SENSES AND SENTIMENTS IN ANITA DESAI’S CRY, THE PEACOCK · Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 4, No. 1 /Jan-Jun. 2014 1 SENSES AND

Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 4, No. 1 /Jan-Jun. 20141

SENSES AND SENTIMENTS IN ANITA DESAI’SCRY, THE PEACOCK

Punam Pandey1

AbstractAnita Desai of sensibility and distinctive technique has secured a prestigious position inIndia and abroad .The present research paper is to throw adequate light on the sense andsentiments well accommodated in Anita Desai’s Cry, the Peacock. The female protagonistMaya being a pampered child feels for love, and concern in her in-laws’ house. Theaforesaid novel reveals mental conflict of lacerated Maya. Desai has penetrated variouscharacters from all walks of life. The novel Cry, the Peacock shows the cry (ennui) of Mayawhose husband never understands her emotional and sentimental needs. The novelist’s realconcern is with exploration of human psychology. She is successful in revealing the innerreality of her characters. When there is inner conflict in the characters, a war starts within.Same is perceptible in case of Maya. Despite all her struggles Maya fails to achieveemotional/ sentimental security.Keywords: Ennui, dejection, sentimental security, self-alienation, hallucination,thematic motif.A dominant figure in the twentieth century Indian English fiction Anita Desai startedher literary journey with the publication of her novel Cry, the Peacock in 1963. The1960’s scattered a sense of great dejection and gloom all over India. During thisperiod of dejection and humiliation, Anita Desai’s novel Cry, the Peacock published.Perhaps she must have had disillusionment in her subconscious mind, which camebefore us in the form of the novel Cry, the Peacock abounded with senses andsentiments. Desai has delineated senses and sentiments in the garb of the self-

1. J. R. H. University, Chitrakoot, UP.


alienation, despair, death, desolation and socio-psychic fragmentation of theprotagonist. Through this research paper humble attempt is made to discover theworld of senses and sentiments revealing alienation and inner- self of Desai’sprotagonist, Maya in the novel Cry, the Peacock. Anita Desai has a unique ability topeep into inner recesses of the psyche of her characters rather than the outerspectacle of action. She has enormously contributed to the growth of Indian fictionin English by incorporating psychic aspect of her female characters who havesuffered privations and humiliations, neglect and silence, aloofness and alienation.Anita Desai has presented a very dismal picture of Indian marriage in which marriedwomen are seen lacerated and none is even to understand them. Their sentiments arenot cared by their husbands and in-laws. Same happens with Maya who feels alonein her own house as she does not receive desired respect and affection. Charactersand incidents besides adding to the textural density of the novel highlight thealienated life of the characters and their identity crisis. She is constantly haunted byher own sense and sentiment due to lack of congenial emotional atmosphere in herfamily. She is badly jolted and thinks to end her life. But the idea of death terrifiesMaya and she is obsessed with it. She is perplexed by the indifference of herhusband Gautama to the death of dog and it shows his carelessness towards his wife.Because Maya is a childless lady and Toto was like a child to her. Both of them havedifferent views about death. Gautama thinks death to be a normal event while Mayais disturbed by it. The constant anxiety and loneliness breed in her delusion. Thehallucination born of her isolation and lonely temperament make her a psychicpatient. A mental shock produces an injurious effect on her subconscious mind. Thistrauma leads her to an obsession in her psyche. Another shocking effect uponMaya’s psyche is the prophecy of an astrologer about her future that after four yearsof their marriage one of them would die either husband or wife. After four years ofher marriage she recollects about this prophecy.Anita Desai, like most women writers, turns her eye inward and writes about theflickering psychic reactions. She remarks in the course of an interview that she hasbeen making statements about woman-emancipation in the texture of her novelswhich is evident for anyone to see. Her themes are original and different from thoseof other Indo-Anglican writers as she is “engaged in exposing the labyrinths of thehuman mind and in indicating the ways to psychological fulfillment”. She recordsthe dilemmas faces by the Indian urban individuals. She portrays and analyseshuman relationships in the context of emotionally related kin which is a fertile aresfor exploration.Having gone through the novel Cry, the Peacock it can be stated that Maya groomsin the world of sense and sentiment to get her identity and consequently is trappedin the emotional world searching for her identity. Alienation is endemic to human


existence. It is a state wherein a person fails to maintain a sense of identity leadingto a disintegration of his psycho-physical system. A state of alienation exists when aperson is unable to identify himself either with his self on with the society. Whenone lacks own identity, we say that he is alienated. But a sense of non-alienationexists in proportion to the existence of sense of identity. No person is entirelylacking in any of the aforesaid condition. Hence, all individuals are neither totallyalienated nor entirely non-alienated. Alienation means something becoming alien butsometimes alienation is used to denote conveyance of property or one’s belongingsto another party. This alienation is result of sentimental reaction of the people. Thehistoric English meaning of alienation is transfer (or expropriation) of property orrights belonging to an individual, which are either renounced or given over to others.Albeit, tension may accompany such alienation, feelings of anger or resignationwould more usually be connected with these surrenders. It may also refer to “Mentalderangement” (Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English 1968)the verb ‘alienate’ means, “to make indifferent or averse; to estrange; to turn away;transfer or divert” (Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage 1989). Karl Jaspers makes reiterative use of the word ‘fremd’ (“alien”), asin the following passage:

The world as ‘object of knowledge’ is (something)alien. I stand at adistance from it...... To me, it is the other. I am a matter of indifference toit.....I do not feel secure in it, for it does not speak the language ofsomething related to me. The more homeless I feel in the world- which, asthe other, as only that, is desolate (Philosophic: 206):

However the term has several in consistencies and there is confusion inherent in theEtymology of the word ‘alienation’:

there are inconsistencies in Individual versus collective Meaning; objectiveand Subjective Frames of reference, Unilateral versus Bilateral Meanings;Real versus Potential states; Volitional versus Non-volitional Meanings;Conscious and unconscious Meanings and Good and Bad meanings(Johanson (ed), Alienation: 27).

Alienation has been the thematic motif that organically connects Anita Desai’sfiction. This makes her an exceptionally unique novelist. Desai depicts the anabolicand Katabolic impact of the metropolis on the individual and her/his subsequentalienation from the locale. Anita Desai is more concerned with thought, emotion andsensation than with action, experience and achievement. She has skill and power tocut things clean and enter inside of things with this she is an order and keen observerof sense and sentiment of human life. She could present the real countenance of life,society and universe especially in existential framework. Desai puts emphasis onlove above money. The prime reason of Maya’s monotonous life revolves aroundher desire for love and understanding which is not entertained. As love is elixir of


life. If there is no love, there is no meaning to live life. To make life meaningfulnourishment of sense and sentiments is highly required. Love is both melody andremedy. The novelist imparts very significance to security and satisfaction in theconjugal life. Facts reveal money can take place of love despite all materialisticgains and achievements. About the power of love Coleridge has rightly observed,All thoughts, all passions, all delights whatever stive this mortal frame are all butministers of love and feed their sacred flame (171). She adroitly focuses on thetension that arises in such a world. This she does with great sensitivity and restraint(Acharya. 50).ReferencesAmin, Amina. Imagery as a Mode of Apprehension in Anita Desai’s Novels,

Littcrut, 18, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1984Acharya, Shanta. The Problem of the self in The novels of Anita Desai in R.K.

Dhawan (ed.) explorances in Modern Indo-English Fiction. (New Delhi, 1982)Dalmia, Yasodhara. An Interview with Anita Desai, The Times of India, April 29,

1979.Johnson, Frank, (ed), Alienation: Concept, Term and Meaning, New York:

Academic Press, 1973.Jain, Jasbir, Interview with Anita Desai Rajasthan University studies in English,

Vol. XII (1979)Prasad, Madhusudan. The Novels of Anita Desai: A study in Imagery, in Ramesh

K. Srivastava (ed.) Perspectives on Ardut Desai, Ghaziabad: Vimal Prakashan,1984.

Srivastava, R.K. 1994. Perspectives on Anita Desai, Ghaziabad: Vimal Prakashan.


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d"kZfUr Hkwfj fo"k;k'p u yksHkik'kS yksZd=;a Tk;fr d`RLufena l /khj%AAvFkkZr~ ftldk eu fo"k; oklukvksa ls fopafyr ugha gksrk] ,slk og /khj xEHkhjiq#"k f=yksd dks thrus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr dkSfVyh; vFkZ&'kkL= tSls c`gn~ xzUFk esa jktuhfr] jkT;lapkyu] jktksfpr xq.k] ftrsfUnz;Ro vkfn ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA egkHkkjr]jkek;.k vkfn xzUFkksa esa Hkh /keZ] jktuhfr] vkfn dk fo'kn~ o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr lHkh fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh u fdlh fo"k; dks mPp f'k{kk dh fdlhu fdlh Js.kh esa Li'kZ fd;k x;k gSA vr% Lukrd] ijkLukrd] ,e-fQy~- rFkkih,p-Mh- ds ikB~;dze ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k ifj{ks= ds ckyd&ckfydkvksa ijizkstsDV cukdj dk;Z djus ls xzkeh.k {ks= ds fodkl esa egRRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;ktk ldrk gSA egkRek&xk¡/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky; ds laLFkkidjk"Vª&_f"k J)s; ukuk th ns'keq[k dh ;gh dYiuk Fkh fd xzkeksa ds lexzfodkl ls gh jk"Vª dk fodkl gks ldrk gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwphO;kdj.k egkHkk";e~ uokfàde~ ¼O;k[;kdkj&;qf/kf"Bj ehekald½ i`"Bla[;k 16v"Vkax g`n;e~ i`"Bla[;k 104pjd lafgrk ¼'kkjhj LFkku½ i`"Bla[;k 232HkrZ`gfj uhfr 'krde~ pkS[kEHkk laLd`r laLFkku] laLdj.k& 2009


mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ij dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfrvfHk:fp

mes'k flag 1 ,oa Lkqjs'k xqIrk 2

vk/kqfud ;qx foKku dk ;qx gSA foKku ds vfo"dkjks ls Kku ds lHkh {ks=ks esafodkl gqvk gSA Kku ds fofo/k {ks=ks esa foKku dk LkokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA nqfu;kesa Kku ,d cgqr cM+h rkdr gSA bLk le; Nk=ksa ds chp esa tkudkjh dks ckaVus rFkkc<+kus ds fy, dEI;wVj f’k{kk furkUr vko’;d gS D;ksafd fofHkUu 'kks/k ds nkSjku ns[kk x;kgS fd fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa dEI;wVj lEcU/kh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh mRlqdrk ,ao ftKklk vf/kdgksrh gSA fofHkUu 'kks/kksa esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gs fd tc Nk=ksa dks dEI;wVj ls lEcfU/krlkekU; tkudkjh nh tkrh gS rks os mls vf/kd /;kuiwoZd lqurs gS vkSj tc muds vf/kxedk fodkl dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gS rks mudk vf/kxe LFkk;h ,ao :fpiw.kZgksrk gS vkSj ;g izfd;k rc vksSj Hkh ljy gks tkrh gS tc izkFkfed dh vis{kk cPpsek/;fed vksSj mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds gksrs gsSA

dEI;wVj 20 oha lnh ds lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ vfo"dkjks esa ls ,d gS AdEI;wVj 'kCn vxzasth ds computer ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gsS x.kuk djuk A;g ,d e'khuh midj.k gS ftlesa x.kuk ,ao vU; dk;Z 'kh?kzrk ls gksrs gSaA TkcdEI;wVj ds tUenkrk pkYlZ cSost bLkdk ekMy rS;kj dj jgs Fks rc 'kk;nmUgksus Hkh ;s ugha lkspk gksxk fd vkxs vkus okys le; esa mudk ;g ekMy ,dØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ysdj vk;sxkA Hkkjr esa dEI;wVj dk izos'k lu 1955 esabdkbZ lalk/ku e'khuks rFkk MsLd Vki dEI;wVj ds :Ik esa gqvk Fkk A Hkkjr esadEI;wVj ØkfUr dk Js; fnaoxr iz/kkuea=h Lo- Jh jktho xak/kh th dks gSftUgksus iz/kkuea=h cuus ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa izR;sd {ks= dks dEI;wVjhd`r djus

1 ,oa 2. ca'kh/kj egkfo/kky;] mjbZ] tkykssSu


dk ladYi fy;k AdEI;wVj lk{kjrk dh ladYiuk Hkkjr esa lu 1980 ls lkeus vk;h

tc Hkkjr ljdkj ds ekuo lalk/ku fodkl EkU=ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx rFkklwpuk ,ao iz¨|©fxdh eU=ky; usa la;qDr :i ls dEI;wVj tkx:drk ds fy,Hkkjr esa izpkj izlkj dk;Zdzeksa dh ?kks"k.kk dhA vkt dEI;wVj lk{kjrk esa rsthls fodkl gksrk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS vkSj bldk izeq[k dkj.k bldh c<rhyksdfiz;rk gS tks orZeku le; dh izeq[k vko';drk cu xbZ gS A bl lUnHkZesa nk'kZfud egf"kZ vjfoUn us dgk Fkk vrhr gekjh cqfu;kn gS orZeku ikfFkZo,ao Hkfo"; gekjk mnns’; ,ao ijkdk"Bk gS Av/;;u dk mnns’;izLrqr v/;;u dk eq[; mnns'; mPPkrj ek/;fed Lrj ds fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esadEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp dk v/;;u djuk FkkAv/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,aizLrqr v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,a fuEuor Fkh

1 xzkeh.k Nk= vkSj Nk=kvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr vfHk:fp esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

2 'kgjh Nk++= rFkk Nk=kvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr vfHk:fp esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

3 xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

4 mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfrvfHk:fp esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

v/;;u dh fof/kizLrqr v/;;u ds fy, fooj.kkRed vuqlU/kku dh losZ{k.k fof/k dks izLrqrfd;k x;k Fkk AU;k;n'kZ% Xokfy;j tuin ds xzkeh.k ifjos’k esa v/;;ujr 50 Nk= Nk=kvksarFkk 'kgjh ifjos'k esa v/;;ujr 50 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk p;u lEHkkO; izfrp;uds ;kn`fPNd fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk Amidj.kizfrn'kZ ls vkdM+ksa dh izfr gsrq 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk LofufeZr iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k FkkA iz'ukoyh dh fo’oluh;rk xq.kkad iqu% ijh{k.k fof/k }kjk 0-87,oa v)ZfoPNsnu fof/k }kjk 0-83 rFkk oS/krk xq.kkad ijh{k.k ls ekiusa ij mPpLrj dh oS/krk izkIr gq;hA


fo'ys"k.kldafyr iznRrks ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq e/;eku] ekud fopyu] ekud =qfV] eqDrka'k]Vh ijh{k.k dks lk[a;dh; izfof/k ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k x;k Fkk A

ÁnRrksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,ao O;k[;klkj.kh Øekad 01

xzkeh.k Nk= ,ao xzkeh.k Nk=kvksa dh :fp dk e/;eku ekud fopyu ekud=qfV rFkk Vh vuqikr dk fooj.k

lkjka'k rkfydklewg Lrj la[;k e/;eku Ekkud

fopyuEkkud=qfV

Vhvuqikr

lkFkZdrkLrj

Nk=k,a xzkeh.k 25 77 4 -891 -51 2 -64 -05

Nk= xzkeh.k 25 81 5 -60

Vh vuqikr dh x.kuk djus ds i’pkr Vh vuqikr dk eku 2.64 izkIr gqvk tkseqDrka'k 48 df t 05=2.01 ds eku ls vf/kd gS rFkk fo1= 2.68 eku ls de gS vr'kwU; ifjdYiuk&01 xzkeh.k Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa esa dEI;qVj f'k{kk ds izfrvfHk:fp esa vUrj ugha gS] 05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vLohd`r dh tkrh gSD;ksafd 05 Lrj ij xzkeh.k Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfrvfHk:fp;ksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k xzkeksa esa fyaxHksn ds vk/kkjij f'k{kk esa Hkkjh vlekurk dk gksuk gS

lkfj.kh Øeakd 02'kgjh Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa dh vfHk:fp dk e/;eku ekud fopyu ekud =qfVrFkk Vh vuqikr

Lkkjka'k rkfydkLkewg Lrj l[a;k e/;eku Ekkud

fopyuEkkud=qfV

Vhvuqikr

lkFkZdrkLrj

Nk=k,a 'kgjh 25 78 -40 5- 481-5 1-43 vlkFkZd

Nk= Xkzkeh.k 25 76 -20 5 -22

Lkkfj.kh 02 ls Li"V gS fd Vh vuqikr dk eku 1.43 izkIr gqvk tks eqDrka'k48 df ij Vh ijh{k.k dh rkfydk eku f05 ls vf/kd gS rFkk Vh 01=2.68teku ls de gS vr% gekjh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk 02 ’kgjh Nk= Nk=kvksa esadEI;wVj f'k{kkds izfr vfHk:fp esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] iwjh rjg ls


Lohsd`r dh tkrh gS A vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 'kgjh Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksaesa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp es lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 03Xkzkeh.k ,ao 'kgjh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk:fp dk e/;eku] ekud fopyu] ekud=qfV] rFkk Vh vuqikr

Lkkjka'k rkfydkLkewg Lrj l[a;k e/;eku Ekkud

fopyuEkkud=qfV

Vhvuqikr

lkFkZdrkLrj

fo/kkFkhZ xzkeh.k 25 76 -60 5- 251- 47 0- 75 vlkFkZd

fo/kkFkhZ 'kgjh 25 77 -40 5 -45Lkkfj.kh 03 ls Li"V gS fd t-vuqikr dk eku 0.75 izkIr gqvk tks eqDrka'k 98df ijt.05=1.98 rFkk t.01=2.68t lkfj.kh ls de gS vr 'kwU; ifjdYiuk 03xzkeh.k fo/kkfFkZ;ksa ,ao 'kgjh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kkds izfr :fp esalkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] Lohd`r dh tkrh gS A

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k fo/kkfFkZ;ksa ,ao 'kgjh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esadEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS A

lkfj.kh dzekad 04mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa dh :fp;ksa dk e/;eku]

ekud fopyu] ekud =qfV rFkk Vh vuqikrlkjka'k rkfydk

lewg Lrj l[a;k e/;eku Ekkudfopyu

Ekkud=qfV

Vhvuqikr

lkFkZdrk

Nk=k,a m- ek- Lrj 25 77-40 5-601-06 0-75 vlkFkZd

Nk= m- ek- Lrj 25 76-60 5-05

Lkkfj.kh 04 ls Li"V gS fd t vuqikr dk eku 0.75 izkIr gqvk tks eqDrka'k98 df ij t.05= 1.98 rFkk t.01= 2.68t lkfj.kh eku ls de gSA vr 'kwU;ifjdYiuk 04 mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa dh dEI;wVjf'k{kkds izfr lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] iw.kZr Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,aoNk=kvksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS Afu"d"kZdEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dh :fp dh izfr'kr x.kuk ds vk/kkj ijizR;sd iz'uksa dk fo'ys"k.k djusa ij ;g ik;k x;k fd Nk= ,ao Nk=kvksa dh


:fp;ka dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr leku :Ik ls vf/kd gS A 92 izfr'kr fo/kkfFkZ;ksadh dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp gS tcfd ek= 08 izfr'kr fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dhdEI;wVj f’k{kk ds izfr :fp ugha gSA blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fdfo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kkds izfr :fp gS A'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZfofHkUu ifjdYiukvksa dk lka[;dh; v/;;u djus ds i'pkr ;g ns[kk x;k gSfd fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk ds izfr :fp gS vr% ;g vko';d gS fdfo/kkfFkZ;ksa dh :fp ,ao :>kuksa ds vuqlkj f'k{kk iznku djuh pkfg,A fcukfyaXkHksn ds dEI;wVj dh f'k{kk izR;sd Lrj ij nsuh pkfg,A ;fn dEI;wVj dsek/;e ls izR;sd fo"k; dh f’k{kk iznku dh tk, rks Nk=ksa dk /;ku LFkkbZ gksxkAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vHkh ek/;fed mPprj ek/;fed ,ao izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esadEI;wVj f'k{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk ugha gS tcfd fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dh :fp dEI;wVjf'k{kk esa gS vr% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ckfydkvksa ds fy, dEI;wVj f'k{kk dh fo'ks"kO;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx ls fo|kkfFkZ;ksa dk 'kSf{kd LrjÅapk mBk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk muds Kku dks lektksi;ksxh ,ao thouksi;ksxhcuk;k tk ldrk gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwphdfiy ,l0 ds0: vuqlU/kku fof/k;ka] vkxjk] HkkxZo iqLrd izdk’ku] 2006oekZ izhfr ,ao JhokLro Mh0 ,u0: euksfoKku vkSj f'k{kk esa lkf[a;dh] vkxjk]

fouksn iqLrd efUnj] 2003vxzoky vfuy (laiknu): ijh{kk eaFku] vkxjk] isze ,dsMeh] 1996&97] Hkkx&1lqyseku eqgEen: euksfoKku lekt’kkL= rFkk f'k{kk esa 'kks/k fof/k;ka] iVuk]

tujy cqd ,tsUlht] 2005&06egktu dqekj vkuUn: dEI;wVj foKku] fo'ks"k ijh{kk iSdst] vxLr] 2006pkoyk: bf.M;k VqMs] vad 07 (30] uoECkj&fnlEcj 2006)


GIRISH KARNAD’S HAYAVADANA: A STUDYIN INDIAN MYTH

Sadhana Sharma1

In classical Greek, “mythos” signified any story or plot, whether true orinvented. In its central modern significance, however, a myth is one story in amythology- a system of hereditary stories of ancient origin which were oncebelieved to be true by a particular cultural group, and which served to explain (interms of the intentions and actions of deities and other supernatural beings) why theworld is as it is and things happen as they do, to provide a rationale for socialcustoms and observances, and to establish the sanctions for the rules by whichpeople conduct their lives( Abrams 170).

Karnad’s adaptations of myths and legends in his plays are more an act ofimpulse rather than intention. Karnad himself says in his “Introduction” to ThreePlays: “The myth had enabled me to articulate to myself a set of values that I hadbeen unable to arrive at rationally” (Three Plays 11).

The vital and key thing about Karnad is that in his plays he engages in moralproblems that are left vague and unanswered by way of myths, legends and folktales.Karnad is of the view that myths and legends hold a lasting and permanentsignificance, for they are representations and signifiers of the deep-seated andprimeval human passions. Their conclusions are often vague and open-ended,leaving enormous possibility for arguing out an ethical, philosophical orpsychological point. It has to be underlined that Karnad has dug deep into our richheritage for his source materials. He believes that there are plots in our myths andfolklore that are in themselves so symbolic and dramatic that they lend themselves toeasy and myriad adaptations onstage. In his plays he examines ancient Indian mythsin the light of modern-day realities to make them meaningful and relevant.1. MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna, MP


Hayavadana is an exceptionally dramatic and lively reshaping of an ancientIndian myth from the Vetalapanchavimsati to bring home to the readers that man’squest for completeness, or complete self-actualization is an eternal one. With itshighly stylized action and mimicry, especially the scene at the temple of Kali and thesword fight between Devadatta and Kapila in the second act, Karnad invests the playwith a significance, which brings out human being’s vain effort to fill the void bornof the incompleteness or hollowness in him.

The central figure of the play is Padmini, a woman whose egocentricityfinds expression in her unappeasable yearning for both brain and brawn, which aresymbolized by Devadatta and Kapila respectively. Although she is married toDevadatta, Padmini craves for the “muscle” and “body” of Kapila for her physicalpleasures. In the myth, and in the play as well, the craving is not overt or explicit,but it does run as an undercurrent in Padmini’s hidden subconscious. She desiresdeeply for both the body and the intellect, which cannot be had from just one ofthese characters. The event that unfolds in the Kali temple, where she unwittinglytransposes the heads of Devadatta and Kapila, is indicative of the incompleteness ofhuman beings unvoiced or unspoken cry for seeking after wholeness. Through theexample of Padmini, the playwright brings home the message that human beings aredoomed to lead their incomplete lives.The re-enactment of the ancient myth inHayavadana aims at the transformation of the fractured self into a composite whole.It has to be emphasized that the transposition of heads, fails to solve Padmini’suniversal problem of identity.

In Hayavadana Karnad projects the story of the transposition of headsthrough characters with different names and identities. The sub -plot of Hayavadanais purely his own invention which adds to the total impression and significance ofthe play. The sub-plot of Hayavadana, the horse-man, intensifies the import of themain theme of incompleteness by treating it on a different plane. The horse-man’ssearch for completeness ends comically, with his eventually becoming a completehorse.

Karnad delves deep into the traditional myths to spell out modern man’sanguish and dilemma. By his effective use of the myths, legends and stories heinterprets the age-old human situation with reference to contemporary experience. InHayavadana, he seems to play with the theme of incompleteness through Padmini’sstrong quest for unattainable perfection. The main theme of completeness andincompleteness is presaged in Bhagavata’s worship. Karnad seizes the theme ofincompleteness and depicts the protagonist Padmini’s vain efforts to attainperfection or completeness.

In the play we find a subtle suggestion that women are manifestations of‘divine energy’ or ‘life force’ and it is they who hold the centre-stage. Into the basicfabric of the stories which he has taken from myths, Karnad has woven stories


drawn from myths into the basic fabric of the play. In Hayavadana, the drive ismore of a psychological nature, and thereby the mythic content of the transposedheads has a twist about it. On the surface level, it is the tale of three lovers—Devadatta, Padmini, and Kapila. Padmini who is in the beginning very happy afterher marriage with Devadatta, is steadily attracted towards Kapila’s strong figure.But the dramatist has simply unfolded the entire play artistically and has left it open-ended. We cannot put any blame on the innocent head of Padmini, as she attachesthe heads to the wrong bodies in the darkness of the temple.

Padmini is enabled with the opportunity of having the best of the two men,Devadatta’s head and Kapila’s body. This extraordinary situation helps Padmini tobreach the moral codes framed by society. She wants Devadatta’s mind and Kapila’sbody while the society forces her to seek these qualities in one man. But since such aperfect man does not exist, she creates such a man by transposing the heads. Thus,for a short while, she succeeds in having the brain and the body as well. Karnadstrongly projects that Padmini needs “a man of steel” (Three Plays 90). Devadatta isnot the man for her. Even the transposed Devadatta loses charm for her. The twomen change to their original self but Padmini remains in her primordial procreativeself. Karnad examines the psychological and sociological identity of these charactersbut has no means of curing them.

Karnad clearly and unmistakably suggests that reconciliation with one’s selfand one’s environment is the best course of action for the incomplete and insatiablenature of human beings. For the aspirations of human beings to achievecompleteness and perfection more often end in tragedy. However, the pathetic andludicrous results are caused by certain external forces or powers who may be calledsupernatural beings. A close analysis of the catalytic agents of transformation inHayavadana points to Karnad’s humanism and his valuable solution to the eternalproblem of human dilemma and identity crisis.As M. K. Naik aptly remarks:

Hayavadana presents the typical existential anguish, but does not stop at theexistential despair. Going beyond it, the play suggests a strategy for theachievement of integration in a world inevitably cursed with absurdity andirrationality (197).

ReferencesAbrams, M H., The Glossary of Literary Terms, New Delhi: Thomson-Heinle, 1999.Karnad, Girish. ThreePlays. Delhi: OxfordUniversity Press, 1998.Naik, M.K. “From the Horse’s Mouth” A Study of Hayavadana”. Dimensions of Indian

English Literature. New Delhi: Sterling, 1984.Naik, M.K., ed. Critical Essays on Indian Writing in English. Dharwar: Karnataka

University, 1968.


Chinua Achebe’s Fiction ׃ A Study in Disintegrationof the Traditional African Society

Siddhartha Sharma 1

Chinua Achebe presents an artistic, true-to-life, and accurate representation of a realhistorical era in his works of fiction. Here, his four novels, namely Things FallApart, An Arrow of God, No Longer at Ease, and A Man of the People, have beenbrought into discussion. They cover the entire colonial history of Africa, from theearly days of European ingress to the post-independence cultural and moral anarchy,bringing to light the conflicts, crises, differences and complexities of this period. ToAchebe, all art including literature is a communal activity and must deal with theevolution of a people. Achebe is of the opinion that every literature “must in otherwords speak of a particular place, evolve out of the necessities of its history, pastand current and the aspirations and destinies of its people.” Achebe’s works explorethe organic connection between life and history and offer a curiously real andaccurate picture of the wavering fortunes of his society and the consequent socialand moral degeneration of his people.With his amazing sense of history, Achebe views the great changes of history aschanges of popular life. He portrays the human dimension of history by showinghow important historical changes impinge on day-to-day life, and how socio-culturaland political changes affect people’s lives who react instantly and aggressively tothem, without paying any thought to the consequences. Achebe’s historicalauthenticity lies not so much in the effective telling of great historical events as inthe artistic evocation of the ethos of the times. Achebe comes to achieve this artisticsuccess through a powerful dramatization of certain critical and decisive momentsinhistory, a expansive delineation of manners and circumstances that helped to bring

1. Dept. of Humanities & Social Sciences, MGCG University, Chitrakoot, Satna, MP.


about these events, an artful portrayal of characters that represent the spirit of the agein which they live. Thus Achebe succeeds in giving an authentic image of thepopular idiom of the time and milieu.

Achebe, like an unbiased historian, views the world he presents by putting onrecord historical events with great sensitivity, detachment, impartiality andobjectivity. He neither sits in judgment to pass a verdict, nor suggests any solutionsto those happenings. His novels chronicle whatever has happened in Africaduringthe last hundred years, concentrating on issues and affairs of primary andcritical importance. Achebe engaged himself with the historical experience ofcolonialism. He explores the political, social, cultural and human dimensions andmagnitude of the colonial phenomenon and renders a realistic image of the changeswrought in the popular life emanating from these rapid and radical changes. Achebereal concern is not so much the historical problems as their effect on the day-to-daylife of people. His delineation is so realistic and authentic that we come to know allabout Achebe’s Ibomen, their hopes, aspirations, desires, expectations anddisappointments in the throes of historical changes through Achebe’s fictionalworks. Thus, the material and moral degeneration that set into the popular lifecaused by colonization becomes the fundamental concern of his artistic andimaginative portrayal.

Achebe looks back into the traditional past of Africa so as to revaluate theAfrican culture. His first novel, Things Fall Apart (1958) is stirred by an keep desireto counter the distorted expositions of African reality by the European media. As astudent at Ibadan, Achebe had read several appalling and uncalled-for accounts ofAfrica in the writings of the European novelists, anthropologists and colonialofficers who branded the African culture as inferior and backward. Achebe realizedthat it was a vital cultural necessity to fight and rebel against that view. Achebestates the key objective of his creative endeavour thus:

I would be quite satisfied if my novels did no more than teach my readersthat their past with all its imperfections was not one long night of savagery fromwhich the first Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them.

Achebe goes back to pre-colonial times and stir up the ethos of the traditionalAfrican society. Furthermore, this going back in terms of time becomes necessaryfor Achebe because he views life as a continuing experience, the present growingfrom the past and containing in it the seeds of the future. In Things Fall Apart andAn Arrow of God (1964), Achebe explores the historical reasons for the degenerationof the traditional society.

TFA largely depicts the traditional and the impact of the European intrusioninto that society, and thereby raises the great colonial problem how different classes,institutions and individuals are related to it. AG presents the same problem at a muchlater point of time when colonialism has harmfully impacted the African society


substantially. It demonstrates the eventual and definitive surrender of the Africanpeoples not only to the Western political system but also to its values wheremammon worship is all and lacks any moral or religious concern. But Achebe doesnot limit himself to this but turns his discerning eye to the present. No Longer atEase (1960) deal with the decline of ethical values in the colonized African societyand A Man of the People (1966) gives voice to the disillusionment, disappointmentand discontentment that followed independence in the new African nations onaccount of the widespread corruption and ethical degeneracy. A reading of the fournovels of Achebe tells how the traditional society of Africa has undergone a courseof dissolution and disintegration owing to its contact with and domination of aforeign power. In all the four novels of Achebe, the basic thematic concern is thecolonial experience that Africa underwent; but each novel in turn concentrates ondefinite dimension of this colonial theme depending upon the time and locale of thesituation depicted.

TFA isaboutthe traditional tribal society of Africa in all its richness anddiverse cultural facets which to many is still unknown and appears exotic. Umuofia,the place of action in the novel, is symbolic of any African village in the pre-colonialtimes. Achebe depicts the life of the Umuofians in great detail informing the readersabout their hopes, traditions, ideals, aspirations, religion, philosophy of life andhuman relationships. It is a closely-knit society where each cares for the other andall live as one in harmony.

Achebe’s Umuofia has all the characteristics of a community. According tothe noted sociologist F. Tonnies, community is “an intimate, private and extensiveliving together,”5 where individual self-interest is always subordinated to thecommunal good. The fortune or misery of one is shared by all. Whether it be amarriage or funeral in one house, it is a matter of attention or concern to all.

In his work, Achebe tries to bring home to the readers the fact the tribalsociety of Umuofia is based on sound ethical and spiritual values. It believes in hardwork and achievement. It is through hard work that an honest and able man paveshis way to success. Honours and merit are to be acquired purely through diligence.Christian virtues like peace and humility are not new to them, and they have its ownsystem of law. Egwugwu or the nine masked elders decide the conflicts andbickering and people submit themselves to the tribal law and religion obediently.Umuofians lovemusic and their feet dance automatically to the beat of the drum.Their faculty and ability in painting and sculpture can be seen in the myriad masksthey make for various festive occasions. Their literature is largely in the form of oraltales and the wisdom of the tribe is contained in their proverbs, Achebe, thus, showsthat Africans, before the advent of the Europeans had not been uncivilized as theyhad been made out to be. They had a philosophy of their own. They had poetry and,above all, they had dignity. Achebe makes no false efforts to prove that the African


past was a glorious one but exposes the chinks and flaws in the traditional societywithout any qualms and fears. Achebe admits: “We cannot pretend that our past wasone long, technicolor idyll. We have to admit that like other peoples’ pasts, ours hadits good as well as bad sides.”7 On the seamy or unpleasant side are the superstitiousbeliefs of the tribe such as branding some of the families as ‘osus’ and ostracizingthem, throwing off the twins into evil bush, mutilating the dead and also at timeskilling the innocents in obedience to their oracle, etc.

Achebe’s TFA constitutes all that happens to this traditional African tribalsociety following the European advent. The Yeatsian title fittingly suggests thepredicament that befell Africa. The fate of the community is depicted in the tragicfall of the protagonist, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a typical Ibo hero, who rises to powerand affluence through sheer hard work and assiduity. He epitomizes the essence ofIbo beliefs and values. As Okonkwo is steadily progressing towards the highest titlein the tribe, fate removes him from this race ruthlessly. He kills a clansmanaccidentally and is cast out from the community for seven years. These seven yearsof Okonkwo’s exile coincide with the British penetration, and consolidation inUmuofia. When Okonkwo returns, he finds that the tribe has become subservient tothe White power. While to the village, the change has been gradual, to Okonkwo it issudden. He, who has always been an unchallenged tribal hero, is unable to reconcilehimself to a submissive position. Okonkwo gets the much-needed opportunity tofight the British, as a feud breaks out between the Ibos and the Christian converts.Okonkwo decides to stir his people to action and protest. He kills the courtmessenger when the latter tries to disperse the crowd. This sudden outbreak ofviolence shocks the people beyond words. Okonkwo, realizing that the tribe will notsupport him, commits suicide by hanging himself in his compound.

Okonkwo’s death could suggest two things; his failure to understand theirreversibility of the changes, and also the death of independence, self-assertion andheroism. Okonkwo’s friend Obierika tells the White District Commissioner, “youdrove the man to kill himself” (p. 187). This seems to be the writer’s verdict both onthe tragedy of Okonkwo and the disintegration of the tribal society. TFA is notpurely the story of an individual but of a whole traditional African society. Thecolonial predicament of the entire society is lived through in Okonkwo’s life. TFAhas been aptly described as an archetypal African novel by Charles Larson whowrites:

The situation which the novel itself describes—the coming of the White manand the initial disintegration of traditional African society as a consequenceof that—is typical of the breakdown all African societies have experienced atone time or another as a result of their exposure to the West.8Achebe’s third novel, An Arrow of God takes up exactly where TFA left off.

The society of Umuaro depicted here is comparatively the same as that of Umuofia,


but for the fact that the division brought into the harmonious society of the tribe bythe Whiteman has become deeper and the British have gained enhanced strength.Here Achebe focuses on the tribe’s submission to the political domination of theBritish, and its compromise to the values of a foreign culture go along with greatpsychological stress.Cultural contact and the resultant conflicts thereof emerge as the major thematicstrand in Arrow of God, These conflicts are lived through by the protagonist Ezeulu,the Chief Priest of Ulu. Ezeulu faces two major conflicts—externally to assert hissense of self-respect before the heavy-handed authority of the British administrationand internally to keep his Go Ulu supreme over the other tribal gods. Despite the factthat the cultural contact creates the former, it exacerbates the latter.

Ezeulu, the time-keeper, holds an important position in the tribal society ofUmuaro. He makes decisions on the day for the feasts, festivals, and plantation andharvest, guided by the movements of the moon. His hold on that society is disputedagain and again by the rival groups and the White administration. The relationshipbetween Ezeulu and the White administration symbolizes the colonizer-colonizedencounter. It is one marked by mutual distrust created by a cultural chasm that existsbetween them. Ezeulu’s self-respect is mistaken for stubbornness and narrowmindedness and the British officer sentences him to two months’ term in jail.Ezeulu’s anger is turned not only against the White rulers but also his own peoplewho remain passive in his difficulties. Consequently, after his return, Ezeulu uses hispriestly power to teach his tribe a lesson. He delays the declaration of the harvestand the Christian missionaries utilize the opportunity to win over the helpless andhapless masses to their side. As a result, Ezeulu goes mad and the people en-massedefect to Christianity. The novel traces the devastating effect of the Whiteman’spower over the traditional society in general and the protagonist’s life in particular.Achebe’s TFA and AG, thus, demonstrated how the traditional African societyregresses from culture to anarchy, harmony to disharmony, and independence tosubservience, self-respect to self-deprecation.

