SEMINARon Hybrid Car

8/8/2019 SEMINARon Hybrid Car

1/19

SEMINARSEMINAR

ONONHYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGYHYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY,

SANDESH KUMAR DAS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

REGD. NO.- 0501288131


2/19

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately andHave you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately andbeen shocked by the highbeen shocked by the high price of gasolineprice of gasoline? As the? As thepump clicked past $20, $30, $40 or even $50, maybepump clicked past $20, $30, $40 or even $50, maybe

you thought about trading in your car for somethingyou thought about trading in your car for somethingthat gets better mileage. Or maybe you're worried thatthat gets better mileage. Or maybe you're worried thatyour car is contributing to theyour car is contributing to the greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect..

The auto industry has the technology to address theseThe auto industry has the technology to address these

concerns. It's theconcerns. It's the hybrid carhybrid car. There are a lot of. There are a lot ofhybridhybridmodels on the marketmodels on the market these days, and most automobilethese days, and most automobilemanufacturers have announced plans to manufacturemanufacturers have announced plans to manufacturetheir own versions.their own versions.


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SOMECOMMONQUERIESSOMECOMMONQUERIES !!

How does a hybrid automobile work?How does a hybrid automobile work?

What goes on under the hood to give you 20What goes on under the hood to give you 20

or 30 more miles per gallon than the standardor 30 more miles per gallon than the standardautomobile?automobile?

Does it pollute less just because it gets betterDoes it pollute less just because it gets better

gas mileage?gas mileage?

All the above raised queries will be answeredAll the above raised queries will be answered

in the successive sections.in the successive sections.


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SOMECOMMON HYBRIDSOMECOMMON HYBRID

VE

HICLES

VE

HICLES !!

AA momo--pedped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because(a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid becauseit combines the power of ait combines the power of a gasoline enginegasoline enginewith the pedal powerwith the pedal powerof its rider. In fact, hybrid vehicles are all around us.of its rider. In fact, hybrid vehicles are all around us.

Most of theMost of the locomotiveslocomotiveswe see pulling trains arewe see pulling trains are dieseldiesel--electricelectrichybridshybrids..

Cities like Seattle have dieselCities like Seattle have diesel--electricelectric busesbuses ---- these can drawthese can drawelectric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when theyelectric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when theyare away from the wires.are away from the wires.

GiantGiant mining trucksmining trucks are often dieselare often diesel--electric hybrids.electric hybrids.SubmarinesSubmarines are also hybrid vehiclesare also hybrid vehicles ---- some aresome are

nuclearnuclear--electricelectric and some areand some are dieseldiesel--electricelectric..


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GASOLINE POWERVsELECTRIC POWERGASOLINE POWERVsELECTRIC POWER

TheThe gasolinegasoline--electric hybrid carelectric hybrid car is just what it sounds likeis just what it sounds like ---- aacross between a gasolinecross between a gasoline--powered car and an electric car.powered car and an electric car.

AA gasgas--powered carpowered car has a fuel tank, which supplieshas a fuel tank, which supplies gasolinegasoline totothe engine. The engine then turns athe engine. The engine then turns a transmissiontransmission, which turns, which turns

the wheels.the wheels. An electric car, on the other hand, has a set ofAn electric car, on the other hand, has a set ofbatteriesbatteries thatthat

provides electricity to anprovides electricity to an electric motorelectric motor. The motor turns a. The motor turns atransmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels.

The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increaseThe hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increase

the mileage and reduce the emissions of a gasthe mileage and reduce the emissions of a gas--powered car whilepowered car whileovercoming the shortcomings of an electric car.overcoming the shortcomings of an electric car.


