Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings978-94-010-0021-5/1.pdf · Ibrahim Erdem, U gurhan Akyuz, U gur Ersoy and Guney Ozcebe Occupant Friendly Seismic Retrofit

Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme.

The Series is published by lOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Sub-Series

I. Life and Behavioural Sciences II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry III. Computer and Systems Science IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences V. Science and Technology Policy

lOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers lOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers lOS Press

The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.

The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.

Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in afield. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action.

As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organised and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of earlier sub-series.

http://www.nato.intiscience http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm

I

-~~

I

Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences - Vol. 29


NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme.

The Series is published by lOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Sub-Series

I. Life and Behavioural Sciences II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry III. Computer and Systems Science IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences V. Science and Technology Policy

lOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers lOS Press Kluwer Academic Publishers lOS Press

The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.

The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.

Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in afield. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action.

As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organised and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of earlier sub-series.

http://www.nato.intiscience http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm

I

-~~

I

Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences - Vol. 29


edited by

s. TanvirWasti Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

and

Guney Ozcebe Department of Civil Engineering, Middle EastTechnical University, Ankara, Turkey

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATO Science for Peace Workshop on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings Izmir, Turkey 13-14 May 2003

A C.i.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-1625-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0021-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0021-5

Printed on acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Oordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2003

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmiUed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, record ing or otherwise, without wriUen permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Courtesy: METU GISAM ARCHIVE

Contents

Contributing Authors

Preface

Foreword

Bringing to Buildings the Healing Touch A Challenging Taskfor Engineers

Syed Tanvir Wasti and Ugur Ersoy

The Velocity Of Displacement Mete A. Sozen

Preliminary Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings In Turkey Part I: Statistical Model Based on Structural Characteristics

G. Ozcebe, M. S. Yucemen, V. Aydogan and A.Yakut

Part II: Inclusion of Site Characteristics A.Yakut, V. Aydogan, G. Ozcebe and M. S. Yucemen

Parameters affecting Damageability of Reinforced Concrete Members

Ernrah Erduran and Ahmet Yakut

Peak Ground Velocity Sensitive Deformation Demands and a Rapid Damage Assessment Approach

Sinan Akkar and Haluk Sucuoglu

ix

xiii

xvii

1

11

29

43

59

77

vi Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

Simple Survey Procedures for Seismic Risk Assessment in Urban Building Stocks

Haluk Sucuoglu and Ufuk Yazgan

The Use of Microtremors for Soil and Site Characterisation and Microzonation Applications

Kyriazis Pitilakis

Estimation of Earthquake Damage Probabilities for Reinforced Concrete Buildings

M.S. Yucemen and A. Askan

97

119

149

Just How Prescient Are Our Building Damage Predictions? 165 P. Gulkan, B. S. Bakir, A. Yakut and M.T. Yilmaz

Condition Assessment Techniques Used for Non-Building Structures Emphasis on measurement techniques

Ahmet Turer

Seismic Assessment of Existing RC Buildings Michael N. Fardis, Telemachos B. Panagiotakos,

Dionysis Biskinis and Antonis Kosmopoulos

Experimental Research on Vulnerability and

193

215

Retrofitting of Old-Type RC Columns under Cyclic Loading 245 Stathis N. Bousias and Michael N. Fardis

Earthquake Engineering, Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Seismic Rehabilitation in Colombia

Luis E. Garcia

Strengthening of Infilled Walls with CFRP Sheets U gur Ersoy, Guney Ozcebe, Tugrul Tankut, U gurhan Akyuz

Emrah Erduran and Ibrahim Erdem

Structural Behaviour of Ordinary RC Bare and Brittle Partitioned Frames With and Without Lap Splice Deficiency

Faruk Karadogan, Ercan Yuksel and Alper Ilki

269

305

335

Seismic Retrofit of RIC Frames with CFRP Overlays Experimental Results

Sevket Ozden, Umut Akguzel and Turan Ozturan

Experimental Response of A Precast Infill Wall System Robert J. Frosch, James O. Jirsa and Michael E. Kreger