In NLE and MP Achebe shifts his centre of attention from the rendering ofpast history to the present history. NLE is set in Nigeria close to politicalindependence. The ancient African tradition depicted in TFA and AG has become apart of history already though the bits and pieces of tradition yet survive in thevillages. The westernization or modernization forced by the colonial power hasspread fast and wide and the society stands at the crossroads of culture. Achebedepicts the uncertainties, indecisiveness, dichotomy of values and moral confusionthat characterize the colonized African society and focuses his attention on the plightof an educated youth trapped in the quagmire of resultant contradictions andcomplexities. The protagonist of the novel, Obi Okonkwo, represents the conflictsand doubts created by a direct participation in two contradictory cultures. The title


itself is indicative of the psychic dislocation experienced by the protagonist andsuggests the widespread moral confusion that pervades the whole of Africa.

Obi returns to Nigeria, after graduating from London, filled with idealistichopes for himself and his people. He embarks on a career as a Civil Servant, with theconviction that he would free his country from corruption and build a new andhealthier nation. But as fate would have it, from such loftiness of heroic ideals Obistoop to accepting bribes. Achebe suggests that Obi’s fall is a consequence ofwidespread moral confusion of the colonial Nigerian society. Obi cannot be solelyblamed for his fall, as the society Obi lives in is one, where the processes of historyhave shattered the traditional moral fabric. There are no set moral codes to go bynor any role models to emulate, and a young inexperienced man like Obi is left tohimself to sort out his morally beleaguered existence. Obi in his anxiety todischarge his duties towards his family and tribe, and play his role to the aristocraticcircles of Lagos, runs into debts and succumbs to the temptation of taking bribeseventually. Obi’s fall is symbolic of the moral undoing of the educated youth ofNigeria and his fall raises an alarm about the future of Africa.

Achebe’s fourth novel, MP in his own words is “a rather serious indictmentof post independence Africa.”9 Here, Achebe chooses the satiric mode to expose themoral decadence and depravity prevalent in the newly independent African States.Here Achebe is more in the role of a social critic than a historian. Achebe explains:

Irealized after independence that they (politicians) and I were now ondifferent sides because they were not doing what we had agreed they shoulddo. So I became a critic.”10

He is unhappy with every section in the society—the politicians, their cynicalelectorate, the educated youth and the illiterate public alike.

The plot of the novel veers round the action and reaction between two majorcharacters —Chief Nanga, an unscrupulous and devious politician and Odili Samalu,a sceptic youth. Both are representative of the social groups to which they belong.On the one hand is Chief Nanga, who is representative of a class of politicians, theneo-colonial select few people, who having inherited power from the departingcolonial masters, leave no stone unturned to retain the same. They carry on with thematerialistic acquisitive values of a profit-motivated capitalist system left behind bythe colonizer-masters. On the other hand is Odili, who is representative of thealienated native youth, product of the colonial education. In addition, there arecommon men, the gullible and humble electorate. They are aware of the fact that thattheir leaders are too deep into corruption and gulping the nation’s funds, but theyremain passive as this kind of exploitation is not new to them. They felt helpless,powerless, and defenceless. “Let them eat” was the popular opinion, “after all whenWhite men used to do all the eating, did we commit suicide?’’ (p. 161) Thus, all the


three sets of people, the politicians, the intellectuals and the masses have beendepicted as still under the colonial influence.

Chief Nanga and Odili stand at the two ends of the African social order—theformer immorally and deviously making his way to power and wealth by winningpeople’s hearts and the latter scrupulously remaining away from politics, critical ofthe moral depravity in national politics. Achebe suggests that in the post-independence period the times and circumstances were such as would corrupt evenan idealist like Odili had he been thrown into politics. The novel portrays thepolitical chaos and moral decadence in the post-independence Africa and suggeststhat the remnants of colonial administration would have to be demolished beforebuilding a new and healthy nation.

Despite the fact that, Achebe’s stories are set in Nigerian society, thedepiction is so close to truth that it does not remain of one place but becomes souniversal as to encompass the colonial times and circumstances and its aftermath ofthe entire colonized world. Herein lies the triumph of Achebe’s historical method.

Furthermore, Achebe’s portrayal of his characters adds an additionaldimension of authenticity to his narratives. Achebe’s protagonists personify thespirit of the age to which they belong. While the traditional heroes of Achebeepitomise the fundamental virtues of African character, his modern men like Obi andOdili display fragmented and dichotomized personalities which undeniably are theproduce of colonial education. Achebe makes his protagonists prototypical of theirclass, and further meticulously individualises them to their minute humanpeculiarities. He imparts them with certain individual traits that tell them apart fromthe other members of their class. In a society based on group allegiance, Okonkwoand Ezeulu stand out with their individualistic disposition and outlook. In the corruptworld of Lagos, Obi stands in the predicament of being an idealist without anystrength of will. Odili, of course, cast in a satiric mould is more a type than anindividual. Achebe’s characters display an excellent combination of the typical andindividual traits. With their typical traits they remain true to their times and beingindividual they emerge as convincing characters.

What’s more, the lives of these men typify the then prevailing social, culturaland psychological conflicts of their respective times. Their fates are largelydetermined by the historical changes of the times and circumstances. In fact theircharacters develop through their responses and reactions to these unforeseeablechanges. Achebe’s protagonists are essentially tragic characters. Achebe men growthrough their experience of history and achieve individual stature as their lives endon a tragic note. The unpredictable historical changes, and the reactions of Achebe’sprotagonists to them eventually leading to their tragic ends, make the fictional worldof Achebe.


Additionally, Achebe’s transcript of the idiom of the time and milieu toocontributes to the authenticity and accuracy of his stories. He designs his fictionalmedium to help in the realization of the requirements of time and place of action Hechooses diction that suits the time and milieu. For example, the novels of traditionallife TFA and AG set in rural Africa are abound in native expressions, similes drawnfrom tribe’s range of experience (agriculture, hunting) and translations from Ibo. Heevokes the ritual traditional Ibo life by means of a richly cadenced proverb-ladenrhetoric English. Achebe’s use of the language provides a fitting cultural matrix tohis fictional narrative.

In contrast, in JVLE and MP, the action takes place in urban and modernAfrica, and Achebe uses westernized language, marked with usual English idiomand linguistic contractions. Besides, the similes used are drawn from science andother spheres of urban experience. In NLE, the educated characters use a strangemixture of Standard English and Pidgin. This linguistic confusion has beendeliberately used to symbolize the moral and cultural confusion prevalent in thesociety. In MP Odili uses a highly pretentious language with superfluous metaphorsand clichés, and also profusely sprinkled with idiomatic expressions imported fromthe West. Odili’s language betrays not only the speaker’s striving after effect, butalso his keenness and fervour to imitate the West.In Achebe, language is born of the essential requirements of action but also to helpevoke a socio-cultural atmosphere and throw light on the historical facts that formthe basis of his plots. Bernth Lindfors makes an apt comment, “What gives each ofAchebe’s novels an air of historical authenticity is his use of English language.”ReferencesChinua Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day (London: Heinemann, 1975), p. 7.George Lukacs. The Historical Novel, trans. Hannah and Stanky Mitchell (London: Merlin Press,

1962), p. 53.Chinua Achebe, “The Role of the Writer in a New Nation,” African Writers on African Writing

(London: Heinemann, 1973), p. 18.Tonnies, quoted in Emanuel Obechinas, Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel

(London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 202.Chinua Achebe, “The Role of the Writer in a New Nation,” p. 8.Charles R. Larson, The Emergence of African Fiction (London: Indiana University Press, 1971), p.

28.Chinua Achebe, “Interview by Robert Serumuga,” African Writers Talking (London: Heinemann,

1972), p. 13.Chinua Achebe, “Interview with Chinua Achebe,” Palaver: Interviews with Five African Writers

inTexas, ed. Bernth Lindfors et al (Austin; Afro-American Research Institute, University ofTexas at Austin,1972), p. 8.

David Daiches, The Novel and the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), P.20.

Bernth Lindfors, “The Palm Oil with which Achebe’s Words are Eaten,” African Literature Today,No. 1 (1968), pp. 1-18.


Decomposition of Curvature Tensor Fields in aFinsler Space

Dr. S. B. Misra1, Dr. K. Srivastava2, Dr. R. B. Srivastava3N. L. Yadav4

Abstract: In the first section of the present communication we have considered thedecomposition of Berwald’s curvature tensor field in two different ways, firstly in the form

i ijkh j khH X and secondly in the form i i

jkh jkhH x and accordingly have established

the relationships which exist in between recurrence vector, associate recurrence vector,recurrence tensor and associate recurrence tensor and decomposed tensor fields in a generalised2-recurrent Finsler space. In the second we have considered the decomposition of the curvature

tensor field ,ijkhS x x in the form i i

jkh jkhS v where jkh is a tensor field and iv is a

vector field and have obtained similar relationships as have been stated above.

1. DECOMPOSITION OF BERWALD’S CURVATURE TENSOR FIELD i

jkhH x,x :We now consider the decomposition of the Berwald’s curvature tensor field in

the form

1,2,3,4. Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Mathematics, MLK(PG) College, Balrampur


(1.1) i ijkh j khH X ,

where ,kh x x and ,ijX x x are two tensor fields such that

(1.2) ij i jX d p ,

where jp is the non-null decomposed vector field.

We now transvect (1.1) by jx and then use [I-(9.24)] and get(1.3) i i j

kh j khH X x .

Let us now suppose that the vector id and the tensor ijX are also recurrent, i.e.

(1.4) i m m id d

and (1.5) i ij m m jX X ,

where m x and m x are non-zero recurrent vector fields. In view of theseobservations, we may easily deduce the following

(1.6) j m m m jp p

and (1.7) kh m m m khd .

We now differentiate (1.1) successively with respect to x and mx and get(1.8)

i i i i ijkh m j m kh j kh m j m kh j kh mH X X X X .

Using (1.1), (1.2), (1.1), (1.4) and (1.6) in (1.8), we get(1.6) m kh m kh kh m m m m m mC d d d C .

(1.10) m kh m kh kh mC d .Using (1.9) in (1.10), we get

(1.11) 0m m m m m khd d C .

Since kh is an arbitrary decompose tensor field, hence we can write(1.12) 0m m m m md d C .

Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (1.1):

In a generalised 2-recurrent Finsler space, in order that the decompose tensorfield ,kh x x be generalised 2-recurrent, we should have (1.12).

We now commutate (1.9) with respect to the indices m and and thereafter apply thecommutation formula [I-(9.25)] and use (1.1), (1.2) and (1.6), we get

(1.13) m m m m m m khd d d C C d


r t rr kh t r kh mX x X .

Differentiating (1.13) with respect to nx and using the equations (1.6) and (1.13), weget

(1.14) m m m m m mn nnd d C d C d

n n m n md ,

where (1.15)def

r t rr t rX x X

and (1.16) r t r tr kh t r t khX x X x .


The skew-symmetric part of the recurrence tensor in a generalised 2-recurrentFinsler space satisfies the relation (1.14).

We now differentiate (1.9) covariantly with respect to nx and commutate the resultthus obtained with respect to the indices m and n and thereafter use (1.10) and get

(1.17)

kh m n kh n m m n n m kh m kh n n kh md d d d

kh m n n m m n n m khC C C d C d

m n n m kh m kh n n kh mI I I I ,

where (1.18) m m m m m mI C d d .Applying the commutation [I-(9.25)] and then using (1.1), (1.2), and (1.6), we get

(1.19)

m n n m m n n m n m m n m n md d d d d d d d d C C

n m m n m n n m m n n m m n n khC C C d C d I I I d

r tr kh r kh t mnd X x

r rr r r kh md X d X , ,

where id is supped to be independent of direction and we have also taken into accountthe fact that kh hk .


We now allow a cyclic interchange of the indices , m and n in (1.19) and thereafteradding the three equations thus obtained, we get

(1.20) m n m n m n m n n md d d d d C

n m n m m n kh mn m n n m hkd C d B ,where, we have taken into account the following result

(1.21) 0j kh k hj h jkp p p

and 0j kh k hj h jkd d d .We can therefore state:THEOREM (1.3):

Under the decomposition rule (1.1), the associate recurrence tensor field mdand the decomposed tensor field m satisfy (1.20) where is given by

(1.22) r t r r tr t r r tX x X X x .

We now allow a cyclic interchange of the indices , m and n in (1.17) and add thethree equations thus obtained, we get

(1.23) 6 kh m n mn m n n m khB ,where, we have taken into account (1.20).We can therefore state:THEOREM (1.4):

In a generalised 2-recurrent tensor field, the decomposed tensor field khsatisfies (1.23).

We now consider the decomposition given by the rule(1.24) i i

kh khH x ,where ,kh x x is homogeneous of degree zero in its directional arguments.

Differentiating (1.24) partially with respect to jx , we get(1.25) i i i

jkh jkh j khH x ,

where (1.26) jkh j kh and 0jjkh x .

From here we fine that the decomposition of i

jkhH is not possible in the sense of

decomposition rule given by (1.1). If i j , then we propose to decompose ijkhH in the

following form(1.27) i i

jkh jkhH x .


Differentiating (1.1) the sense of Berwald successively with respect to x and mx , weget

(1.28) i ikh m kh mH x

.Using (1.2) and (1.24) in (1.28), we get

(1.29) m kh m kh kh ma .Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (1.5):

In a Finsler space nF , the decomposed tensor field ,kh x x behaves likegeneralised 2-recurrent tensor field with respect to the same associate vector

m and associate tensor field ma .

We now differentiate (1.27) in the sense of Berwald successively with respect to x andmx and get

(1.30) i i ijkh m jkh m j kh mH x


(1.31)

i im jkh m jkh jkh m j kh m m kh m khx a a

.As per the provisions of the theorem stated in the foregoing lines, (1.31), gives

(1.32) jkh m m jkh m jkha .Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (1.6):

In a generalised 2-recurrnet Finsler space, in accordance with thedecomposition rule (1.25), the decomposed tensor field jkh like generalised 2-

recurrent tensor field with respect to the same associate vector m andassociate tensor field ma .

Commutating (1.29) with respect to the indices and m and then using the fact that

kh is recurrent of first order, we get(1.33) kh m kh m m m kh m kha a I ,

where (1.34) 'm m mI .

Applying the commutation formula [I-(9.25)], we get

(1.35) ' r r rm m m kh r kh m rh k m kr hma a I H H H



(1.36) ' rm m m kh rkh m rh k m kr h ma a I x

.

Differentiating (1.36) covariantly in the sense of Berwald with respect to nx andthereafter using the fact that jkh are also recurrent of first order, we get

(1.37) 'm m n m m m n n m khn

a a a a I I

2 rn rkh m rh k m kr h m x

.With the help of (1.34) and (1.37) we can therefore state:THEOREM (1.7):

In a generalised 2-recurrent nF , under the decomposition rule (1.24), the skew-symmetric part of the associate recurrence tensor field ,ma x x

satisfies

(1.38) ' '

m m m m m n m m nna a a a I I ,

where 'mI is given by (2.4).

2. DECOMPOSITION OF CURVATURE TENSOR FIELD ijkhS x,x :

DEFINITION (2.1):An n -dimensional Finsler space nF is said to be S -recurrent of first order if

the curvature tensor ,ijkhS x x satisfies the relation

(2.1) i ijkh m m jkhS k S ,

where mk x is a non-zero vector field.

We now consider the decomposition of the curvature tensor field ,ijkhS x x in the

form given by(2.2) i i

jkh jkhS v

where jkh is a tensor field and iv is a vector field which satisfies

(2.3) 1mmk v .

The identities satisfied by the curvature tensor ,ijkhS x x are given by

(2.4) 0i i ijk k j jkS S S ,

(2.5) 0i i ijk m j m k jmkS S S

and (2.6) i ijkh jhkS S .


With the help of (2.1), (2.2), (2.4), (2.5) and (2.6), we get the following(2.7) 0jk k j jk ,

(2.8) jk j k

and (2.9) 0m j k k j m jmkk k k .

Transvecting (2.9) by mv and summing over m , we get(2.10) jk jk k jk k

where (2.11) mj j mv .

Using (2.10) in (2.2), we get(2.12) i i

jk jk k jS k k v .Contracting (2.12) with respect to the indices i and and then using the fact that

0kjk v , we get

(2.13) jk jk

(2.14) 0jijS v ,

where hij ijhS S is the Ricci tensor.

With the help of the observations mentioned in the foregoing lines, we can write (2.10)and (2.12) in the form given by

(2.15) jk jk k jk S k S

and (2.15) i ijk jk k jS k S k S v .

We differentiate (2.16) with respect to mx in the sense of Cartan and get

(2.17) i ijk k j m j k m jk mk S k S v S k S k v

where we have into account that the contracted tensor jkS is also 1-recurrent.

Transvecting (2.17) by hv and thereafter using (2.1b), we get(2.18) h i i h

jk m jk mS v S v .Using (2.2) in (2.18), we get

(2.19) 'h i i hm mv v v v .

Since iv is non-null therefore we may safely assume that there exists a proportionatevector m such that

(2.20) i im mv v


Differentiating (2.2) in the sense of Cartan with respect to mx and then using (2.20),we get

(2.21) jk m m m jkk .Therefore, we can state the following:THEOREM (2.1):

In an n -dimensional S -recurrent nF , the decomposed tensor field jk in not1-recurrent under the decomposition rule (2.2).

THEOREM (2.2):In an n -dimensional S -recurrent nF , under the decomposition rule (2.2), the

vector iv and the tensor jk spans a recurrent vector and a tensor field whichare respectively expressible in the form (2.20) and (2.21).

Next, we consider the decomposition of the tensor field jk in the form given by

(2.22) jk j kK .

Differentiating (2.22) with respect to mx in the sense of Cartan and thereafter using(2.21) in the result thus obtained, we get

(2.23) m m j k j m k j k mK K K K K .

We now transvect (2.23) by jv and get(2.24) k m m kK

where we have taken into account the facts given by(2.25) (a) 1m

mK v , (b) hh m mv K .

Making use of (2.1), (2.20) and (2.21), we get(2.26) j m m jK K ,

where we have taken into account that i ijk j kS v K .

Differentiating (2.26) with respect to mx in the sense of Cartan and commutating theequation thus obtained with respect to the indices m and n , we get

(2.27) jmn j m n n mK .Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (2.3):

In order that the tensor field jk be decomposed in the form (2.22) it isnecessary and sufficient that (2.27) must hold.

The Ricci identity for the curvature tensor ,ijkS x x

is given by


(2.28) i i h i i hj k j k j hk h jkX X X S X S .

With the help of (2.16) and (2.28), we get

(2.29) 0i h i h i h i h im n n m jk jk hmn jmn hk kmn jh mn jkhK K S S S S S S S S S .

Transvecting (2.29) by iK and the using (2.16), along with

(2.30) (a) h hjk j kS v K , (b) h

hmn mnv ,

we get (2.31) i im n n m i jk mn i jkK K K S K S .

An immediate consequence of (2.31) is(2.32) mn m n n mK K .

Using (2.27) in (2.32), we get(2.33) m m n nn m

K K .

With the help of (2.21), (2.26), (2.32) and (2.33), we can therefore state the following:THEOREM (2.4):

In a recurrent Finsler space, under the decomposition rule (2.22) the followingrelations always hold

(2.34) (a) kj j k k jK K , (b) i ik k kv K v , (c)

0k k kK K K ,

where m m mK is a non-constant scalar function.Using (2.9) and (2.34a), we get

(2.35) k m k m k m mK K .

Since K is non-null therefore, we can get(2.36) k k kK K ,

where is a scalar function.

Again, since hjk j khS K v therefore in view of kh k h kK K , we get

(2.37) jk j k kS K K ,

where we have written m m mK and mmv .

The form (2.37) gives a decomposition rule for the Ricci tensor.Using (2.26) and m mm K , we get

(2.38) k j k kK K


and (2.39) k k k k kK K K K .Subtracting (2.39) from (2.38) and thereafter multiplying the result thus obtained by

kv v and then summing over and k , we get(2.40) 2 1 1v

where we have written mmv .


In necessary condition for the decomposition of the curvature tensor ,i

jkhS x x is given by (2.40).

We know that jk m m jkS K S , therefore from (2.37), we get

(2.41) 2k m k m m k m k mK K K K .With the help of (2.32) and (2.41), we can write

(2.42) 2 1 km k m m kK K .If 1 then (2.32) gives

(2.43) jk j kS K .

Again, if we write 0kjkS v and 1 k

kv then we get(2.44) 1 0 .


1 is the necessary and sufficient condition in order that the Ricci tensor

jkS be expressible in the form jk j kS K .

REFERENCE:

[1] Dubey, R. S. D. and Srivastawa, A. K. (1981). On recurrent Finsler spaces, Bull.Soc. Math. Belgique, 33, 293-288.

[2] Eisenhast, L. P. (1927). Non-Riemannian geometry, A. Ms. Coll. Publ. Vol.VIII.

[3] Mishra, R. B. (1966). The projective transformation in a Finsler space, Annlesde la Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles, T, 89, III, 227-239.

[4] Pande, H. D. (1974). A study of some problems in a Finsler space, Pustaksthan,Goraphpur (India).


[5] Pande, H. D. and Khan, T. A. (1973).General decomposition of Berwald’scurvature tensor fields in a recurrent Finsler space, Atti Accad. Naz. LinceiRend. Cl. Sci. Mat. Natur. 55, 680-685.

[6] Pande, H. D. and Shukla, H. S. (1977).On the decomposition of curvature

tensor field ijkhK and i

jkhH in a recurrent Finsler space, Indian J. Pure

Appl. Math. 8, 418-424.[7] Pande, P. N. (1981). On the decomposability of curvature tensor of a Finsler

manifold, Acta. Math. Acad. Sci. Hunger. 38, 109-116.[8] Ram Hit (1975). Decomposition of Berwald’s curvature tensor fields, Ann. Fac.

Sci., Kinshasa, 1220-1226.[9] Sinha, B. B. and Singh, S. P. (1970). On decomposition of recurrent curvature

tensor fields, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (India), 40A, 105-110.[10] Sinha, B. B. and Singh, S. P. (1970).On decomposition of recurrent curvature

tensor fields, Bull. Cal. Math. Soc., 62, 91-96.[11] Sinha, B. B. (1974). Decomposition of recurrent curvature tensor fields of

second order, Prog. (Allahabad), 6, 7-14.[12] Takano, K. (1967). Decomposition of curvature tensor in a recurrent space,

Tensor (N.S), 18, 343-347.[13] Walker, A. G. (1950). On Ruse’s spaces of recurrent curvature Proc. Lond. Math.

Soc., 2(52), 36-54.


On Special Projective and Non-Projective ChangesS. B. Misra1, R. B. Srivastava2, P. C. Yadava3 &U. B. Singh4

2

Abstract: In the present paper we have discussed the projective change defined by vector field

i kX x and have obtained projective invariants of such changes, Non-existence of certain

projective changes defined by special type of vector fields has been discussed in the latersections of this communication. In the last section of this communication we have discussedcertain non-projective changes defined by a vector field.

1. PROJECTIVE CHANGE DEFINED BY A VECTOR FIELD:The differential equations of geodesics are given by

2

22 , 0

ii idx d s ds

G x x xdtdt dt

.

Eliminating ix , we may write these equations in the following alternative form

(1.1) 2 , 2 , 0i j

i j j idx dxG x x x G x x x

dt dt

.

The equation (1.1) is a tensorial equation and its form remains unchanged under anytransformation of the parameter t . We now consider the equations of geodesics in thefollowing form

1, 2. Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.) College,Balrampur, U.P.

3,4. Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research Mathematics,, K. S. Saket (P.G.) College,Ayodhya, U.P.


(1.2) 2 , 2 , 0i j

i j j idx dxG x x x G x x x

dt dt

,

and shall obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the above two equations torepresent the same system of geodesies. From the equations (1.1) and (1.2), we get

(1.3) i j j j i ix G G x G G .

Differentiating (1.3) partially with respect to kx , we get

(1.4) i j j i j j j i i j i ik k k kG G x G G G G x G G .

Contracting (1.4) with respect to the indices i and k and thereafter using Euler’stheorem on homogeneous functions, we get

(1.5) i i iG G px where 1

1

r rrp G G

n .

The equation (1.5) can alternatively be written as

(1.6) i i iG G px .

Since iG and iG are positively homogeneous of degree two in their directional

arguments, the function p is positively homogeneous of degree one in ix . Thus, thenecessary and sufficient condition for the equations (1.1) and (1.2) to represent thesame system of geodesics is given by (1.6). The equation (1.6) defines a projectivechange or a projective transformation.

Let us now consider a vector field i kX x (independent of directional

arguments) satisfying

(1.7) 0i mjmC X .

Putting jjp X x in (1.6) we get the projective change as

(1.8) i i j ijG G X x x ,

and we shall call this projective change as the projective change defined by the vector

field iX .

Differentiating (1.8) partially with respect to kx , we get

(1.9) i i i j ik k k j kG G X x X x ,


where i ik kG G and i i

k kG G .

Differentiating (1.9) partially with respect to hx , we get

(1.10) i i i ikh kh k h h kG G X X .

Conversely, transvecting (1.10) and (1.9) successively by hx and kx , we get backequation (1.8). Thus, we arrive at the conclusion that the equations (1.8), (1.9) and(1.10) are equivalent.3. CERTAIN PROJECTIVE INVARIANTS:

Under this section, we propose to find certain objects which are invariant under

a projective change defined by a vector field iX . The partial differentiation of (1.10)

with respect to jx gives i ijkh jkhG G , which implies that the tensor i

jkhG is invariant

under the projective change defined by the vector fieldiX .

Transvecting (1.8) by iy and thereafter using the fact that 2iiy y F , we get

(2.1) 2 ,i i ji i jy G y G F X x .

From (1.8) and (2.1), we get

(2.2) i j i i ji j jG G G G ,

wherei

i x

F

and jj

y

F . The equation (2.2) confirms the invariance of

i i jjG G under the projective change defined by the vector field iX .

Transvecting (1.9) by iy and again using the fact that 2iiy x F , we get

(2.3) 2

1 i i jk i k i k j kX y G y G X y y

F .

Using (2.3) in (1.9), we get

(2.4) 2

1i i r r j i j ik k r k r k j k j kG G y G y G X x y x X x

F .


(2.5)1 1

1 1

i i r r i i i r r ik r k r k k r k r kG G G h G G G h

n n

,


where i i ik k kh . The equation (2.5) can also be written in the following

alternative form

(2.6)1 1

1 1

r i r i r i r ik r r k k k r kG h G h G h G h

n n

.

The equation (2.6) enables us to state that1

1

r i r ik r r kG h G h

n

is invariant under the

projective change defined by the vector field iX .Contracting (1.10) with respect to the indices i and h , we get

(2.7) 1

1

r rk kr krX G G

n

.


(2.8)1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

i r i r i i r i r ikh kr h hr k kh kr h hr kG G G G G G

n n n n

.

The equation (2.8) enables us to state that1 1

1 1

i r i r ikh kr h hr kG G G

n n

is invariant

under the projective change defined by the vector field iX .

The Berwald deviation tensor field ikH is defined as follows [I-(13.3)]

(2.9) 2 2i i h i i ik k h k k kH G x G G G G G

.

In view of (2.9), we get

(2.10) 2 2i i h i i ik k h k k kH G x G G G G G

Using (1.8), (1.9) and (1.10) in (2.10), we get(2.11)

2 2i i r i h i i i i

k k r h k k k

r ik r kH G X x y G x x G X Xx X X

r i i r i m

r r k k m kG X x x G X x X x G X x X x

.


(2.12) 2i i i m h

k k k m h k k kH H X x x X X x X X Gx

22i h m

k h mx x X X G X x

.


We know that r

m k k m r kmX X X G therefore, we can write

r

k m m k r kmX X X G . In view of this observation the equation (2.12) can be written

as(2.13)

22i i i m m r i h m mk k m k k m r k k m h mH H x x X x X X x X x x X X x .

Contracting (2.13) with respect to the indices i and k , we get

(2.14) 2m k mm k mH H x x X X x .

Transvecting (2.13) by iy and thereafter using the facts that 0ii ky H and 0i

i ky H ,we get

(2.15) 222 m m r h m mk

m k k m r k m h m

yx X x X X x X x x X X x

F .

From (2.13), (2.14) and (2.15), we find

(2.16) i i i i i ik k k k k kH H H H .

This observation enables us to state that the tensor i i ik k kH H is invariant

under the projective change defined by a vector field iX .3. NON-EXISTENCE OF CERTAIN PROJECTIVE CHANGES :

Under this heading we propose to discuss the projective changes defined by acontra vector field, a concurrent vector field and a special concircular vector field wheresuch vector fields are characterized by

(3.1) 0ikX ,

(3.2) i ik kX c

and (3.3) i ik kX ,

respectively. Here, c appearing in (3.2) is a constant.

Let us consider a projective change defined by a contra vector field iX whichis characterized by (3.1). Differentiating (3.1) partially with respect to jx and using thecommutation formula given by [I-(13.16d)], we get

(3.4) 0i rjkrG X .


Multiplying (3.1) by ijg and thereafter taking summation over i , we get

(3.5) 0iij kg X .

Using [I-(13.14)] in (3.5), we get(3.6)

r sj k r jksX y G X .

From (3.4) and (3.6), we get(3.7) 0j kX .

Using (3.7) in (2.13) and (2.14), we get

(3.8) i i m r i ik k m r k kH H X x X x y X

and (3.9) 2mmH H X x .

Transecting (3.8) by iy and then using the facts that 0ii ky H and 0i

i ky H , we get

(3.10) 2 0m rm r k kX x X x y F X .

An obvious consequence of (3.10) is at least one of the following conditions:(3.11) (a) 0m

mX x , (b) 2 0rr k kX x y F X .

The equation (3.11a) can not be true because the partial differentiation of (3.11a) withrespect to kx gives 0kX , which leads to a contradiction. Therefore, equation

(3.11b) must be true. Multiplying (3.11b) by ikg , we get

(3.12)2

ri irX x

X xF

.

This observation also contradicts the lemma given by Matsumoto [4]. Therefore, we canstate:THEOREM (3.1):

A contra vector field i kX x can not define a projective change in a Finslerspace.

Let us consider a projective change defined by a concurrent vector field iX which ischaracterized by (3.2). Differentiating (3.2) partially with respect to jx and thereafterusing the commutation formula given by [I-(13.17b)], we get (3.4). Multiplying (3.2) by

ijg , we get

(3.13) i

j k ij k jkX X g cg .

But (3.14) r

ij k r jkg y G .


Therefore, form (3.13), we get(3.15) j k jkX cg ,

here, we have used (3.4). Using (3.15) in the equation (2.12), we get

(3.16) 22i i i r i mk k k r k k mH H x cy X x X cF X y .

Transvecting (3.16) by iy and thereafter using the facts that 0ii ky H and 0i

i ky H ,we get

(3.17) 2 0r mr k m kX x F X X x y .

(3.17) again implies at least one of the conditions (3.11a) and (3.11b). Proceeding asabove we again arrive at the conclusion that both the conditions lead to contradictions.Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (3.2):

A concurrent vector field can not define a projective change in a Finsler space.We now consider the projective change defined by the special concircular vector field

iX satisfying (3.3). Differentiating (3.3) partially with respect to jx and using thecommutation formula exhibited by [I-(13.16d)], we get

(3.18) i r ijkr j kG X .

Taking skew-symmetric part of (3.18) and thereafter using the symmetry property of thetensor i

jkrG in its lower indices, we get

(3.19) 0i ij k k j .

Contracting (3.19) with respect to the indices i and j , we get 0k . Thisobservation shows that the scalar is independent of directional arguments.Therefore, the equation (3.18) reduces to (3.4). Multiplying (3.3) by ijg and thereaftertaking summation over the index i , we get

(3.20) i

j k ij k jkX X g g .Using (3.14) in (3.20), we get

(3.21) j k jkX g , where we have used (3.4).Using (3.21) in the equation (2.12), we get

(3.22) 22i i i r i mk k k r k k mH H x y X x X F X x .

Transvecting (3.22) by iy and using 0ii ky H and 0i

i ky H , we get

(3.23) 2 0r mr k m kX x F X X x y .


(3.23) again implies at least one of the conditions (3.11a) and (3.11b). Proceeding as inthe case of theorem (3.2), we find that both the conditions lead to contradictions.Therefore, we can state:THEOREM (3.3):

A special concircular vector field can not define a projective change in a Finslerspace.

4. NON-PROJECTIVE TRANSFORMATION:Let us consider a special change of the functions iG defined by the vector field

i jX x such that

(4.1) 21

2i i iG G F X .

The systems of geodesics represented by the equations (1.1) and (1.2) do not representthe same system unless i iX x . In view of lemma given by Matsumoto [4] there

exists no any satisfying i iX x . Therefore the change (4.1) defined by the vector

field iX is certainly non-projective.Differentiating (4.1) partially with respect to jx , we get

(4.2) i i ij j jG G y X .

Again differentically partially (4.2) with respect to kx , we get(4.3) i i i

jk jk jkG G g X .With the help of equations (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3), we get

(4.4) 1 12 2i i i ij j j jG F G G F G ,

(4.5) i i i ih jk jk h h jk jk hy G g G y G g G ,

and (4.6)2 2

2 2jk jki i i ijk jk

g gG G G G

F F .

The equations (4.4), (4.5) and (4.6) enable us to state that the functions 12i ij jG F G ,

i ih jk jk hy G g G and 22i i

jk jkG F g G are invariant under the change given by (4.1).

With the help of (2.14), (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3), we get

(4.7) 212

2

i i i h i ik k h k kH G F X x G y X


212

2

i i i i ik k k kG g X G F X G y X G y X

.

Using (2.8) in (4.7), we get(4.8) 2 2i i i i i h h i

k k k k h k k hH H X F F X X x y y x X

2 22i i i i i ik k k k k kF G X g G X F X X y G X X y G X y X x

.Changing (4.8) into tensorial form, we get

(4.9) 2 2i i i i i h

k k k k k hH H X F F X X x y

2h i i i h

k h k k hy x X F X X y X X x .

But 2 0kF and 0k hy , therefore using these facts in (4.9), we get

(4.10) 2i i i i i i hk k k k k h hH H F X X X y X X X x .

Equation (4.10) can alternatively be expensed in the following form

(4.11) 2i i h i ik k k h hH H F h X X X .

Differentiating (4.10) partially with respect to jx and thereafter putting writing2 2j jF y , we get

(4.12) 2 2i i i i i rj k j k j k k jkr

ij kH H y X X X F G X F X X

i i hjk h h

i i i hk j k j hjg X X X x y X X X X y y y .

Since, 2r rj k j hr jkrX g X C X and 0k

jkrC x therefore keeping these facts inmind equation (4.12) may alternatively, be written as

(4.13) 22 2i i i i i i rj k j k j k k jkr jkrH H y X X X F G X C X

i i h i ijk h h k j jg X X X x y X X X .

Commutating (4.13) with respect to the indices j and k and thereafter using the

symmetry property of the tensors ,jk jkrg C and ijkrG , we get

(4.14)

3 3i i i i i i i ij k k j j k k j j k k k j jH H H H y X X X y X X X .

Using [I-(13.14a)] in (4.14), we get


(4.15) i i i i i ijk jk j k k k j jH H y X X X y X X X .

Partial differentiation of (4.15) with respect to hx shows that the tensor ihjkH is not

invariant under the change (4.1). Multiplying (4.15) by hy , we get

(4.16) i i i i

h jk h jk h j k k

i ih k j jy H y H y y X X X y y X X X .

Changing the indices j and k in (4.16) cyclically, we get

(4.17) i i i i i ij jk i jk j k h h j h k ky H y H y y X X X y y X X X ,

and (4.18) i i i i i ik hj k hj k h j j k j h hy H y H y y X X X y y X X X .

Adding (4.16), (4.17) and (4.18), we get(4.19) i i i i i i

h jk j kh k hj h jk j kh k hjy H y H y H y H y H y H .

Transvecting (4.19) by hx , we get(4.20) 2 2i i i i i i

jk j k k j jk j jk k jF H y H y H F H y H y H .From these discussions we conclude :THEOREM (4.1):

The tensors ,i ik jkH H and i

hjkH of Berwald are not invariant under the

projective change (4.1), but however the tensors i i ih jk j kh k hjy H y H y H and

2 i i ijk j k k jF H y H y H are invariant under such a change.

If the vector field iX satisfies the conditions(4.21)

i ik kX X X ,

then the equation (4.10) and (4.15), become(4.22) (a) i i

k kH H , (b) i ijk jkH H .

The partial differentiation of (4.22b) with respect to hx gives(4.23) i i

hjk hjkH H .Therefore, we can state:


THEOREM (4.2):If the vector field iX defining the change (4.1) satisfies (4.21) then theBerwald’s tensors are invariant under the change (4.1).

References

[1] Kneblman, M. S. (1929). Collineations and motions in generalised space,Amer. J. Math. 51, 527& 564.

[2] Kropina, V. K. (1959). On projective Finsler space with a metric of somespecial form, Naucn. Dokl. Vyss. Skoly. Fiz. Mat. Nauki, 2, 38-42.

[3] Kropina, V. K. (1959). Projective Finsler spaces, Uch. Zap. Arkhang. Gos.Ped. Inst., 4, 111-118.

[4] Matsumoto, M. (1980).Projective changes of Finsler metrics and projectivelyflat Finsler spaces, Tensor (NS), 34, 303-315.

[5] Misra, R. B. (1966). Projective tensors in a conformal Finsler space, Acad.Rou. Belg. Bull. Cl. Sci., 52(1), 1275-1279.

[6] Misra, R. B. (1972). A projectively symmetric Finsler space, Math. Z., 126,143-153.

[7] Pande, H. D. (1975). Infinitesimal special projective transformation in aFinsler space, Pure Appl. Math. Sci., 2, 11-16.