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USEFULTIPSONNORMALCARUSEFULTIPSONNORMALCAR

To be useful to you or me, a car must meet certain minimumTo be useful to you or me, a car must meet certain minimumrequirements. The car should be able to:requirements. The car should be able to:

Drive at least 300 miles (482 km) before reDrive at least 300 miles (482 km) before re--fuelingfueling

Be refueled quickly and easilyBe refueled quickly and easily

Keep up with the other traffic on the roadKeep up with the other traffic on the road A gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relativelyA gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relatively

large amount of pollution and generally gets poor gas mileage.large amount of pollution and generally gets poor gas mileage.An electric car, however, produces almost no pollution, but itAn electric car, however, produces almost no pollution, but itcan only go 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km) between charges.can only go 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km) between charges.

And the problem has been that the electric car is very slow andAnd the problem has been that the electric car is very slow andinconvenient to recharge.inconvenient to recharge.

A gasolineA gasoline--electric car combines these two setups into oneelectric car combines these two setups into onesystem that leverages both gas power and electric power.system that leverages both gas power and electric power.


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GASOLINEGASOLINE--ELECTRICHYBRIDSTRUCTUREELECTRICHYBRIDSTRUCTUREGasolineGasoline--electric hybrid cars contain the following parts:electric hybrid cars contain the following parts:

Gasoline engineGasoline engine-- The hybrid car has aThe hybrid car has a gasoline enginegasoline engine much like the one you will find onmuch like the one you will find onmost cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies tomost cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies toreduce emissions and increase efficiency.reduce emissions and increase efficiency.

Fuel tankFuel tank -- TheThe fuel tankfuel tankin a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine.in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine.Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes aboutGasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.

Electric motorElectric motor-- TheThe electric motorelectric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advancedon a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advancedelectronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to,electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to,it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it canit can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it canslow the car down and return energy to the batteries.slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.

GeneratorGenerator-- TheThe generatorgenerator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produceis similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produceelectrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids (see below).electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids (see below).

BatteriesBatteries-- TheThe batteriesbatteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor.in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor.Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electricUnlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electricmotor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.

TransmissionTransmission-- TheThe transmissiontransmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as theon a hybrid car performs the same basic function as thetransmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, havetransmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, haveconventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically different ones,conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically different ones,which we'll talk about later.which we'll talk about later.


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GASOLINEGASOLINE--ELECTRICCARMODELELECTRICCARMODEL


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TYPESOF HYBRIDTYPESOF HYBRID

P ARALLEL HYBRIDP ARALLEL HYBRID::--This has a fuel tank that suppliesThis has a fuel tank that suppliesgasoline to the engine and a set of batteries that supplies powergasoline to the engine and a set of batteries that supplies power

to the electric motor. Both the engine and theto the electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motorelectric motor cancan

turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmissionturn the transmission at the same time, and the transmissionthen turns the wheels. The fuel tank and gas engine connect tothen turns the wheels. The fuel tank and gas engine connect to

the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connectthe transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect

to the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallelto the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel

hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can providehybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide

propulsion power.propulsion power.


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TYPESOF HYBRIDTYPESOF HYBRID

SERIESHYBRID:SERIESHYBRID:--By contrast, in aBy contrast, in a series hybridseries hybrid thethegasoline engine turns a generator, and the generator can eithergasoline engine turns a generator, and the generator can either

charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives thecharge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the

transmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never directly powers thetransmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never directly powers thevehicle.vehicle. The structure of a hybrid car harnesses two sources ofThe structure of a hybrid car harnesses two sources of

power to increase efficiency and provide the kind ofpower to increase efficiency and provide the kind of

performance most of us are looking for in a vehicle. In the nextperformance most of us are looking for in a vehicle. In the next

section, we'll see how it accomplishes this.section, we'll see how it accomplishes this.


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HYBRIDCARPERFORMANCEHYBRIDCARPERFORMANCE

The key to a hybrid car is that the gasolineThe key to a hybrid car is that the gasoline engineengine can be muchcan be muchsmaller than the one in a conventionalsmaller than the one in a conventional carcar and therefore moreand therefore moreefficient.efficient.

