to an enemy’s demands.

54. Which descriptors complete the diagram? Choose 3 options.

A support for the formation and power of labor unionsB implementation of disarmament and isolationist policiesC identification of an enemy or scapegoat group as a means of unityD laissez faire policies towards the economy and agricultural productionE use of secret police or paramilitary groups to repress individual freedomsF emphasis on nationalism and the use of rituals and patriotic displays and rallies

55. Why did the analogy above accurately capture the intent of the Lend-Lease Act?The U.S. would become the “arsenal of democracy” without becoming directly involved in the war.

56. What event brought America into World War Two? Pearl Harbor on Dec 7, 1941.

President Roosevelt explained the Lend-Lease policy to the American people through this analogy: “If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out.”

57. The purpose of the D-Day invasion was to combine Allied forces to open a second front through France to reach Germany.

58. The battle at Okinawa was important in showing the United States the Japanese mindset to fanatically resist, even using kamikazes, rather than surrender.

59. The performance of the Tuskegee Airmen in World War II eventually helped lead to the desegregation of the armed forces.

"The hours dragged by and, as we knew they must. The drop-outs began. It seemed that a great many of the prisoners reached the end of their endurance at about the same time. They went down by twos and threes. Usually, they made an effort to rise. I never can forget their groans and strangled breathing as they tried to get up. Some succeeded. Others lay lifelessly where they had fallen.I observed that the Jap guards paid no attention to these. I wondered why. The explanation wasn't long in coming. There was a sharp crackle of pistol and rifle fire behind us.Skulking along, a hundred yards behind our contingent, came a 'clean-up squad.’ Their helpless victims, sprawled darkly against the white, of the road, were easy targets.As members of the murder squad stooped over each huddled form, there would be an orange flash in the darkness and a sharp report. The bodies were left where they lay, that other prisoners coming behind us might see them.”

Captain William Dyess, recounting events of April 1942

60. The event described by Captain Dyess was part of the Bataan Death March, where the Japanese brutally mistreated American and Filipino prisoners of war.

In a decision in 1944, the Supreme Court held that “being forcefully separated, though constitutionally suspect, is justified during a time of war."

61. The Supreme Court case referred to above dealt with the internment of Japanese Americans in special camps.

The growth of war industry in Tennessee, concurrent with the armed service demands for all able-bodied men, created an increased labor demand along with a diminished labor

supply. Consequently, the war provided a catalyst for the employment of large numbers of women. Between September 1942 and March 1944, the employment of women in several of Tennessee's chief war industries increased by nearly 21,000, or 75 percent of the expansion in these industries. Symbolized by "Rosie the Riveter," women's employment increased primarily in ordnance, textile, finished lumber, chemicals, iron, steel, aircraft, and aluminum production, as well as in communications and government agencies. Companies such as ALCOA reversed their practice of hiring women only in office positions and placed them on the assembly lines. TVA hired women as guards for its dams and downtown Knoxville buildings; females who guarded the dams were given the title, "WOOPS," or Women Officers of Public Safety. Existing seniority rights and established lines of advancement generally hampered women's advancement in production areas. Nationwide, women realized a 57 percent increase in earnings between 1939 and 1944; at $.745 per hour, their wages were still significantly lower than men's average wages of $1.159 per hour.

-- from The Tennessee Encyclopedia, online

62. This passage outlines the importance of women to the war effort in WWII.

SECTION 7: Cold War

63. NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance made up of the United States and its allies.

64. The image shown above most likely pertains to the Marshall Plan as the Marshall Plan provided aid to Europe after WWII.

65. During the Cold War, tensions were high and dangerous because both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had nuclear weapons.

66. President Kennedy’s alternative approach to brinkmanship was known as flexible response.

67. According to the text above, which specific action did President Kennedy take to implement his new approach? He expanded unconventional Special Forces groups

68. The image above provides an example of how people viewed the prospect of possible nuclear war during the Cold War. 69. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Fidel Castro realized the U.S. government was trying to remove him from power. As a result he aligned himself heavily with the Soviet Union.

70. What did President Nixon mean when he pursued a policy of “Vietnamization”?Vietnamization meant that the U.S. would decrease its involvement in combat operations while increasing South Vietnam’s involvement.

71. Which option completes the sequence diagram above?The U.S. withdraws and Vietnam is united under a communist government.

72. In order to “stay in Berlin,” which course of action did Truman take?The Berlin Airlift.

SECTION 7: Modern United States

73. Sam Walton is largely credited with developing one-stop shopping convenience with WalMart, but was also blamed for the demise of the small hometown retailer.

“Reaganomics” Government de-regulation (less regulation on industry

and business) Reduce taxes on income and capital gains Reduce spending on government programs

74. Study the goals of “Reaganomics above.

75. President George H.W. Bush ordered American forces to the Middle East in the First Gulf War to repel the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.

In 1947, when some of his advisors stated that the best course for the U.S. was to pull out of Berlin, Truman replied, “We stay in Berlin – period.”

76. How did President Clinton impacted welfare policies by passing an act requiring stricter guidelines and limits; recipients required to get training and jobs.

77. In the election of 2000, Al Gore lost the presidency to George W. Bush after the Supreme Court ruled that a recount in Florida violated the 14th Amendment.

78. The image to the left captures the event that took place on 9/11/2001.

79. As a result of the event shown in the image, the United States invaded Afghanistan to capture Osama bin Laden and eliminate the terrorist group Al Qaida.

80. As a result of the event shown in the image, the United States experienced a revival of patriotism and unity.

81. The cartoonist is satirizing the concern that resulted in the United States going to war in Iraq.