[8] Pande, P. N. (1982/83). Certain types of projective motion in a Finslermanifold, Atti Accad. Peloritana Pericolanti Cl. Sci. Fis. Math. Nat. 60, 287-300.

[9] Pande, P. N. (1984). Projective motion in symmetric and projectivelysymmetric Finsler manifolds, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (India), 544, 274-278.

[10] Sinha, R. S. (1970). On projective motion in a Finsler space with recurrentcurvature, Tensor (N.S.) 21, 124-126.

[11] Wong, Y. C. and Yano, K. (1961). Projectively flat spaces with recurrentcurvature, comment. Math. Helv. 35, 223-232.


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Ukkjh dh lqn`<+ o lEekutud fLFkfr ,d mUur le`) o etcwr lektdk |ksrd gSA izkphu /keZxzUFk esa ;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork lw= okD;}kjk bls Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA gekjs ns'k esa tgk¡ ukjh dks nsohrqY; crk;k x;k gS ogha nwljh vksj vcyk crkdj ijEijk ,oa :f<+;ksa dh csM+hesa Hkh tdM+k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud efgyk thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa iq:’kksa dhizfr;ksxh gSA fQj Hkh og igys ls dgha T;knk vlqjf{kr gSA vkt ds uxjh;ifjos'k esa tgk¡ efgyk;sa dne ls dne feykdj c<+ jgh gSa ogh nwljh vksjxzkeh.k ifjos'k esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dkQh n;uh; gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dkj.k uxjh; f'k{kk vkfn dk fodkl gqvk gS ftldsdkj.k efgyk f'k{kk dk fodkl lekurk vkfn dk fodkl gksrk fn[kkbZ fn;k gSAvkt vk/kqfudrk ds nkSj esa efgyk;sa fnu izfrfnu iq:"kksa ls dne ls dnefeykdj py jgh gSa fQj Hkh efgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr dbZ izdkj ds iz'u mBrs gSatSls vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh O;olk; ds izfr D;k lksp gS bllsmudh f'k{kk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA rFkk D;k efgyk;sa mu O;olk;ksa dks pqujgh gSa ftUgsa iq:"k iz/kku lekt esa udkjk tkrk gSA rFkk f'kf{kr efgykvksa dsvk/kqfudhdj.k dk muds ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA1 ,oa 2. izoDrk] ca'kh/kj egkfo|ky; mjbZ


v/;;u ds mn~ns';izLrqr y?kq 'kks/k fuEufyf[kr mn~ns';ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA1- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa eas lkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj dk v/;;u

djukA2- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; efgykvksa ds LFkku dh fLFkfr

dk v/;;u djuk3- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; oSokfgd fopkjksa dk v/;;u

djukA4- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; f'k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa dk

v/;;u djukA5- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk v/;;u djukA6- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa esa e/; ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa dk v/;;u

djukA7- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; dfj;j ewY;ksa dk rqyukRed

v/;;u djukAifjdYiuk,av/;;u ds fy, fuEu ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA1- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds lkekftd] /kkfeZd Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd

vUrj ugha gSA2- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds oSokfgd fopkj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj

ugha gSA3- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; efgykvksa ds LFkku esa dksbZ lkFkZd

vUrj ugha gSA4- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa dh f'k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd

vUrj ugha gSA5- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa eas dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj

ugha gSA6- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds dWfj;j ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj

ugha gSAifjlhek, a

izLrqr v/;;u dh lhek rFkk dk;Z {ks= fuEufyf[kr Lrj ij ifjlhfergSaA


1- izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa 25 ls 35 o’kZ rd dh efgykvksa dks fy;k x;kgSA

2- izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u eas Lukrd Lrj dh efgykvkas dks LFkku fn;k x;kgSA

3- izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa dkedkth ,oa x`g.kh efgykvksa dks LFkku fn;kx;k gSA

4- izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy nks ewY;ksa dks gh LFkku fn;k x;k gSAlexz

izLrqr v/;;u esa ifjfer tula[;k ds :i esa dkyst Lrj dh xzkeh.k,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa dks tula[;k ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSAU;kn'kZ

izLrqr v/;;u esa ;kn`fPNdh U;kn'kZ dh ykVjh fof/k dk p;u U;kn'kZuds fy, fd;k rFkk 100 xzkeh.k f'kf{kr efgykvksa vkSj 100 'kgjh f'kf{krefgykvksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA

xzkeh.k f'kf{kr efgykvksa dhla[;k

'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa dhla[;k

dqy ;ksx

100 100 200iz;qDr midj.k

izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dh leL;k ds Lo:i dks ns[krs gq, nks midj.kksa dkiz;ksx fd;k x;kA

1- vk/kqfudhdj.k ekiuh tks vkj0,l0 flag ] ,0,u0 f=ikBh ,oa jkethyky }kjk fufeZr

2- dWfj;j vkSj ikfjokfjd ewY; ekiuh tks Mk0 lk/kuk ruokj ,oa Mk0dqyfoanj flag }kjk fufeZr gSA

midj.kksa dk fooj.k1- vk/kqfudhdj.k ekiuh % bl iz'ukoyh dks lewg ,oa O;fDrxr nksuksa

:i ls iz'kkflr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk dksbZ le; lhek fuf'pr ughagS ijh{k.k ds }kjk pkj mi{ks=ksa dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gSA

1- lkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj2- oSokfgd fopkj3- efgykvksa dk LFkku4- f'k{kk


bl ijh{k.k dh fLi;j eSu czkmu }kjk r dk eku -78 ik;k x;k rFkk oS/krkKkr djus ds fy, lHkh mi iSekuksa ds chp lglEcU/k ijkl -61 ls -97 ik;kx;kA ;s mPp lglEcU/k ;g iznf'kZr djrk gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds miiSekuksads chp mPp oS/krk gSAdWfj;j vkSj ikfjokfjd ewY; ekiuh

bl iz'ukoyh dks lewg ,oa O;fDrxr nksuksa :i ls iz'kkflr fd;k tkldrk gS rFkk dksbZ le; lhek fuf'pr ugha gSA ijh{k.k ds }kjk nks ewY;ksa dkekiu fd;k tkrk gSA1- dfj;j ewY; 2- ikfjokfjd ewY;bl ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk v)ZfoPNsu vkSj ijh{k.k iquiZjh{k.k }kjk Kkr dhx;hA v)ZfoPNsnu fo’oluh;rk esa lgxq.kkadksa ds e/; lglEcU/k Øe’k% 0-86rFkk 0-84 ik;k x;k tks 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS rFkk ijh{k.k iquiZjh{k.kfo'oluh;rk Kkr djus ij dfj;j vkSj ikfjokfjd ewY; ds chp lglEcU/kØe’k% 0-95 vkSj 0-96 ik;k x;k -01 Lrj ij iw.kZ lkFkZd gSA blls irk pyrkgS fd ijh{k.k iw.kZ fo'oluh; gSA rFkk oS/krk Kkr djus ds fy, 30 f'kf{krxzg.kh rFkk 30 dkedkth efgykvksa dks fy;k x;k ftlesa f'kf{kr xzg.kh vkSjdkedkth efgykvksa ds dfj;j ewY; ds e/;eku Øe’k% 70-70] 84-60 rFkk tvuqikr dk eku 5-40] 11-34 vk;k tks -01 Lrj ij iw.kZ lkFkZd gS vr% ijh{k.kiw.kZ :i ls oS/k gSAifjdYiukvksa dk ijh{k.k

fuEukuqlkj ifjdYiukvksa dh lR;rk dh tk¡p dh x;hAifjdYiuk Øekad & 1xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds lkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

lewg la[;k e/;eku Ekkudfopyu

ØkfUrdvuqikr

ifj.kke

xzkeh.kefgyk,a

100 85-15 5-355-35

lkFkZdvUrj gS

'kgjh efgyk,a 100 83-15 7-70


fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 1 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk

C.R.eku 5-35 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98ds fy, -05 Lrj ij eku ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZ% mijksDr foospuk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa dse/; lkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj gSAifjdYiuk Øekad & 2

xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds oSokfgd fopkjksa esa dksbZ lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

lewg la[;k e/;eku Ekkudfopyu

ØkfUrdvuqikr

ifj.kke

xzkeh.k efgyk,a 100 35-05 5-306-93

lkFkZdvUrj gS'kgjh efgyk,a 100 5-30 4-60

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 2 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk

C.R.eku 6-93 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98ds fy, -05 Lrj ij eku ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZmijksDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/;oSokfgd fopkjksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSAifjdYiuk Øekad&3

xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds e/; efgykvksa ds LFkku dhfLFkfr esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

Lkewg la[;k e/;eku Ekkudfopyu

ØkfUrdvuqikr

ifj.kke

xzkeh.kefgyk,a

100 134-7 11-58-83

lkFkZdvUrjgSA'kgjh efgyk,a 100 141-0 14-5

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 3 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk C.R.eku8-83 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98 ds fy, -05 Lrj ij eku ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSA


fu"d"kZmijksDr foospuk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/; LFkkuLrj esa lkFkZd vUrj gSAifjdYiuk Øekad 4

xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f’kf{kr efgykvksa ds f’k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

Lkewg la[;k e/;eku Ekkudfopyu

ØkfUrdvuqikr

ifj.kke

xzkeh.kefgyk,a

100 27-60 6-65-80

lkFkZdvUrjugha gSA'kgjh efgyk,a 100 30-75 4-60

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh 4 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk C.R. eku -80izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98 ds fy, -05 Lrjij eku ls dkQh de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZmijksDr foospuk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/; f’k{kklEcU/kh fopkjksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSAifjdYiuk Øekad 5

xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k esa dksbZ lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

Lkewg la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu ØkfUrdvuqikr

ifj.kke

xzkeh.kefgyk,a

100 30-55 4-552-19

lkFkZdvUrjgSSA'kgjh efgyk,a 100 33-05 5-05

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 5 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk C.R.eku2-19 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98 ds fy, -05 Lrj ij eku ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZ


xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds dWfj;j ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ughagSAifjdYiuk Øekad&6

xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSAlewg la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu ØkfUrd vuqikr ifj.kkexzkeh.k efgyk,a 100 78-7 18-1

1-90lkFkZdvUrjugha gSA

'kgjh efgyk,a 100 74-1 18-2

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 6 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk C.R.eku1-90 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk va'k 98 ds fy, -05Lrj ij eku ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZmijksDr foospu ls Li’V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/;ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA

ifjdYiuk Øekad 7xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh f'kf{kr efgykvksa ds dWfj;j ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd

vUrj ugha gSAlewg la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu ØkfUrd

vuqikrifj.kke

xzkeh.kefgyk,a

100 70 4-951-82

lkFkZdvUrjugha gSA'kgjh efgyk,a 100 39-05 4-60

fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospulkj.kh Øekad 7 dk voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd x.kuk }kjk C.R.eku1-82 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Lora=rk ds va'k 98 ds fy, -05 Lrj ij eku ls de gS vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohd`r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZmijksDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/;dWfj;j ewY;ksa esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA


ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;kifjdYiuk dh tk¡p ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ izkIr gq,A

1- xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vis{kk 'kgjh efgykvksa esa lkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj dkfodkl vf/kd gqvk rFkk “kgjh ifjos’k esa ehfM;k dh miyC/krk rFkktulEidZ] lEisz"k.k vkfn dh miyC/krk ds dkj.k ;gk¡ dh efgykvksa esalkekftd /kkfeZd Lrj vf/kd fodflr gqvkA

2- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds oSokfgd fopkjksa esa lekurk ugha gS rFkkfujh{k.k djus ij irk pyk fd 'kgjh efgyk;sa oSokfgd fopkjksa dks[kqydj lkeus j[krh gS tcfd xzkeh.k efgyk;sa ughaA

3- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa esa LFkku {ks= ds fopkjksa esa lekurk ugha gSA'kgjh efgykvksa dh vis{kk xzkeh.k efgyk;sa ^^LFkku** ds izfr vf/kd ltx,oa xaHkhj gksrh gSA

4- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa esa f’k{kk lEcU/kh fopkjksa ds izfr tkx:drkleku gS vFkkZr nksuksa lewg f’k{kk ds izfr leku ltxrk vkSj xEHkhjrkiznf’kZr djrs gSA

5- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k Lrj leku :i ls fodflrugha gSA xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vis{kk “kgjh efgykvksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.kvf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA

6- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa ds e/; ikfjokfjd ewY; dk fodkl leku:i ls gqvk gSA

7- xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh efgykvksa esa dWfj;j ewY; leku :i ls fodflr gSAvr% nksuksa ifjos’k dh efgyk;sa dWfj;j ewY;ksa ds izfr tkx:d gSA

fu"d"kZ'kks/k ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk fd oSls rks nksuksa

ifjos’k dh efgyk,a vk/kqfud lksp j[krh gS ysfdu 'kgjh ifjos’k dh efgyk,axzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd vk/kqfud gSA vkSj xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=dh f’kf{kr efgyk,a ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa dks leku :i ls ojh;rk nsrh gSaAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwphvLFkkuk 'kkfyuh ,oa JhokLro % ^^, dEijsVso LVMh vkWQ bafXy'k ehfM;e

LVwMsUV ,oa fgUnh ehfM,e LVwMsUV bu fjys'ku Vw fn;j oSY;wt ,.M lsYQdkUlsIVl**A ih0,p0Mh0 'kks/k N0 'kk0 th egk0 ;wuh0A o"kZ&2002


vxzoky ,e0 % ^^fgUnw vkSj eqfLye fL=;ksa ds lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frdvk/kqfudhdj.k ij f'k{kk ds izHkko dk v/;;u** ih0,p0Mh0 'kks/k dq:{ks=;wuh0A o"kZ& 1981

csLV tku MCyw0 % ^^fjlpZ bu ,twds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] ih0,p0vkb0 yfuZx i`0510 o"kZ & 2009

cqp ,e0 oh0 % iape 'kSf{kd “kks/k losZ{k.k i`0 180 o"kZ & 1982&92pkS/kjh ih0 ds0 % ^^;qok fL=;ksa ds chp cnyrs ewY;ksas ij v/;;u** ih0,p0Mh0

'kks/k ckWEcs ;wuh0 o"kZ & 1988n;k vkj0 ^^lsokjr vkSj vlsokjr fL=;ksa ds chp esa ewY;ksa dk rqyukRed

v/;;u** nk bf.M;u tujy vkWQ lks’ky odZ oksY;we 58 o"kZ & 1997Qkfrek ,u0 ts0 % ^^caxykSj 'kgj esa fL=;ksa ds chp esa f’k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu

vkSj lkekftd xR;kRedrk ij v/;;u ^îh0 ,p0 Mh0 ,twds'ku eSlwj;wuh0 o"kZ&1989

ts0 'khyk % ^^fookg dh vk;q vkSj fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr ds fo"k; dk v/;;u** nkbf.M;u tujy vkWQ lks'ky odZ] oksY;we 58 ¼1½ tu0 o"kZ 1997

tk;loky vkj0 % ^^mRrj izns'k ds pqus gq;s {ks=ksa esa f’kf{kr ;qokvksa esavk/kqfudhdj.k ij f'k{kk ds izHkko dk v/;;u** ih0,p0Mh0 'kks/k vo/k ;wuh0o"kZ & 1980

eksfjy vkj0 ,y0 % ^^Vhfpax osY;w bu dkyst** tklhokl ifCyds’ku lsuÝsfUlLdks o"kZ & 1980

lsUFkk ds0 lh0 % ^^Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa dh ifjofrZr Hkwfedk vkSj bldsfy;s f'k{kk dk ;ksxnku ij v/;;u** ih0 ,p0 Mh0 'kks/k enzkl ;wuh0 o"kZ&1986


tuin&tkykSu ds ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;ksa esav/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh'kSf{kd miyfC/k rFkk mudh

vdknfed fpUrk dk v/;;ulq'khy dqekj1] jtuh oekZ2

lkjka'k % bl 'kks/k v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; ek/;fed Lrj ds 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.kfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ,oa mudh vdknfed fpUrk dk v/;;u djuk FkkA izLrqrv/;;u ds fy;s 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk tuin tkykSu ¼m0iz0½ ds mjbZ 'kgj dks pqukx;kA 'kks/kkFkhZ}kjk mjbZ 'kgj ds pkj ¼4½ ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dks ;kn`fPnd fofËk¼ykVjh i)fr½ }kjk pqukx;k ftuesa ls U;kn'kZ ds :i esa 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds 100fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pquk x;kftuesa 50 Nk= ,oa 50 Nk=k;as FkhA 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk losZ{k.k fofËkdk iz;ksx djrs gq;s'kks/kdrkZ us izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa Nk=ksa dh vdknfed fpUrkekiuh gsrq izks0 ,0ds0 flagMkW0 ,0lsu xqIrk }kjk fufeZr izek.khdr ijh{k.k AASC(AcademicAnxiety Scale forChildren)dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ekius gsrq mudh iwoZ d{kk esaizkIr izkIrkadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAvkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy;s Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k rFkk izkIr Vh&eku dhrqyuk 0-01 ,oa 0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ds eku ls dh x;hAv/;;u ds fu"d"kZ ds :i esaik;k x;k fd 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kdmiyfC/k ,oa vdknfed fpUrkesa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA1- ,oa 2- izoDrk oa'kh/kj egkfo|ky;] mjbZ


izLrkouk %f'k{kk ekuo&fodkl dk ewy lk/ku gSA ftlds }kjk euq"; dhtUetkr~ 'kfDr;ksadk fodkl] mlds Kku ,oa dyk&dkS'ky esa o`f) ,oa O;ogkjesa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSvkSj bl izdkj mls lH;] lqlaLd`r ,oa ;ksX; ukxfjdcuk;k tkrk gSA blds }kjkO;fDr ,oa lekt nksuksa fujUrj fodkl djrs gSaA^^f'k{kk ,d lrr~ pyus okyh izfØ;k gS** tks ckyd ds tUe ls izkjEHk gksdje`R;qi;ZUr fdlh u fdlh :i esa lnSo pyrhjgrh gSA**

^^;s"kka u fo|k] riks u nkua] Kku ua 'khya]xq.kksa u /keZ%Ars e`R;qykds HkwfoHkkjHkwr%] euq";:is.k e`xk'pjfUrAA**

vFkkZr~ ftu O;fDr;ksa esa fo|k] ri] nku] Kku] 'khy ,oa /keZ vkfn bu N% xq.kksadk vHkkogks os bl i`Foh ij euq"; ds :i esa e`x dh Hkkafr gSaA blh e`x dhHkkafr fopjrs izk.khdks ekuo cukus dk dk;Z ^^f'k{kk** djrh gSA;qx&iq:"k egkRekxka/kh th us f'k{kk ds vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gq;s dgk gS fd&^^f'k{kk ls esjkvfHkizk; ckyd vksj euq"; ds 'kjhj] eu rFkk vkRek ds lokZaxh.k,oa loksZRd`"Vfodkl ls gSA**f'k{kk ,d lksn~ns'; izfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkjesa iwoZ fuËkkZfjrla'kks/ku djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa layXuO;fDr fofHkUu Lrjksa dsNk=ksa ds fy;s f'k{k.k mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa( rFkk bumn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;sf'k{k.k&vf/kxe fØ;kvksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSaAmn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fofHkUufØ;kvksa dks djrs gSa( mu fØ;kvksa ds iwjk gksusls gesa dksbZ u dksbZ ifj.kke vo';feyrk gS] tc ifj.kke visf{kr ;k vk'kk dsvuqdwy gksrk gSA Bhd blh izdkj f'k{kk ds{ks= esa mldh mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ dsfy;s fofHkUu Lrj dh fØ;kvksa dks fd;k tkrk gSAbu fØ;kvksa dks djus ls gesaf'k{kk ds {ks= esa dqN miyfC/k vo'; gksrh gSA ftldks gelk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ds uke ls tkurs gSaA'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ls rkRi;Z buf'k{k.k&mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ls gSAbosy ds vuqlkj& ^^miyfC/k ijh{k.k ogvfHkdFku gS tks fo|kFkhZ }kjk xzg.kfd;s x;s Kku] dq'kyrk ;k {kerk dk ekiudjrk gSA**lkekU; vFkksZa esa dg ldrs gSa fd 'kSf{kd dk;Z&izfØ;k dk vfUreifj.kke gh'kSf{kd&miyfC/k gS tks Nk=ksa ds lEcU/k esa vfUre tkudkjh iznkudjrh gSA'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ,oa vdknfed fpUrk dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA fpUrk,d lkekU;euksoSKkfud rRo gSA vkt dk ;qx fpUrkvksa dk ;qx dgk tkrk gSAD;ksafd vkt O;fDrcgqr lh lkekftd ,oa O;fDrxr dfBukbZ;ksa ls f?kjk jgrkgSA ftlds QyLo:i oglnSo cSpsuh dk vuqHko djrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qxizfrLik/kkZvksa dk ;qx gSA tc O;fDrvius thou ds y{;ksa dks izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.kizkIr ugha dj ikrk gS rks mls vusdfpUrk,a ?ksj ysrh gSa rFkk og ljy dk;ksZa


dks Hkh djokus esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djusyxrk gSAfQ'kj egksn; dk ekuuk gSfd ^^fpUrk eu% Luk;q fod`fr esa mu vkUrfjdO;fDrxr dfBukbZ;ksa dh izfØ;kgS] ftldk Kku O;fDr dks ugha gksrk gSA**vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd&vdknfed fpUrk ,d izdkj dh og voLFkk ;kfLFkfr gS tks vdknfed laLFkkds okrkoj.k] ,oa v/;kiu fo"k; tSls& xf.kr] foKkuvkfn ls lEcfU/kr gksrhgSAfdlh Nk= dh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k mldh vdknfed fpUrk ls vo'; izHkkforgksrh gSApwafd ;g izHkko ldkjkRed vFkok udkjkRed nksuksa :iksa esa gks ldrkgSA lkekU; :ils vdknfed fpUrk f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izfØ;k esa :dkoV le>htkrh gSA izk;% ;g ns[kktkrk gS fd tks ckyd vdknfed fpUrk ls xzflr gksrkgSA og 'kSf{kd dk;Z djus esaiw.kZ 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrkA fdUrqdHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa }kjk dh tkus okyh fpUrk;samuds fy;s izsj.kk dk dk;Z djrh gSvkSj Nk= mRizsfjr gksdj mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k izkIrdjus esa lQy gksrk gSAvr% fdlh Nk= dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k mldh vdknfed fpUrkls vo'; izHkkforgksrh gS fdUrq ;g izHkko ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed ;g tkuus dsfy;s izLrqr'kks/k ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd& miyfC/k ij mudhvdknfedfpUrk ds izHkko dk v/;;u djus gsrq fd;k x;k gSAv/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa egRo %orZeku le; esa ek/;fed fo|ky;ksaesa v/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/kds fy;s mudh vdknfed fpUrkc<+rh tk jgh gSA blfy;s ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksadh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ,oamudh vdknfed fpUrk ds izfr /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSAf'k{kk ghlkekftd ifjroZu djrh gS] f'k{kk dk fØ;kUo;u f'k{kkFkhZ gh djrs gSaAvr%v|ru le; esa ;g irk yxkus dh vko';drk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh D;kfpUrk;sagSaA bu fpUrkvksa dk tUe fdu dkj.kksa ls gksrk gS\ ;g fpUrk; asfo|kfFkZ;ks a ds lh[kus ds Lrj dks fdl lhek rd izHkkfor djrh gSa\ ;fn bulHkh iz'uksa dk gy izkIr gks tk;s rks ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fodkl dh xfr dksvf/kd rhoz dj ldrs gSa vksj f'k{kk dks vf/kdxzkg~; cuk;k tk ldrk gSAdHkh&dHkh fo|kFkhZ mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k izkIr djrs gq;sbrus vf/kd fpfUrr gkstkrs gS fd os vius fo"k;ksa ds v/;;u ds izfr /;ku ugha nsikrs gSa vkSj mudh'kSf{kd&miyfC/k udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSAvr% vuqla/kku }kjk ckydksadh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ij mudh vdknfed fpUrk dsizHkko dk v/;;u djus dhvko';drk eglwl dh xbZ rkfd vuqla/kku ds ifj.kke dsvuqlkj Nk=ksa dksmfpr funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ iznku fd;k tk lds ftlls mudh'kSf{kd& miyfC/k


mPp gks ldsa ,oa Nk= vdknfed fpUrkvksa dks izsj.kk ds :i esa xzg.kdj] Hkfo";esa lQy O;fDr ¼ukxfjd½ cu ldsaA'kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns'; %1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k

dkvË;;u djukA2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k

dkvË;;u djukA3- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh vdknfed fpark

dkvË;;u djukA4- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh vdknfed fpark

dkvË;;u djukA'kks/k v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk;sa %1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa

dksbZlkFkZd varj ugha gsA2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa

dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA3- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh vdknfed fpUrk esa

dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA4- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh vdknfed fpUrk

esadksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA'kks/k leL;k ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k %iVsy vkSj dikfM+;k¼2005½ us vgenkckn ds Ldwyksa ds 500 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dhvdknfed fpUrk dkv/;;u fd;k] ftudh vk;q 11 ls 14 o"kZ FkhAv/;;uksijkUr ifj.kke izkIr gqvkfd&1- izR;sd O;fDr esa vyx&vyx Hkk"kk esa fpUrk ik;h tkrh gSA2- de mez lewg ds cPps] vf/kd mez lewg ds cPpksa ls de fpfUrr gksrs gSaA3- Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk Nk= de fpUrk dk vuqHko djrs gSaA4- fuEu vkfFkZd Lrj okys cPpksa dh vis{kk mPp vkfFkZd Lrj okys cPps

defpfUrr gksrs gSaA5- 'kgjh cPpksa dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k cPps de fpfUrr jgrs gSaAfVeksfV;k ¼2010½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd bu n izts.V LVMh bu LVsEIlbt esMVw estj n ysoy vkWQ ,Utk;Vh bu Qsesy LVwMs.Vl DyklhQkbM bugksLVylZ ,.M


Ms LdksylZA bt , fjtYV ij flXuhfQdsUV fMQjsUl fon , gk;j ysoyvkWQ,Utk;Vh bu Ms LdksylZ ckt Qkm.MAizohu nsoxu ¼2010½ us ek/;fedLrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkRe&fu;a=.k ,oa'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ds e/; lEcU/k dkv/;;u fd;kA izLrqr 'kks/k ys[k esa vkRe fu;a=.kds izeq[k rhu vk;kevkRe&fu;a=.k ds fy;s ;ksX;rk vkosx'khyrk] vkRe dsUnz.k dks ghfy;k x;k gSAbl v/;;u dk izeq[k mn~ns'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fu;a=.k dk vË;;udjukvkRe fu;a=.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ls lEcfU/kr O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u ,oa'kSf{kdmiyfC/k rFkk vkRe fu;a=.k ds e/; lEcU/k dk v/;;u djuk gSA 'kks/kds vUrxZr pkjfo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds 120 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks U;kn'kZ esa 'kkfeyfd;k x;kA iznRrladyu gsrq ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkRe fu;a=.kekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kAifj.kke esa ;g ik;k x;k fd vkRe&fu;a=.k ,oa'kSf{kd miyfC/k ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/krgSAlqUnje ¼2011½ us enzkl ;wfuoflZVh dsLukrd Lrj ds vfUre o"kZ ds 490 Nk=ksa dkv/;;u fd;kA v/;;uksijkUrifj.kke esa mUgksus ik;k fd&1- xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dh vis{kk 'kgjh Nk=ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k vPNh gksrh gSA2- 'kgjh Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k Nk= vf/kd fpfUrr gksrs gSaA3- 'kgjh Nk=] xzkeh.k Nk=ksa ls vf/kd cqf)eku gksrs gSaAvuqla/kku fof/k %izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u dh fo"k;&oLrq rFkk izd`fr dks ns[krsgq;s 'kks/kdrkZ uslosZ{k.k fof/k dk p;u fd;k gSAU;kn'kZ %izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk ;kn`fPNd izfrp;u fof/k dkiz;ksx djrsgq;s 4 ¼pkj½ ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds dqy 100 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;ufd;k x;k ftlesa 50Nk= ,oa 50 Nk=kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA“kks/k&midj.k %izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa Nk=ksa dh vdknfed fpUrk dkekiu djus ds fy;s izks0,0ds0 flag ,oa MkW0 ,0lsu xqIrk }kjk fufeZr izek.khd`rijh{k.k AASC (AcademicAnxiety Scale for Children)dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAizLrqr'kks/k v/;;u esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ekius gsrq mudh iwoZ d{kkesaizkIr izkIrkadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAiz;qDr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ka %izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa izkIr vkadM+ksa dkfo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s 'kks/kdrkZ usfuEufyf[kr lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksxfd;k gSA1- e/;eku2- ekud fopyu3- Vh&ijh{k.k


ifjdYiukvksa dk ijh{k.kifjdYiuk&1%ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh'kSf{kd&miyfC/k esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh Øa0&1Ø0la0

pj la[;k(N)

e/;eku(m)

ekudfopyu(S.D.)

e/;ekuksadk

vUrjAmA

ekud=qfV(SE0)

t-eku

ifj.kkeResult

1 'kgjhNk=

25 4-36 520-4 15-79

0-025

Lohd`r2 'kgjh

Nk=25 4-36 58

lkj.kh la[;k&1 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ds {ks= esa 'kgjh Nk=,oaNk=kvksa dk e/;eku Øe'k% 436-5] 436-9 ,oa ekud&fopyu 52-80 ,oa 58-80gSAe/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk tc Vh&ijh{k.k (T-test) }kjk KkrdhxbZ rks T-test dk eku 0-025 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk Lrjksa (Significant-level);kfo'okl Lrj 0.01%lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼2-58½ rFkk 0.05%lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼1-96½ lscgqrde gS tks fd fo'okl ds Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% Li"V gS fd'kwU;ifjdYiuk H0nksuksa Lrjksa ij Lohd`r dh x;hAifjdYiuk&2% ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh'kSf{kd&miyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh Øa0&2Ø0la0

pj la[;k(N)

e/;eku(m)

ekudfopyu(S.D.)

e/;ekuksadk

vUrjAmA

ekud=qfV(SE0)

t-eku

ifj.kkeResult

1 'kgjhNk=

25 4-06 632-4 17-28 0-14 Lohd`r

2 'kgjhNk=

25 4-04 58

lkj.kh la[;k&2 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k ds {ks= esa xzkeh.k Nk=,oaNk=kvksa dk e/;eku Øe'k% 406-5] 58-5 ,oa ekud&fopyu 63-6 ,oa 58-


80gSAe/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk tc Vh&ijh{k.k (T-test)}kjk Kkr dhxbZrks T-testdk eku 0-14 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk Lrjksa (Significant-level);k fo'oklLrj 0.01%lkFkZdrk lrj ¼2-58½ rFkk 0.05%lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼1-96½ls cgqr de gStks fd fo'okl ds Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% Li"V gS fd 'kwU;ifjdYiuk(Null Hypothesis)nksuksa Lrjksa ij Lohd`r dh x;hAifjdYiuk&3% ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dhvdknfedfpUrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh Øa 0&3Ø0la0

pj la[;k(N)

e/;eku(m)

ekudfopyu(S.D.)

e/;ekuksadk

vUrjAmA

ekud=qfV(SE0)

t-eku

ifj.kkeResult

1 'kgjhNk=

25 12-36 3-420-32 1-14 0-28 Lohd`r

2 'kgjhNk=

25 12-04 4-56

lkj.kh la[;k&3 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vdknfed fpUrk ds {ks= esa 'kgjh Nk=,oaNk=ksa dk e/;eku Øe'k% 12-36] 12-04 gS ,oa ekud&fopyu 3-42 ,oa 4-56gSAe/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk tc Vh&ijh{k.k (T-test)}kjk Kkr dh xbZrksT-testdk eku 0-28 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk Lrjksa (Significant-level);kfo'okl Lrj0.01%lkFkZdrk lrj ¼2-58½ rFkk 0.05%lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼1-96½ lscgqr de gS tksfd fo'okl ds Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% Li"V gS fd 'kwU;ifjdYiuk (NullHypothesis)nksuksa Lrjksa ij Lohd`r dh x;hAifjdYiuk&4% ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dhvdknfedfpUrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh Øa0&4Ø0la0

pj la[;k(N)

e/;eku(m)

ekudfopyu(S.D.)

e/;ekuksadk vUrjAmA

ekud=qfV

(SE0)

t-eku ifj.kkeResult

1 'kgjhNk=

25 11-08 3-870-04 1-02 0-39 Lohd`r

2 'kgjhNk=

25 11-04 3-36


lkj.kh la[;k&4 ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vdknfed fpUrk ds {ks= esa xzkeh.k Nk=,oaNk=kvksa dk e/;eku Øe'k% 11-08] 11-04 ,oa ekud&fopyu 3-87 ,oa 3-36gSAe/;ekuksa ds vUrj dh lkFkZdrk tc Vh&ijh{k.k (T-test)}kjkKkr dh xbZrks T-testdk eku 0-39 izkIr gqvk tks lkFkZdrk Lrjksa (Significantlevel);kfo'okl Lrj 0.01%lkFkZdrk Lrj ¼2-58½ rFkk 0.05%lkFkZdrk Lrj¼1-96½ ls cgqrde gS tks fd fo'okl ds Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% Li"V gSfd 'kwU;ifjdYiuk (Null Hypothesis)nksuksa Lrjksa ij Lohd`r dh x;hAv/;;u ds fu"d"kZ %1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd&miyfC/k esa

lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa

lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA3- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ 'kgjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vdknfed fpUrk esa

lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA4- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ xzkeh.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vdknfed fpUrk esa

lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwphyky] jeu fcgkjh ,oa êkuo*] jkefuokl ¼2007&08½ f'k{kk euskfoKku]jLrksxhifCyds'ku] f'kokth jksM] esjB] f}rh; laLdj.kAjk;] ikjlukFk& vuqla/kku ifjp; ¼2012½ y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky izdk'ku]iquZeqnz.klaLdj.k ¼2011&12½ vkxjkAlkjLor~] ekyrh& f'k{kk&euksfoKku dh :ijs[kk] la'kksf/kr uohu laLdj.k] 2012vkyksdizdk'ku vehukckn] y[kuÅik.Ms;] vkyksd dqekj ,oa oekZ ch0,l0&'kSf{kd vuqla/kku dh fof/k;ka izFkelaLdj.k2011] lkfgR; izdk'ku vkxjkAyky] jeufcgkjh ,oa tks'kh] lqjs'kpUnz& 'kSf{kd ekiu ,oa lkaf[;dh;] jLrksxhifCyds'kuf}rh; la'kksf/kr laLdj.k 2007&08 f'kokth jksM] esjBeksgEen] lqyseku& euksfoKku] lekt'kkL= rFkk f'k{kk esa 'kks/k fof/k;ka iVuk¼fcgkj½dksyh] y{ehukjk.k ¼2004½ Kku txr] lajpuk ,oa fodkl rFkk fjlpZeSFkMksykth]okbZ0ds0 ifCy'klZ] vkxjkAdkSy] yksds'k ¼2008½ 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku dh dk;Z iz.kkyh] fodkl] ifCyf'kaxgkmlizk0fy0 fnYyhA


xqIrk] ,l0ih0 ,oa xqIrk vydk ¼2009½ mPprj f'k{kk euksfoKku] 'kkjnk iqLrdHkou]bykgkcknvLFkkuk] fofiu ,oa vU;¼2008&09½% ^’kSf{kd vuqlU/kku ,oa lka[;dh] vkxjk]T;skfrfizafVax izsl] dqy i‘“B la[;k& 722dfiy] ,p0ds0¼2003½% ^^vuqla/kku fof/k;ka ¼O;ogkfjd foKkuksa esa½] vkxjk] gjizlknHkxZo iqLrd izdk’ku] dqy i‘“B la[;k& 210xqIrk] vYdk¼2008½% O;ogkjijd foKkuksa esa lka[;dh; fof/k;ka] bykgkckn]‘kkjnk iqLrdHkou] i`”B la[;k& 670xqIrk] ,l0ih0¼2008½% mPprj f’k{kk euksfoKku] bykgkckn] ‘kkjnk iqLrd Hkoudqy i`”Bla[;k& 547R;kxh] xq:nkl¼2007½% f’k{kk esa euksfoKku] vkxjk] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] dqyi‘“Bla[;k& 415JOURNALS-¼tuZYl½ %1- Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 6, Year 20082- Indian Educational Review, Volume, 47, July 20103- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk&vDVwcj]20044- Journal of Educational Research, April (2011).