There are several reasons why smaller engines are more efficient thanThere are several reasons why smaller engines are more efficient thanbigger onesbigger ones::

The big engine is heavier than the small engine, so the car usesThe big engine is heavier than the small engine, so the car usesextra energy every time it accelerates or drives up a hill.extra energy every time it accelerates or drives up a hill.

The pistons and other internal components are heavier, requiringThe pistons and other internal components are heavier, requiringmore energy each time they go up and down in the cylinder.more energy each time they go up and down in the cylinder.

The displacement of the cylinders is larger, so more fuel isThe displacement of the cylinders is larger, so more fuel is

required by each cylinder.required by each cylinder. Bigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each cylinderBigger engines usually have more cylinders, and each cylinder

uses fuel every time the engine fires, even if the car isn't moving.uses fuel every time the engine fires, even if the car isn't moving.


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POWERSPLITDEVICEPOWERSPLITDEVICE


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P.S.D. CONTINUEDP.S.D. CONTINUED

TheThepower split devicepower split device is the heart of the Toyota Prius. This is a cleveris the heart of the Toyota Prius. This is a clevergearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together.gearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together.It allows the car to operate like aIt allows the car to operate like a parallel hybridparallel hybrid ---- the electric motor canthe electric motor canpower the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they canpower the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they canpower the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operatepower the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operate

like alike aseries hybridseries hybrid

---- the gasoline engine can operate independently of thethe gasoline engine can operate independently of thevehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels asvehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels asneeded. It also acts as aneeded. It also acts as a continuouslyvariable transmissioncontinuouslyvariable transmission ((CVTCVT),),eliminating the need for a manual oreliminating the need for a manual or automatic transmissionautomatic transmission. Finally, because. Finally, becausethe power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car doesthe power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car doesnot need a starter.not need a starter.

The power split device is aThe power split device is a planetary gear setplanetary gear set (below). The electric motor is(below). The electric motor is

connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to theconnected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to thedifferentialdifferential, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motor, which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric motorand ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car.and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car.


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P.S.D. CONTINUEDP.S.D. CONTINUED

The power split device is aThe power split device is a planetary gear setplanetary gear set. The electric motor. The electric motor

is connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directlyis connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly

connected to theconnected to the differentialdifferential, which drives the wheels. So,, which drives the wheels. So,

whatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin atwhatever speed the electric motor and ring gear spin at

determines the speed of the car.determines the speed of the car. The generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the engine is connectedThe generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the engine is connected

to the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear depends on all three components, soto the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear depends on all three components, so

they all have to work together at all times to control the output speed.they all have to work together at all times to control the output speed.

When you accelerate, initially the electric motor and batteries provide all of the power.When you accelerate, initially the electric motor and batteries provide all of the power.

The ring gear of the power split device is connected to the electric motor, so it starts toThe ring gear of the power split device is connected to the electric motor, so it starts tospin with the motor. The planet carrier, which is connected to the engine, is stationaryspin with the motor. The planet carrier, which is connected to the engine, is stationary

because the engine is not running. Since the ring gear is spinning, the planets have tobecause the engine is not running. Since the ring gear is spinning, the planets have to

spin, which causes the sun gear and generator to spin. As the car accelerates, thespin, which causes the sun gear and generator to spin. As the car accelerates, the

generator spins at whatever speed it needs to in order for the engine to remain off.generator spins at whatever speed it needs to in order for the engine to remain off.


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BENEFITSOF HYBRIDCARBENEFITSOF HYBRIDCAR

You might wonder why anyone would build such a complicatedYou might wonder why anyone would build such a complicated

machine when most people are perfectly happy with theirmachine when most people are perfectly happy with their

gasolinegasoline--poweredpowered carscars. The reason is twofold: to. The reason is twofold: to reducereduce

tailpipeemissionstailpipeemissions and toand to improvemileageimprovemileage..


