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Seminar on Highly Skilled Migrant Women Integration into the Labour Market: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses Vienna, 14 October, 2013 Gender-Sensitive Labour Migration Policies by Nina Lindroos-Kopolo. Feminization of labour migration. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Seminar on Highly Skilled Migrant Women Integration into the Labour Market: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses
Vienna, 14 October, 2013
Gender-Sensitive Labour Migration Policies
by
Nina Lindroos-Kopolo
Feminization of labour migration
Source: UNDESA http://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=1
% of women amongst the total number of international migrants in the following regions:
Feminization of migration
Increasing demand for foreign female labour in a variety of labour markets sectors due to i.e. ageing populations and higher participation of native-born women in the labour market in destination countries: domestic and healthcare work hospitality, retail and agriculture education doctors, lawyers, scientists …
Economic situation and limited work opportunities in countries of origin
What happens when gender related aspects are not considered in LMP?
1. It may results in discriminatory and unfair situations for female labour migrants
When admission policies are not fully reflected of the demand for labour and a preference is made for high-skilled labour in more male dominated sectors higher percentage of irregular female than male labour
migrants, due to the nature of their work (e.g. domestic labour): worse working conditions and higher risks of exploitation
and abuse (e.g. working overtime without pay, low wages, psychological/physical abuses, etc.)
little labour protection and low if any social security coverage
and they are often overqualified
What happens when gender related aspects of LMP are not considered?
Source: Dumont J.C. and O. Monso: “Matching Educational Background and Employment: A Challenge for Immigrants in Host Countries” in International Migration Outlook. OECD, Paris, 2007
2. De-skilling and down-grading of skilled and highly skilled migrant women “Brain waste” and lost opportunities to contribute on a higher level
to economic progress, innovation and R&D Lost investment in human capital building Financial welfare loss through lower earnings and wealth
generation, lower remittances, lower consumptions, lower tax payments etc.
Social costs through family separation; personal frustration and unhappiness due to limited career development opportunities and unsatisfactory working/life conditions
SUMMARY: LOSS TO THE MIGRANT AND HER FAMILY, TO THE CoO and CoD
What happens when gender related aspects are not considered in LMP?
and seek to:
Develop enabling policy and legislative environments Follow a “two-way approach”, encompassing general provisions to
protect migrants and specific provisions that target female migrants; Introduce temporary special measures to compensate for past
discrimination
This can be mitigated by introducinggender sensitive LM policies
that recognize that:
Both men/women migrate for economic reasons / better employment The migration experience of men and women differs and female
migrant workers may experience more disadvantages and discrimination
Female migrant workers significantly contribute economically and socially both to their countries of origin and destination
Gender-sensitive policies can help to mitigate de-skilling, “brain waste” and downgrading FOR EXAMPLE
Raise awareness among employers to consider highly-skilled female migrants for a variety of job openings
Sensitize government policy-makers that certain admission criteria may have gender discriminatory effects
They can: Provide information and resource centers for migrants with job assistance Facilitate foreign diploma and degree recognition Provide opportunities to complement existing education Establish professional refresher courses Offer on-site and distance learning courses in technical language and
national specifications of a profession
They also help with integration through improved understanding of the host society, language skills and professional contribution commensurate with qualifications
Defining the problem
Agenda Setting
Implemen-ting the policy
Evaluating the policy
How to get to GSLMP – Main Steps for introducing gender into LMP
Gender Impact Assessments
Establish
Objectives
Adopting the policy Gather support for introducing
gender-sensitive measures
Determine impact of
introduced measures
and detect potential
policy mistakes
Build knowledge and capacity of implementing institutions
Formulating a labour
migration policy
Find who all needs
to be involved
Key issues
Gathering the correct data to do an in-depth gender analysis to define the problem, set the agenda and formulate a gender-sensitive policy. There are e.g. challenge of measuring irregular, informal, and short-term job arrangements
Building knowledge of the issue and a coalition of relevant stakeholders for the adoption and implementation of the new policy
Ensuring that all responsible for implementing the policy is aware of their roles and tasks and have adequate resources
Setting up a well functioning monitoring and evaluation mechanism
Best practice: Canada The Canadian Federal Government adopted in 1995 its Federal Plan for Gender Equality
The Canadian Minister of Immigration is required to submit each year an Annual Report toParliament containing a gender-based analysis of the impact of the Immigration and Refugee Act.
Results from the CIC 2002 gender-based analysis lead to a number of changes to the points system.
These are some of the challenges, opportunities and solutions that the OSCE tools discuss
They have been prepared to help policymakers, government officials, social partners and migrant associations improve their understanding of the difficulties faced by female migrant workers, and how carefully developed measures can help remove them to maximise the benefits of labour migration to all
Training courses using these tools can be provided by the OSCE to interested countries and institutions.
OSCE toolsUpdated version 2012
Available on: www.osce.org/eea