xksLokeh rqylhnkl ds nk'kZfud fl)kUrjke fcykl1 ,oa jke feyu2

xksLokeh rqylhnkl th rdZ ds cy ij thou vkSj txr~ ds lR;dkm)kVu djus okys vkpk;ZFkk if.Mr ugha FksA mUgsa rks dfy eydk 'keu djukFkkA blds fy;s fcf/k fu"ks/k O;; jkedFkk dk xku gh mudk y{; FkkA ostkurs Fksfd dksjk if.M; okD; Kku ek= gS] blesa vR;Ur fu;q.k gksu ij Hkhlalkj lkxj dks ikj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Fko rjus ds fy;s nkL; jfr gh,d Hkko Js"B lk/ku gSA fdUrq jfr ;k izhfrdk vk/kkj izrhfr ¼fo'okl½ gS vkSjizrhfr] iwjh tkudkjh ¼Kku½ ds vFkko esa LFkk;h ugha gks ldrhA blh fy;s jkels izhfr djus ds igys mUgksaus jkerRo dks le>k FkkA mudh d`fr;ksa esa mudsnk'kZfuZd fl)kUr ekU;rkvksa dks Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS &

xksLokeh rqylhnkl th ds fl)kUrksa ij fopkj djus okys esa fo}kuksa esaerSD; ugha gS dqN fo}ku mUgsa 'kkadjerkuq;k;h v}Sroknh ekurs gS vkSj dqNmUgsa jkekuqtkpk;kZuq;k;h fof'k"Vh}Sroknh le>rs gSA rhljk er dqN bl izdkjO;Dr fd;k x;k gS& ^îjekFk n`f"V ls 'kq) Kku dh n`f"V ls rks v}Sr erxksLokeh th dks ekU; gS] ijUrq O;fDr ds O;kogkfjd fl)kUr ds vuqlkj Hksndjds pyuk os vPNk le>rs gSA1- jke fcykl] 'kks/kNk=] m0iz0 jktf"kZ V.Mu eqDr fo'ofo|ky; bykgkckn2- jkefeyu] 'kks/kNk=] txn~~xq# jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax fo'ofo|ky; fp=dwV


bu fooknksa esa u iM+dj ;fn xksLokeh rqylhnkl th ds dFkuksa dks rRdkyhu,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd i`"BHkwfe esa j[kdj ns[kk tk; rks muds fl)kUrksa dksle>us esa ljyrk gksrhA vkBoha 'krh esa gh vkpk;Z 'kadj v}Sr rRo dkfu:i.k dk pqds FksA muds vuqlkj ,d 'kq) cq) fuR; eqDr ij czã ds floknwljh dksbZ Hkh LorU= vkSj lR; oLrq ugha gSA n`f"V xkspj fHkUurk ekuoh;n`f"V dk Je ikek;k dh mikf/k ls gksus okyk vk;kl gSA 'kadjkpk;Z th us ;gO;k[;k ewyr% ckS)n'kZu ds 'kwU;okn dks vkRelkr~ djus ds fy;s dh FkhA'kwU;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj 'kwU; gh ijekfFkZd lR; gSA lUrk nks gh idkj dh gksldrh gSA HkkokRed vkSj vHkkokRed ijekfFkZd lR; u rks FkkokRed gS vkSj uvFkkokRedA blfy;s og 'kwU; gSA txr~ dh lUrk rks vkKk ds dkj.k gSA ;glkao`frd ¼ek;ktU;½ lUrk gSA vkpk;Z 'kadj us czãokn dh izfr"Bk blh vk/kkjij dh gSA mUgksaus txr~ dks lkao`frd lR; gh ekukA lao`fr ds LFkku ijmUgksaus ek;k 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA 'kwU; ds LFkku ij mUgksaus czã dh izfr"BkdhA 'kwU; esa ukfLrdyk dh xU/k gSA czã FkkokRed lUrk gSA okLro esa og'kwU; dh gh vkfLrd n’kZu ds LFkku ij osnkUr ewyd vkfLrd n’kZu izfr"BkdhA fdUrq ;g O;k[;k cqf) oSHko dk ifj.kke gSA ;g lR; dks 'kq) Kku dsvk/kkj ij fu:fir djus dh ps"Vk dkQy gSA ;g yksd n`f"V ls thou vkSjtxr~ ds jgL; dks lqy>kus dh ps"Vk dk ifj.kke ugha gSA ckS)ksa us txr~ dksnq%[ke; ekuus ds dkj.k mlds vfLrRo dks gh lkad`frd fl) dj fn;k FkkAckS)er ewyr% fuo`fÙk ewyd gSA gSA vr% muds fy;s ;g O;k[;k Bhd gh FkhA'kadj er Øe’k% fuo`fÙk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA iw.kZ Kku dh voLFkk esa ghvkpk;Z 'kadj txr~ dh lUrk dk ck/k ekurs gSA vkpk;Z 'kadj ds ckn nloha'krh esa rf'ky izkUr esa HkfDr Hkkoukdk vEiqn; gqvkA HkfDr ekxZ yksd dY;k.k;ktu lk/kkj.k dks 'kkfUr iznku djus okyk ekxZ gSA ;g turk dk /keZ gSAblesa mikld mikL; HkDr Hkxoku~ ;k vk{k; vkyEcu nksuksa dks Lohdkj djdspyuk iM+rk gSA ;g izo`fÙk ewyd /keZ gSA txr~ dh leL;kvksa dks >syrs gq,tho ek= dks ije 'kkfUr dSls izkIr gksrk gSA bldk mÙkjk ,d ek= HkfDr ekxZgh nsrk gSA Hkkjr Hkwfe esa osn fojks/k her ugha iu; ldrsA blhfy;sle;≤ ij vkpk;ks± dks vusd /keksZ dh osn ewydrk fl) djuh iM+h gSAHkfDr Hkkx dks Hkh oS".ko vkpk;ksZ us osnewyd fl) fd;kA bl iz;Ru esa vkpk;Z'kadj ds dsoyk}Sr ls mUgsa FkksM+k cgqr vius dks vyx djuk iM+kA blhfy;svkpk;Z 'kadj ds ijorhZ HkDrksa vkSj vkpk;ksZ us muls fHkUu erksa dh LFkkiuk dhAxksLokeh rqylhnkl dk lkjk iz;Ru thou dh leL;kvksa dk ljyr; lek/kku


izkIr djuk FkkA blds fy;s HkfDr gh Js"B lk/ku gSA HkfDr ekxZ lsod lsO; dsO;kogkfjd vUrj dks Lohdkj djds gh pysxkA xksLokeh rqylhnkl th rRor%}Sr cqf);k }Sr Hkkouk dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA mUgksaus vusd LFkyksa ij jkeHkfDr ds foey ty esa fpUr dks iz{kkfyr djds }Sr tfur lal`fr nq[k dks nwjdjus dh ckr dgh gSA }Sr :i r;dwi ls m}kj djus ds fy;s Hkxoku~ lsizkFkZuk dh gSA lk/kq lsok dks }SrFk; nwj djus dk lk/ku dgk gSA }Sr Hkkoukdks /kksj vKku dk ifj.kke crk;k gS&

^^Øks/kfd }So cqf) fcuq] }Srfd fcuq v;ku**A;gh ugha os tM psru ds Hksn dks Hkh e`"kk ekurs gq;s Jhjkepfjr ekul

esa fy[krs gS & ^^tM+ psrufga xzfUFk ifM+ xbZ] ;nfi e`"kk NqVr dfBubZ**AfdUrq v}Sr dh fLFkfrrd eu ds leLr fodkjksa dks R;kx djds gh

igqWpk tk ldrk gSA ekufld fodkjksa dk 'keu ,d ek= HkfDr ds vk/kkj ijgh lEHko gSA tksx] t;] Kku] foKku] lcls Js"B lcls ljy vkSj lcls lqx;ekxZ HkfDr dk gh gSA xksLokeh rqylhnkl us fou; if=dk Li"V fy[kk gS fd &

tksx t; Kku foKku rs vf/kd vfr]tey n`<+ Hkxfr }S ije lq[k ej gqxsAlsod vkSj lsO; ;k HkDr vkSj Hkxoku~ ds O;kogkfjd Hksn dks Lohdkj

djds pyus okyk HkfDr ekxZ Hkh vUrr% v}Srrk dh fLFkfrrFk igqWprk gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk

1- fou; if=dk2- rqylh xzUFkkoyh3- Hkkjrh; n'kZu4- jkepfjr ekul


vk;qosZn & ,d lexz thou i)frMkW- jkds'k dqekj JhokLro1

lkjka'kvk;qosZn ekuo thou dh loZfo/k leL;kvksa dk lek/kku izLrqr djrk gSA bl

'kkL= esa ,sgykSfdd rFkk ikjykSfdd mHk;fo/k Js; fufgr gSA ;g ek= fpfdRlk'kkL=gh ugha gS] vfirq n'kZu ds lkFk&lkFk lexz thou i)fr gS] tks LoLFk O;fDr dsLokLF; dk laj{k.k rFkk f=fo/k vk/;kfRed&vkf/knSfod&vkf/kHkkSfrd O;kf/k;ksa lsO;kf/kr izkf.k;ksa dk O;kf/kifjeks{k.k rks djrk gh gS] lkFk gh loksZPp vkSj ikjekfFkZdlq[k rFkk vkuUn dh miyfC/k ds fy, izLrqr 'kks/k i= thou i)fr ij fuHkZj jgusds fy, ekxZn'kZu djrk gSAifjp;

vk;qosZn ,d foKku gS] foKku lkoZHkkSe rFkk lkoZtuhu gksrk gS] ftl ijfdlh ,d tkfr dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrkA vk;qosZnk/;;u ds fy, czkã.k] {kf=;]oS'; rFkk dqyxq.klEiUu 'kwnz] ;s pkjksa gh o.kZ vf/kd`r gSA

vk;qosZn oSKkfud fpfdRlk 'kkL= gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lEiw.kZ thoufoKku gS tks vfrizkphudky ls ns'k esa ekuo thou dks vf/k HkkSfrd]vkf/knSfod ,oa vk/;kfRed :i ls vkjksX; ykHk iznku djrk vk jgk gSA

thou lq[k dh miyfC/k] vk;q ds fgr] 'kjhj bfUnz;] eu] vkRek la;ksxh:ih thou ds lkSUn;Z] HkO;rk vkSj ,s'o;Z ds fy, izLrqr Kkujkf'k vk;qosZn gSA;g iq#"kkFkZ prq"V~; ¼/keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k½ ds lk/kd vkjksX; dks iznku djrkgSA

1- vflLVsaV izksQslj ¼vk;qosZn½] egkRek xk¡/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV lruk ¼e-iz-½


iq#"kkFkZ prq"kV~; rHkh izkIr gksuk lEHko gS tc 'kjhj fujksxh gks D;ksafdLoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk eu dk fuokl gksrk gSA LoLFk eu ls czã dk fpUrufd;k tk ldrk gSA tc LoLFk eu ls czã dk fpUru fd;k tk;sxk rHkh czãKku vFkkZr~ eks{k dh izkfIr gksxhA

thou dks iw.kZr% LoLFk vkSj jksxeqDr j[kus ds fy;s ;g vR;ar vko';dgS fd thou dks vkjksX;e;] nh?kkZ;q"i&lEiUu vkSj 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufldd"Vksa ls eqDr j[kk tk;sA 'kkjhfjd nq%[k] ekufld nq%[k rFkk lHkh izdkj dhvf/k&O;kf/k dks nwj djus ds fy, dY;k.ke; fgrdj vk;q"; dh miyfC/k gsrqlcls vf/kd mi;ksxh tks Kku&foKku gS] mlh dks vk;qosZn&foKku dgk tkrkgSAthou i)fr

vk;qosZn nks 'kCnksas ds ;ksx ls cuk gS&vk;q%$osn ¾ vk;qosZn

'kjhj] bfUnz;] eu] vkRek ds la;ksx dks vk;q dgrs gSaA vk;q ds osn dksvk;qosZn dgrs gSaA lq[kk;q] nq[kk;q] fgrk;q ,oa vfgrk;q pkj izdkj ds vk;q dko.kZu] vk;q dk izek.k] vk;q ds fy, fgrdj] nzO;xq.kdeZ dk o.kZu ftl 'kkL=esa gks mls vk;qosZn dgrs gSaA

lq[kk;q&nq[kk;q dk rkRi;Z euq"; ds O;fDrxr thou ds lq[k&nq[k ls gS]tcfd fgrk;q&vfgrk;q dk ladsr euq"; ds lkekftd i{k dh vksj gSA tkseuq"; lkekftd n`f"V ls LoLFk gS og fgrk;q gS blds foijhr okyk vfgrk;qgSA

vk;qosZn dk izFke izk;kstu LoLF; O;fDr ds LokLF; dh j{kk djuk rFkkf}rh; iz;kstu jksxh ds jksxksa dks nwj djukA izFke iz;kstu dh iwfrZ gsrq LoLFko`Ùk vFkkZr~ fnup;kZ] jkf=p;kZ] _rqp;kZ] lno`Ùk rFkk f=fo/k miLrEHk ¼vkgkj]funzk] czãp;Z½ ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA

LoLF; o`Ùk ds nks foHkkx gS&1- oS;fDrd LoLFk o`Ùk] 2- lkekftd LoLFko`ÙkA O;SfDrd LoLF; o`Ùk ds vUrxZr fnup;kZ] jkf=p;kZ] _rq p;kZ bR;kfn vkrsgSA vk;qosZn O;fDrxr LoLFk o`Ùk ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gSA buds }kjk euq"; ds'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld LokLF; dks lao/kZu gksrk gSA lkekftd LoLFk o`Ùk esa ;K]gou ,oa /kkfeZd vuq"Bku bR;kfn dk;Z vkrs gSaA buds }kjk euq"; dh lkekftdLokLF; dk lao/kZu gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ LoLFko`Ùk dk vuqikyu djus ls euq"; ds'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd LokLF; dk mUu;u gksrk gSA


LoLFk dh ifjHkk"kkvkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj LokLF; dh iw.kZ ifjHkk"kk nh gS tks fo'o

LokLF; laxBu }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk ls lkE;rk j[krh gSA nks"k dh lerk]vfXu dh lerk] /kkrq eydeZ dh lerk 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dk o/kZu djrk gSvkSj izlUu vkRek] izlUu bfUnz;] izlUu eu euq"; dh ekufld] ,fUnz;d ,oalkekftd LokLF; dk o/kZu djrk gSAAccording to WHO

Health is the state of physical, mental, sensorial and spiritual wellbeing not nearly the absence of disease.fnup;kZ

vkjksX; esa gh ekuo thou dh lkFkZdrk gSA vkjksX;koLFkk ls gh ekuovius ,sfgd vkSj ikjykSfdd dÙkZO; iwfrZ esa leFkZ gksrk gSA vkjksX; dh dkeukdjus okys cqf)eku o LoLFk O;fDr izfrfnu fd;s tkus okys lnkpj.k dksfnup;kZ dgrs gSaA fnup;kZ esa loZizFke LoLF; iq#"k dks iwoZ jkf= esa xzg.k fd;sx;s vkgkj ds th.kkZth.kZ dk fopkj djrs gq, czãeqgqrZ ¼lw;ksZn; ls 1%30 feuViwoZ½ esa mBuk pkfg;s mBus ij loZizFke bZ"Vnso dk Lej.k] djn'kZu] lk;adkydk rkezik= esa LoPN ty lsou] 'kkSpkfn dk osx vkus ij 'kkSp ¼ey] ew=mRltZu½] vkpeu] nUr/kkou] ftºokfuysZ[ku] eq[kkfn/kkou] vatu] izkr% lk;e~uL; ¼fryrSy ;k ljlkS rSy½] /kweziku] rEckdq lsou] vH;ax] O;k;ke ¼'kfDrizek.k rd½ izkr% p³~Øe.k ¼Vgyuk½] {kkSj deZ ¼ds'k] u[k] drZu 15&15 fnuij½] mcVu] 'khry ty ls flapu djrs gq;s Luku] vuqysiu] fueZy oL= /kkj.k]vkgkj ¼fu;e le; ij] ek=kuqlkj] 6 jlksa ls ;qDr½ lsou] ikn N= n.M /kkj.k]thfodksiktZu djuk pkfg;sAjkf=p;kZ

jkf= dk Hkkstu jkf= ds izFke igj esa dj ysuk pkfg;sA jkf= dk Hkkstuek=k esa de rFkk lqikP; gksuk pkfg;sA jkf= esa LoLF; eu o 'kkfUriwoZd 'k;udjuk pkfg;sA funzk dks jkf= LoHkko izHkok dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd ;g LoHkkor%jkf=dky esa gh euq"; dks vius o'k esa djrh gSA lkekU;r;k izR;sd O;fDr dksvgksjk= ¼24 ?k.Vs½ esa prqFkkZ'k vFkkZr~ 6 ?k.Vs dh uhan i;kZIr gksrh gSA funzklsou gsrq lw;kZLr ls lw;ksZn; rd ds le; dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djus ijizFke izgj ,oa vfUre izgj esa ugha lksuk pkfg,A e/; ds nksuksa izgjksa esa funzkysuh pkfg, tks yxHkx 6 ?k.Vs gksrk gS vFkkZr~ jkf= 10 cts ls izkr% 4 cts rdlksuk pkfg;sA


_rqp;kZo"kZ Hkj esa ekSle ifjorZu ds dkj.k ;k lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh xfr;ksa ds

dkj.k _rq,¡ curh gSA bldk izHkko ekuo 'kjhj ij iM+rk gSA _rq ds Lo:ids vuqlkj _rqvksa dk gekjs 'kjhj ds LokLF; ij cgqr vf/kd izHkko iM+rk gS]D;ksafd okr fiÙk] dQ dk lap;] izdksi] izlj ,oa vr,o bu _rqvksa ds vuqlkjgh gesa vius vkgkj&fogkj dh O;oLFkk djuh gksrh gSA D;ksafd ftl _rq esafdlh nks"k dk izdksi gksrk gS( ml _rq esa ge ;fn nks"k izdksi djus okysvkgkj fogkj dk lsou djsaxs rks og nks"k vkSj vf/kd izdqfir gksxk vkSj gejksxh gks tk;saxsA vr% nks"k dks dks 'keu djus okys vkgkj fogkj dk lsou djsaxsrks ml nks"k dk izdksi dky esa Hkh 'keu gksxkA

'khr] o"kkZ _rq % e/kqj] vEy] yo.k jl ;qDr vkgkjclar _rq % dVq frDr] d"kk; jl;qDr vkgkjxzh"e _rq % e/kqj jl ;qDr vkgkj'kjn _rq % e/kqjfrDr d"kk; jl ;qDr vkgkj'kjn] clUr % :{k nzO; ;qDr vkgkjxzh"e] 'kjn % 'khr nzO; ;qDr vkgkj

=;miLrEHkthou ds rhu miLrEHk dgs x;s gSa&1- vkgkj] 2- funzk] 3- czãp;ZA

fu;rdky ij] mfpr ek=k esa _rq vuqlkj vkgkj] funzk ,oa czãp;Z dk lsoudjus ls 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld LokLF; dk lao/kZu gksrk gS vkSj thou LoLFkgksrk gSA_rq gjhrdh

Hkko izdk'k esa gjhrdh dh ekròar fgrdkjh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA bldksv/kksfyf[kr vuqikuksa lfgr fofHkUu _rqvksa esa lsou djuk pkfg;s&

xzh"e & xqM ds lkFko"kkZ & lSU/ko yo.k ds lkFk'kjn % 'kdZjk ds lkFkgseUr % 'kq"Vh ds lkFkf'kf'kj % fiIiyh ds lkFkclUr % e/kq ds lkFk


_rq lfU/kigyh _rq ds vfUre lIrkg vkSj vkus okyh _rq ds vuqlkj vkgkj

fogkj dks Øe'k% NksM+uk pkfg;s rFkk vkus okyh _rqvksa ds vuqlkjvkgkj&fogkj dks Øe'k% viukuk pkfg;sA ftlls _rq ds cnyko ls gksus okysjksx mRiUu ugha gksrs gSaA;enz"Vk

dkfrZd ds vfUre vkB fnu ,oa vxgu ds 'kq: ds vkB fnu ls 15 fnu;en`"Vk vFkkZr~ ;ejkt dh nk<+ dgs x;s gSaA bl dky esa LoYi Hkkstu ghfgrdkjh gSAfu"d"kZ

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Influence of Values, Personality and Risk onDecision Making

Dr. S. K. Arsiya1

AbstractMost of us suffer from self centered decision in life and create so many conflicts andproblems for us and for others, whereas decision making is the selection of a course amongalternatives. In decision making process selected action depends on decision maker’svalues, personality, and risk taking behaviour. This paper explore various thoughts andfindings which indicates the influence of values, personality, and risk taking behaviour ondecision at large.Introduction

Decision making is a process of selection of course of action amongavailable various actions .Decision making is an important component of managementprocess. Decision making is as a central job of decision maker because theycontinuously choose what is to be done, Why is to do , who is to do, when to do, whereto do, and how to do.Decision making emerges from the verb'decide’ The verb 'decide'is derived from the latin prefix 'de' meaning 'off & the world 'caedo' meaning 'to cut'. Inthis sense, some coginitive process cuts off as preferred or selects, a particular course ofaction from among a set of possible alternative. From this point of view, shull and hisassociates have defined decision making as - "Decision making is a conscious & humanprocess, involving both individual & social phenomena based upon factual & valuepremises which conclude with a choice of one behavioural activity from amongone aremore alternatives with the intention of moving towards some desired state of affairs."

1. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Rural Development and Business Management, MGCG,University,Chitrakoot, Distt. Satna(M.P.) India


Values refers to people’s life goals reflecting what is most important todecision maker.

The values are important phenomena of a person , that tend to affect the typesof decisions they make, how decision makers perceive their environment, and theiractual behaviors. "Values are the pattern of preferences or generalized attitudes with(mostly)real independent existence indicating the desirability of behaviors in termsof social, moral, aesthetic, and psychological needs" (Kulshrestha 1998)Risk is thatcondition where a risk taker or a decision maker knows that what wrong or negativesmay happenafter the decision is taken. According to Wallach andKoganrisk elementis based on subjects' assessment of his own tolerance and is clearly explicit whether thedecisions occur in a hypothetical success-failure context or in a situation involving gain-loss consequences. Bem and Othersalso meant the term 'risk' to extent at which thedecision maker is willing to expose himself to possible failure in the pursuit of a desiregoal. Chaubeystated that 'risk' is a condition where both the aspects of a thing areclearer to individual and the outcome clearly defines the success and failure. Risk-taking behavior is conceptualized as engagement in the behaviors that deviateindividuals significantly from the norms of the dominant culture and that have long-term effects in terms of health or other social and psychological consequences(Gonzales & Field, 1994).Personality traits are individual psychologicalcharacteristics. It is a set of physical appearance, attitude and cultural activities of anindividual, which are reflected in behavioral tendencies across a variety of situations.Personality is a combination of internal characteristics of an individual, which reflectsin their work. It describes a person’s most striking or dominant charteristies.The word 'personality' is derived from the Greek word 'Persona' for mask the actorsused to wear while performing on stage. The literal meaning of 'person' is mask. Inreality our personality is like a mask. Our opinion for any person depends upon thekind of mask he is wearing, whether it is a good mask, bad mask or a mediocremask. In last two decades there has been a lot of work in the development of'Personality'. Like the western countries, India has also started perfecting variousskills for the development of personality. It is quite possible to change ourperception, reasoning power method of working, behaviour etc. that too in anorganized way. (Arya,2011)Various thought and studies

In relation to personality, cognitive styles and decision makingAhangarRezaGharoie statedthat personality, cognitive styles and decision making are playinga decisive role in influencing resilience. In his study it has been concluded that themanagement students who follow behavioral- decision making style had proven tohave low resilience skills .He has stated about personality, cognition and decisionmaking that individuals behave differently in similar situations and evaluate


conditions differently based on their unique expectations, values, previousexperiences and temperament. DeNeve and Copper advocated the same as above.

In the cotest of values and decision-making Tacconi had said thatConsequently, contemporary perspectives on decision-making increasinglyacknowledge a socially constructed reality that emphasizes the context unlinednature of decision-making and the important role played by values in drivingdecision-making processes. Hartmann, L.C. & Patrickson, M.found that In decision-making, there is increasing consensus that a good decision maker is not just someonewho can rationally assess choices, or make the most logical decision given for thatmoment, but someone who can arrive at a decision through balancing competingvalue & goals.Gamble and Gibsonargued that values develop as individuals areexposed to layers within a social system (family, work, employment) and a range ofthese external factors must also be taken into account in examining causalrelationships.

McGuri, Thomas, Shaha & O'Donnell reported thatindividual values areaddressed in decision-making and, therefore, can be expected to influencemanagerial decision-making on HR issues at deeper more personal levels. The factthat norms and values differ in this way has obvious implications for givingpreference to a study of individual values, as distinct from norms, in managerialdecision-making on HR issue.Keast, D.A. showed that values played an importantrole in the decision-making process. It is found that a degree of similarity appearsto exist in the frequency with which the same values reoccurred in the decision-making of CEOs. His study also revealed that some values that showed highoccurrences in the decision cases were also found to be highly occurring in thefollow-up interviews, indicating their high level of prevalence in the CEOs’ valuemake-up. Shared decision-making occurred most often in organizationalredevelopment decision cases and this value, alongside trust, featured mostfrequently in the follow-up organizational redevelopment interviews.Kocher, M., S. Strauss, and M. Suttershow that “people have a preference formaking decisions in groups’. similarelyHarrison, G. W., M. I. Lau, E. E. Rutsrom,and M. Tarazona-Gomez reported that group decisions closely follow that of theindividuals in the group. It means decision maker also prefer group values inmaking decision.

In favour of decision making, uncertainty and risk Agor and KoontzK. & Weihrich supported that all decisions are made in an environment of leastuncertainty however the degree will vary from relative certainty to great uncertainty.There are certain risk involved in making decision. Other authors and researchersfound the evidence regarding relationship between decision making and risk likeByth-Marom, R.,Austin, L., Fischoff, B., Palmgren, C., & Jacobs-Quadrel, M. foundthat According to cognitive (decision-making) approach, a risky behavior can be


defined as an action requiring some chance of a loss. From a decision theoryperspective, choosing a risky or non risky action is rational if the choice reflects therelevant values and beliefs of the decision maker. Individuals who have differentvalues and beliefs make different decisions and actions under the same conditions.To compare or evaluate the rationality of their behavior, one needs to examine thecomponents of their respective decision-making process. Mazzocco alsofocused onchoices by individuals, while many naturally occurring decisions are made in groups. Forexample, spouses may have different individual risk attitudes, but jointly make decisionsaffecting a range of everyday economic decisions.Discussion and Conclusion:The various studies done by Tacconi, Hartmann, L.C. & Patrickson, M., Kocher, M.,S. Strauss, and M. Sutter, Keast, D.A., Harrison, G. W., M. I. Lau, E. E. Rutsrom,and M. Tarazona-Gomez, Gamble and Gibson and McGuri, Thomas, Shaha &O'Donnell on decision making and values indicates that in decision making valuesare most important factor. Similarly Byth-Marom, R., Austin, L., Fischoff, B.,Palmgren, C., & Jacobs-Quadrel, M., Mazzocco, Agor, and Koontz K.& Weihrichbelived that decision making and risk are associated with each other. According toAhangar Reza and DeNeve and Copper personality, cognition and decision makingthat individuals behave differently in similar situations and evaluate conditionsdifferently based on their unique expectations, values, previous experiences andtemperament. It means personality plays an important role in decision making. Onthe basis of above literature and discussion it can be concluded that values,personality, and risk taking behaviour are major basis of decision making.References:Agor (1986). "How top executives use their institution" pp.49-53.Ahangar Reja. (2010). "A study of resilience in relation to personality, cognitive style and

decision making style of management students" Africa Journal for BusinessManagement ,vil.4(6),pp.953-960

Arora Prem Nath & Sinha Virendra (2000). "Manual for Risk Taking Questionnaire(RTQ)" National Psychological Corporation Agra. pp. 1-3, 10-11.

Arya P.K. (2011). "Personality Development Course : Master Key to popularity andsuccess" Manoj Publications, Delhi. pp. vision para-1.

Bem J. Daryl, Wallach M.A. & Kogan N. (1965) "Group decision making under risk ofadversive consequences" J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1(5), pp. 453-460.Byth-Marom R., Austin L., Fischoff B., Palmgren C., & Jacobs-Quadrel M. (1993).

"Perceived consequences of risky behaviours : Adults and adolescents"Developmental Psychology, 29 (3), pp.549-563.

Chaubey N.P. (1974) "Motivational Dimensions of Rural Development : A study of Risk-Taking Behaviour, risk avoidance and fear of failure in villagers" Allahabad, ChaitayaPublishing House.DeNeve and Copper (1998). "The Happy personality :a meta analysis of 137 personalitytraits and subjective well-being"Psychol.Bull;124(2);pp197-229


Gamble P.R. and Gibson D.A. (1999). "Executive values and decision-making : TheRelationship of Culture and Information Flows" Journal of Management Studies, vol. 36 (2),pp.217-240.Gonzales J. & Field T. (1994). "Adolescents’ perceptions of their risk-taking behavior"

Adolescence, 29(115).Harrison G.W., M.I. Lau, E.E. Rutsrom and M. Tarazona-Gomes. (2005). "Preferences

Over Social Risk." Working Paper, University of Durham.Hartmann, L.C. & Patrickson, M. (1998 ) "Individual Decision-Making : Implications for

Decision Training in TQM" International Journal of Quality & ReliabilityManagement, Vol. 15 (6), pp.619-633.

Keast D.A. (1996). "Values in the Decision-making of CEOs in Public Collges" CanadianJournal of Higher Education, Vol. 26 (1), pp.1-34.

Kocher M., S. Strauss and M. Sutter (2006). "Individual or Team Decision-making-Causesand Consequences of Self-selection" Games and Economic Behavior, 56(2), pp.259-270.

Koontz H., Weihrich H. (1990 Vth Ed.). "Essentials of management" McGraw-HillPublishing Company, pp. 16, 116, 307-317.

Kulshrestha S.P. (1998). Mannual for directions for "Revised & Modified Hindi Adaptationof Study of values" Rupa psychological centre, Varanasi, pp.1-5.

Mazzocco M. (2004). "Saving, Risk Sharing, and Preferences for Risk" American EconomicReview, Vol. 94 (4), pp. 1169-1182.

Mc Guire David, Garavan Thomas N., Saha Sudhir K., O'Donell David (2006). "The impactof individual values of human resource decision-making by line managers"international journal of manpower, Vol 27 (3), pp.251-270.

Shull Fremont A. Shull, Jr. Andre, L. Delbecq & Cummings (1970). "OrganisationalDecision-making" New York, McGraw Hill, pp.31.

Tacconi L. (1996). "Dissent from choice theory : implications for environmental decision making"International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 23 (4), pp.331-345.

Wallach M.A. & Kogan N. (1964) "Risk-Taking – A study on Cognition and Personality"Holt, Rinehart & Winston, N.Y.


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Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa bl rjg dk mnkjrkoknh vkSj leUo;oknh n`f"Vdks.kizkjEHk ls gh n`f"Vxr gksrk gS tc gekjs oSfnd _f"k ;g ?kksf"kr djrs gSa fdlR; ,d gS ftls yksx vusd ukeksa ls iqdkjrs gSa ^ldeln~ foizk cgq/kk onfUr*Abl lac/k esa ledkyhu ;qx esa jked`".k ijegal dk fo’ks"k ;ksxnku nh[k iM+rkgS ftUgksaus vius thou vkSj n'kZu ds }kjk vHkwriwoZ <ax ls lHkh /keksZ dh ,drkizLrqr ,oa izfrikfnr fd;k gSA ;g fo'ofofnr gS fd mUgksaus fofHkUu /keksZ dkvH;kl fd;k vkSj varrksxRok ;g iznZf'kr fd;k fd lHkh /keksZ esa ekSfyd ,drkgSA muds fo'o foJ`r f'k"; Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh blh vkn'kZ dks vkSj Hkh


Li"V vkSj fo'oluh; <ax ls izLrqr fd;k gSA bl rjg MkW0 Hkxokunkl] MkW0jk/kkd`".ku vkfn us Hkh bl fn'kk esa ljkguh; ;ksxnku fn, vkSj bu yksxksa uslHkh /keksZ dh ,drk dh ckr dks Li"Vr;k mn~?kksf"kr fd;kA

bl lEcU/k esa ^loZ /keZ leHkko* ds vkn'kZ dk mYys[k djuk izklafxdizrhr gksrk gS tks /keZ fujis{krk ds vkn'kZ dh vo/kkj.kk dh rqyuk esa vf/kdHkkokRed vkSj izsj.kknk;d izrhr gksrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksadks ;gk¡ izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS& ^^xka/kh ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd ,drk ds fy;sdsoy lfg".kqrk i;kZIr ughaA /kkfeZd ln~Hkko ,oa lkeatL; ds mn~ns’; ls gesalfg".kqrk dk mRd`"V :i gSA ;|fi /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ,oa loZ /keZ leHkko esa?kfu"B lEcU/k gS] rFkkfi nksuksa ,d nwljs i;kZ; ughaA leHkko esa lfg".kqrk dkHkko vUrfuZfgr gS] fdUrq lfg".kqrk vko’;d gS fdUrq lfg".kqrk ds fy;s leHkkodk gksuk vfuok;Z ughaA ;fn ge lfg".kqrk ds Lrjksa esa Hksn djsa rks ;g dgk tkldrk gS fd leHkko lfg".kqrk ds Åij dk lkj gSA dHkh&dHkh xka/kh leHkkods lkFk lgHkkfxrk ds n`f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu djrs FksA lfg".kqrk esa /keksZ ds izfrlgu’khyrk rFkk lgkuqHkwfr ds Hkko jgrs gSa fdUrq leHkko esa /keksZ ds izfr lerk,oa cjkcjh ds Hkko gksrs gSaA ;|fi lfg".kqrk dh vis{kk leHkko esa vf/kdmnkjrk vkSj lEeku ds Hkko jgrs gSa] fdUrq leHkko dh vis{kk lgHkkfxrk esavf/kd leUo; ,oa lkeatL; ds Hkkoksa dks izJ; feyrk gSA lgHkkfxrk esa nwljs/keksZ esa lfEefyr gksus] muds /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiks esa lgHkkxh gksus dh izo`fÙkdks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn dh rjg xka/kh Hkh fofHkUu/kekZuq;kf;;ksa esa ijLij lgHkkfxrk dk Hkko fodflr djuk pkgrs FksA vkn'kZ/kkfeZd lfg".kqrk og gS ftlesa fgUnw efLtn ds fuekZ.k vkSj laj{k.k esa lg;ksxnsa vkSj eqlyeku fgUnw eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj j[k&j[kko esa Hkkx ysus yxsa**‡

bl izdkj dsoy lafo/kku ;k fu;e ds }kjk /keZ lEcU/kh mnkjrkoknhn`f"Vdks.k dk izpkj vkSj izlkj lEHko ugha gSA blds fy, /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk vkSjO;kidrk rFkk mnkjrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k nksuksa visf{kr gSA yksx nwljs /keksZ ds izfrrHkh vknj vkSj vkLFkk dk Hkko j[k ldrs gSa tc mudk n`f"Vdks.k vis{kkd`rvf/kd mnkj gks vkSj tc mUgsa bl rF; dk Kku gks fd lHkh /keZ ekSfyd :ils ,d gh vkn'kZ ls iszfjr gSaA muesa okLrfod fojks/k ;k Hksn ugha gSA Hksn dsoyuke&:i] oká rFkk vkdfLed {ks= esagh ns'k&dky vkfn ds dkj.k nh[k iM+rkgSA blesa dksbZ 'kadk ugha fd vkt /keZ ls lEcfU/kr dbZ rjg dh leL;k;=&r= mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj blds dkj.k /kkfeZd la?k"kZ dh leL;k Hkh mB[kM+h gksrh gSA oLrqr% ;g Hkh vKku vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr LokFkZ vkSj vius


opZLo dks LFkkfir djus dh izo`fr ls lEcfU/kr izrhr gksrh gSA vKku ds dkj.kdqN /kkfeZd usrk ;k /kkfeZd lEiznk; vFkok la?k] yksxksa dh vkfFkZd rFkk vU;ykpkjh dk ykHk mBkdj mUgsa /kkfeZd ifjorZu dh vksj vkd`"V djrs gSaAHkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g Hkh ;qfDrlaxr vkSj 'kksHkuh; ckr ugha gSAˆ tc gelHkh /keksZ ds izfr vknj dk Hkko j[krs gS vkSj ;g ekurs gSa fd lHkh /keksZ esadksbZ okLrfod fojks/k ugha gS rks /keZ ifjorZu ds vkn'kZ dk leFkZu Hkkjrh;n`f"Vdks.k ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu ekuo LorU=rk ds vkn'kZ dsn`f"Vdks.k ls bl ij izfrca/k Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ds vkyksd esa ge bruk gh dguk pkgrs gSa fd /keZ 'kCndk ;|fi fjfytu ds vFkZ esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu Li"Vr;k /keZ dk {ks=O;kid izrhr gksrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; fpUru esa /keZ dh viuh fof'k"V egÙkk vkSjHkwfedk gSA fo'odks"k‰ esa /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, bl vk'k; dk fopkjLi"Vr;k Ýstj ds ifjHkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij fn;k x;k gS fd blesa mPprj lÙkkesa fo’okl fughr gksrk gS vkSj ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ml lÙkk dk izHkko vkSjfu;U=.k ekuo thou ij gksrk gSA nwljs fo'odks"kŠ esa Hkh bl ckr dks Li"Vr;kcryk;k x;k gS fd /keZ ds }kjk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ds fo'okl] Hkkouk] fof/k vkSjn`f"Vdks.k dk cks/k gksrk gSA xSyos‹ Hkh /keZ esa mPprj ;k vlhe 'kfDr ds izfrfo'okl dh ckr djrs gSa ftlds }kjk euq"; vius thou esa lqj{kk vkSj 'kkfUrizkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj bl Øe esa os LokHkkfod :i ls izkFkZuk]iwtk vkfn dh Hkh ckr djrs gSaA

bl izdkj ;g ckr Li"V:is.k n`f"Vxr gksrh gS fd lkekU;r;k /keZ esabZ'oj dh] Hkys gh mls ftl uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k tk, egRoiw.kZ vkSjvko';d Hkwfedk gksrh gS D;ksafd mPprj lÙkk esa fo’okl lkekU;r;k /keZ esaegRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA euq"; viuh leherk vkSj vlqj{kk dh iwfrZ blfo'okl ds }kjk fofHkUu fØ;kvksa ¼izkFkZuk] iwtk vkfn½ ds ek/;e ls djus dkiz;kl djrk gSA oLrqr% lalkj ds vf/kdka’k ,sfrgkfld /keksZ esa tSls fgUnw /keZ]bLyke] bZlkbZ vkfn /keksZ esa bZ'oj dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Li"V:is.k n`f"Vxr gksrkgSA ysfdu bl leL;k ij ;fn nk’kZfud rFkk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k lsxaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj fd;k tk, rks ,slk ekuuk lR; ls cgqr nwj ugha gksxk fdlalkj esa ,sls Hkh fopkjd rFkk /kkfeZd ijEijk,¡ gqbZ gSa tks bZ’oj ds vfLrRo esafo'okl dks /keZ ds fy, cgqr vko’;d ugha ekurs gSaA

f¶y.VƒŒ vfu’ojoknh /keZ n'kZu dh ckr djrs gSa vkSj crykrs gSa fd;gk¡ bZ'oj ds fo'okl dk fu'ks/k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,slk bl lEcU/k esa


cryk;k tkrk gS fd bZ'oj dks tkuuk vlaHko gSA ik'pkR; n'kZu ds bfrgkl esavfu'ojokn ds leFkZdksa esa MkW0 gsdj] áwe] dkWEVs vkfn dk uke fy;k tkldrk gSA bu yksxksa us bZ’oj ds vfLrRo ij lansg izdV fd;k gS vkSj /keZ dsfy, bls cgqr vko';d ugha ekukA budk fl)kUr gBiwoZd viuh gh ckr ijvfMx jgrk gS vkSj fcuk fdlh rdZ dk voyEc fy, bZ'oj dh lÙkk dks udkjnsrk gSA ijEij;k bZ'oj ds izfr vfLrRo ij pksV igq¡pkus ds fy, ;g foo’k gSAgBh vuh'ojoknh esa bZ’oj ds izfr ?kksj fo}s"k vkSj ?k`.kk gSA**ƒƒ fQj ledkyhuvfu'ojokfn;ksa esa gDl dk uke Hkh fy;k tkrk gSA fQ.Mys dk Hkh uke bllanHkZ esa bZ'ojfojks/kh fo}ku ysus gSaA vuqHkookn] Hkkookn vkSj foKku ds ifjizs{;esa Hkh bZ'oj dh lÙkk dks ijkEijkxr <ax ls lkekU; vFkZ esa fo'okl ugha fd;ktkrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa vf/kd foLr`r foospu ugha djds ik'pkR; n'kZu dsbfrgkl ls dkWEVs dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gS tks fo'o n'kZu ds bfrgkl esaegku Hkkooknh nk'kZfud ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA mUgksaus Hkkooknh nk'kZfud gksusds ukrs bZ'oj lEcU/kh Kku vkSj rÙoehekalh; Kku dks fuEurj LFkku fn;k gSvkSj Hkkooknh Kku dks mPprj vkn'kZ Kku ds :i esa ns[kk gSA vk/kqfud n'kZuds {ks= esa rkfdZd Hkkooknh Hkh ijEijkxr n'kZu vkSj /keZ lEcU/kh okD;ksa dksvius ijh{k.koknh vFkZ ds fl)kUr ij fujFkZd ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA blfy, blvk/kkj ij fodflr rkfdZd fo’ys"k.koknh n'kZu dsoy Hkk"kk fo'ys"k.k dks ghviuk dk; ekurk gS vkSj bZ'oj dh okLrfod lÙkk vkfn ls bldk lEcU/k ughacryk;k gSA vkbUlVhbu vkfn oSKkfudksa dks NksM+dj igys ds oSKkfud HkhbZ'oj dh lÙkk dks vius <ax ls vLohdkj djuk gh vius oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.kds vuqdwy ekusaxsA

bl izdkj Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds bfrgkl esa fo'ks"k :i ls /keZ ds {ks= esami;qZDr foospu ds vkyksd esa ;g ckr Li"V:is.k n`f"Vxr gksrh gS fd ;gk¡bZ'oj ds fcuk Hkh /keZ dh dYiuk dh x;h gS vkSj /keZ dk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkhizpkj vkSj izlkj fd;k x;k gS] mldk ikyu fd;k x;k gSA vkt ds oSKkfud;qx esa oLrqr% va/kfo'okl vkSj ml izdkj ds /kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drkugha gS tks cqf)] rdZ vkSj foKku dk fojks/kh gksrk gS ysfdu ;g rks le>us dhckr gS fd bZ'oj lEcU/kh fo’okl lhfer rdZ vkSj cqf) ds ekin.M ijvLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Bhd gS fd va/kfo'okl vkSj :<+hokn lsiszfjr gksdj ge bZ'oj esa fo'okl ugha djsa ysfdu oká foKku ds lkFk&lkFkvkrafjd foKku Hkh gksrk gS tks psruk vkSj vkRek vkfn ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSmlds lEcU/k esa Kku vkSj vUos"k.k dh viuh fof/k gS tks oká foKku dh fof/k


ls LokHkkfod :i ls fHkUu gksrh gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn us vkSj LokehjaxukFkkuanth us Hkh bl rF; dh vksj vius <ax ls ladsfrr fd;k gS vkSj bln`f"Vdks.k ls bu yksxksa us osnkar ds ifjisz{; esa /keZ vkSj foKku ds fojks/k dksljkguh; <ax ls nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA Lokeh cq)kuUnƒ… us Hkh LokehfoosdkuUn ds n’kZu ds lEcU/k esa ;g Bhd gh ekuk gS fd mudk nk'kZfudn`f"Vdks.k v/;kRe vkSj foKku nksuksa dk i{k/kj gSA

lUnHkZƒ- “Dharma is the rock on hich al all virtues are founded. It is the basis of all

excellences and the valdation of all obleideal.”……. Dharma for All, SriRamakrishna Math, Mailapoore, Madras, P.5.

