2 MHR • Section 1.1 Observing Living Things © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Observing Living ThingsTextbook pages 8–21

Before You ReadThis section describes the signs that scientists look for to help them decide if somethingis living or non-living. On the lines below, list two living things and then list two non-living things.

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Name Date

How can you tell if something is living or non-living?

All living things have certain characteristics in common.Something is living if it has all of these characteristics:

◆ responds to its environment

◆ needs energy

◆ grows

◆ reproduces

◆ gets rid of wastes that build up in its body

Another name for a living thing is organism. All organismsare made up of cells. A cell is the smallest living part of aliving thing. Single-celled organisms are called unicellular.Organisms made of many cells are called multicellular.

How can you see cells?

Most cells are too small to see with just your eyes. You needa microscope to see them. At school you use a compoundlight microscope. It is a compound microscope because itcombines two lenses. It is a light microscope because it useslight to view an object. A compound light microscope isshown on the next page.

A microscope helps you focus two objects or details thatare close together. This is called resolving power. Amicroscope also makes an object seem larger than it is. Thisis called magnification power. When you look into amicroscope, the object you see is magnified, reversed, andturned upside down (inverted). ●✔

Section

1.1Summary

Identify DetailsAs you skim the section, useone colour to highlight thetext or labels that talk aboutparts of a microscope. Useanother colour to highlightfacts about microscopes.

◆✏ Mark the Text

●✔ Reading Check

1. What are two things that amicroscope does?

___________________

___________________

___________________

4 MHR • Section 1.1 Observing Living Things © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Use with textbook page 11.

Characteristics of living thingsList five characteristics of living things. Give an example for each characteristic.

Characteristic of livingthings

Example

Name Date

AnalyzingInformationSection 1.1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

8 MHR • Section 1.2 Cells © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

CellsTextbook pages 22–39

Before You ReadHow might the cells of a plant be like the cells of an animal? How might they bedifferent? Write your ideas in the space below.

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Name Date

What is the cell theory?

The cell theory states three important facts about cells.

1. The cell is the basic unit of all life.

2. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

3. All cells come from other living cells.

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryoticcells?

There are two main types of cells. Eukaryotic cells are cellswith organelles that have a membrane around them. You willfind out more about organelles below. Plant cells and animalcells are eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have organelleswith membranes around them. Bacteria are prokaryotic cellsthat live just about everywhere on Earth. Some bacteria causediseases. ●✔

It is easy to confuse bacteria with another type of tinything that causes disease: viruses. Viruses are non-livingthings that are able to reproduce. Viruses are not cells.Viruses must be present inside the cell of a living thing inorder to reproduce.

What is inside a cell?

All cells have organelles that carry out specific tasks thathelp the cell to survive. Most of the organelles in animal cellsare also found in plant cells. However, animal cells do nothave a cell wall or chloroplasts.

Section

1.2Summary

Identify DefinitionsHighlight the definition ofeach word that appears inbold type.

◆✏ Mark the Text

●✔ Reading Check

1. How is a prokaryotic celldifferent from a eukaryoticcell?

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___________________

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© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 1.2 Cells • MHR 9

Name Date

continued

Section

1.2Summary

mitochondria

cell membrane

cytoplasm

chloroplasts

cell wallPlant cell

vacuole

nucleus

cell membrane

vacuoles

nucleus

cytoplasm

mitochondria

Animal cell

●✔ Reading Check

2. Name two organelles thatare found in plant cells butnot in animal cells.

___________________

___________________

cell membrane: This structure is like a skin that surrounds the whole cell. Thecell membrane keeps the inside of the cell separate from what is outside it.The cell membrane also controls what enters and leaves the cell.

nucleus: The nucleus of the cell controls all the cell’s activities.

cytoplasm: This clear, jelly-like fluid holds the organelles of the cell in place.

mitochondria: These bean-shaped structures are the energy producers.

vacuoles: Vacuoles store materials such as wastes for a short time. Plant cellsusually have one large vacuole. Animal cells have many small vacuoles.

cell wall: The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells. The cell wallgives the plant cell protection and supports its box-like shape.

chloroplasts: These green-coloured structures in plant cells trap the Sun’s lightenergy and change it to chemical energy for use by the cell.