A Comparative Study on The Strengthening of RC Frames Ibrahim Erdem, U gurhan Akyuz, U gur Ersoy and Guney Ozcebe

Occupant Friendly Seismic Retrofit (OFR) of RC Framed Buildings

Mehmet Baran, Murat Duvarci, Tugrul Tankut,

Ugur Ersoy, Guney Ozcebe

Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Structures Recent Research at the University of Ottawa

Murat Saatcioglu

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of 1/3-Model RIC Frame-Wall Building Structures

PART I (Model Design and Analytical Evaluation of Dynamic Characteristics of the Model)

M. Garevski, A. Paskalov, K. Talaganov and V. Hristovski

Part II (Nonlinear Analytical Prediction of Structural Behavior) M. Garevski, V. Hristovski, A. Paskalov and K. Talaganov

A Building Code is of Value only if it is Enforced Sukru M. Uzumeri and Yaman Uzumeri

Educational Aspects of SfP977231 - Spreading the Insight Syed Tanvir Wasti

Acknowledgments

Index

vii

357

383

407

433

457

487

499

517

527

539

541

Contributing Authors

Umut AKGUZEL

Research Assistant

Bogazici University

Department of Civil Engineering

80815 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

SinanAKKAR

Assistant Professor

Middle East Technical University


06531 Ankara, Turkey

Ugurhan AKYUZ

Assistant Professor




Aysegul ASKAN

Research Assistant

Carnegie Mellon University

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering

Computational Mechanics Laboratory

Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA

Volkan A YDOGAN

Research Assistant




B. Sadik BAKIR

Assistant Professor




Mehmet BARAN

Research Assistant




Dionysis BISKINIS

c/o University of Patras


Structures Laboratory

Greece

x Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

Stathis N. BOUSIAS

Assistant Professor

University of Patras



Greece

Murat DUVARCI




Ibrahim ERDEM

Research Assistant



0653 I Ankara, Turkey

Emrah ERDURAN

Research Assistant




UgurERSOY

Professor




Michael N. FARDIS

Professor

University of Patras



Greece

Robert J. FROSCH

Associate Professor

Purdue University

School of Civil Engineering

West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Luis E. GARCIA

Professor

Universidad de los Andes

Bogota, Colombia

Mihail GAREVSKI

Professor

St. Cyril and Methodius University

Institute of Earthquake Engineering and

Engineering Seismology

Salvador Aljende 73, 1000 Skopje

Republic of Macedonia

Polat GULKAN

Professor



0653 I Ankara, Turkey

Viktor HRISTOVSKI

Assistant Professor






Alper ILKI

Assistant Professor

Istanbul Technical University

Civil Engineering Department

Structural and Earthquake Engineering

Laboratory 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

James O. JIRSA

Professor

University of Texas


78712 Austin, Texas, USA

Faruk KARADOGAN

Professor





Antonis KOSMOPOULOS




Greece

Michael E. KREGER

Professor

University of Texas


78712 Austin, Texas, USA

Guney OZCEBE

Professor




Sevket OZDEN

Assistant Professor

Kocaeli University


Kocaeli, Turkey

Turan OZTURAN

Professor

Bogazici University


80815 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

Telemachos B. PANAGIOTAKOS




Greece

Aleksandar PASKALOV

Dr., Researcher






Kyriazis PITILAKIS

Professor

Aristotle University ofThessaloniki


Greece

Murat SAATCIOGLU

Professor

University of Ottawa


Ottawa, CANADA

Mete A. SOZEN

Professor

Purdue University

School of Civil Engineering

West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Haluk SUCUOGLU Professor




Kosta TALAGANOV

Professor






xi

xii Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

Tugrul TANKUT Ahrnet YAKUT

Professor




AhrnetTURER

Assistant Professor




S. M. UZUMERI

Professor




Yarnan UZUMERI

Chief Building Official (Ret.)