„- egkHkkjr] d.kZ ioZ ˆ‹&‡ŠA…- d.kkn lw=†- bulkbDyksisfM;k ,.M fjfytu ,.M bfFkDl] Hkkx&„] i`0 …†‰A‡- y{ehfuf/k 'kekZ] /keZ n’kZu dh :ijs[kk] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku] bykgkckn]

ƒ‹‹‰] i`0 †ƒŠAˆ- ogh0 i`0 †Œ…A‰- bulkbDyksisfM;k fczVsfudk] Hkkx& ƒ‹] i`0 ƒŒ…AŠ- bulkbDyksisfM;k vkWQ fjfytu ,.M bfFkDl] Hkkx& ƒŒA‹- tkWtZ xSyos] fn fQykWlQh vkWQ fjfytu] …Š] tkWtZ LVªhV] ,fMucxZ] Vh-

DykWdZ] ƒ‹†Š] i`0 ƒŠ†AƒŒ- izks0 f¶y.V] ,.Vh fFk,fLVd F;ksjht] i`0 †Aƒƒ- MkW0 nqxkZnÙk ik.Ms;] /keZ n’kZu dk losZ{k.k] izkekf.kd ifCyds’kUl]

bykgkckn] iqu%eqnz.k] ƒ‹ŒŒ] i`0 „‹„Aƒ„- izks0 ,l0 ih0 duy] ^,u bUVªksMDlu Vw nso /keZ*] nso lekt ;ksx]

ƒ‹ˆ‹] i`0 ƒƒAƒ…- Lokeh cq)kuUn] dSu ou ch lkbfUVfQd ,.M b,V fLifjpqvy] v}Sr

vkJe] ‡ & nsgh ,.Vkyh jksM] dydÙkk& ƒ†] ƒ‹‰…] i`0 ŠŒA


_Xosn esa lkaxhfrd Loj dk egRo % ,d fo'ys’k.kkRedv/;;u

xksiky dqekj feJ1

Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa izkphure xzUFk osn gSA lalkj Hkj ds bfrgkl esa uosn ls iqjkuk dksbZ ok³~e; feyrk gS vkSj u gh bl izdkj fdlh Hkh ok³~e; dkLkLoj ikB lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA lEiw.kZ lkeosn xhrkRed dgk x;k gSA _Xosndk dkO; izÑfr dk dkO; gSA oSfnd _f"k;ksa ds thou esa _Xosn us izÑfr dhgh eksnnkf;uh xksn esa vk¡[kas [kksyh FkhA mlh esa og fodflr] iYyfor vkSjiqf"ir gqvkA pkjks osn esa laxhr dk lEcU/k lkeosn ls gS] fdUrq _Xosn esa Hkhlaxhr fo"k;d lkexzh miyC/k gSA;|fi _Xosn laxhr dk xzUFk ugh gS rFkkfimnkRr] vuqnkRr] Lofjr bR;kfn Loj /keksZa ls mPpkfjr gksus ls mldk ikB e/kqj]laxhre; yxrk gSA _Xosn ds ea= laxhre; gSa vkSj LkLoj ikB djus ds fy,mDr Loj&/keksZa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA _Xosn dky esa xk;u o oknu ijLijlgp;Z jgsA _Xosn esa nqUnqfHk] ok.k] os.kq] ddZfV] ekM+h v?kkfV] xks/kk] fiax] xxZj]ok|kas dk mYys[k feyrk gS rFkk bu ok|kas ds /ofu;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh _Xosn esagqvk gSAlaxhr esa Loj 'kCn ûkn* vFkkZr laxhrksi;ksxh /ofu ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksrk gSAblfy, 'kkjaxnso us laxhrjRukdj esa Loj dh O;k[;k bl izdkj dh gS& ^LorksjaTt;fr JksrfpRra l Loj mP;rsA**8 _Xosn esa Loj ds mnkRr] vuqnkRr vkSjLofjr Hksn ik;s tkrs gSaA Loj 'kCn dk vFkZ O;kdj.k ds vuqlkj gS& os vdjkfno.kZ ftldk mPpkj.k nwljs o.kZ dh lgk;rk ds fcuk Lora= :Ik ls gksrk gSA

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] laxhr foHkkx] ts0vkj0,p0 fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV m0iz0


Loj 'kCn dh O;k[;k bl izdkj gS& Lo$j% Lo=Lo;a] j=jktUrs% ^Lo;a jktUrbfr Lojk%^ tks ¼fcuk fdlh o.kZ dh lgk;rk ds½ Lo;a izdk'keku gksa os LojgSaA^^7

izfr'kk[;ks vkSj vU; oSfnd xzUFkksa esa Loj dks ;e uke ls mfYyf[kr fd;k x;kgSA laxhr fo"k;d Loj rks oSfnd xzUFkksa esa vkfn esa ;e ds gh uke ls vfHkfgrgq, gSaAosnksa esa Loj vkSj ;e 'kCn dk dbZ vFkksZa esa iz;ksx gqvk gSA buesa Loj 'kCn dhrhu O;k[;k;sa vkSj ;e 'kCn dh nks O;k[;k;sa /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSaA

1- ^Loj* 'kCn ml o.kZ ds vFkZ esa ftldk fcuk fdlh nwljs o.kZ dhlgk;rk ds Lo;a mPpkj.k gks lds] bl vFkZ esa bldh O;k[;k gS ^Lo;ajktrs bfr Loj%Â

2- Loj 'kCn Loj dh mnkRrkfn fo'ks"k mPpkj.k fof/k ds vFkZ esa ftlls inksads vFkZ tkus tkrs gSa] bl vFkZ esa bldh O;k[;k gS ^Lo;Urs·FkkZ ,fHk%Â

3- Loj 'kCn laxhrksi;ksxh /ofu ds vFkZ esa] bl vFkZ esa bldh O;k[;k gS^Lor% jatf;r bfr Loj%Â;e 'kCn dh nks izdkj dh O;k[;k gSa igyh O;k[;k gS

^fu;E;Urs·FkkZ ,fHk%Â ftuds }kjk vFkksZa dk fu;eu gksA bl vFkZ esa bldk iz;ksxoSfnd mnkRrkfn Lojksa ds fy, gqvk gSA

nwljh O;k[;k gS ^fu;E;Urs /ou;% ,fHk% bfr ;ek%Â bl vFkZ esa bldkiz;ksx laxhrksi;ksxh /ofu ds fy, gqvk gSALoj vkSj ;e dh la[;k

bl fo"k; esa cgqr HkzkfUr;k¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSa dqN yksxksa dk ,slkekuuk gS fd oSfnd dky esa dsoy rhu gh Loj Fks& mnkRr] vuqnkRr ,oaLofjrA fdUrq ;s rhuksa oLrqr% Loj ugha gSaA vfirq Lojksa dh fo'ks"k mPpkj.kfof/k gSaA blfy, 'kkL=dkjksa us bUgsa vp vFkkZr~ Lojksa dk o.kZ/keZ dgk gSA/keZ ’kCn dk vFkZ ;gk¡ oSf’k"V~; ls gSAO;kdj.k ds xzUFk dkf'kdko`fRr ls ;g Li"V gS fd mnkrRo dk vFkZ rhozrk ughagS rkjrk gSA ,d gh LFkku esa Å¡pk Loj mnkRr gksrk gS] uhpk vuqnkRr gksrk gS]vkf{kIr Loj Lofjr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ yksd vkSj osn esa izfl) xq.k gh o.kZ /keZ dsdkj.k mnkRr vkSj vuqnkRr le>s tkrs gSa Loj ughaA mnkRr vkSj vuqnkRr dkftl Loj esa lekgkj gksrk gS og Lofjr dgykrk gSA bu m)j.kksa lsfuEufyf[kr rF; fudyrs gSa&


1- mnkRr] vuqnkRr vkSj Lofjr Loj ugha gSa] Loj o.kksZa ds /keZ gSa] ,d fo'ks"kmPpkj.k fof/k gSaA

2- ;s yksd vkSj osn nksuksa esa ik;s tkrs gSaA3- ;s lkis{k gSa leku LFkku esa Å¡ps mPpkj.k dks mnkRr] uhps mPpkj.k dks

vuqnkRr vkSj ftlesa nksuksa dk lekgkj gks tkrk gS mls Lofjr dgrs gSaAge ;g tkurs gSa fd ftl oxZ dk mPpkj.k fdlh vkSj o.kZ dh lgk;rk ds

fcuk Lo;a gks tk;s mls O;kdj.k esa Loj dgrs gSaA ,sls Loj lkr gSa& v] b] m]_~] y`] ,s] vksA vk] bZ] Å bR;kfn bUgha dh nh?kZ voLFkk;sa gSaA osnksa esa Loj dkvFkZ mnkRrkfn LojksPpkj.k fof/k Hkh gSA ;s Loj la{ksir% mnkRr] vuqnkRr]Lofjr& ,sls rhu gSa fdUrq foLr`r :Ik esa bl vFkZ esa Hkh Loj lkr gSaA egkHkk";1-2-33 esa ;s lkr Loj bl izdkj fn;s gq, gSa&

**lIr Lojk HkofUr& mnkRr%] mnkRrj%] vuqnkRr%] vuqnkRrj%] Lofjr%]Lofjrs ;k mnkRr%] lks·U;su fof'k"V%] ,dJqfr%] lIre%A**13

vFkkZr~ mnkRr] mnkRrj] vuqnkRr] vuqnkRrj] Lofjr] Lofjr ds vkjEHk esafo|eku mnkRr tks vU; mnkRr ls fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj ,d Jqfr esa lkr Lojgksrs gSaA

laxhr esa Lojksa dh la[;k rks lkr izfl) gh gSA oSfnd dky ds vkfn esabu Lojksa dh laKk;sa bl izdkj FkhaA dq"V] izFke] f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ] eUnz vkSjvfrLok;ZA

osn esa mnkRr] vuqnkRr] Lofjr bR;kfn Loj /keksZa dk bruk egRo Fkk fdHkzkfUr fuokj.k ds fy;s buds fpUg cuk fy;s x;s vkSj os ea=ksa ds o.kksZa ijvafdr dj fn;s x;sA lkFk gh mDr Lojksa ds mPpkj.k ds lkFk gLrikyu dhizfØ;k Hkh fu/kkZfjr dj nh x;h ftlls muds mPpkj.k esa dksbZ v'kqf) ;kHkzkfUr u gksus ikosA

osn dk Lojkadu lalkj dk lcls izkphu Lojkadu gSA ;|fi osn dsLojkadu ds dbZ izdkj FksA pkjksa osnksa esa Lojksa ds fpUgksa esa Hksn gSA fpUgksaesa ,d:irk ugha gS fdUrq fo'ks"krk bl ckr esa gS fd bfrgkl ds /kqa/kys lqnwjvrhr esa egf"kZ;ksa us Loj fpUg cuk;s vkSj muls ea=ksa dks vafdr fd;kA

mnkgj.k Lo:Ik ge ;gk¡ _Xosn ds lokZf/kd izpfyr ikB ds dqNLojkadu izLrqr djrs gSaAvuqnkRr&ftl v{kj ds uhps iM+h js[kk gks mls vuqnkRr le>ukpkfg;sA ;Fkk&

vfXuehys iqjksfgre~A14


;gk¡ *v* vkSj *iq* ds uhps iM+h js[kk gS vr% *v* vkSj *iq* dk mPpkj.kvuqnkRr gSALofjr&ftl v{kj ds Åij [kM+h js[kk gks mls Lofjr le>uk pkfg;sAmnkRr&ftlls iwoZ dksbZ Loj u gks vFkok ftlds iwoZ esa vuqnkRr gks ,slk fpUgjfgr v{kj mnkRr gksrk gSA ;Fkk& vXus ;a ;Ke/oje~A15

bl ea= esa vXus esa tks *v* gS mlls iwoZ dksbZ Loj ugha gSA vr% bl vdk mPpkj.k mnkRr gSA *;a* ds iwoZ esa *us* vuqnkRr gSA vr% *;a* dk mPpkj.k HkhmnkRr gSA

bUgha rhu Lojksa ds }kjk osn dk ikB xku izk; cu tkrk gSAvFkkZr~ fcYdqy xku rks ugha fdUrq xku tSlk yxrk gSA osn ea=ksa dh voLFkkog gS tks fd u loZFkk Hkk"kk gS] u loZFkk xku gSA mldh xku tSlh Hkk"kk gSAigys laLÑr Hkk"kk esa pkgs os ykSfdd gks ;k oSfnd Loj dh ,d fo'ks"k mPpkj.kfof/k dks mnkRr] vuqnkRr vkSj Lofjr dgk tkrk FkkA fdUrq /khjs&/khjs ykSfddHkk"kk ls budk yksi gks x;k vkSj ;s dsoy osn esa vof'k"V gSaA

osn ikB esa mnkRr] vuqnkRr Lofjr dh mPpkj.k fof/k ij cgqr cy fn;ktkrk gSA blds mPpkj.k dh 'kq)rk dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, blds lkFkgLrpkyu ds lkg/keZ dk fu;e osn ikB esa vHkh rd pyk vk jgk gSA

mnkRr] vuqnkRr] Lofjr ds vfrfjDr ,dJqfr] izp;] rkuLoj] izkopu]Loj bR;kfn Hksn Hkh gSaA Lofjr ds gh ukS Hksn feyrs gSaA bu lc Hksnksa &izHksnksals ;g Li"V gS fd osn esa Loj dk fdruk egRo FkkAlUnHkZ lwph

1- vM~;kj laLdj.k Hkkx&1] izFke v/;k;] i`0 82 'yksd 24]2- egkHkk"; 1@2@293- dkf'kdko`fRr i`0 24] pkS[kEHkk laLd`r laLdj.kA4- NUn'kkL=] fiaxy] 4@145- egkHkk";] 1@2@33


dyk ds dykRed :iMkW0 nsosUnz dqekj f=ikBh1

dyk ds dykRed lkSUn;Z esa vuqHkwfrijd~^Kku&rRo* dh izfd;k Hkkjrh;,oa ik'pkR; n`f’V n`f’V ls] euksoSKkfud foospu dh ek¡x djrk gS] Hkkjrh;fpUru esa dyk dh izxfr ;k=k dks ij[kus vkSj fuj[kus dh ^^nhi f'k[kk**fojkV vuq'khyu dkykRed gks ;k fp=kRed ;wjksih; fl)kUrksa ds rkfRodfopkjksa esa jpuk izfdz;k dh ?kVuk fo”ks’k gSA vk/kqfud lkSUn;Z 'kkL= dyk dksiz;ksxkRed :i ls ns[krk gS ;s iz;ksx n`'; JÒ; vkSj eap dyk ds ek/;e lsu;s miknku jprk gSA

gekjh ijEijk esa :Ik dks lkSHkkX; dk miknku ekuk x;k gSA tcfdik'pkR; esa :Ik ek= vkd`fr ewyd dYiuk gS] ;g lR; gS fd fcuk dyk ds:Ik dsoy vkd`fr gh gksxhA dgus dks rkRi;Z ;g gS fd&'kCnksa] Lojksa vkSjjs[kkvksa essa :Ik dks ckW/kuk ,d lkdkj fparu dk lkadsfrd izek.k gS]nwljs 'kCnksaesa dfo rFkk vFkok dykdkj ^:Ik ¼lkSUn;Z esa vkd`fr½ ijEijk ls ikrk gS*Adkyhnkl ds ^mÙkj es?k* esa ;gh vFkZ /ofUkr gS&

^gUrSdfLeu~ Dofpnfi urs] pf.M] lkn`';efLrAgekjs ladsrks esa dYiuk ds rkjksa >Udkjksa esa jpuk Mqcksa nsrh gS :Ik

lEosnuk dks mRrsftr djrk gS] bl flyflys esa :Ik dh voLFkkiuk gksrh gSAml pje lkSUn;Z dks izkfIr ds fy,] mls lkdkj djus ds fy, ekuksa dykdkjNViVkrk jgrk gS] dHkh mls idM ikus rd igq¡prk gS] dHkh mls ik Hkh ysrkgSA dkyhnkl us bls dkO; ds izlax esa ckSus O;fDr ds }kjk Å¡ps Qy dks idM+ikus dh ps’Vk ds leku dgk gSA**i1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] yfyr dyk foHkkx] ts0vkj0,p0 fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV m0iz0


dyk Hkkoh thou dh vko';drk gSA dyk ds ftrus :Ik gS os lHkhlkSUn;Z Hkkouk ds ifjpk;d gS] lkfgR; esa lksyg izdkj dh dyk dk o.kZufeyrk gS vkSj ôkRL;k;u* ds ^dkelw=* esa dyk pkaS’kB Hksn fxuk;s x;s gSaAogha pUnzek lksyg fnuksa esa lksyg dyk;as cnyrk gSA Hkxoku Jh d`’.k dkslksyg dykvksa ls ;qDr ekuk x;k gSA ;s :Ik Hkkoukvksa dks rÌr ugha djrh]vfirq ihfM+r ekuo vkSj ekuork ds thou dks Hkj nsrh gSA vkf[kj eksuk fylkdk eqLdku**] cuh&Buh dh jk/kk dks dkSu Hkwy ldrk gS dyk ds iz/kkurqf’V dk Lo:Ik ijekuUn dh izkfIr gS] blhfy,&

^^folzkfUr;ZL; lEHkksxs lk dyk u dyk ijkAyh;rs ijekuUns ;kRek% lk dyk ijk^ÂA

&¼Hkr`gfj&uhfr”krd esa½Hkkjrh; ewfrZdkjksa ,oa fp=dkjksa us viuh dyk }kjk cq) ds vax&izR;ax esa

ikSjkf.kd rŸoksa dk fuos”k fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa dyk] dyk ds fy, u gksdjvkRe&Lo:Ik ds lk{kkRdkj dk ;k mls ije rRo dh vksj mUeq[k djus ds fy,gSA ;g bZ”oj dh :Ik dYiuk dk izfrek foKku gSAii

Hkkjrh; dyk /kjkry dykRed oLrq ds xw<+ rRoksa dk mn~?kkVu djrkgSA lw{e ls LFkwy] LFkwy ls lw{e rd Hkkoukvksa dk vkfn lR; fp= f”kYi dsoSHko esa izrhdkRed cu tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^f=ewfrZ* dyk dk gh izrhdugha gS vfirq og ije~czã dh l`tu ikyu vkSj lagkjd “kfDr;ksa dk Hkkjrh;dyk esa bZ”oj dk ,d vfUrfnz; :Ik f”ko dk vkHkw’k.k liZ gS] rks fo’.kq dh“kS;k esa ;g vklu gSA dey y{eh ds gkFk esa vkSj mudh vklu ds :Ik esaizfl) gSA ogha dey cq) ds fopkjksa dks izfrfuf/kRo nsrk gSA vtUrk ds fp=in~eikf.k cksf/klRo bldk thoUr izek.k gS] blh izdkj ^gal* vkSj ^gk¡Fkh* ,oafoosd dk jkt ,S”o;Z dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ^gal* vkSj ^gk¡Fkh* vtUrk] ck?k],yksjk ds f”kYi] viHkaz”k] igkM+h] eqxy dkyhu] “kSfy;ksa esa bl izdkj xqFksa gq;sgSa tSls ^^yksd dk lokZaxh.k thou izfrfcEc dh Hkkafr iw.kZrk dks xzg.k djrk gSAizd`fr ds Jaxkj dks o`{k&yrk] i= iq’i&Qy ouLifr] Ik”kq&i{kh lHkh dqNHkkjrh; dyk esa loZ= QSys gSaA buds fcuk dyk viw.kZ jgsxhA gSosy us lR; ghfy[kk gS fd& ^^Hkkjrh; dyk iz/kkur% vkn”kZoknh jgL;kRed] izrhdkRed vkSjlokZfrfjDr gSAiii

dyk ds vUr% n”kZu esa “kSyh dksbZ Hkh gks] mldk vfUre y{;] HkkfodrknkRE; dk vuqHko ,oa lR; dk mn~Hkk’k gksrk gSA “kkL=h; dyk vkSj yksdthou dh dyk foKku vkSj O;ogkj dk n`f’Vdks.k gSA :Ik rRoksa ds fodkl dk


jpuk dkS”ky ds fopkj dkSu vkSj D;ksa ls vkxs fuEu Js.kh ;k mPp Js.kh dsHkko dks ihNs NksM+dj Js’Brk ds ewy vFkZ dks Li’V djrk gSA LokHkkfod :Ikls /keZ vkSj laLd`fr lkSUn;Z izse dk ln~fopkj gSA dyk ds vUrZxr vkfne dykds le:Ik xq.k vkdf’kZr djrs gSa rks ifjorZu dh izfdz;k fu’B vkSj leorZudk ikyu djrh gSA ;s fo”ks’krk,a ^^fo”o lkSUn;Z dh cgqjaxh mRlkg o/kZufofo/krk gSA fo”odyk esa ltZu“khy pSrU; dks] xfreku Lo:i ds fy,izsj.kkLin fofo/krk gksuk ,d vko”;d xq.k gSA**iv

MkW0 oklqnso “kj.k vxzoky us bl ckr ij cgqr cy fn;k gS fd ^^dykdh vk¡[k ls lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR; dh vk¡[k ls dyk dks ns[kuk gekjs orZekulkaLd`frd ;qx dh ,d egrh vko”;drk gSA v bl n`f’Vdks.k ls cy nsrs gq,yfyr dykvksa dk lEcU/k lkfgfR;d vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk O;kid ,oajkx&jkxfu;ksa dks fp=kRed :Ik nsus dk iz;Ru Hkkjrh; fp=dyk esa fd;k x;kgSA

gekjs izfrHkk”kkyh dfo;ksa] f”kfYi;ksa us yksd dh jgu&lgu]os”k&Hkw’kk] vkHkw’k.k&ifjPNn~] laxhr&ok|] vL=&”kL= vkfn izdj.kksa dkvius xzaFkksa esa ;FkkLFkku cMs+ gh lqUnj <ax ls leUo; fd;k x;k gSA lkfgR; esabl lkexzh dk o.kZUk vkSj dyk ds blh :i dk fp=.k Lo:Ik dks lkaxksikaxtkuus ds fy,] lkfgfR;d Hkkoksa dk nksgu gS rFkk dyk ds ekfeZd Kku ds fy,nksuksa dk leku Hkko ls ;kstu ds jl rRo dk gh :i gSA ftl yksd thou dsmeax eas lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds lkFk&lkFk v/;;u ij gh fuHkZj jguk gSA**vi

vius vFkZxr lhek esa dyk dh ,d “kk[kk fp=dyk ftlesauhyk&yky&ihyk&gjk bl vkfn ewy jax&”kCn dk dkO;kFkZ dk mruk ghfoLrkj gS ftruk dh budh {kerkA ysfdu jaxksa ds fofo/k Nfo;ksa] NVkvkssa vkSjgYds&gYds xk<s+iu dks ;s ewy jax] izd`fr ds fofo/k :Ik esa fc[kjs iMs+ gSA ekuolkSUn;Z dh vusd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vusd ,sls euksHkko Hkh gS ¼mnklh] izse] mRlkgvkfn½ ftudh vfHkO;atuk ewy jaxksa dh NfOk;ksa ls fufeZr jaxksa dk vizR;{k jpuklalkj gSA jhfrdkyhu fp=dyk esa dfo dk eu bruk lgk;d gS fd os viukjax laLkkj l`ftr djrs gSaA ;g ckr Lohdkj dh tk ldrh gS fd lkfgR; dhvU; fo/kkvksa dh rqyuk esa dfork dh Hkk’kk dk Lo:Ik fof”k’V gksrk gSA blfof”k’V Hkk’kk ds fuek.kZ esa n`f’V dh lw{e vuqHkwfr;k¡a vkSj vfHkO;atuk ds fy,mldk Hkkfor ,oa HkaMkj lgk;d curs gSA mldk dkO;kFkZ mruk gh foLrh.kZ gStks ekfeZd cukrk gSA**vii


dykiw.kZ fopkjksa dh viuh fof”k’V ijEijk esa lkfgfR;d fo/kku lsvR;Ur izk.koUr] jkspd fp= ^^dYilw=**] ^^dkykdkpk;Z dFkk** ds vk/kkj ijcus rhFkZdkjksa ds fp= cMs+ vkd’kZd vkSj izHkko”kkyh gksrs FksA bUgksaus ekdZ.Ms;iqjk.k ^^nqxkZ lIr”krh] jfr jgL; vkSj dkelw= ls lEcfU/kr fp=ksa dk Hkh vaduvkys[ku fd;k x;k gSA ckn dh “kSfy;ksa ij bl vkys[ku ijEijk dk iwjk izHkkoiM+kA blds ckn mRrj Hkkjr ds ioZrh; [k.M esa ^^yfyr foLrj] ekulkj]vfXu iqjk.k**] vkfn fp= dykvksa eas Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSA xqIr dky rdfp=dyk dk iw.kZ fodkl gks pqdk FkkA fo’.kq /keksZRrj iqjk.k vkfn xzUFkksa esafp=dyk dk mUur voLFkk dk foLr`r mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g lR; gS fd xqIrdky gh vU; dykvksa esa fp=dyk dk Lo.kZ ;qx FkkA ^^g"kZ vkSj ck.kHkê** dhjpukvksa esa Hkh blds izek.k feyrs gSaA

gekjs ns”k esa fp=dyk dh “kqHkz ijEijk vizfrfgr vuojr~ pyrh jghAHkkjrh; fp=dyk dh Hkkouk iz/kku :iksa esa fp=ksa esa izse izrhd dk egRoiw.kZLFkku gS] dyk ds dykRed ewY;kadu esa yksd thou dh vkLFkk vkSj Jqfr;ksa dkfoKku n”kZu n`f’V ls eq[; gS ftuesa ukfj;ksa dh g;onu] ukjh dqatj vkSjvfHklkfjdk ukf;dk ds fp=xr mnkgj.k ^^gekjh yksd :fp;kas dks fyf[kr j[kusds fy, gekjs vKkr ukek yksd dykdkjksa us ftuesa ukfj;ksa dh eq[r;k jgh gSA/kjrh ds izfr viuh ^îfo= fu"Bk** dks vius ân; ds vtlz jl /kkjk }kjkvfHkflafpr djds dqN ,slh lgt dykd`fr;k¡ gesa nha] tks gekjs jk’Vª dhlEiw.kZ psruk dks vPNkfnr djrh gSA**viii

^^dyk dh n`f’V ls fopkj djsa fd e;wj izd`fr dh ,d vuqie d`fr D;ksagSA dyk] :Ik] jax] lTtk] cukoV gh jax iz/kku vax gksrs gSaA e;wj dk :Ik jaxlTtk rFkk cukoV ns[kdj ,slk izrhr gksrk gS tSls fdlh prqj fprsjs us cSBdj,d&,d jax rkfydk ls laHkky&laHkky dj yxk;k gSA jax fo/kku dk ,d Hkhfl)kUr ,slk ugha tks e;wj ds jax p;u esa iz;qDr u gqvk gksA xk<s pednkjuhys jax ds lkFk gjs lqugys ia[k] ihyh cqfV;ksa ds uhp lqugyh vkHkk jaxfo/kku dk ,d mRd`’V mnkgj.k gSA

jaxksa ds lketL; dh n`f’V ls Hkkjrh; e;wj izd`fr dh ,d vuqie d`frgSA ix ;g fopkj.kh; gS fd e;wj esa fdu dkj.kksa ls ge lkSUn;Z dk n”kZu djsikrs gS e;wj jax fcjaxk gS mldk vkdkj ;k x<+u lqUnj gSA mldh ukpus dhizd`fr mldh LoPNrk mldh eLrh mldk fia;k&fia;k iqdkjuk] d`’.k ds eqdqVesa “kksHkk;eku gksuk] lk;a dk nq”eu gksuk ?kVk;sa ns[kdj izlUu gksuk egkdfodkfynkl ds es?knwr esa of.kZr gksuk bR;kfn ds dky mlds izfr gekjh


lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr lgt gh tkxzr gks tkrh gS] tks ckrsa euq’; dh izd`fr esa gSa oghew;j esa Hkh muds dkj.k lgt gh lgkuqHkwfr gks tkrh gSA

dkSos esa “kCn vkSj ckr ugha feyrh gS tks euq’; ds izd`fr esa gks vkSj;gh dkj.k gS fd og vPNk ugha yxrk euq’; dks dkykjax ilUn ugha gS vkSjddZ”k vkokt ysfdu] dks;y dh dwd vkSj iihgs dh ih&ih dfo;ksa vkSjdykdkjksa dks cM+k fiz; gS ;s nksuksa e;wj ls lqUnj ugha gSa ysfdu vkokt dsn`f’V ls dks;y vkSj iihgk rFkk jax lTtk ls e;wj fdruk lqUnj gS ;gh n`f’Vdyk ds lkSUn;Z esa gal dh rjg jax Hkj nsrh gSA ^^gal uhj&{khj foosdh gS**AHkkjrh; dyk esa bu if{k;ksa dks ysdj vusd la;kstu vafdr fd;s x;s gSa bldkrkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd :Ik ;k vkdkj /koy :Ik ls vkdf’kZr i{k gSA pEik dkiq’Ik [kjxks”k vkfn ls ,sls vadu feyrs gSa ftldks “kk;n gh dksbZ ilUn udjrk gks blfy, dykdkj ds lEeq[k lqUnj vkSj vlqUnj dk fo’k; cM+kegRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA dyk ;k dykdkj ls dk;Z dh iw.kZrk] la;kstu ds ewyHkwrfl)kUr ls jpukvksa esa tks rF; le>us dk gS og foKku dh Kku ls lalkj dsvusd vla[; oLrqvksa dks fofHkUu :iksa esa vafdr dj fn;k tk;s vFkok izLrqrdj fn;k tk;s ogh dyk dk mRd`’Vre nsu gksxk D;kasfd fcuk dyk n`f’V dsdksbZ jpuk tUe ugha ys ldrhAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

i gaal dqekj frokjh& ^^dyk**] i`’B 9] Hkwfedk] izdk”kd fo”ofo|ky;izdk”ku] pkSd okjk.klh& 221001] laLdj.k 1999

ii ,e0 ih0 JhokLro& ^îzkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr** % dyk vkSj n”kZu**] i`0 197]izdk”ku& ,f”k;k cqd dEiuh] ;wfuoflZVh jksM bykgkckn&2] prqFkZlaa”kksf/kr laLdj.kA

iii gfjnRr osnkyadkj& ^^laLd`fr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl**] i`0 42&43] lUnHkZfooj.k] izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dyk vkSj n”kZu] i`0 198A

iv jfo “kk[kydj& ^^dyk ds vUr% n”kZu**] i`0 36] izdk”ku& jktLFkkufgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k& 2004A

vMkW0 dqekj] foey& ^^lkSUn;Z”kkL= ds rRo**] i`0 41] izdk”ku& jktdeyizk0 fy] ubZfnYyh] vko`fŸk 2010A

vi MkW0 dqekj] foey& ^^lkSUn;Z”kkL= ds rRo**] i`0 42] izdk”ku& jktdeyizk0 fy] ubZfnYyh] vko`fŸk 2010A

viiMkW0 dfork okpDuoh& ^^lekt Hkk’kk foKku ¼jax”kCnkoyh % fujkyk dkO;½^^]i`0 96] izdk”kd& fgUnqLrku vdkneh bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k 2009A


Women entrepreneurs in India: Issues,Problems & Solutions

B.P.Singh 1

AbstractWoman constitutes the family, which leads to society and Nation. Social and

economic development of women is necessary for overall economic development of anysociety or a country. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in herbut has not been capitalized in India in way in which it should be. Due to change inenvironment, now people are more comfortable to accept leading role of women in oursociety, though there are some exceptions. Our increasing dependency on service sector hascreated many entrepreneurial opportunities especially for women where they can excel theirskills with maintaining balance in their life.

The paper focuses on the concept of women entrepreneurs and talks about thestatus of women entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they set up andmanaged their own businesses in the competitive world of business environment. It will alsosuggest the way of eliminating and reducing hurdles of the women entrepreneurshipdevelopment in Indian Context.Introduction

Entrepreneurship can help women’s economic independence and improvetheir social status. Automatically the women get empowered once they attaineconomic independence. The development of women entrepreneurship enablessociety to understand and appreciate their abilities. It enhances theirs status andleads to integration of women in nation – building and economic development. Itprovides them psychological satisfaction and imbibes a deep sense of achievementto create their enhanced identity in society.

1. R. H. Govt. P. G. College Kashipur, USN, UK.


Meaning of Women EntrepreneursWomen Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women

who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. The Government of Indiahas defined women entrepreneurs as ― “an enterprise owned and controlled bywomen having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and givingat least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”.

Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factorswhich encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their onlegs. A sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is themotivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domesticresponsibilities women want to get independence. Under the influence of thesefactors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urgeto do some thing new. Such a situation is described as pull factors. While in pushfactors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and theresponsibility is thrust upon them.Aim of the Study

The objective of the study is to examine the issues relating womenentrepreneurship development in India and to investigate the problems faced bywoman’s entrepreneurs in India. Women entrepreneurship needs to be studied fortwo main reasons. The first reason is that women entrepreneurship has beendocumented during the last decade as an important unexploited source of economicgrowth. Secondly, the topic of women entrepreneurship has been largely ignoredboth in society in general and in the social sciences in particular. This issue iscurrently very important since it is part of ongoing national efforts to alleviatepoverty in developing countries like India in relation to the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs).Research Methodology

This paper on women entrepreneurship results from an exploratory processidentifying this new entrepreneurship phenomenon. This study is based on a reviewof key literature and a descriptive analysis of secondary data, from governmentsources as well as from Research Journals, or from individual case studies, onwomen entrepreneurs in developing countries.Reasons Women Become Entrepreneurs

Many studies indicate that women start businesses for fundamentallydifferent reasons than their male counterparts. While men start businesses primarilyfor growth opportunities and profit potential, women most often found businesses inorder to meet personal goals, such as gaining feelings of achievement andaccomplishment. In many instances, women consider financial success as anexternal confirmation of their ability rather than as a primary goal or motivation to


start a business, although millions of women entrepreneurs will grant that financialprofitability is important in its own right.

Women also tend to start businesses about ten years later then men, onaverage. Motherhood, lack of management experience, and traditional socializationhas all been cited as reasons for delayed entry into entrepreneurial careers. In fact,over 30 percent of women entrepreneurs reported that they started a business due tosome traumatic event, such as divorce, discrimination due to pregnancy or thecorporate glass ceiling, the health of a family member, or economic reasons such asa layoff. But a new talent pool of women entrepreneurs is forming today, as morewomen opt to leave corporate world to chart their own destinies. Many of thesewomen have developed financial expertise and bring experience in manufacturing ornon-traditional fields. As a result, the concentration of women business owners inthe retail and service sectors—and in traditional industries such as cosmetics, food,fashion, and personal care—is slowly changing.The Importance of Women Entrepreneurs

Women entrepreneurs encounters only one third of all entrepreneurs. And ashalf the population on this planet is women there is an unnatural gap betweengenders. There is thus potential to enhance the level of women entrepreneurs.Women entrepreneurs have a massive potential which are yet to be unleashed. Notonly due to the gender gap, but also because women bring in diversity to theinnovation process. More women will provide per se entrepreneurs with a morediverse perspective. Solutions to market inequalities are not solved just by maleentrepreneurs with male thinking innovation. Now women also brings in solutions tomarket inequalities and their innovations may not be alike those of the man. Thuswomen entrepreneurship is to be seen as part of the diversity question.

One good example here relates to user driven innovation. Where consumerneeds are the key driver for innovation. In order to produce user driven innovationthe agent needs to adapt the need from the consumer. The results of that are bound tobe different whereas the agents are a man or a woman Women entrepreneur’s canpossibly lead to another kind of innovation. Women entrepreneurs are mainlyemployed in the service sector that is tourism, ICT, health, social services etc. Acommon factor is the great potential of these sectors.

Together with creative and new ways of thinking innovation, involving theconsumer and the gender gap the potential in promoting women entrepreneurs areobvious. Women entrepreneurship receives a great deal of attention in developedcountries. They conclude that among other changing mindsets, adapt policies toallow better family life and work balance by using specific instruments like taxregulation, allowances, leave provision etc. will promote women entrepreneurship.(Dawad, 2007).


Women Entrepreneurs in IndiaWomen owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost

all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually beenchanging with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society.Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women toemerge into business ventures. ‘Women Entrepreneur’ is a person who acceptschallenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent.A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurialwomen, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. Withthe advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the worksituations.

The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found indulged in every lineof business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities providedto the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning intojob creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters,publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economicparticipation. In India, although women constitute the majority of the totalpopulation, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women inadvanced nations are recognized and are more prominent in the business world. Butthe Indian women entrepreneurs are facing some major constraints like:Lack of confidence:In general, women lack confidence in their strength andcompetence. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside theirentrepreneurial growth. To a certain extent, this situation is changing among Indianwomen and yet to face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth inentrepreneurship.Socio-cultural barriers: Women’s family and personal obligations are sometimesa great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only few women are able tomanage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform alltheir responsibilities in priority.Market-oriented risks: Stiff competition in the market and lack of mobility ofwomen make the dependence of women entrepreneurs on middleman indispensable.Many business women find it difficult to capture the market and make their productspopular. They are not fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence caneffectively utilize the services of media and internet.Motivational factors: Self motivation can be realized through a mind set for asuccessful business, attitude to take up risk and behavior towards the businesssociety by shouldering the social responsibilities. Other factors are family support,Government policies, financial assistance from public and private institutions andalso the environment suitable for women to establish business units.


Knowledge in Business Administration: Women must be educated and trainedconstantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of businessmanagement. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process anddevelop a good business network.Awareness about the financial assistance: Various institutions in the financialsector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc.Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistanceprovided by the institutions. So the sincere efforts taken towards womenentrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas.Exposed to the training programs: Training programs and workshops for everytype of entrepreneur is available through the social and welfare associations, basedon duration, skill and the purpose of the training program. Such programs are reallyuseful to new, rural and young entrepreneurs who want to set up a small and mediumscale unit on their own.Identifying the available resources: Women are hesitant to find out the accessto cater their needs in the financial and marketing areas. In spite of the mushroominggrowth of associations, institutions, and the schemes from the government side,women are not enterprising and dynamic to optimize the resources in the form ofreserves, assets mankind or business volunteers.

Highly educated, technically sound and professionally qualified womenshould be encouraged for managing their own business, rather than dependent onwage employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can beidentified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase theproductivity in the industrial sector. A desirable environment is necessary for everywoman to inculcate entrepreneurial values and involve greatly in business dealings.The additional business opportunities that are recently approaching for womenentrepreneurs are:

• Eco-friendly technology• Bio-technology• IT enabled enterprises• Event Management• Tourism industry• Telecommunication• Plastic materials• Mineral water• Sericulture• Floriculture• Herbal & health care• Food, fruits & vegetable processing


Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals ofsustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering their growth must beeradicated to entitle full participation in the business. Apart from training programs,Newsletters, mentoring, trade fairs and exhibitions also can be a source forentrepreneurial development. As a result, the desired outcomes of the business arequickly achieved and more of remunerative business opportunities are found.Henceforth, promoting entrepreneurship among women is certainly a short-cut torapid economic growth and development. (Thamaraiselv, 2009).Problems Faced by Women Entrepreneurs

It suggests that in spite of the social support provided to womenentrepreneurs, their share in the total economic activity is minimal. At the same timethere are more than fifty studies on women entrepreneurs, which indicate that thewomen entrepreneurs have to face innumerable difficulties and constraints fromwhich their male counterparts are saved. Hisrich and Brush (1987) tried to find outthe reasons for high the growth rate in female self employment and their uniquecharacteristics. The studies made by Lal K (2000), Vinze M (1987), Shah H (1990),and many others provide different insights into various problems faced by womenentrepreneurs, which are briefly described below:Sociocultural and psychological barriers:The traditional role of women,gender identity with submissiveness, dependence, and obedience do not go very wellwith the competencies required for development of entrepreneurship such asassertiveness, independence, risk taking and organizing. Lal (2000) states thatwomen are submissive and incapable of independent thinking and decision makingdue to the age-old discrimination and deprivation, and fragmented education. As aresult women cannot and do not take up entrepreneurship as a whole time job.Financial constraints:Women entrepreneurs generally face a great difficulty inobtaining credit for a number of reasons. Firstly, they do not have adequate saving oftheir own which is required as equity payment to get loan. Secondly they do notusually have any assets or property to show as collateral for loans as most of themare involved in domestic activities. They also lack marketing skills to put forward aviable business plan. Hisrich and Brush (1987) surveyed 468 women entrepreneursand concluded that it is most likely that a typical woman entrepreneur generallystarts her venture late after she is 35 years, and her biggest business startup problemsare finance, credit and lack of business training. Her greatest operational problem islack of experience in financial planning. They concluded that female entrepreneursexperience varying business problems, particularly problems with weak collateralpositions, obtaining credit and overcoming society’s belief that women are not asserious as men about business. Vinze (1987) in a survey of 50 women entrepreneursfrom Delhi states that though financial assistance provided by banks is sufficient,procedures and formalities are barring many women entrepreneurs to obtain the


finance from organized sector. Blake (2006) states that though guideline for banks tosanction loan are gender-blind, they are not gender neutral. Blake elaborates thatmost of the local banks have to see the capacity of the organization, which is basedon the prior experience of the entrepreneur, collateral, market demand beyond localmarket, and credit lending history. To succeed in securing a business loan, thewoman must be beyond child- rearing age, have sufficient presence with businesscommunity, have considerable experience in management or relevant technical skillswith her own collateral and have access to start a business that is needed within thelocal context.Lack of access to technology:Lack of adequate training also acts as a barrier to accessthe latest and cost-effective technology, which makes their enterprises less competitive.According to Shah (1990) in the low income group, more than 82% of women becameentrepreneurs due to economic needs and of them, more than 50% were not even graduate,as a result of which they could not avail the advantages of the latest technology.Managerial constraints:An empirical study of 100 women entrepreneurs fromHimachal Pradesh by Nayyar et al. (2007) reveals that poor location of the unit,tough competition from large and established units, lack of transport facility anddifficulty to afford own vehicle are some of the common problems faced by womenentrepreneurs. Family responsibilities, lack of mobility, limited choice of ideas, andlow level of production, all together lead to managerial constraints. It is stated thatlack of business training and low level of experience in general managementpositions affect the future growth of the organization, especially if the business islabor-intensive.Lack of access to information dissemination:All these mentioned problemsalso lead to lack of adequate information about market trends, latest technology,various schemes of assistance, etc.Lack of marketing facilities:It is found that generally the enterprises run bywomen are of local nature catering to the local market without any proper marketresearch of the profitability of the venture, which constraints the marketing of theirproducts. Patel (1986) points out that because of lack of market exposure,insufficient industrial awareness and low mobility, a majority of womenentrepreneurs grow at a very low pace (based on the survey of 900 womenentrepreneurs).Growth constraints:Some of the studies which emphasize on the growthconstraints faced by women entrepreneurs are summarized here. As per the studyundertaken by Centre for Women’s Business Research, Washington, 62.7% of 10.6million private businesses in USA are owned by women. Between 1997 and 2004,their number grew 28.1% i.e., nearly three times the rate of all enterprises but out ofthat only 3% are high growth women-run enterprises. The growth rate of theventures started by women is slower than those owned by men. It is stated that


compared to men, women entrepreneurs tend to set lower business size, a thresholdbeyond which they prefer not to expand as they are more concerned about the risksinvolved in the fast growth. Morris and Mijajaki (2006) state that womenentrepreneurs who are pulled by recognition and opportunities for higher growth andprospects show higher growth as compared to the women who are pushed intoentrepreneurship due to economic necessity. They also state that women-ownedventures are especially affected by conflict between home and family demands andthese have inadvertent implications on growth. Manolova et al. (2007) in their paperbased on empirical survey of 544 women entrepreneurs in Bulgeria, state thatgrowth expectancies for men are significantly and positively associated with outsideadvice through networking whereas growth expectancy for women entrepreneurs issignificantly associated with prior experience. As fallout of all these constraints,women entrepreneurs suffer from low scale of operations, poor quality of products,higher vulnerability to sickness and poor implementation of proper strategies.Suggestions for the Development of Women Entrepreneurs

Right efforts from all areas are required in the development of womenentrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities.Entrepreneurship basically implies being in control of one‘s life and activities andwomen entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence, and mobility tocome out of their paradoxes. The following measures are suggested to empower thewomen to seize various opportunities and face challenges in business.

There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women entrepreneurs.

An Awareness programme should be conducted on a mass scale with the intentionof creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business.

Attempts should be there to enhance the standards of education of women ingeneral as well making effective provisions for their training, practical experienceand personality development programmes, to improvise their over-all personalitystandards.

Organize training programmes to develop professional competencies inmanagerial, leadership, marketing, financial, production process, profit planning,maintaining books of accounts and other skills. This will encourage women toundertake business.

Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them tounderstand the production process and production management.

Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial traininginstitutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops.


Educational institutes should tie up with various government and non-governmentagencies to assist in entrepreneurship development mainly to plan businessprojects.

International, National, Local trade fairs, Industrial exhibitions, seminars andconferences should be organized to help women to facilitate interaction with otherwomen entrepreneurs.

Women in business should be offered soft loans & subsides for encouraging theminto industrial activities. The financial institutions should provide more workingcapital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures.

Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to thewomen entrepreneurs at local level.

The weaker section could raise funds through various schemes and incentivesprovided by the government to develop entrepreneurs in the state. E.g. the Primeministers Rozgar Yojana, The Khadi and Rural village industries scheme, etc.

In the initial stages women entrepreneurs may face problems but they mustpersevere, believe in themselves and not give up mid way.

Attempts by various NGO‘s and government organizations to spread informationabout policies, plans and strategies on the development of women in the field ofindustry, trade and commerce. Women entrepreneurs should utilize the variousschemes provided by the Government.

Women should try to upgrade themselves in the changing times by adapting thelatest technology benefits. Women must be educated and trained constantly toacquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of businessmanagement. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process anddevelop a good business network.

Self help groups of women entrepreneurs to mobilize resources and poolingcapital funds, in order to help the women in the field of industry, trade andcommerce can also play a positive role to solve this problem.

Women‘s entrepreneurship must be examined both at the individual level (i.e. thechoice of becoming self-employed) and at the firm level (the performance ofwomen owned and managed firms) in order to fully understand the differencesbetween men‘s and women‘s entrepreneurship.

To establish all India forums to discuss the problems, grievances, issues, andfiling complaints against constraints or shortcomings towards the economicprogress path of women entrepreneurs and giving suitable decisions in the favorof women entrepreneurs and taking strict stand against the policies or strategiesthat obstruct the path of economic development of such group of womenentrepreneurs.

Thus by adopting the following aforesaid measures in letter and spirit theproblems associated with women can be solved. Entrepreneurship is not a bed of


roses to women. Women participation in many kinds of economic activities tocomplement to their family income, their participation in no way reduces theirfamily duties. The task of women has become more tedious and full of challenges.Let us all make efforts to help women rediscover her.Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

The main issue of women entrepreneurship development in India discussedin this paper is the main constraints facing women to become entrepreneurs orexisting women entrepreneurs to sustain or grow. Actually, there are significantdifferences between women entrepreneurs and the men entrepreneurs on ground ofperseverance, predisposition and ability to work hard, as well as the abilities specificto emotional intelligence. Therefore, following general measures can be adopted toencourage and develop women entrepreneurship in India: To create and develop some coaching, mentoring, counseling etc. programmes

for the development of initial businesses, owned and run by women. To facilitate the access to funds for the women entrepreneurs, by creating and

eveloping some funding products with subsidized interest, and advantageouscredits destined to women wishing to develop their business, in compliance withthe conditions related to the field of activity, investment, added valued,competitivity etc.

To give bank loans with government guarantees destined to women wishing todevelop their business, in compliance with conditions related to the field ofactivity, investment, added value, competitivity etc.

To provide fiscal facilities for the businesses developed by the womenentrepreneurs in national, regional, and local key fields and defined as such inthe national, regional, and local development plans.

Active measures promoting the entrepreneurial culture, especially amongwomen.

Measures to reduce bureaucracy and the instability of financial and commerciallegislation.

Active measures to conciliate family life with professional life. Active measures to support the start up and development of business by women,

especially businesses involving self-employment, co-preneurship, and familybusinesses.

Information campaigns meant to make the public aware and sensitive to genderdisparities and sexist stereotypes existing in the field of entrepreneurship and tothe advantages to support women entrepreneurship.

To reform the legal policies and systems and to develop juridical services meantto protect women’s ownership rights and the women’s rights in the field ofentrepreneurship.


Another vital aspect of the strategy must be to facilitate the entry of womenentrepreneurs into areas where high growth is expected. Special incentives, taxrebates, duty cuts and subsidized land and machinery can be provided to encouragewomen in emerging sectors. Special recognitions and award can be instituted forwomen participating in such targeted industries.The government of India haslaunched a scheme for women in India called “Trade Related EntrepreneurshipAssistance and Development Scheme for Women” (TREAD) during the 11th five-year plan. This scheme may augment economic empowerment of women throughthe development of their entrepreneurial skills in non-agricultural activities.

Higher education incentives for women from rural regions, advanced trainingprograms for development of management skills among women, and setting up ofpolytechnics and industrial institutes for women are the key thrust areas tostrengthen the women’s entrepreneurial talent through education and training.Theunderlying motivation for women entrepreneurs is the desire to help the overallcommunity, environment or disadvantaged groups in society. Increasing numbers ofwomen entrepreneurs and the rapid growth of their businesses have shown that awoman can succeed as an entrepreneur. Women have the capabilities ofcontravention through the obstacles that thwart their business expansion.Nevertheless, the rate of opportunity for entrepreneurship and level of confidence tostart a business successfully for men is remarkably outperforming that of women. ASignificant gender gap still exists between countries as men believe themselves tohave sufficient knowledge and skills for operating a business.

ReferencesBlake M (2006), “Gendered Lending: Gendered Context and the Rules of Business

Lending”, Venture Capital, Vol. 8, No. 2.Dawad, S (2007), Women Entrepreneurship – A Nordic Perspective, Nordic

Innovation Centre Stensberggata 25 NO-0170 Norway.Hirich R and Brush C (1987), “Women Entrepreneurs: A Longitudinal Study”,

Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Massachusetts, USA.Lal K (2000), “Gender Afflictions in Entrepreneurship—Indian Context”, Women

and Economic Development.Manolova T, Ivan M and Carter N (2007), “The Differential Effect on Men and

Women Entrepreneur’s Human Capital and Networking on Growth Expectanciesin Bulgeria”,Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, No. 3.

Morris M, Mijajaki N, Watters C and Combes S (2006), “The Dilemma of Growth’sUnderstanding Venture Size Choices of Women Entrepreneurs”, Journal of SmallBusiness Management, Vol. 44, No. 2.


Nayyar P, Sharma A and Kishtwaria J (2007), “Causes and Constraints Faced byWomen Entrepreneurs in Entrepreneurial Process”, Journal of Social Sciences,Vol. 14, No. 2.

Patel V G (1986), “Women Entrepreneurship Development”, Keynote Address at the5th National Convention of Women Entrepreneurs, under the aegis of Women’sWing of NAYE, Gujarat Chapter, Ahmedabad, Feb 6-8.

Shah H (1990), “Fostering Women Entrepreneurship—A Study of DistinctiveFeatures, Research Report, Serial 3, National Institute of Entrepreneurship andSmall Business Development, New Delhi.

Thamaraiselv R (2009), Women as Entrepreneurs in India, Articles Base, India, pp:1-2.

Vinze M (1987), Women Entrepreneurs in India: A Socio-Economic Study of Delhi,1975-85, Mittal Publication, Delhi.


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gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh ekU;rk gS] fd efgykvksa dksiq#"kksa ds v/khu vkSj muds fu;a=.k esa jguk pkfg,A ;g fopkj/kkjk efgykvksadks iq#"kksa dh lEifRr dk ,d fgLlk ekurh gSA ;gk rd fd efgyk ds 'kjhjij Hkh iq#"kksa dk gd ekuk tkrk gSA D;ksafd tc ,d efgyk izlo ds nkSjkufpfdRlky; esa yk;h tkrh gS] vkSj mldh gkyr xEHkhj gS vkSj ;fn iq#"k dslkeus ;g leL;k vkrh gS] fd cPpk vkijs'ku ls gksxkA bl nkSjku ek¡ ;k cPps


esa ls ,d dks cpk;k tk ldrk gS] rks bl dfBu le; esa ,d efgyk ds thoudh Mksj iq#"k ds gkFk esa gksrh gSA D;k ;g mfpr gS ;fn nksuksa cp tk;s rkscgqr vPNk ;fn [krjk gS rks nksuksa esa ls D;k ek¡ dks ugha cpkuk pkfg,\

,sls le; esa ,d ifr dks viuh iRuh ds lkFk gksuk pkfg, ijUrq ughaAD;ksafd mldh n`f"V esa efgyk ds thou dk dksbZ eksy gh ugha gS] og rks viusoa'k dks cpkuk pkgrk gS] ftlus vHkh lalkj esa n`f"V rd ugha [kksyh] tksefgyk fookg ds i'pkr~ vius ekrk&firk dks NksM+dj llqjky esa u;s ifjokjdks viukrh gS] mldk dksbZ vfLrRo gh ugha gSA D;ksafd ml efgykk ds thoudh Mksj mlds lkl&llqj vkSj ifr ds gkFk esa gksrh gSA os yksx tc pkgsmlds thou dh Mksj dks rksM+dj lekIr dj ldrs gSaA

gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa efgykvksa ds lkFk ,slh cgqr lh ?kVuk;sa ?kVrh gSablfy, ,d efgyk dks os lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj vkSj LorU=rk feyuh pkfg, ftllsog viuk fu.kZ; Lo;a ys ldsA

D;ksafd ukjh izd`fr dh vuqie d`fr gSA ukjh l`tu dh iw.kZrk gSA l`f"Vds fodklØe esa mldk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA og ekuo thou dh tUenk=h gSAmls lkSUn;Z] n;k] eerk] Hkkouk] laosnuk] d#.kk] {kek] okRlY;] R;kx ,oaleiZ.k dh izfrewfrZ ekuk x;k gSA ukjh ds bUgha xq.kksa ds dkj.k izkphu osndkyls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd mldk egÙo v{kq.; jgk gSA mls nq%[k rFkk mis{kkdjds ekuo iw.kZrk izkIr ugha dj ldrk og lekt :ih xkM+h dk ,d ifg;kgS] ftlds fcuk lexz thou iaxq gSA

efgyk lekt dk yxHkx vk/kk fgLlk gSaA efgykvksa ds fcuk ?kj]ifjokj] lekt ;k ns'k dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA cPpksa dhns[kHkky] ?kj&ifjokj dks lEHkkyuk] ifr ds dke esa gkFk caVkuk] /kkfeZdfØ;kdykiksa ds }kjk /keZ dh j{kk djuk vkfn vusd dk;Z gSa] tks efgykvksa dsfcuk lEHko ugha gSA efgyk dh esgur] yxu] R;kx] riL;k] ,oa leiZ.k ls ghiq#"k dk O;fDrRo pedrk gSA

usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us Hkh dgk gS&^^cPps dk HkkX; ek¡ gh cukrh gSA**Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dks vkt Hkh og LFkku izkIr ugha gqvk tks mls

cgqr igys fey tkuk pkfg, FkkA vkt Hkh ngst ds ykyp esa cgw dks ftUnktyk fn;k tkrk gS fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds rykd ns fn;k tkrk gS ;k vekuoh;vR;kpkj fd;s tkrs gSaA ckfydk dh xHkZ esa gh gR;k dj nh tkrh gSA ,slsvekuoh; vkSj iru'khy lekt esa L=h dks thfor jguk Hkh eqf'dy gSA ukjhiwjh f'kn~nr ds lkFk foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuh igpku cukus ds fy,


la?k"kZjr~ gSA efgykvksa dks ?kj] ifjokj] lekt ds mis{kkiw.kZ O;ogkj ls cpkus dsfy;s ,oa mudh n'kk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s efgyk fnol ,oa efgyk lEesyudk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

egkdfo dkfynkl d`r vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~ ukVd ds ik¡posa vad esa tcxHkZorh 'kdqUryk vius firk d.o _f"k ds ;gk¡ ls fonk gksdj vius ifr jktknq";Ur ds ;gk¡ gfLrukiqj tkrh gS] rks jktk nq";Ur mls igpkuus ls euk djnsrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd&^^gs rifL;ksa! cgqr fopkj djus ij Hkh bl Jherh dslkFk xkU/kZo fof/k ls vius fookg djus dh ckr rks eq>s Lej.k ugha vk jgh gSAvr% eSa bl Li"V xHkZorh L=h dks viuh L=h dSls cuk ldrk gw¡] D;ksafd bldsxHkZ ls tks iq= mRiUu gksxk og esjk vkSjl iq= u gksdj {ks=t iq= gksxkA vr%eSa ,slh L=h dks dSls xzg.k dj ldrk gw¡A

bl izdkj tc Hkjh lHkk esa jktk nq";Ur mls vLohdkj dj nsrs gSa] rksmldh lEiw.kZ vk'kk;sa VwV tkrh gSa vkSj og vius ifr jktk nq";Ur }kjkviekfur L=h ekjhfp _f"k ds vkJe igq¡prh gS tgk¡ og vius iq= Hkjr dkstUe nsrh gSA

,d ek¡ 'kdqUryk us vius iq= Hkjr dks os lEiw.kZ laLdkj vkSj f'k{kkfn;k tks fcuk firk dh lgk;rk ds lEHko ugha Fkk vkSj mls bl ;ksX;'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k fd flag ds cPps ds lkFk [ksyrk gSA vr% bruk 'kfDr'kkyhfirk ds laj{k.k esa jgdj Hkh ugha cu ikrk ftruk fd ,d ek¡ us mls cuk;kAloZneu ¼Hkjr½ bruk fuHkhZd gS fd flag ds cPps dks mldh ekrk flaguh dsLruksa dks iwjk&iwjk ihus ds igys gh mlds dslj ds ckyksa dks idM+dj [ksyusds fy;s tcjnLrh gkFk ls [khap jgk gSA

v/kZihrLrua ekrqjkeZfDy"V dslje~Aizd`hfMrqa flagf'k'kq cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA

dkfynkl us Hkkjrh; ifjisz{; dks n`f"V esa j[kdj Hkkjrh; ukjh dk'kdqUryk ukVd esa fdruk ikou] R;kxe; vkSj la?k"kZiw.kZ thou fn[kk;k gSA'kdqUryk dh lR;fu"Bk dk dkfynkl us vkJe dh f'k{kk ds vuqlkj lgh fp=vafdr fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZ :i esa bruk gh dguk gS fd ifjokj esa efgyk dh igpku mldhHkwfedk ls ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gSA mldh igpku ,d iq=h] iq=&o/kq] ekrk] lkl]ifRu vkfn ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA vFkkZr~ ,d efgyk loZizFke igys ek¡ gksrh gS]blds i'pkr~ lEiw.kZ ikfjokfjd laca/k blfy;s ,d efgyk dk ;g vf/kdkj gS fdloZizFke mls izkFkfedk feyuh pkfg,A vFkkZr~ efgyk ftl fo"ke fLFkfr esa vius


ifjokj dk lg;ksx pkgrh gS] rks og lg;ksx mlds ifjokj dks nsuk pkfg;s]D;ksafd ftl efgyk ds thou dh ckxMksj mlds ifjokj okyksa ds gkFk esa gksrh gSrks ;g mldk drZO; gS fd ;fn efgyk fdlh fo"ke fLFkfr ls tw> jgh rks mlvlgk; efgyk dk lkFk nsuk gh lcls cM+k /keZ gSA D;ksafd ,d MkW- tks thounsus okyk gS oks fdlh dk thou nwljs ds dgus ij dSls lekIr dj ldrk gSAblfy;s MkWDVj tks Hkxoku dk :i gksrk gS rks mls vkijs'ku le; esa igys ek¡dks cpkuk pkfg;s u fd cPps dks nksuksa dk thou cp tk, loksZÙke gSA ;ghmldk drZO; vkSj /keZ gSA blfy;s esjh ;g izcy bPNk gS fd blesa iw.kZ :i lsifjorZu gksuk pkfg, rkfd gj efgyk viuk fu.kZ; Lo;a ys lds vkSj LorU=rkiwoZd jgdj viuk thou th lds D;ksafd ,d efgyk dks LorU=rk iwoZd thouthus dk vf/kdkj gSAlUnHkZJh nqxkZ'kRr'krh] Jh jkeukjk;.k 'kkL=h ^jke*] izdk'ku xhrkiszl xksj[kiqj] 11

v/;k;] 'yksd la-16] i`- 162] la-2004Hkkjrh; ukjh] vfLerk dh igpku] mek 'kqDyk] izdk'ku yksd Hkkjrh bykgkckn] i`-

13] la-2009Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa efgyk,¡] [kqjkuk ,oa pkSgku] izdk'ku y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky]

vkxjk] i`-13] la- 2012euqLe`fr] MkW- jkepUnz oekZ 'kkL=h] izdk'ku fo|k fogkj ubZ fnYyh] i`-59] 'yksd 69]

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izFke lxZ] 'yksd la-1] i`-3] la- 2012efgyk,¡ ,oa ekuokf/kdkj] Jherh iwtkZ 'kekZ] izdk'kd lkxj ifCy'klZ] i`-9] la-201221oha lnh esa efgykvksa dk cnyrk Lo:i] uSus'k x<+oh] jkek lksanokZ] izdk'kd

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Education policies and schemes in IndiaA. K. Nautiyal1&Shikha Sharma2

AbstractEducation is the most potential instrument for all round development of personality

of a person and development of nation. Since our independence, India is trying to reshapeand restructure its education system to suit the needs of technological and industrialdevelopments. For giving it practical shape and picture the Government of India has madeadopts of policies and centrally sponsored schemes. The government adopts an integratedapproach in the implementation of these policies and schemes. The common objectives areto enhance access through the expansion of quality school education, to promote equitythrough the inclusion of disadvantaged groups and to improve the quality of educationranging from primary to higher level. For actualizing this, we have to insure quality orexcellence in education. In this paper the researcher tried to give overview of variouscentrally sponsored schemes at different levels of education i.e. from primary to higherlevel.Introduction

Education is a continuous process which aims to prepare a person to play hisrole as an enlightened member of the society. It means all round development ofpersonality of a person. Since our independence, India is trying to restructure itseducation policy to suit the needs of technological and industrial developments.Several commissions have been set up in the past. Indian Education Commissionwas set up under the chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari in 1964. On the basis of itsrecommendation National Policy on Education was declared in 1968. After theadoption of 1968 policy there has been considerable expansion of education at alllevel.1 & 2. Department of Education, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar,UK.


In August 1985 by the ministry of Education a new policy perspective waspublished. And a new Education policy was education policy was formulated in1986 and it is known as ‘National Policy on Education (NPE 1986). The concept ofNational system of Education implies that, up to a given level all students,irrespective of caste, creed, sex have access education of a comparable quality. Thecommon educational structure of 10+2+3 has been accepted. The central and moststate boards uniformly follow the “10+2+3” pattern of Education. In this pattern,study of 12 years done in schools or in colleges, and them 3 years of undergraduateeducation for a bachelor’s degree. The first 10 years is further subdivided into 5years of primary education, 3 years of upper primary, followed by 2 years of highschools. This pattern originated from the recommendation of EducationCommission of 1964-66.

The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) isthe apex body for curriculum related matters for school education in India. NCERTprovides support and technical assistance to a number of schools in India. Inaddition, NUEPA (National University ofEducational planning andAdministration) and NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) areresponsible for the management of the education system and teacher accreditation.

There are different stages of Education such as Pre primary, formal and nonformal Education, secondary, senior secondary, University and Technical Education.This educational system was formulated over centuries through empirical methods,and attempted to fulfill society’s day today needs. The organization of the educationsystem remained the same among all sects-Buddhist, Jain and Vedic this systemoffered ways of imparting literacy and practical knowledge to the masses. After fiftyyears of independence, India is unable to formulated the educational policy mostsuited to the country.Policies and schemes in India

Educational Policy in India Schemes1. National Policy on Education, 19682. National Policy on Education, 19863. National Policy on Education, 1986 (as

modified in 1992)4. National Curriculum framework (2005)5. National Curriculum framework for

Teacher Education (2009)6. National knowledge Commission (2009)

1. Sarva Shiksha Abiyan (SSA).2. Rashtriya Madhyamik

Shiksha Abiyan (RMSA)3. Rshtirya Ucchtar Shiksha

Abhiyan (RUSA) (2013-14)4. Shakshar Bharat (Adult

Education) 2009

So these are various Educational Policy, Government Programmes andschemes for children. The proposed policy and its implementation are to bereviewed every five years. The main task is to strengthen the base of the pyramid,i.e.


Primary Education. Equally, it is important to ensure that those at the top of pyramidi.e. Higher Education are among the best in the world. These policies are intended tointensify the nation wide in Human resource Development (HRD)Primary Education

The Government lays emphasis on primary Education, also referred to aselementary education to children aged 6 to 14 years old. (Education has also beenmade free for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right ofchildren to free and compulsory Education Act 2009) are have been severalefforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District EducationRevitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim touniversalize primary education in India. The current scheme for universalization ofEducation for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largesteducation since 2000-2001 to provide for a variety of interventions for universalaccess. And retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps in elementaryeducation and improving the quality of learning.

SSA includes opening of new schools and schooling facilities, constructionof schools and additional classroom, toilets and drinking water, regular teacher in-service training and academic resource support, free textbooks and uniforms andimproving learning achievements and outcomes. SSA is being implemented inpartnership with the state Governments and reaches out to 192 million children in1.1 million habitations across the country. Under SSA India has not been able toimprove access to 99% of primary level but has also been able to reduce out ofschool children to 3-4 percent of the age cohort of 6-14 years special (as interpretedin NCF-2005), on Gender concern specially on girls to keep pace with boys as in theperspective in NPE1986/92 i.e. special intervention), Equity (equal opportunity forchildren belonging to SC/ST Communities, other weaker sections, Minorities andurban deprived children.II (RTE-2009)

The constitution 86th amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in India. Incame into effect on word ‘free and compulsory’. No child shall be held back,expelled or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementaryeducation. This bell also seeks to ban private tuition by teachers and ensure that nochild is subjected to physical punishment or mental harassment. It lays down thenorms and standers relating to pupil Teacher Ratios, school working days andteacher working hours.

Provisions of RTE Act are being implemented trough SSA. Accordingly,norms have been revise/modified to align them with the requirement of RTE Act2007 central government has approved an outlay for implementation of thecombined RTE-SSA programme for the five years period 2010-2011 to 2014-15.


III Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)With a view to enhancing enrolment, retention and attendance and

simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the Nationalprogramme of Nutritional support to Primary Education (NP/NSPE) waslaunched as a centrally sponsored scheme on 15th August 1995. In 2001 MDMSbecame a cooked Mid-day Meal Scheme under which every child in everygovernment and government aided primary school was to be served a prepared meal.In September 2004, and July 2006 scheme was revised to provide for centralassistance for cooking cost@ Re1and 1.80 per child/school days for states in theNorth eastern Region and Rs. 1.50 per child/school day for other states.

In October 2007, the scheme was extended to cover children of upperprimary classes (e class VI to VIII) studying in 3,479 Educationally Backwardsblocks (EBBs) and name of the scheme was changed from NP-NSPE to NationalProgramme of Mid Day Meal in schools. It was further revised in April 2008 toextend the scheme to recognized and un-recognized madarsas/maktabs supportedunder SSA. In this schemes there is a need to be carried out to ensure that thenutrition schemes is implemented in both spirit and letter. In annual plan work 2012-13, district wise performance of MDMS in all states has been analyzed and poorperforming districts have been identified for focused attention last add.Secondary Education

Secondary Education covers children aged 14 to 18, a group comprising 88.5million children according to census, 2001. The final two years of secondary is oftencalled Higher secondary, senior secondary, or simply the +2 stage. This is animportant stage for which a pass certificate is needed, by the central boards ofeducation under HRD ministry, before one can pursue higher Education. SecondaryEducation is a crucial stage in the educational hierarchy as it prepares the studentsfor higher Education and helps the students to complete successfully for educationand jobs in a successful manner. Thus, it is absolutely essential to strengthen thisstage by providing greater access and also by improving quality in a significantmanner. A vision forward to move towards universalization of secondary Education(USE), which has been already attained in several developing countries.

The Vision of secondary Education is to make good quality educationavailable, accessible and affordable for all the students of the age group of 14-18years. Honourable prime Minister- Mr. Manmohan Singh in his Independence Dayspeech, 2007 stated “we are setting out a goal of universalizing secondary education.After the successfulness of SSA there is a need for strengthening secondaryeducation. HRD ministry has planned to implement a secondary education schemecalled Rastatriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan (RMSA) during the 11th plan ata total cost for Rs. 20,120 carore to complete the huge demand for secondaryeducation for upper primary classes passed out students.


(1) RMSARMSA is a centrally sponsored scheme is aimed at expanding and improving thestandards of secondary Education-Classes VIII to X launched in 2009-2010. to.Major objectives are-to take secondary Education to every corner of the countrywithin a radius of 5 km for every neighbourhood. With this vision, universal accessof secondary education by 2017 (GER of 100%) and Universal retention by 2020,providing access equality and social Justice with special references to economicallyweaker sections of society, disabled children residing in rural areas and SC, ST,OBC and Education Backward Minorities (EBM). The Concept of ‘Commonschool’ was encouraged. In the context of USE, Large scale inputs in terms ofadditional schools, additional classrooms, teachers and other facilities need to beprovided to meet the challenges of quality. The scheme will initially covers up toclass X, subsequently, the higher secondary stage will also be taken up, preferablywithin 2 years of implementation. To ensure the quality of SE, it has provided therequired Infrastructure, Appointment of additional teachers and in-service training ofteachers, bridge course for enhancing learning ability for students passing out ofclass VIII, review curriculum to meet the NCF-2005 norms and residentialaccommodation for teachers (Specially female teachers) in rural and difficult hillyareas It also included the Inclusive Education, providing scholarships tomeritorious/needy students, expansion of open and Distance learning. There wasgood progress under RMSA during the 11th plan. Against a target of enrolling thestudents, 2.4 million additional students were enrolled in secondary schools during11th plan period. But,Unlike SSA, at the secondary level, RMSA has not had theexperience of earlier state level of national character like SSA, that have promotedinnovations- trying out of new ideas to enhance the access, equity, quality andmanagement of secondary education.II During the RMSA- the central Government operates 4 centrally sponsoredschemes i.e.