Typical Cell Structures

10 MHR • Section 1.2 Cells © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Use with textbook page 27.

Parts of cells

Use the terms in the box to label the parts of an animal cell and a plant cell. Termsmay be used more than once.

Name Date

InterpretingIllustrationsSection 1.2

A. ___________________________

B. ______________________________

C. __________________________

D. _______________________________

E. ____________________________

F. ____________________________________G. ____________________________________

I. ______________________________

K. ___________________________

L. ______________________________

H. _______________________________

J. _____________________________________

Vocabulary

cell membranenucleuscell wallchloroplast

vacuolevacuolescytoplasm mitochondria

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 1.2 Cells • MHR 11

Use with textbook pages 24–29.

Inside a cell

Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be usedonly once. You will not need to use all the terms.

1. A(n) __________________________ is a cell structure in which functions are carried outto ensure the cell’s survival.

2. Each cell is surrounded by a __________________________ that separates the interiorof the cell from its surroundings.

3. Within the cell is a jelly-like substance called __________________________.

4. The __________________________ is the organelle that controls all the activities withinthe cell.

5. The __________________________ are the energy producers in the cell.

6. __________________________ are temporary storage compartments that sometimesstore waste.

7. The __________________________ is a tough, rigid structure that surrounds the cellmembrane and protects the cell.

8. The __________________________ trap the energy from the Sun and change it intochemical energy.

9. Plant and animal cells are examples of __________________________ cells.

10. ________________________ cells are cells that do not have organelles withmembranes around them.

11. __________________________ are examples of prokaryotic cells that can cause disease.

12. ______________________ are examples of non-living things that are able to reproduce.

Name Date

ClozeActivity

Section 1.2

Vocabulary

bacteriacell theorycell membrane cell wallchloroplastscytoplasm eukaryotic

living thingmitochondriaorganelle prokaryoticnucleus vacuolesviruses

12 MHR • Section 1.2 Cells © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Use with textbook pages 32–34.

True or false?Read the statements given below. If the statement is true, write “T” on the line infront of the statement. If it is false, write “F” and rewrite the statement to make ittrue.

1. ______ The cell is the basic unit of life.

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2. ______ All organisms are composed of only one cell.

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3. ______ Animal cells use chloroplasts to trap the Sun’s energy.

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4. ______ Prokaryotic cells are cells that are surrounded by a cell wall.

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5. ______ Eukaryotic cells are cells that are surrounded by a cell membrane.

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6. ______ Some bacteria cause diseases.

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7. ______ Viruses are non-living things.

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8. ______ Bacteria are an example of eukaryotic cells.

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Name Date ComprehensionSection 1.2

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 1.2 Cells • MHR 13

Name DateAssessmentSection 1.2

Use with textbook pages 22–39.

CellsCircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Cell membranes are found in

A. plant cells only

B. animal cells only

C. neither plant or animal cells

D. both plant and animal cells

2. Which comparison between plant andanimal cells is correct?

3. Which of the following describes the celltheory?

A. I, II, and III only

B. I, II, and IV only

C. I, III, and IV only

D. II, III, and IV only

4. Which of the following statements is true?

A. A eukaryotic cell has organellessurrounded by membranes.

B. A prokaryotic cell has organellessurrounded by membranes.

C. All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by acell wall.

D. All prokaryotic cells are surrounded by acell wall.

5. Bacteria are examples of

A. organelles

B. viruses

C. prokaryotic cells

D. eukaryotic cells

6. Plant cells are examples of

A. organelles

B. bacteria

C. prokaryotic cells

D. eukaryotic cells

Match each Term on the left with the bestDescriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be

used only once.

Term Descriptor

7. ______ cell membrane

8. ______ nucleus

9. ______ cytoplasm

10. ______ mitochondria

11. ______ vacuoles

12. ______ cell wall

13. ______ chloroplasts

A. produces energy B. controls all the cell’s

activitiesC. protects and supports

plant cellsD. traps light energyE. stores materials such as

wastesF. controls what enters and

leaves a cellG. organelles without a

membrane around themH. holds the organelles in

place

Plants Animals

A. no chloroplasts chloroplasts

B. no mitochondria mitochondria

C. nucleus no nucleus

D. cell wall no cell wall

I. The cell is the basic unit of life.

II. All organisms are composed of one or morecells.

III. Two or more cells are necessary to producenew cells.

IV. All cells come from other living cells.

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 1.3 Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane • MHR 15

Name Date

How does osmosis move substances through thecell membrane?

Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion that involves water.Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectivelypermeable membrane. Osmosis happens when water particlesmove from a place where their concentration is higher to aplace where their concentration is lower.

Osmosis is important to cells. Cells contain water andneed it to survive. Cells also live in water or in waterysurroundings. What will happen if the concentration of waterinside a cell is higher than outside a cell? Water will moveout of the cell by osmosis. What will happen if theconcentration of water inside a cell is lower than outside acell? Water will move into the cell by osmosis. ●✔

continued

Section

1.3Summary

water particlesugar particle

H2OH2O

H2OH2O

water particlesugar particle

H2OH2O

water particlesugar particle

●✔ Reading Check

2. If the concentration ofwater outside a cell ishigher than it is inside acell, in which direction willwater move?

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___________________

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In A, the rate at which waterparticles move into the cellis the same as the rate atwhich they move out of thecell. A plant cell, shown in B,is normal and healthy.

In C, the concentration ofwater particles outside ofthe cell is higher than insidethe cell. Water particlesmove into the cell byosmosis. A plant cell, shownin D, is swollen with extrawater.

In E, the concentration ofwater particles outside ofthe cell is lower than insidethe cell. Water particlesmove out of the cell byosmosis. A plant cell, shownin F, loses water. If you couldsee the whole plant, it wouldbe wilted.

A B

C D

E F

16 MHR • Section 1.3 Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Use with textbook pages 40–45.

Crossing the cell membrane

Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be used asoften as necessary.

1. ____________________________________________________ refers to the amount of asubstance in a given space.

2. _____________________________________________________is the movement ofparticles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

3. ____________________________________________________ allows some materials topass through it but keeps other materials out.

4. ____________________________________________________ is the diffusion of watermolecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

5. ____________________________________________________ moves wastes from insidea cell to outside a cell.

6. ____________________________________________________ can be compared to awindow screen.

7. ____________________________________________________ happens when waterparticles move from a place where their concentration is higher to a place where theirconcentration is lower.

8. ____________________________________________________ is the process by whichoxygen is moved into a cell.

9. ____________________________________________________ is the process by whichcarbon dioxide is moved out of a cell.

Name Date VocabularySection 1.3

Vocabulary

diffusionconcentrationosmosisa selectively permeable membrane

18 MHR • Section 1.3 Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Use textbook pages 43–45.

Examples of osmosisTo predict the direction of water flow through a cell membrane, you have tocompare the concentration of particles on both sides of the membrane. Examine thediagrams below. Explain why the plant cell looks different in each illustration.

Diagram Explanation

A.

B.

C.

Name Date

InterpretingIllustrationsSection 1.3

Name DateAssessmentSection 1.1

Use with textbook pages 40–45.

Diffusion, osmosis, andthe cell membraneCircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Diffusion is

A. the movement of particles from an areaof low concentration to an area of highconcentration

B. the movement of particles to the insideof a cell only

C. the movement of particles from an areaof high concentration to an area of lowconcentration

D. when the particles do not move throughthe cell membrane at all

2. Osmosis is

A. the movement of water from an area oflow concentration to an area of highconcentration

B. the movement of water to the inside of acell only

C. the movement of water from an area ofhigh concentration to an area of lowconcentration

D. when the water does not move throughthe cell membrane at all

3. A selectively permeable membrane

A. keeps substances out of the cell

B. keeps substances in the cell

C. has many small openings

D. allows only water to pass through it

Use the following diagram to answerquestions 4 and 5.

4. In which diagram(s) does water move intoand out of the cell at the same rate?

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. both A and B

5. In which diagram(s) will the cell begin toswell?

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. both A and C

Name Date

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 1.3 Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane • MHR 19

AssessmentSection 1.3

H2OH2O

water particlesugar particle

H2OH2O

water particlesugar particle

water particlesugar particle

H2OH2O

Match each Term on the left with the bestDescriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be

used only once.

Term Descriptor

6. ______ concentration7. ______ diffusion8. ______ osmosis9. ______ selectively

permeable membrane

A. moves oxygen into cellsB. moves water into and

out of cellsC. allows some substances

throughD. surrounds the cell with

waterE. amount of a substance

in a certain place

A B C