City of Toronto, Canada

S. Tanvir W ASTI

Professor




Assistant Professor




UfukYAZGAN

Research Assistant




M.T. YILMAZ




M. Semih YUCEMEN

Professor




Ercan YUKSEL Assistant Professor





Preface

The present volume contains a total of 23 papers centred on the research area of Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. This subject also forms the core of Project SfP977231, sponsored by the NATO Science for Peace Office and supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey [ TUBIT AK ]. Most of these papers were presented by the authors at a NATO Science for Peace Workshop held in Izmir on 13 - 14 May, 2003 and reflect a part of their latest work conducted within the general confines of the title of the NATO Project. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey serves as the hub of Project SfP977231 and coordinates research under the project with universities within Turkey, e.g. Istanbul Technical University and Kocaeli University, and with partner institutions in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: A few articles have also been contributed by invited experts, who are all noted researchers in the field. Altogether, the contents of the volume deal with a vast array of problems in Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation and cover a wide range of possible solutions, techniques and proposals. It is intended to touch upon many of these aspects separately below.

Earthquakes constitute possibly the most widely spread and also the most feared of natural hazards. Recent earthquakes within the first six months of 2003, such as the Bingol Earthquake in Turkey and the Algerian earthquake, have caused both loss of life and severe damage to property. Most earthquake prone countries are taking steps to ensure that new housing

* Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name

xiv

conforms to the requirements of well developed earthquake codes and specifications which have the seal of international approval. This is by no means an easy task, as much building construction in many areas is nonengineered and poorly if not dangerously detailed. Supervision and inspection of construction sometimes exist in name only.

A far greater problem is the unsatisfactory performance exhibited in any earthquake by the large stock of already existing buildings. What complicates the problem is that in many earthquake regions, some of these buildings may be fairly sound, and may well satisfy the requirements of the seismic codes that were valid when they were built, whereas others may have been deficiently engineered from the very start. However, by the demanding standards of today's codes and specifications, which are periodically updated and upgraded, such buildings have ceased to be acceptable. And yet, so impressive has been the accumulation of analytical and experimental knowledge, so swift the development in new materials and the improvements in techniques, that the gap between challenge and response in this area continues to narrow.

The health of buildings, like that of people, requires monitoring, diagnosis and treatment. Health is by no means a question of the survival of the fittest; more attention and care often need to be lavished on the weakest individual. Health is just the means; the end and aim is welfare. Structures have to be rendered fit for earthquakes, whether they are old or new, resistant or decrepit - if for nothing other than that people do and must live in them. Mutatis mutandis, diagnosis and treatment, examination and prescription, give way to assessment and rehabilitation.

The contents of the book reflect many - though mainly structural -aspects of the earthquake problem and, from the work presented herein, solutions of varying efficacy may be distilled. It is not a coincidence that one of the articles is pointedly titled "Bringing to buildings the healing touch". Several of the most comprehensive papers, e.g. those by Baran et aI., Fardis and Bousias, Ozden et al. and Saatcioglu deal with the seismic 'retrofit' of structures, indicating the measures that can be taken to prepare a structure for its seismic encounter after construction is complete but before an earthquake occurs. Closely related strengthening procedures are discussed by Erdem et aI., Ersoy et al. and Karadogan et al., who also present the results of much arduous and well-planned experimental work. Their experimentation is supplemented by the valuable work of Frosch, Jirsa and Kreger, who validate a sound and economically feasible retrofit method involving precast infill walls. In addition to conventional strengthening techniques, the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymers - CFRP to insiders -begins to gain prominence in these applications. Allied to all experimental research is the advantage provided by tests on reinforced concrete models,

xv

some of which, though scaled to a third of the original size, enable the simulated representation of actual buildings of several storeys. Garevski et al. provide useful initial information on the shaking table tests of such a large model subjected to horizontal and vertical base motions.

Another term, loaded with uncertainty, is that of 'seismic vulnerability', which features prominently in the papers by Garcia, and Ozcebe et al. Risk assessment and damage probabilities are non-deterministic concepts that fit in well with the unannounced nature of the earthquake event, and are treated in the papers by Sucuoglu and Yazgan, and Yucemen and Askan. Such papers also indicate the need for new methods of structural evaluation and point towards the direction in which both codes and practice might be heading. Pitilakis reminds us that earthquakes emanate from the soil and that microtremors may be used for site characterization and microzonation. Akkar and Sucuoglu start with the analysis of earthquake motions and relate them to procedures for the assessment of subsequent damage. Separately, Gulkan et al. suggest that building damage prediction in its current form still needs to be taken with an occasional pinch of salt.