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HYBRIDMILEAGETIPSHYBRIDMILEAGETIPS

You can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same kind of drivingYou can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same kind of drivinghabits that give you better mileage in your gasolinehabits that give you better mileage in your gasoline--engine car:engine car:

Drive slowerDrive slower-- The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the fasterThe aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the fasteryou drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about doubleyou drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about doublethat at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase yourthat at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase yourmileage significantly.mileage significantly.

Maintain a constant speed

Maintain a constant speed-- Each time you speed up the car, you use energy,Each time you speed up the car, you use energy,some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining asome of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a

constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.

Avoid abrupt stopsAvoid abrupt stops-- When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybridWhen you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybridacts like a generator and takes some of the energy out of the car while slowingacts like a generator and takes some of the energy out of the car while slowingit down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it canit down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it canrecover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will dorecover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do

most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted.most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted.The same reasoning applies to gasolineThe same reasoning applies to gasoline--powered cars: Abrupt stops waste apowered cars: Abrupt stops waste alot of energy.lot of energy.


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MORE POWER, LESSEFFICIENCYMORE POWER, LESSEFFICIENCY

A driver's desire forA driver's desire forquick accelerationquick acceleration

causes our cars to be much lesscauses our cars to be much lessefficient than they could be. You may have noticed that a car with a lessefficient than they could be. You may have noticed that a car with a lesspowerful engine gets better gas mileage than an identical car with a morepowerful engine gets better gas mileage than an identical car with a morepowerful engine. Just look at the window stickers on new cars at a dealership forpowerful engine. Just look at the window stickers on new cars at a dealership fora city and highway mpg comparison.a city and highway mpg comparison.

The amazing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses only a smallThe amazing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses only a smallpercentage of itspercentage of its horsepowerhorsepower. When you are driving along the freeway at 60. When you are driving along the freeway at 60

mph (96.6 kph), your car engine has to provide the power to do three things:mph (96.6 kph), your car engine has to provide the power to do three things: Overcome the aerodynamic drag caused by pushing the car through the airOvercome the aerodynamic drag caused by pushing the car through the air

Overcome all of the friction in the car's components such as theOvercome all of the friction in the car's components such as the tirestires,,transmissiontransmission, axles and, axles and brakesbrakes

Provide power for accessories likeProvide power for accessories like air conditioningair conditioning,, power steeringpower steeringandandheadlights.headlights.

For most cars, doing all this requires less than 20For most cars, doing all this requires less than 20 horsepowerhorsepower. So, why do you. So, why do youneed a car with 200 horsepower? So you can "floor it," which is the only timeneed a car with 200 horsepower? So you can "floor it," which is the only timeyou use all that power. The rest of the time, you use considerably less poweryou use all that power. The rest of the time, you use considerably less powerthan you have available.than you have available.


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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Achieving hybrid power is certainly more complex than usingAchieving hybrid power is certainly more complex than usingstraight gasoline power or straight electric power.straight gasoline power or straight electric power.

The motors and batteries in these cars typically don't require anyThe motors and batteries in these cars typically don't require anymaintenancemaintenance over the life of the vehicle (however, if you doover the life of the vehicle (however, if you dohave to replace the batteries after the warranty expires, it willhave to replace the batteries after the warranty expires, it will

likely cost you several thousand dollars). The engine doesn'tlikely cost you several thousand dollars). The engine doesn'trequire any more maintenance than the one in any other car, andrequire any more maintenance than the one in any other car, andbecause both hybrids have regenerative braking, the brake padsbecause both hybrids have regenerative braking, the brake padsmay even last a little longer than those in most cars.may even last a little longer than those in most cars.

It does not contribute much to the greenhouse effect, henceIt does not contribute much to the greenhouse effect, hence

getting a good idea on it I would always say that its far bettergetting a good idea on it I would always say that its far betterthan a gasoline car when economy, pollution, maintenance &than a gasoline car when economy, pollution, maintenance &

comfort comes into picture.comfort comes into picture.


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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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SEMINARon Hybrid Car