(a) ICT @ schools for providing assistance to state Government for computereducation.

(b) Integrated education for Disabled children (IEDC) for assisting stateGovernments and NGO in mainstreaming.

(c) “Quality improvements in schools” during the 10th five year plan” forassisting state Government.

(d) Strengthening of Boarding and Hostel facilities for Girls students ofsecondary schools.

Higher EducationAfter passing Higher secondary Education (grade 12 examination), students

may enroll in general degree programmes such as bachelor’s degree in arts,


commerce or science or professional degree proramme such as engineering, law ormedicine.

India’s higher education system is the third largest in the world, after chinaand the United States. The main governing body at the tertiary level is theUniversity Grant Commission. (UGC), which enforces its standards, advises theGovernment and helps coordinate between the entre and the states. As of 2012, Indiahas 45 central Universities, 321 state Universities and 191 private Universities.Distance learning is also a feature of Indian Higher Education system. TheGovernment has launched. Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) toprovide strategic funding to state higher and technical institution.

Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA):- It is a centrallysponsored scheme (CSS) launched in 2013 at providing strategic funding to eligibleState higher educational Institutions. The central funding would be norm based andoutcome dependent. It is in the ratio of 65:35 for general Category states and 90:10for specially category states). The main objectives of RUSA are:, to improve theoverall quality of state institutions as prescribed norms and standards, to ensurereforms in the affiliation, academic, accreditation (as a mandatory quality assuranceframework) an examination system.

RUSA would also create new universities, new model degree college, toprovide infrastructural support to universities, faculty recruitment support andleadership development of educational administrators are also an important part ofscheme. RUSA is implemented and monitored through an institution structurecomprising the National Mission Authority, Project Approval Board and NationalProject Directorate at Centre and State Higher Education Council.

NCERT has to advise and assist the Govt. of India in formulating andimplementing polices and programmes in the field of education, particularly schooleducation. So National CurriculumFramework for school education has beenframed. It encompasses all stages of school education from primary to highereducation. NCF (2005) provides a basis for radical changes in India educationsystem. The Indian Education Review July 2008 made some interesting observationand recommended as:-

* Linking school knowledge with child’s out of school experiences,*Discourage rote learn* Making examination system flexible and responsive overall developmentof child.

NCF-2009For the qualitative improvement of the entire spectrum of education NCTE

published another Humane National Curriculum framework for TeacherEducation: Towards preparing professional and Teacher in 2009. It includecontext, concerns and vision of Teacher Education, Curricular area and redesigned


schemes of current Teacher Education programmes, evaluating the developingTeacher and Preparing Teacher Educations.For this a road-map has been identified highlighting how curriculum framework willbe implemented at various level. NCFTE-2009 gives assurance for a bright futurebut there is need for comprehensive monitoring system.Besides these Schemes, there are also schemes for Adult Education and skill Development.Adult Education

It aims at extending educational options to those adults, who have lost theopportunity and have crossed the age of formal education, but now feel a need forlearning of any types, including, basic education (literacy), skill development(Vocational Education) etc.Shakshar Bharatis a government of India initiative launched by Prime Minister,Dr. Manmohan Singh to create a literate society through a variety of teaching –learning programmes for non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years an above. It waslaunched on 8 September 2009. It aims to recast India’s National Literacy Missionto focus on literacy of women, which is expected to increase the literate populationby 70 million adults, including 60 million women.

Steps taken to accelerate the pace of implementation of programmeorientation of the State level functionaries-National Literacy Mission Authority hasregularly conducting the National/State level orientation workshop for successfulimplementation of this scheme. The scheme encompasses three components, namely,state Resource Centres, Jan Shiksha Sansthans and Assistance to Voluntary Agencies.

As a result of this, literacy in India is improving. 2011 census showedliteracy in India has increased from 64.84% in 2001 to 74.04% in 2011. PlanningCommission in the 12th five year plan (2010-17) has recommended that existingprogramme structures, strengthened and further aligned to the goals of lifelonglearning and literacy.On June, 28, 2014- The President, Pranab Mukherjee said there is a need forinvestment and a comprehensive policy which will help India to adopt to changingglobal educational challenges. The Government proposes to set up an educationcommission to draft a new education policy. Recently on September 11, 2014 HRDMinister Samriti Irani also added in a Newspaper, The Hindustan Times that Indianeeds a new Educational policy. And a review of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and RTEwill be soon carried out. This new education policy begins across the country fromJanuary 2015.

ConclusionAs Education is the most important level for social, economic an political

transformation. It provides skills and competencies for social and economic well-being. Education also acts as an integrative force in society, imparting values that


foster and social cohesion national identity.In order to achieve this, the Governmentof India has initiated a number of programmes and projects. The Government adoptsan integrated approach in the implementation of various centrally sponsoredschemes. But the quality of education is poor presently. It requires improvement.Although a lot of interesting initiatives are happening in different aspects ofeducation in India but when it comes to school education reform to overhaul thesystem. Policy making is very good pass time in India.. Laws talks policies, planningbut no work.One of the major problems in the CSS is poor implementation ofschemes in several states.

There is a need to bring in necessary changes to our education system andalso the syllabus of text books. The educators need to work constantly more on thebenchmarks and standards in order to measure efficiency, performance and reductionof costs. Completing of the syllabus rather than covering a syllabus even by selflearning is more important.Evaluation should be done at the all level of education inboth state and central governments which can improve the design of the programmeand effectiveness of programme. Education must be above politics and run by onlyexpert teachers. There must be skilled carrier education. So there is urgent need tocarry out a review on these issues.ReferencesChaturvedi, B.K. “Report of the committee on Restrict using centrally sponsored

schemes”. Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi, September, 2011.Report of the committee on “Restructuring of centrally sponsored scheme”,

planning commission, Govt. of India New Delhi 5th, November 2014,http://planning commission Ministry of HRD,“Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan”National Informatics centre. http:// mhrd.gov.in/ framework-final-RMSA- 3, pdf.

Ministry of HRD “Rashtriya Uchchatra Shiksha Abhiyan National HigherEducation Mission” National Informatice centre, 23 October 2013, Retrieved 2february 2014. http://mhrd.gov.in/rusa.

Draft Twelfth five year plan (2012-17). Vol III, Planning Commission, Governmentof India.

Annual report, Department of school literacy and Education, ministry of HRD 2011-12.

Reference Note, Central Government Schemes for school education, MHRD, August2013.

Ghosh, Joyita, PRS Legislative Research, New Delhi. Oct 4,2013Irani Samriti, Ministry of HRD, The Hindustan Times, Sep 11,2014Mukherjee Pranab, “Overhaul national education policy to meet global challenges”

The Hindustan Times June 28, 2014.


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fL=;ksa dk ifjokj ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+s jguk L=h ,drk rFkk laxBu ds jkLrsesa ck/kk jgk gSA gj vkSjr ds ;kSu lEcU/kksa ij fu;a=.k ds cnys mls iS=dlqj{kk feyrh jgrh gSA bl izdkj og lkjh ftUnxh cPpksa dh rjg lqjf{kr vkSjv/khuLFk thou thus dh vknh lh gks xbZ gSA blds foijhr fL=;ksa dh viuhLorU=rk rFkk Lok;Rrk dh leFkZd ijEijk dk vHkko] fL=;ksa esa lewg psruktxkus ds jkLrs esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ck/kk gSA

ukjh ds ;kSfud O;ogkj ds lkFk bTtr ;k 'keZ dh Hkkouk dks tksM+ fn;ktkrk gS] lEifRr rFkk vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh lRrk iq#"kksa ds gk¡Fk esa gksrh gSAmRrjkf/kdkjh firk ds ckn iq= gksrk gSA ;fn dkuwuu L=h dks lEifÙk dkvf/kdkj gks Hkh rks /keZ jhfr fjokt HkkoukRed ncko vDlj fga;k ;k fgalk dh/kedh ls mUgsa vius dkuwuh vf/kdkj dks NksM+uk iM+rk gSA

fookg ds le; dh xbZ izkFkZuk esa ifr viuh uofookfgrk iRuh ds lkFkiq=] ikS=] nkl] f'k";] /kkrq vusd Hkk;kZ vkfn ds fy;s izkFkZuk djrk gSA 'kkL=ksaesa bPNkuqlkj L=h ij 'kklu vkSj Hkksx djus dk vf/kdkj iq#"k dks fn;k x;kgSA eS=k;.kh lafgrk esa ckj&ckj dgk x;k gS fd L=h dks lHkk esa tkus dkvf/kdkj ugha gSA mldk eq[; mn~ns'; iq= tuuk FkkA og egt ,d HkksX;oLrq FkhA ;K ds ckn nf{k.kk ds :i eas ukuk izdkj dh fL=;ksa dks nsus dkfjokt FkkA ,srjs; czkã.k esa dU;k ds tUe dks vfHk'kki dgk x;k] vr% iq=dh izkfIr ds fy;s xHkZorh L=h ds fy;s iqalou uked vuq"Bku djokukvko';d FkkA

ifr viuh iRuh ds lkFk ,d bdkbZ ekuk x;kA u rks csp nsus ls u rksR;kx nsus ls gh dksbZ L=h vius ifr ls eqDr gksrh gSA L=h dks LoHkko ls ghrqPN vkSj uhp crkdj ml ij gj izdkj ds fu;a=.k yxkus ds lkFk&lkFkmldks Lo&vftZr lEifÙk ls Hkh foeqDr dj fn;k x;kA euqLe`fr esa Li"Vfgnk;r gS iRuh] iq= vkSj nkl bu rhuksa ds ikl dksbZ lEifRr ugha gksuhpkfg,A

yM+fd;k¡ bl fopkj ds lkFk cM+h gksrh gS fd os ifjokj dh vLFkkbZlnL; gSA yhyk nwcs] dgrh gS fd yM+dh ds fy;s D;k rkRi;Z gS] dc vkSj dSlsyM+dh us ;g lh[kk fd mldh Hkwfedk;sa mi;qDr gSa\ dSls efgykvksa dks ySafxdmRikn dk fo"k; cuk;k x;kA fleksu cqvk ds vuqlkj vkSjr iSnk ugha gksrhoju mls vkSjr cuk;k tkrk gSA fopkj ekud vkSj izFkk,¡ lekt ;k lekt dsfof'k"V lewg esa vkoaVu ds mik;ksa dks 'kkflr djrs gSa blfy;s ;s voyksdu


;g lwfpr djrs gSa fd f'k{kk] LokLF; lsokvksa lEifÙk esa mÙkjkf/kdkj vkSj lkFkgh lwpuk ds ekxZ esa Hkh fyax fHkUurk gSA

'kk;n blh izdkj ds fopkjksa ds dkj.k vkt ySafxd vuqikr fujUrjefgykvksa ds izfrdwy gksrk tk jgk gSA ySafxd vuqikr vFkkZr~ izfr gtkj iq#"kksadh efgykvksa dh la[;k vkt ns'k esa ckfydkvksa ds tUe ds izfr tks udkjkRedlksap fodflr gqbZ gSA og tgk¡ ,d vksj fir`lRrkRed O;oLFkk dh fujadq'krkdks n'kkZrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj f'kf{kr efgyk ds fu.kZ;kRed {kerk ds le{k ,diz'u fpUg [kM+k djrh gSA

fyax Hksn dk vk/kkj lekt }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA ijEijkxr lkspesa ukjh dks nks fgLlksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k gS&dej ls Åij dh ukjh vkSj dej lsuhps dh vkSjrA lekt ukjh dks dHkh lEiw.kZrk esa ugha ns[k ikrkA vkneh usvkSjr dh ftl ,d pht dks ekjk dqpyk ;k ikyrw cuk;k gS og gS mldhLorU=rk iq#"k us L=h ds [kwu esa ;g Hkkouk] laLdkj dh rjg dwV&dwVdj Hkjnh fd og flQZ 'kjhj gS og mlds flok mldh fdlh vkSj igpku ls budkjdjrk gSA

gekjk lkekftd thou eq[; :i ls pkj fØ;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA Øe'k%mRiknu dh fØ;k] iztuu ifjokj dk izcU/k rFkk cPpksa dk lekthdj.k gSAO;ogkfjd :i ls bu lHkh] fØ;kvksa ij iq#"kksa dk gh ,dkf/kdkj gSA vf/kdka'kO;fDr fL=;ksa }kjk ukSdjh djus mPp f'k{kk xg djus vFkok ifjokj ds izcU/k esagLr{ksi djus dks u dsoy lUnsg dh nf"V ls ns[krs gSa cfYd bls vius vge dsfo#) Hkh ekurs gSaA

ySafxd HksnHkko ;k vlekurk ds c<+rs izlkj ds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr dkØe fo'o ds fud`"Vre nl ns'kksa esa vkrk gSA oYMZ bdkukfed Qksje dsts.Mj xsi baMsDl dh rktk fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fo'o ds 128 ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dkØe fyax vuqikr esa 122ok¡ gSA

rkfydk&1 Hkkjr esa ¼L=h iq#"k½ fyaxkuqikro"kZ vuqikr o"kZ vuqikr1901 972@1000 1961 941@10001911 964@1000 1971 930@10001921 955@1000 1981 934@10001931 950@1000 1991 927@10001941 945@1000 2001 933@10001951 946@1000 2011 940@1000


tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk fyaxkuqikr 940@1000 gS rFkkmRrj izns'k dk 908@1000 gSA lokZf/kd fyaxkuqikr dsjy 1084@1000 dk gS]tcfd U;wure fyaxkuqikr jkT; fnYyh 866@1000] gfj;k.kk 877@1000] iatkc893@1000 vkfn gSA

Hkkjr esa fyax Hksn dh fLFkfr efgyk iq#"k tula[;k ds lkFk&lkFklk{kjrk nj ij Hkh lkQ&lkQ ns[kh tk ldrh gS&

rkfydk&2 fofHkUu n'kdksa esa efgyk@iq#"k lk{kjrk nj ¼izfr'kresa½

tux.kuk o"kZ dqy lk{kjrk nj iq#"k lk{kjrk nj efgyk lk{kjrk nj1901 5-35 9-83 0-601911 5-92 10-56 1-051921 7-16 12-21 1-811931 9-50 15-59 2-731941 16-67 24-90 7-301951 24-00 24-95 7-781961 29-34 34-44 12-951971 36-31 39-45 18-691981 43-56 46-74 24-891991 52-11 63-86 39-422001 64-83 75-26 53-672011 74-04 82-14 65-46mijksDr rkfydk ls irk pyrk gS fd tux.kuk o"kZ 1901 ls 2011 rd

lk{kjrk njksa esa fujUrj o`f) gqbZ gSA ysfdu fQj Hkh efgykvksa o iq#"kksa ds e/;lk{kjrk njksa dk varj fujUrj c<+rk x;k gSA o"kZ 1901 esa tgk¡ ;g vUrj 9-23ogha o"kZ 1951 esa ;g vUrj c<+dj 17-17 rFkk o"kZ 1991 esa 24-44 gks x;kArktk vkadM+s tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj ;g vUrj 16-68 gks x;kA ;g blckr dk lwpd gS fd lk{kjrk njksa esa o`f) ds ckotwn efgykvkas dh 'kSf{kdfLFkfr esa fujUrj fxjkoV vk;h gSA

ySafxd vlekurk dk lkeuk fL=;ksa dk gj :i esa djuk iM+rk gS pkgsoks L=h iq#"k vuqikr esa gks] lk{kjrk nj esa gks] dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k esa ;k fQj ?kjsywfgalk ds :i esa gksA dU;kvksa dks xHkZ esa gh lekIr djus dh iwjh dksf'k'k gksrhgSA ;fn nqHkkZX; ls cp Hkh x;h rks] lkjh mej vius L=h gksus dk vglkl mlsdne&dne ij eglwl gksrk gSA


fL=;k¡ ?kj vkSj ckgj txg fgalk dk f'kdkj cuk;h tkrh gS ?kjsyw fgalkds rgr ?kjksa ds vUnj fiVkbZ] 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld ;kruk,¡ vkSj ?kj ds ckgjdk;ZLFky] jkLrs lM+dksa ij NsM+[kkuh] cykRdkj dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA ,sls esaiM+ksfl;kssa vkSj lEcfU/k;ksa ls ysdj iqfyl vkSj i=dkjksa dks ,sls ekeyksa esa T;knkfnypLih ugha gksrhA

LokLF; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fparuh; gS] tcfdLoLF; lekt fdlh Hkh ns'k dh okLrfod iwath gksrh gS Hkkjrh; lekt esa rksHksnHkko Hkwz.k ls cjruk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA dU;k ds tUe ysus ds ckn ;g vkSjHkh Li"V gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ik¡p Ng lky ds chp ejus okys cPpksa esa yM+fd;k¡T;knk gksrh gSA 1998 ls 0&4 ds chp ejus okys cPpksa esa yM+dkas dh e`R;qnj21-1 Fkh tcfd yM+fd;ksa dh blls T;knk 24-4 FkhA

^^jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k** ¼N.F.H.S.½2 ds vuqlkj fd'kksjkoLFkk esafookfgr gks tkus okyh 1-9 izfr yM+fd;k¡ [kwu dh tcjnLr deh vkSj 45-9izfr'kr [kwu dh lkekU; deh dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA 51-8 izfr'kr efgyk, ¼15-49o"kZ dh½ iks"k.k lEca/kh jDrkYirk xzLr gksrh gS ftls fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vPNkiks"kkgkj nsdj nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lekt jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy;s efgykvksa dks fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk lstksM+uk gksxk] ftlesa fyax lEca/kh HksnHkko nwj djus ds fy;s rhu igyqvksaefgykvksa dh f'k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj ds ekeys esa fyax lEcU/kh vM+pus nwjdjuk vkSj yksdra= esa efgykvksa dh iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh ij Hkh /;ku nsuk gksxkAlanHkZ %1 jkuh vk'kw] efgyk fodkl dk;ZØe] bukJh ifCy'klZ t;iqj] 1999] i`-la-112 Bkdqj lquhrk] ukjhoknh dkmfUlfyax ¼fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj½] dY;k.kh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`-la-56

3 tks'kh xksik] Hkkjr esa L=h vlekurk] 2011] i`-la-134 ogh] i`-la-655 ogh] i`-1576 nslkbZ uhjk] mUdj Å"kk] Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,¡] 2009] i`-la-697 ogh] i`-la-608 oekZ lokfy;k fcgkjh] xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr] 2011] i`-la-219 flag vferk] fyax ,oa lekt] 2015] i`-2910 ogh] i`-la-13911 www.google.com

12 flag vferk] fyax ,oa lekt] foosd izdk'ku] 2015] i`-la-283


foHkh’k.k Jhjke dh “kj.k esa vk;k ugh yk;k x;k gSvfer dqekj feJ1

HkDr foHkh’k.k dk Jh jke dh “kj.k esa vkuk bls eSa ml le; dhlokZf/kd foLe;dkjh ?kVuk ekurk gw¡A D;ksafd ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj ftl<ax ls foHkh’k.k yadk esa yadkifr jko.k ds lkFk jg jgk Fkk] mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esayadk dk ! ;k yadkifr jko.k dk lkFk NksMus o yadk R;kxus dh dksbZ Hkhizsj.kk muds ¼foHkh’k.k½ eu esa ugh FkhA yadk esa jgrs gq, og jko.k ls iwjh rjgjkth ¼izlUu½ FkkA ,d izdkj ls og yadk dk losZ&lokZ FkkA og ogk¡ dkegRoiw.kZ jktiq:’k FkkA dgk tk, rks yadk esa foHkh’k.k gh jkt djrk FkkA mlsyadk esa vius <ax ls jgus ,oa thou ;kiu djus dh iwjh Lora=rk FkhA1

djr jkt yadk lB R;kxh & jko.k dFku ¼jk0e0lq0dk0 52@5½Hkxoku ,oa osn fojks/kh jko.k foHkh’k.k dh HkfDr ,oa Hkkouk ds iFk esa

dksbZ Hkh fo?u mifLFkr ugh djrk FkkA jko.k dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;Z i)fr;ksa lsfoHkh’k.k dh dgha Hkh vlgefr ugh fn[kk;h nsrh FkhA lhrk gj.k dkrkRdkfyd fojks/k foHkh’k.k ugh djrk] og v”kksd okfVdk esa ftu ;krukiw.kZifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lhrk th jg jgha Fkh] mldk irk foHkh’k.k dks Fkk] ysfdu fQjHkh og ekSu gSA blls gh vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd foHkh’k.k vius cM+sHkkbZ yadkifr jko.k ds lkFk iwjh rjg ls lger ¼,MtLV½ gSA lhrk gj.k lsiwoZ Hkh jko.k us uk tkus fdruh ukfj;ksa dk vigj.k fd;k FkkANso xPN xU/koZuj fdUuj ukx dqekfjA thr ijh fut ckgq cy cgq lqUnj uj ukfj AA

1- 'kks/k Nk=] e0xk0fp0xzk0fo0fo0] fp=dwV] lruk] e0iz0


mu lcds fo:) Hkh foHkh’k.k dksbZ vkokt ugh mBkrk FkkA czkã.k]xk;ksa] _f’k;ksa dks ekjus dkVus dh nq’izsj.kk Hkjus okyk tks izFke Hkk’k.k jko.kus vius ifjtuksa ds chp fn;k Fkk mldk Hkh leFkZu foHkh’k.k ekSu jgdj djrkgqvk ekywe iM+rk gSA “kwiZ.k[kk tc udVh gksdj jko.k dks QVdkjrh gS vkSjJh jke ds vrqfyr cy”kkyh O;fDrRo dk ifjp; nsrh gqbZ ;gk¡ rd dg nsrhgS fd&1

leqf> ijh eksfg mudh djuhA jfgr fu”kkpj dfjgS /kjuhAAftudj Hkqtcy ik;h n”kkuuA vHk; Hk;s fopjr eqfu dkuuAA

ns[kr ckyd dky lekuk A ije /khj /kUoh equ ukukAA2rc Hkh foHkh’k.k Jh jke ds izfr fdlh ekfeZd vkd’kZ.k dk vuqHko

ugh djrkA HkfDr Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr Hkzkr izse ls lEiUu foHkh’k.k ,d NksVsHkkbZ ds :i esa vius cM+s HkkbZ ds izfr vizfre fu’Bk ds lkFk jg jgk FkkA jko.kus tc foHkh’k.k dh Nkrh ij ykr ekjdj viekfur fd;k rc Hkh foHkh’k.kvius cMs HkkbZ dks iwjk vknj nsrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu jko.k dks lUnsgFkk fd dgha esjk HkkbZ rifLo;ksa ls rks ugh feykA3vl dfg dhUgsfl pj.k izgkjk A vuqt xgs in ckjfg ckjk AArqEg firq lfjl Hkysfg eksfg ekjk A jke Hkts fgr UkkFk rqEgkjk AAee iqj cfl riflUg ij izhrh A lB feyq tkbZ frUgfg dg uhrhAA4mDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa rF;ksa ls Li’V gS fd foHkh’k.k Hkxoku dk HkDr gksrs gq,Hkh vius cMs HkkbZ ds lkFk rUe;rk ls jg jgk FkkA u dsoy jg jgk Fkk vfirqjko.k dh uhfr;ksa jhfr;ksa ,oa fgald i)fr;ksa dks izeq[k lRrk iq:’k gksus dsukrs dk;kZfUor djrk FkkAvfr egRoiw.kZ rF;

tc rd guqekuth egkjkt ,oa foHkh’k.k th dk feyu yadk esaugh gksrk rcrd foHkh’k.k us u rks jko.k ds fojks/k esa fdafpr lksapk vkSj u ghizHkq Jh jke dh “kj.k esa tkus dh muds eu esa dksbZ ygj mBhA nwljk foHkh’k.kds ân; esa ,d HkDr gksus ds ukrs vius cMs HkkbZ jko.k ds izfr bruh izxk<HkfDr Hkkouk Fkh fd viuh reke HkfDr Hkkouk bZ”oj vkjk/kuk fuR; Jh jkeLej.k ,oa fuR; eafnj n”kZu vkfn ds ckotwn ! og jko.k ds vkpj.kksa ,oadqfopkjksa dk lkFk nsrk jgkA lhrk gj.k jko.k dh dqfRlr dqfVyrk dhijkdk’Bk FkhA fQj Hkh foHkh’k.k us HkkbZ ds fo:) ,d “kCn Hkh ugh dgkA5exj guqeku ds feyu gksrs gh lglk foHkh’k.k esa ,d egku ifjorZu ?kfVr gkstkrk gSA ftldk fooj.k fuEu fcanqvksa ij vafdr gS&


1- v”kksd okfVdk dh vfr xqIr ,oa xqâ; irk guqeku th dks crkrs gSa] ;knjgs fd guqeku th egkjkt jkr Hkj HkVdus ds ckn lhrk th dks ugh[kkst lds FksA

2- guqeku th dks Qk¡lh dh ltk ls eqDr djkdj vfr ljy n.M dhO;oLFkk djokukA

3- igyh ckj jko.k ds lkeus izHkq Jh jke ds bZ”ojRo dk ifjp; nsukARkkr jke ufg uj HkwikykA Hkqous”oj dkygq dj dkykAAczã vuke; vt HkxoarkA O;kid vftr vukfn vuarkAAxksf}t /ksuq nso fgrdkjhA dìk flU/kq ekuq’k ruq /kkjhAAtu jatu Hkatu [ky czkrk A osn /keZ j{kd lqu HkzkrkAArkfg c;: rft ukb; ekFkkA iz.k rkfjr Hkatu j?kqukFkkAA

4- lhrk th dks ykSVkyus ds fy;s foHkh’k.k us vius cMs HkkbZ jko.k ls lqLi’Vvkxzg djrk gS fd&

nsgq ukFk izHkq dag oSnsgh A Hktgq¡ jke fcu gsrq lusghA5- jko.k ds ân; dh dq:irk dks mlds le{k j[kuk&

rc mj dqefr olh foijhrkA fgr vufgr ekugq fjiq izhrkA6- lhrk th dks okil u nsus ij yadk esa vfr Hk;adj ifj.kke dh Hkfo’; esa?kks’k.kk djuk&

dkyjkf= fuflpj dqydsjhA rsfg lhrk ij izhfr ?kusjhA7- foHkh’k.k Jh jke dh “kj.k esa fNi dj ugh Hkjs njckj esa jko.k ds lUeq[k?kks’k.kk djds vkrk gS&

eS j/kqohj lju vc A tkmWa nsgq tfu [kksfj AA;gk¡ foHkh’k.k ds eu esa ftl lkgl dk tUe gqvkA mldh ;g ijkdk’Bk gSA6rF; vfr Li’V&blls ;g Li’V gS fd ;fn guqeku th egkjkt ls foHkh’k.k dk feyu u gksrkrks foHkh’k.k esa ;g Hkhrjh cnyko u vkrkA ysfdu jko.k dh n`f’V esa foHkh’k.kds izfr ;g Hkko gS fd og ,d Hkh: O;fDr gSA jko.k vaxn ls dg jgk gS fd&

rqe lqxzho dwy nzqe nksÅA vuqt gekj Hkh: vfr lksbZAAijUrq foHkh’k.k vc Hkh: ugh gSA Hkh: og rc Fkk] vc ughA vc rks mlesavts; lkgl dk tUe gks pqdk gSA jko.k ds lUeq[k Hkjs njckj esa izHkq Jh jkevFkkZr yadkifr jko.k ds nq”eu dh “kj.k esa tkus dh ?kks’k.kk dj lduklpeqp vfr lkgl dh ckr FkhA D;ksafd jko.k foHkh’k.k dh bl dk;Zokgh ijdBksjre dne mBk ldrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd og foHkh’k.k dks dkV dj Hkh


Qsad ldrk Fkk] ijUrq jko.k us ,sl ugh fd;kA blls fl) gksrk gS fdfoHkh’k.k izHkq Jh jke dh “kj.k esa vk;k ugh yk;k x;k gSA mi;ZqDrrF;ksa ls Li’V gS fd foHkh’k.k Jh guqeku th egkjkt ds ek/;e ls mudhekufldrk esa ,slk foLQksV ;k :ikUrj.k iSnk fd;k fd og yadk esa jg gh uldsA rkfRod n`f’Vdks.k ls ns[kk tk;s rks guqeku th egkjkt lk{kkr Kku dsHkaMkj gSaA vFkkZr os **Kkfuukekxzx.;e** Kkfu;ksa esa vxzx.; gSA os [ky cyikod Kku ?ku gSA b/kj foHkh’k.k th dh fLFkfr D;k gS \ rekse; okrkoj.kesa vgfuZ”k jgus ds dkj.k foHkh’k.k dh HkfDr psruk dh nhif”k[kk cq> pqdhgSA eafnj]rqylh ds ikS/ks jkek;q/k] jkeuke Lej.k] vkfn y{k.k gh cps FksA flQZizHkq ds izfr v[k.M ,oa veks?k fo”okl dk tks Lusg gS og jko.k ds izcyizrki dh Å’ek ls lw[k pqdk gSA vc foHkh’k.k cq>k gqvk nhid dh rjg ghcpk gSA mlesa ckrh gS] nhoV gS] nhid gSA lcdqN gSA ijUrq izHkq ds izfrfo”okl dk rSy ugh gSA rHkh rks foHkh’k.k dgrk gS &

rkr dcgq¡ eksfg tkfu vUkkFkk A dfjgSa dìk Hkkuq dqy ukFkkAAvFkZkr foHkh’k.k ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk Fkk muds dkj.k og fo”okl[kks pqdk FkkA foHkh’k.k us Jh guqekuth egkjkt ls dgk Hkh gS fd

rkel ruq dNq lk/ku ukghA izhfr u in ljkst eu ekghAAgs guqeku th egkjkt ;g ru rkelh gks pqdk gSA vc bl ru esa izHkq ds ukedh izhfr ,oa muds pj.kksa esa esjk eu vc je ugh jgkA rc guqeku th egkjktus dsoy ,d gh dke fd;k gS fd foHkh’k.k ds yqIr fo”okl dks fQj ls iSnkdj fn;kA os dgrs gSa fd &7

lqugq foHkh’k.k izHkq dh jhrh] djfg lnk lsod ij izhrhAA,s foHkh’k.k eq>s gh ns[k yks fd eSa dkSu lk dqyhu gw¡A rqe rks esjh rqyuk esacgqr vkxs gksA

izkr ysb tks uke gekjk A rsfg fnu rkfg u feyb vgkjkAAD;k okLro esa guqekuth brus fxjs gq, FksA ugha! os rks foHkh’k.k ds Mxexk;sgq, fo”okl dh tMksa dks lhap jgs gSAvle; v/ke l[kk lqu eksgw ij j?kqchjAdhUgh dìk lqfej xq.k /kjs foykspu uhjAAfoHkh’k.k dh ghurk iou iq= ds bu fo”okl Hkjs opuks dks lqudj rRdky nwjgks x;hA vkSj foHkh’k.k Hkh guqeku th ds O;fDrRo ls vksrizksr gksdj izHkq Jhjke ds izfr v[k.M fo”okl ls Hkj mBkA rHkh rks guqeku th egkjkt dksv”kksd okfVdk dk irk crk fn;kA


iqfu lc dFkk foHkh’k.k dghA tsfg fof/k tudlqrk rgW jghAAtqxqfr fcHkh’k.k ldy lqukbZA lq0@7@3]5

vkSj foHkh’k.k th us Jh guqeku th egkjkt ds izk.k cpk fy;sA vcfoHkh’k.k th Kku ds lEidZ esa vkdj Kkuh cu pqds gSaA fo”okl ds lEidZ esavkdj fo”okl cu pqdk gSA dsoy Kku gh fuHkZ; gksrk gSA foHkh’k.k vc Kkuhcu pqds gSA guqeku th egkjkt ewfrZ Kku dh e”kky Fks] vkyksd FksA blhvkyksd ls ,d T;ksfr dk LQqfyax foHkh’k.k ds cq>s nhid esa mrj iMk] vkSjog Hkh vkyksfdr gks mBkA ft; izdkj izHkq Jh jke ds izse esa vkyksfdr guqekuth dk yadkifr jko.k dqN ugh fcxkM ldk mlh izdkj foHkh’k.k dks Hkh ogyadk esa ugh jksd ldkA og jko.k ds njckj esa [kqyh ?kks’k.kk djds vk;k gSA8jke lR; ladYi izHkq lHkk dky cl rksfjA eSa j?kqchj lju vc tkÅ¡ nsgq tfu

[kksfjAAtc ls ,slh ?kks’k.kk djds Jh foHkh’k.k th yadk ls pys rHkh ls jko.k dh yadkvk;qghu gks pyh gSA

vl dfg pyk foHkh’k.k tcfg] vk;qghu Hk;s lc rcghaAJh jke ds fojg esa yadk esa nks O;fDr fuokl djrs FksA izFke foHkh’k.k th

rFkk nwljh lhrk thA guqeku th us Jh jke dk lans”k lhrk th dks ckn esafn;kA igys foHkh’k.k dks gh Jh jke dk lans”k fn;k] ,slk D;ksa \ D;ksafdfoHkh’k.k dks Jh jke ls fcNMs gq, dkQh yack le; gks x;k FkkA og izHkq Jhjke ds feyu dk fo”okl gh [kksrk tk jgk FkkA Jh guqeku th egkjkt igysfoHkh’k.k ls lhrk th dh Hkk¡fr igys izse dgk] fQj cy dgk] vLrq foHkh’k.kdks izHkq dh d:.kk us cqyk;k gS] og Lor% ugh vk;k] mls yk;k x;k gSA thoesa bruk lkeF;Z gh dgk¡ gSA bl lkeF;Z dh izsj.kk izHkq gh iznku djrs gSaA

foKkuukoa ifjx`á df”pr~] rjs|nKkue;a HkokfC/ke~Kkukfluk ;ks fg fofPN| r`’.kka] fo’.kks% ina ;kfr l ,o /kU;%A9

vFkkZr tks O;fDr Kku dh ryokj ls r`’.kk dks dkVdj ] foKkku dh ukSdk lsvKku :ih Hkolkxj dks ikj dj fo’.kqin dks izkIr djrk gS] og tho /kU; gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph1&ekul jgL; & ys[kd cS| t;jke nklth izdk”ku o’kZ&twu 1999izdk”kd&xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj i`0Ø0341]3433]345]346]3492&jkepfjr ekul&ys[kd & xksLokeh rqylhnkl izdk”ku o’kZ&1996 chlokWlaLdj.k izdk”kd & xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj vj0dk021@4]5]6]


3&cky jkek;.ke~ &ys[kd&MkW0 xaxk lkxj jk; izdk”ku o’kZ&2011 izdk”kdpkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj i`0Ø0 &2504&jkepfjr ekul&ys[kd & xksLokeh rqylhnkl izdk”ku o’kZ&1996 chlokWlaLdj.k izdk”kd & xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj lqUnj dk040@6]8]5]5&jke ds fe«k lqxzho vkSj foHkh’k.k ys[kd Jh jke fdadj th egkjkt izdk”kuo’Zk 2008 f}rh; laLdkj.k izdk”kd jkek;.k VªLV ifjØek ekxZ tkudh ?kkVvk;ks/;k i`’B Ø02716- Kku ds nhi tys y[skd Lokeh jkelq[k nklth egkjkt izdk”ku o’kZ 2001izdk”kdxhrk izsl xksj[kiqj i`’B Ø 74]76]78iwoZr jkepfjr ekul&ys[kd & xksLokeh rqylhnkl izdk”ku o’kZ&1996 chlokWlaLdj.k izdk”kd & xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj lqUnj dk038@6]7]8]&22@37- ekul eaFku&ys[kd “kadjkpk;Z th egkjkt izdk”ku o’kZ 1972 izdk”kd;ksXk efUnje nfr;k e0iz0 i`’B Ø0 7]9]11]148- gjrs Hks guqeku ys[kd txn~xq# Lokeh jkeHknzkpk;Z th egkjkt izdk”kuo’kZ 2008 izdk”kd rqylhihB izeksn ou fp=dwV e0iz0 i`’BØ0121]122]123]124iwoZr jkepfjr ekul&ys[kd & xksLokeh rqylhnkl izdk”ku o’kZ&1996 chlokWlaLdj.k izdk”kd & xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj lqUnj dk.M 6@3]8]7]&41@19- “kadjkpk;Z foKku ukSdk i`’B Ø010 izdk”ku o’kZ 1969 nfr;k e0iz0w


f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds ldykax ,oa fodykaxizf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u

QwypUnz1

izLrkouk&euq"; dk fodkl ifjiDou] vH;kl vkSj lh[kus dh fØ;k ijfuHkZj gksrk gSA ;gh rRo mldh izsj.kk ls lEcfU/kr gS izsj.kkvksa dh mRifRr'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, gksrh gSA

euq"; ftl lkekftd i;kZoj.k esa jgrk gS mlesa mls lekt mldhlaLÑfr fu;eksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djuk iM+rk gSA bl fLFkfresas lkekftd i;kZoj.k fofHkUu izdkj dh izsj.kkvksa dks tue nsrs gSa vkSj euq";mu izsj.kkvksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djuk lh[krk gSA bl izdkj izsj.kk dh mRifRrdk lEcU/k&ifjiDou] vko';drkvksa rFkk vkUrfjd ruko vkSj i;kZoj.k ls gSA

vfHkizsj.kk dk fodkl /khjs&/khjs vk;q] vuqHko] vko';drkvksa dh o`f) ,oafodkl ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa ;g fodkl dsoy 'kkjhfjd gksrk gS vkSjØe'k% ekufld ;k euksoSKkfud gks tkrk gSA

vfHkizsj.kk ds lk/kkj.k vkSj 'kkfCnd vFkZ ds vuqlkj ge fdlh HkhmRrstuk dks izsj.kk dg ldrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k O;fDr dksbZ izfrfØ;k ;kO;ogkj djrk gSA bl izdkj dh mRrstuk vkUrfjd ;k ckg~; nksuksa gks ldrhgSA fdUrq euksoSKkfud n`f"V ls izsj.kk ,d ekufld izfØ;k gSA ;g ,dvkUrfjd 'kfDr gS ftlesa O;fDr vUnj ls fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy,vfHkizsfjr gksrk gSA