A touch of colour is added by Turer whose paper deals with the condition assessment of bridges as well as historical and monumental structures that go back many centuries. The history of structural drift from its role as a humble bystander into a central character in seismic codes has been traced by Sozen with inimitable style. Uzumeri and Uzumeri draw attention to prevention rather than cure by reiterating the importance of enforcing seismic codes that embody available expertise on the subject, thereby complementing the paper by Wasti wherein the educational spin-offs accruing from the project are emphasized, with the message that formation is more important than information, even in the seismic world.

Syed Tanvir Wasti Guney Ozcebe

Ankara, July 2003

Foreword

At the tum of the last century, builders pondering the havoc wreaked by earthquakes had scant resources to guide their reconstruction efforts. A century later, earthquakes continue tragic devastations of our cities, with one important difference - today's builders can tum to a rich literature in earthquake engineering to guide their reconstruction efforts. This volume on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Bui/dings is bound to become one of the valued resources of earthquake engineers who are building to reduce the tragedies of future earthquakes.

The volume is filled with brilliant contributions from renowned experts in earthquake engineering. Topics include seismic earthquake strong ground motion, dynamic response of structures, seismic assessment of older hazardous construction, and practical seismic rehabilitation methods derived from extensive labo~atory and field research. Many of the contributions have been motivated by the tragic consequences, yet real-world experiences, of the 1999 Kocaeli and DOzce earthquakes in Turkey, and demonstrate the rapid progress that can be inspired by necessity. While the topic of this volume is especially important for Turkey and her neighbors, the lessons learned and clearly presented are universal and should be studied by serious earthquake engineers worldwide.

Among the volume's contents is a quote from W. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene III: "Are you not mov'd, when all the sway of earth Shakes like a thing unfirmT

The earthquake engineering community can be thankful that Professors S. Tanvir Wasti and GOney Ozcebe, Middle East Technical University, were moved to organize the workshop and associated papers that form the contents of this memorable volume. Their effort, documented in this volume, is one of great and lasting value.

Jack Moehle Professor and Director Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California, Berkeley July 2003

Foreword

At the tum of the last century, builders pondering the havoc wreaked by earthquakes had scant resources to guide their reconstruction efforts. A century later, earthquakes continue tragic devastations of our cities, with one important difference - today's builders can tum to a rich literature in earthquake engineering to guide their reconstruction efforts. This volume on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Bui/dings is bound to become one of the valued resources of earthquake engineers who are building to reduce the tragedies of future earthquakes.

The volume is filled with brilliant contributions from renowned experts in earthquake engineering. Topics include seismic earthquake strong ground motion, dynamic response of structures, seismic assessment of older hazardous construction, and practical seismic rehabilitation methods derived from extensive labo~atory and field research. Many of the contributions have been motivated by the tragic consequences, yet real-world experiences, of the 1999 Kocaeli and DOzce earthquakes in Turkey, and demonstrate the rapid progress that can be inspired by necessity. While the topic of this volume is especially important for Turkey and her neighbors, the lessons learned and clearly presented are universal and should be studied by serious earthquake engineers worldwide.

Among the volume's contents is a quote from W. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene III: "Are you not mov'd, when all the sway of earth Shakes like a thing unfirmT

The earthquake engineering community can be thankful that Professors S. Tanvir Wasti and GOney Ozcebe, Middle East Technical University, were moved to organize the workshop and associated papers that form the contents of this memorable volume. Their effort, documented in this volume, is one of great and lasting value.

Jack Moehle Professor and Director Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California, Berkeley July 2003

Documents

Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings978-94-010-0021-5/1.pdf · Ibrahim Erdem, U gurhan Akyuz, U gur Ersoy and Guney Ozcebe Occupant Friendly Seismic Retrofit