1- 'kks/k Nk=] m0iz0 jtf’kZ V.Mu eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] m0iz0


ifjHkk"kk&xqM ds vuqlkj&

ßizjs.kk dk;Z dks vkjEHk djus tkjh j[kus vkSj fu;fer djus dh izfØ;kgSAÞ

vfHkizsj.kk lHkh izkf.k;ksa esa thokUr :i eas fo|eku gksrh gSA tSls&tSlsO;fDr dk fodkl gksrk gS] oSls&oSls og O;ogkj esa mtkxj gksus yxrh gSAD;ksafd euq"; vius vko';drk dh iwfrZ djuk pkgrk gS vkSj tc rd mldhiwfrZ ugha gks tkrh rc og ruko] mRrstuk ds lkFk iz;Ru'khy jgrk gS] ;ghvfHkizsj.kk gSA vc vko';drk pkgs ftl fn'kk ;k {ks= ls gksA vfHkizsfjr lHkhgksrs gSaA pkgs og fodykax gks ;k lkeU; fodykaxrk ds {ks= esa rks vkSj Hkhizsj.kk fodflr gksrh gSA D;ksafd vko';drk;sa vf/kd gks tkrh gSA bl izdkjvfHkizsj.kk dfo izkjEHk fu;ferhdj.k vkSj y{; izkfIr dk ,d pØ gSAv/;;u ds mn~ns';&

ldykax o fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dh rqyukdjukAv/;;u dh lhek,a& fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa esa dsoy f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks fy;k x;kA v/;;u dk;Z esa 200 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k 100

fodykax 100 ldykaxA mUgha laLFkkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k ftuds ikl ,ulhVhbZ ls ekU;rk

gSA 'kks/k dk;Z dsoy mRrj izns'k rd lhfer gSA

ifjdYiuk&ldykax ,oa fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkizsj.kk Lrj esa lkFkZd

vUrj ugha gSAv/;;u fof/k&

'kks/k fof/k esa losZ{k.k fof/k dk pquko fd;k x;k vkSj vkadM+ksa ds ladyuds fy, MkW0 egs'k HkkxZo dk lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk VsLV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kArF;ksa ds ladyu ds fy, 200 Nk=ksa dk 'kSEiy fy;k x;k] ftuesa 100 fodykax100 ldykax gSA ftUgsa nks lewg esa foHkkftr dj vkadM+sa ld= fd;s x;s vksjfQj vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa foospu fd;k x;kA


rF;ksa dk lkj.kh;u] oxhZdj.k ,oa fo'ys"k.k&¼1½ miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk Lrj

ldykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkFkhZ fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkFkhZLrj vkSlr

izkIrkadLVSueku

Lrj vkSlrizkIrkad

LVSueku

/kukRed 28-28 8-1 /kukRed 28-6 8-18_.kkRed 2-76 2-44 _.kkRed 3-32 2-7

mi;qZDr lkj.kh dss voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd ldykax f'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dhmiyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds /kukRed Lrj ij vkSlr eku 28-28 rFkk LVSueku 8-1 gStks miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk dh izcyrk dks izdV djrk gSA

miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds vUrxZr _.kkRed Lrj ij vkSlr izkIrkad 2-76 gSrFkk LVSu eku 2-44 tksfd miyfC/k izsj.kk dk fucy vfHkizsj.kk izdV djrk gSA

tcfd blh Lrj ij fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk vkSlr eku 28-6rFkk LVSu eku 8-18 gSA tks fd izsj.kk dh izcyrk dks izdV djrk gSA vkSj_.kkRed Lrj ij vkSlr eku 3-22 rFkk LVSueku 2-7 gSA tks fucy izsj.kk dksizdV djrk gSA

fdUrq ldykax ,oa fodykax f'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk ls Kkr gksrk gSA fdfodykax izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k izsj.kk ldykaxksa ls vf/kd izcy ugha gSA

¼2½ vkf/kiR; vfHkizsj.kkfodykax ldykax

Lrj vkSlrizkIrkad

LVSueku

Lrj vkSlrizkIrkad

LVSueku

/kukRed 28-67 9-21 /kukRed 28-45 8-62_.kkRed 2-84 2-4 _.kkRed 2-66 2-29

lkj.kh la[;k 2 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd ldykax izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsvkf/kiR; vfHkizsj.kk Lrj ds /kukRed Lrj ij vkSlreku 28-45 rFkk LVSu eku8-62 tks vkf/kiR; dh izcyrk dks izdV djrk gSA vkSj _.kkRed Lrj ijvkSlr eku 2-66 rFkk LVSu eku 2-29gSA tks fucyrk dks izdV djrk gSAtcfd blh Lrj ij fodykax izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk vkSlr eku 28-67 rFkk LVSueku9-21 gS tks vfHkizsj.kk dh izcyrk dks izdV djrk gSA vkSj _.kkRed Lrj ijvkSlr eku 2-84 rFkk LVSu eku 2-4 gSA tks fd fucyrk dks izdV djrk gSA


fdUrq ldykax ,oa fodykaxksa dh rqyuk ls Kkr gksrk gS fd fodykaxksadh vkf/kiR; vfHkizsj.kk ldykaxksa ls vf/kd gSA

¼3½ lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk&fodykax f'k{k.kizf'k{k.kkFkhZ

ldykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkFkhZ

Lrj vkSlrizkIrkad

LVSu eku vkSlrizkIrkad

LVSu eku

/kukRed 29-04 8-26 28-22 8-11_.kkRed 2-48 2-94 2-39 1-92

mijksDr lkj.kh27 voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd ldykax f'k{k.kizf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk /kukRed Lrj ij vkSlr izkIrkad 28-22rFkk LVSu eku 8-11 gS tks fd lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk dh izcyrk dks izdV djrkgSAlkekftd vfHkizsj.kk ds vUrxZr _.kkRed Lrj ij vkSlr eku 2-39 rFkkLVSu eku 1-92 gS tks fd fucyrk dks izdV djrk gSA

tcfd blh Lrj ij fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk vkSlr eku 29-09rFkk LVSu eku 8-26 gS tks lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk dh izcyrk dks izdV djrk gSAlkekftd vfHkizsj.kk ds vUrxZr _.kkRed Lrj ij vkSlr eku 2-98 rFkk LVSueku 2-94 tks fd fucyrk dks izdV djrk gSA

fdUrq ldykax vkSj fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk djus ijKkr gksrk gS fd fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk Lrjldykaxksa ls vf/kd gSAfu"d"kZ&1- ldykax o fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dh rqyuk dhxbZ vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dh rqyuk rhu Lrjksa ij gqbZA2- miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ls ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa fdmiyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ldykaxksa ls vf/kd gSA3- vkf/kiR; vfHkizsj.kk esa fodykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkFkhZ;ksa dk lrj ldykaxizf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls vf/kd gSA4- lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dh rqyuk ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd lkekftdvfHkizsj.kk Lrj ldykax f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls vf/kd gSA vr% Li"V gS fdfodykax izf'k{k.kkFkhZ miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk esa rks lkekU; gSA ijUrq vkf/kiR; vkSj


lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk esa ldykax izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk T;knk izcyrk Lrj dksizdV djrs gSaAlq>ko&1- f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds vykok vU; {ks= esa vfHkizsj.kk dk v/;;u fd;ktk ldrk gSA2- v/;;u {ks= ,oa 'kSEiy vkSj c<+kdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA3- vfHkizsjd dkjdksa ij fodykaxrk ds izHkko dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA4- vfHkizsj.kk esa fodykaxrk ds izHkko ds ckjs esa fn'kk funsZ'k ns rFkk tkx:drkQSyk,A5- f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k ds vykok vU; {ks= esa vfHkizsj.kk dk v/;;u dj ldrs gSaAlanHkZ xzUFk lwph&1- lkjLor] MkW0 ekyrh ¼2010½] f'k{kk euksfoKku dh :ijs[kkA2- f'k{kd izf'k{kd ys[k ekyk] vky bf.M;k dUQsMjs'ku Qkj fn CykbUM]fnYyhA3- xqIrk izks0 ,l0ih0 ¼2005½ f'k{kk euksfoKkuA4- Berkowitz, L. (1969) Social Motivation in the Handbook of Social Psychology.5- Atkinson, J.W. and Birch, D. (1978) An Introduction to Motivation.


xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ ,oa vk/kqfudrk % ,d lekt'kkL=h;foospuk

fueZyk nsoh1

vkfne ;qx ls izd`fr rFkk euq";ksa dk xgjk lEcU/k jgk gSA ;g gekjsfodkl ;k=k dh lk{kh rFkk lgHkkxh jgh gS] blus vius vewY; lalk/kuksa lsgekjs lekt dks fodflr ,oa le`f) djds thou dks uohu vk;ke iznku fd;sgSaA yxHkx nl gtkj o"kZ iwoZ tc ls euq";ksa us d`f"k dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFklkekftd thou izkjEHk fd;k rHkh ls mlus izd`fr ds vueksy thounk;h izpqjlalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] [kkstksa ds }kjk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa mÙkjksÙkj fodklfd;k gSA ;g fodkl lewg] leqnk;] lekt ls izkjEHk gksdj vuojr~ tkjh gSAO;fDr viuh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, lewgksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSvkSj lewgksa dh vUrZfuHkZjrk leqnk;ksa dk rFkk fofHkUu leqnk;ksa] laLFkkvksa dkfodkl lekt esa gksrk gSA lkekftd fodkl ds Øe esa tgk¡ O;fDr;ksa us vkilesa lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks LFkkfir djds lekt ds fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa egrhHkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ogha lekt us O;fDr dk lekthdj.k rFkk fofHkUu laLd`fr ,oaewY;ksa ls ifjfpr djkdj mlds O;fDrRo dks u;s vk;ke fn;s gSaA vkt O;fDrvkSj lekt ds lEca/k brus vU;ksU;kfJr gks pqds gSa] budks vuns[kk djukvlEHko gSA1- 'kks/k Nk=k] e-xk-fp- xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] lruk] e0iz0


okLro esa ,d lkekftd izk.kh gksus ds ukrs izR;sd euq"; dh dqNvfHkyk"kk;as ,oa vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftudh iwfrZ vdsys lEHko ugha gS] vr%bUgha vko';drkvksa ¼HkkSfrd vkfFkZd lkaLd`frd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd rFkkHkkSfrd½ dh iwfrZ gsrq lHkh euq"; vius lkekftd lEcU/kksa dk vuojr~ fodkldjrs jgrs gSaA

,l-lh-nqcs us fy[kk gS fd ^îzR;sd lekt dh viuh ,d lajpuk gksrh gSvkSj bl lajpuk dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu bdkb;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA O;fDr lewg]lfefr] tkfr] oxZ] laLFkk vkfn lkekftd lajpuk dks cukus okyh bdkbZ;k¡ gSaAbuesa ls izR;sd dk lekt esa ,d fuf'pr LFkku gS] ftldk fu/kkZj.k laLd`fr ds}kjk gksrk gSA bu bdkbZ;ksa esa ,d izdk;kZRed lEca/k gksrk gSA lkekftdO;oLFkk lkekftd lajpuk dh] fofHkUu fu;ked laLd`fr;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjrizdk;kZRed lEcU/k ds QyLo:i mRiUu gksus okyh og xfr'khy fLFkfr ;kvoLFkk gS] ftlds dkj.k ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ rFkk lkekftd y{;ksadh izkfIr laHko gksrh gSA**

ftldk ifj.kke gekjs le{k xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh lekt ds :i esa n`f"VxrgSA bu nksuksa lektksa dh viuh fof'k"Vrk,¡ ,oa ewY; gksrs gSaA ftuds vk/kkj ij;s lekt Lo;a dks cuk;s j[krs gSaA fdUrq lkekftd fodkl ds bl Øe esa ;gns[kk tk jgk gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh lekt dh vUrZfØ;k yxkrkj c<+rh tkjgh gSA ftldk izHkko nksuksa lektksa esa iM+ jgk gSA Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt Hkhbl izHkko ls vNwrk ugha gSA ;gk¡ Hkh vk/kqfud ,oa 'kgjh ewY;ksa dks rsth lsvkRelkr~ fd;k tk jgk gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ij vk/kqfudrkds izHkkoksa dk v/;;u djus dk y?kq iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS] rkfd ;g tkuktk lds fd xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk izHkko ldkjkRed jgk ;k udkjkRedA

eSdkboj ,oa ist xzkeh.k lekt dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd] ^ôgizd`fr dks fe= vkSj 'k=q Qly dks idkus okys >kM&>Mk[k mxkus okys] lw[kkvkSj o"kkZ ykus okys rwQku vkSj /kwi ykus okys ds :i esa ns[krk gSA**

izd`fr xzkeh.k dh ul&ul esa O;kIr gS mudk Hkkstu] /keZ] fopkj]fo'okl vkSj laLd`fr lc dqN izd`fr dh nsu gSA

xzkeh.k lekt esa fookg O;fDrxr ekeyk u gksdj ifjokj dk ekeykgksrk gSA fookg dsoy dke&r`fIr dk lk/ku ek= ugha gksrk cfYd og lEifRrls Hkh lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA xk¡oksa esa vf/kdka'kr% la;qDr ifjokj ik;s tkrs gSa] mlesavkReh;rk vkSj ,dhdj.k vf/kd gksrk gSA ifjokj xzkeh.k thou ds izR;sd i{kdk lapkyu gksrk gSA


xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks= esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku lokZf/kd gS D;ksafdxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa }kjk iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa nks xquk vf/kd Je fd;ktkrk gS tgk¡ rd ,d iq#"k izfrfnu dsoy 10 ?k.Vs dke djrk gS] ogh ,dxzkeh.k efgyk izfrfnu 18 ?k.Vs dke djrh gSA fdUrq ;g dke vf/kdka'kr%?kjsyw dke djrh gSA fdUrq ;g dke vf/kdka'kr% ?kjsyw {ks= esa gksus ds dkj.kbldk izR;{k vk; esa ;ksxnku de n`f"Vxr gksrk gS ftlls mlds ;ksxnku dksog egRo ugha izkIr gks ikrk ftldh og vf/kdkfj.kh gSA

oSfnd ;qxhu fodkl] f'k{kk] fookg] lEifÙk] ;K vkfn fo"k;ksa ij lekuvf/kdkj j[kus okyh L=h mRrj oSfnd dky] Le`fr ;qx rFkk e/; dkyhu ;qxrd vkrs&vkrs vusd lkekftd leL;kvksa fu;ksX;rkvksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa dkf'kdkj gksrh pyh x;h vkSj ;g Øe 19oha 'krkCnh rd tkjh jgkA gkykafdfczfV'k dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq dqN iz;kl Hkh fd;sx;s fdUrq oks vi;kZIr FksA bl dky esa fL=;k¡ lkkekftd fu;ksZX;rkvksa ¼f'k{kk]O;olk;] lhfer ,oa la?k½ vkfFkZd] ikfjokfjd rFkk jktuhfrd fu;ksX;rkvksa¼lgHkkfxrk] izfrfuf/kRo½ ls xzflr jgh vkSj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dkQh fiNM+hrFkk n;uh; jgh] fdUrq Hkkjrh; LorU=rk vkUnksyu rFkk rRi'pkr~ gq,laoS/kkfud izko/kkukas] turkaf=d ekgkSy] oSf'od psruk] oS'ohdj.k rFkk ukjhoknhlksp vkfn dkjdksa us efgykvksa dh ijEijkxr fLFkr esa ifjorZu ykus esa egrhHkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA vkt fL=;k¡ fo'o iVy ij viuh u;h Hkwfedk dh >yd dslkFk gekjs le{k u;s&u;s izfreku LFkkfir dj jgh gSaA vFkkZr~ vk/kqfud ;qx esaefgyk;sa vius foosd cqf):xrk rFkk rdZ lEer dk;ksZa ds vk/kkj ij mÙkjksÙkjfodkl dj jgh gSA

eSDl oscj] ^ûs vk/kqfudrk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, bldk dsUnzh;vk/kkj foosd ;k ;qfDrewydrk dks ekuk gSA ogha nwljh vksj nq[khZe usvk/kqfudrk dks Lrjhdj.k ds lEcU/k esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA**

ikjlUl ds vuqlkj] ^^vk/kqfudrk ewY;ksa dh ,d xBjh vkSj lekt esaftruk vf/kd lajpukRed foHksnhdj.k gksrk tk;sxk og lekt mruk ghvk/kqfud dgyk;sxkA ,d vk/kqfud lekt og gS ftlesa HkkokRed rVLFkrk ,oafof'k"Vrk] loZO;kidrk miyfC/k vkSj lkewfgdrk ds ewY; gksrs gSaA**

fo}kuksa }kjk vk/kqfudrk ds lkekU; y{k.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSa;Fkk&

1- ^^vk/kqfudrk O;kid rFkk xfr'khy gSA


2- ;g iqutkZxj.k] Kkuksan; rFkk vk/kqfud lekt dh dbZ Økafr;ksa dh mitgSA

3- vk/kqfudrk dk fodkl jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frdvUr%fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k gqvk gSA

4- vk/kqfudrk iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk] iw¡thokn] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds y{k.kksa ls ;qDr gSA

5- vk/kqfudrk esa miHkksDrk] oLrqvksa dh izpqjrk gSA6- oS'ohdj.k vk/kqfudrk dk iks"kd gSA7- vk/kqfudrk vkS|ksfxd vkSj rduhdh n`f"V ls fodflr lekt dk :i gSA8- vk/kqfudrk uohu Hkh gSA**

,e-,u-Jhfuokl dgrs gS fd] ^^Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudrk dh mifLFkfrfczfV'k dky ls le>h tk ldrh gSA vaxsztksa us Hkkjr eas viuh tM+s etcwrdjus ,oa izHkkoh iz'kklu pykus gsrq fo'ks"k izdkj dh vk/kqfudrk dks tUe fn;kA;Fkk&eqnz.k ds fy, os fizfVax iszl yk;s] ;krk;kr ds fy, jsy xkfM+;k pykbZ]lapkj lk/ku tqVk;s vkSj bl izdkj os fczVsu dh vk/kqfudrk dks ;gk¡ yk;sAeSdkys }kjk izLrkfor vaxszth Hkk"kk dks Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk ek/;e cuk;k x;k]ftlls mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk dks bl ns'k esa tUe fn;kA**

okLro esa ^vk/kqfudrk leL;kvksa ds izfr cqf) laxr ;k foosdiw.kZn`f"Vdks.k j[krh gS rFkk budk ewY;kadu lkoZHkkSfed lUnHkZ esa djrh gSA ,slkdjus esa O;fDrxr n`f"Vdks.k ;k tkfrxr fgrksa dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gSAvk/kqfudrk foKku dsfUnzr gksrh gSA blesa rduhdh rU= dh Hkwfedk cM+hfo'ks"krk blesa fufgr ekuork gSA vk/kqfudrk rduhdh rU= dks c<+kok nsrh gSysfdu tc rd ;g ekuo dsfUnzr ugha gksrh gS] blds vfLrRo dk dksbZ erycugha gS vk/kqfud ewY; ijEijk ds ewY;ksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA iztkrU=] lekurk] /keZfujis{krk vkfn vk/kqfud ewY; gSaA tc fdlh lekt eas vk/kqfud ewY;ksa dk izos'kgksrk gS] rc ge bls vk/kqfudhdj.k dgrs gSaA

fnikadj xqIrk ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudrk ds fuEu y{k.k gS&1- Ô;fDr dh eku&e;kZnkA2- lkoZHkkSfed ekudksa dk ikyuA3- fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ;k tUe dh ghurk dh vis{kk O;fDr dh miyfC/k dks

Å¡pk ekuukA4- lkoZtfud thou esa ftEesnkjhA*


bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd&vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d cgqxzkgh vo/kkj.kk gSfltesa vU; de foLrh.kZ vo/kkj.kk;sa tSls&fodkl] mn~fodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k]if'pehdj.k vkfn Hkh 'kfkey gks tkrh gSA lkekU; :i ls ;g mu cqu;knhxq.kkRed ,o ek=kRed ifjorZukas dh izfØ;k gS tks 19oha 'krkCnh ls ysdj vcrd ekuo fpUru vkSj fØ;kvksa ds leLr {ks=ksa esa gq, gSaA

Cysd ds vuqlkj"It (modernisation) stems initially form an attitude a briefthat society can and should may be transformed, that change is desirable....modernidation may be defined as the process by which historically evolvedinstitutions are adopted to the Rapidly changing functions that reflect theunpreadented increase in mans knowledge, Permitting control over his environment,that accompanied the scientific, revolution. This process of adaptation had its originsand initial influence in the societies of western europe, but in the nineteenth andtwentieth centuries these changes have been extended to all other societies and haveresulted in world wide transformation effecting all human relationship."

ewj (Moore 1961) us vk/kquhdj.k dh n'kkvksa dks pkj eq[; {ks=ksa esa ck¡V djv/;;u fd;k gS&

1- ewY; (Values)

2- laLFkk;sas (Institutions)

3- laxBu(Organization)4- mRiszj.k (Motivation)"

xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa vk/kqfudrk dk lcls cM+k izHkko ;g ns[kk tk jgk gSfd orZeku esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa /keZ ds izfr vusd ifjorZuvk jgs gSaA /kkfeZdladh.kZrk lekIr gks jgh gS vkSj mlesa ekuorkokn izos'k dj jgk gSA /keZ esa vcykSfdd rRoksa dk lekos'k gksus yxk gSA orZeku esa efgyk;sas /kkfeZd vU/kfo'oklksa ls nwjh gksrh tk jgh gS rFkk f?klh&fiVh :f<+;ksa dh vogsyuk djusyxh gSA tUe&e`R;q] fookg ,oa thou ds vU; {ks=ksa esa Hkh f'k{kk ds dkj.k/kkfeZd :f<+;ksa dks os de egRo nsus yxh gSaA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ds dkj.k xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa Hkh fookg esa egRoiw.kZifjorZu vk;s gSA vc fookg dh ladh.kZ :f<+;k¡ lekIr gksrh tk jgh gSa rFkk/kkfeZd deZdk.M Hkh /khjs&/khjs lekIr gks jgk gSA bruk gh ugha vc rks xzkeh.kefgyk;sa Hkh vUrZtkrh; fookg djus yxh gSA

ifjorZu'khy lalkj esa xzkeh.k thou dk vk/kkj xzkeh.k euksjatu Hkhcny jgk gS ftruh rsth ls 'kgjh euksjatu fdUrq ;g dVq lR; gS fd xzkeh.kthou /khjs&/khjs cny jgk gS fd mldks vf/kd le; ysus okys euksjatu dslk/kuksa ds fy, vodk'k ugha gSA vr% og ,sls euksjatu dh [kkst esa jgrk gS


ftlesa de ls de le; yxsA vkt ds le; esa ,sls euksjatuksa dk izkpq;Z gksx;k gS ftuls ge vfr vYi le; esa viuk euksjatu dj ldsA vktdyxzkeh.k efgyk;sa Hkh vk/kqfudrk ds jax esa jaxrh tk jgh gSA vc os Lokax ;kukVd ns[kus ds ctk; flusek ;k Vh-oh- ns[kuk vf/kd ilUn djrh gS vkSj osxkus ds LFkku ij xzkeksQksu eksckby rFkk jsfM;ksa ij vf/kd vkuUn dks vuqHko djrh gSA

orZeku le; esa xzkeh.k efgyk;sa LokLF; dks ysdj dkQh tkx#d vkSjlpsr gks pqdh gS os ljdkj }kjk pyk;s tk jgh fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk Hkhmi;ksx dj jgh gSA tSls f'k'kq ,oa cky&dY;k.k dk;ZØe ekr`Ro dY;k.k;kstuk;sa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe] xHkZfujks/k lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx ljdkj }kjdkuwuh xHkZikr dh O;oLFkk tulapkj ek/;eksa dk iz;ksx] iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku vkfnA

bl izdkj ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd rhoz xfr ls xzkeh.k lekt dh cnyrhgqbZ vko';drkvksa] vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ,oa fodkl dh vuojr~ izfØ;k esa xzkeh.klkekftd lajpuk dks rsth ls cnyus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA lkekftd ifjorZu esaxzkeh.k lekt dk dsoy iq#"k lekt gh ugha vfirq xzkeh.k efgykvksa ij Hkhbldk izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod gSA bl izHkko ds dkj.k xk¡o dh u dsoy czkálajpuk esa ifjorZu vk jgk gSA vfirq yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k fopkj Hkkouk;sa ,oalEcU/k Hkh cnyrs utj vk jgs gSaA ;g lc vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k ,oaoS'ohdj.k dk ifj.kke gS] ftlus vk/kqfudhdj.k dks tUe fn;kA xzkeh.kvk/kqfud i;kZoj.k esa efgyk,¡ vc igys dh vis{kk LorU= eglwl dj jgh gSA/khjs&/khjs jktuhfr ,oa lÙkk esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh c<+rh tk jgh gS] ikfjokfjdlaLFkk esa Hkh mudh Hkwfedk utj vkus yxh gSA vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij HkhmUgksaus idM+ cukuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA vr% [kku&iku] igukok] fopkj O;oLFkk]n`f"Vdks.k vkfn lHkh esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa vk/kqfudrk >ydus yxh gSA/khjs&/khjs xzkeh.k ijEijk;sa izFkk;sa ,oa e;kZnkvksa detksj iM+rh tk jgh gS vkSjmuds LFkku ij vk/kqfudrk dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsus yxh gSA thou Lrj dksÅ¡pk djus ,oa efgykvksa dks l'kDr cukus ds fy, ;g Bhd gS ysfdu bldsdkj.k dgha gekjs lekt dk /kkfeZd vk/kkj] laLdkj ,oa ewY; gh foyqIr u gks tk;sAlanHkZ lwph %

1- th-vkj-enu] 2007] ^lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl*2- yokfu;k MkW- ,e-,e-] tSu 'k'kh ds- 2007] ^xzkeh.k lekt'kkL=*3- feJ MkW- mfeZyk izdk'k] 2002] îzkphu Hkkjr esa ukjh*4- nks"kh] ,l-,y-] tSu] ih-lh-] 2005] ^Hkkjrh; lekt lajpuk vkSj ifjorZu*5- nks"kh] ,[k-,y-] 2002] ^vk/kqfudrk mRrj vk/kqfudrk ,oa uo&lekt'kkL=h;

fl)kUr*


egkdfo dkfynkl ds lkfgR; esa efgyk lekurk dkvf/kdkj

iwue nsoh1

gekjs xkSjo'kkyh ,oa 'kfDr lEiUu Hkkjr ns'k dk laLd`r lkfgR;lokZaxh.k gS vkSj /kkfeZd n`f"V ls Hkh laLd`r lkfgR; fo'ks"k xkSjo j[krk gSA vr%gekjk lkfgR; izkphurk dks /kkj.k fd;s gq, uohurk dk Kku djkrk gSA gekjsHkkjr ns'k dh laLd`fr ;qxksa&;qxksa ls viuk egÙo LFkkfir fd;s gq, gSA igys rksgekjs Hkkjr ns'k dh laLd`fr gh bruh lqUnj vkSj vkdf"kZr gS] mlesa fQjegkdfo dkfynkl dk lkfgR; tks fo}kuksa dks Hkko&foHkksj gksus esa foo'k djnsrk gSA dfo dkfynkl dk lkfgR; fo'o cstksM+ ,oa vewY; gSA mudk lkfgR;uHkkse.My esa jtrjf'e;ksa dks fc[ksjus okyk rFkk us=ksa esa 'khryrke;h NVkQSykus okyk 'khrjf'e ds mn; ds leku gSA

laLd`r lkfgR; esa efgyk vf/kdkj ls rkRi;Z buds dÙkZO; ¼dk;ZHkkj½ lsgS] tSls&ek¡ cPps ds izfr vius nkf;Ùo dks fuHkkrh gSA cPpk mls ek¡ dgrk gSAek¡ dgus ls] ek¡ ds dk;Z dks djus ls] lgt gh mls ek¡ dk lEeku ¼vf/kdkj½izkIr gksrk gSA efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk orZeku ;qx esa vf/kdka'k txg guugks jgk gSA bl dkj.k mUgsa vf/kdkj le>kuk] vf/kdkjksa dÙkO;ksa ds izfrtkx#d gksuk ije vko';d gSA ijUrq vR;ar fpUrktud leL;k ;g gS fdftl lkfgR; dks i<+dj ge mUgsa vf/kdkj lEiUu cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ogvf/kdka'kr% ik'pkR; lkfgR; gSA ,slk lkfgR; Hkkjr dh ifo= tyok;q dsvuqdwy ugha gS ,oa ekufldrk ds Hkh izfrdwy gSA bl leL;k ds lek/kku gsrqgesa Hkkjr ns'k ds izkphu lkfgR; laLd`r ds vuq'khyu dh vko';drk gSA ;gk¡

1- 'kks/k Nk=k] e-xk-fp- xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] lruk] e0iz0


eSus egkdfo dkfynkl ds lkfgR; esa efgyk lekurk dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;kgS tks bl izdkj gS&j?kqoa'kegkdkO;e~ esa efgyk lekurk dk vf/kdkj %

okxFkkZfoo lai`äkS okxFkZizfriÙk;sAtxr% firjkS oUns ikoZrh ijes'ojkSA

vFkkZr~ f'ko&ikoZrh ds i`Fkd&i`Fkd dgs tkus okys nks Lo:i tks okLroesas ,d gh gSaA os v)Zukjh'oj ^f'ko* ftudk vk/kk nkfguk Lo:i uj :i esa :nzvkSj vk/kk oke Lo:i ukjh :i esa mek gSA tks le 'kfDreku ,oa 'kfDr dkizrhd gSA vr% ;g 'yksd j?kqoa'kegkdkO; esa lekurk ds fy, ,d lw= dhHkkafr gSA tks ekrk ikoZrh ,oa f'ko dh lekurk dks ifjn`'; djrk gSA D;ksafdf'ko fcuk vkfn'kfDr ds f'ko ugha jgrs os ikoZrh th ds fcuk viw.kZ gSaA vr%ftl izdkj vFkZ vkSj ok.kh vfHkUu gSa mlh izdkj ekrk ikoZrh ,oa f'ko thvfHkUu gSaA vr% ,d ds fcuk nwljs dh dYiuk djuk mlh izdkj vlEHko gStSls ,d i{kh dk ,d ia[k ds vHkko esa mM+ukA

vr% ,sls v)Zukjh'oj f'ko th us mek dks vk/ks 'kjhj esa LFkku nsdjlekurk dh lhek fHkfÙk ck¡/k nh gSA ikoZrh th dks vius oke Hkkx esa LFkku nsusds dkj.k gh f'ko th v)Zukjh'oj dgyk;sA ,slh lqUnj lekurk fo'o esavewY; ,oa cstksM+ gS tks nwj&nwj rd dgha Hkh ifjn`'; ugha gksrh gSA

vr% gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa izR;sd O;fDr dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSAizR;sd O;fDr dk tUe ls gh bl vf/kdkj dks izkIr djus dk iw.kZ vf/kdkjhekuk x;k gSA izd`fr us Hkh efgyk o iq#"k bu nks vuqie d`fr;ksa dks le:irkiznku dh gSA okLro esa lekurk 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^^,d:irk** gSA gekjsHkkjrh; lkfgR;] oSfnd lkfgR; ,oa laLd`r lkfgR; esa Hkh efgyk dks iq#"k dsleku lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr FksA izkphudky ls gh mUgsa v)kZafxuh] v)Zukjh'oj,oa ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw tSls lEekuh; 'kCnksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSAgekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa izkphudky ls gh ukjh dk lEeku gksrk vk;k gSA êk= nsoksHko* dk ewy ea= ^fi=nsoks Hko* ls Hkh iqjkru gSA vr% l`f"V ds mn~xe dky lsgh ekuotkfr dh mRiszfjdk lUekxZ nf'kZdk :i esa iq#"k ds fy, thoUr LQwj.kiznk=h jgh gSA bl izdkj efgyk dks lnSo iq#"k ds leku vf/kdkj izkIr FksAdqekjlEHkoe~ esa efgyk lekurk dk vf/kdkj %

egkdfo dkfynkld`r "k"B lxZ esa ;g o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS fd f'ko thus efgyk ,oa iq#"k esa fcuk HksnHkko fd;s gh vius fookg dk izLrko ikoZrh dsfirk fgeky; ds ikl Hkstus ds fy, lIr_f"k;ksa ds lkFk v#U/krh th dks Hkh


vkefU=r fd;kA blls ;g voxr gksrk gS fd l`f"V ds drkZ f'ko th us efgyk,oa iq#"k esa ,d:irk ,oa leHkko ns[kkA blfy, f'koth us efgyk ,oa iq#"k esadksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;kA

rkexkSjo Hksnsu equhÜpki';nhÜoj%AL=hiqekfuR;ukLFkS"kk o`Ùka fg efgra lrke~AA

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czãkuUn f=ikBh izdk'kd pkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh okjk.klh] i`-214] "k"B lxZ]'yksd la- 12] la- 2012A

3 _rqlagkj] dkfynkl] pkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh okjk.klh] i`-167] "k"B lxZ] 'yksdla- 11] la-2004A

4 es?knwr] dkfynkl] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klh] i`-142] mÙkjes?k] 'yksdla-3] la- 2010A

5 ekyfodkfXufe=] dkfynkl] pkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh okjk.klh] i`-9] izFke vad] la-2010A

6 foØeksoZ'kh;e~] dkfynkl] pkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh okjk.klh] i`-220] iape~ vad]la-2009A

7 vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~] dkfynkl] pkS[kEHkk lqjHkkjrh okjk.klh] i`-45] 'yksd la-24] la-2011A

8 efgyk dkuwu] lqjs'k vks>k] ltZuk f'kockM+h jksM chdkusj] i`-168] la-2009A


Routing Security Issues in MANET:Various attacks and their Solutions

Er. Kumar Pradyot Dubey1

Abstract—This paper discusses various MANET routing protocols used and some of thewell known security techniques used to mitigate various possible Attacks. MANET being aninfrastructure less network, providing routing security is a major issue. This paper presentsa study of two MANET routing protocols namely Ad hoc On demand Distance VectorRouting (AODV) protocol and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. Thisdiscusses the various security attacks they are prone to and the measures taken to counterthese attacks.Keywords-Wireless Network , MANET, Routing Protocols, Routing Security ,Authentication, Hash Function, Cryptography, Digital Signature, black hole attack,wormhole attack , Sybil attack , impersonation, spoofing.INTRODUCTIONMANET is a wireless ad hoc network. It is basically a collection of mobile hosts(nodes). These nodes use wireless transmission for communication with other nodesin the network(fig.1) .MANET does not have any established infrastructure orcentralized administration. Nodes are free to move randomly. Hence, MANET doesnot have any fixed topology and it can change randomly. Here, nodes act both ashosts (capable of sending and receiving messages) as well as routers (i.e., they canalso forward data intended for other nodes. In this paper we consider routing inMANET. We all know that security is an important aspect of any network andsecure routing of data is also indispensable. However wireless networks likeMANET has several security issues. They are as follows:

1. Guest Faculty, MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna, MP


o MANET does not have a fixed topology and it is dynamic in nature. As aresult, malicious nodes can easily join the network and detection of theseadversaries is very difficult.

Figure 1. Mobile Ad hoc Network

o MANET lacks centralized monitoring system. So it becomes easy foradversaries to attack the network and hence the security of the network iscompromises.

o Being a wireless network it is more susceptible to eavesdropping than wirednetwork.

In this paper we focus on two routing protocols- Ad hoc On demand Distance VectorRouting (AODV) protocol and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols, thesecurity attacks they are susceptible to and the countermeasures. But before goinginto that we would like to generally discuss the security requirements which must befulfilled by the routing protocols in order to achieve secure routing various securityattacks that pose a threat to MANET as well (in section 3). After that in (section 4),we deal with the routing protocols, attacks and the countermeasures. In section 4, weconclude the paper.SECURITY REQUIREMENTSA. AuthenticityThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, columnwidths, line spaces The receiver must be able to make sure that the message it hasreceived has come from an authentic source but not from an adversary.B. ConfidentialityThe message which is sent across the network should remain confidential betweenthe source and thedestination. Any other node which does not have any permission to view themessage should not be able to access it.C. IntegrityThe integrity of the message should not be compromised with, i.e., the messageshould not be altered by any means during its transmission. The receiver should beable to get the message, in the exact condition in which it was sent.


D. Non RepudiationThe sender should not be able to claim that it has not sent any message to thereceiver when it has actually sent, i.e. , the sender should not be able to disown amessage it has sent to the receiver.SECURITY ATTACKS ON MANETSeveral attacks can compromise the security of mobile ad hoc network. They can bebroadly classified as follows:Internal attacks:- In this category of attacks the attacker poses as one of the nodesand gains direct access to the network either by impersonation or by compromising aproper node and using it to do its malicious activities.External attacks:- Here , the attacker attacks from outside the network , creatingcongestion in the network traffic by propagating meaningless messages, therebydisturbing the entire communication of the network. Let us get familiar to some ofthe security attacks which we will find later in the paper. These attacks pose a threatto the routing protocols of mobile ad hoc network.A. ImpersonationThis is one of the most severe attacks. Here the attacker can spoof as an innocentnode and join the network. In this way, when several such nodes join the network,they gain the control of the network and conduct malicious behavior. Theypropagate fake routing information and they also gain access to confidential informations. A network is vulnerable to such attacks if it does not employ a properauthentication mechanism.B. EavesdroppingIn this type of attack the aim of the attacker is to get some confidential information,while it is being transmitted from one node to the other. This attack is very hard todetect and the secret information like private key, public key, password etc of thenodes can get compromised due to this attack.C. Denial of ServiceThe aim of this attack is to make sure that a specific node is not available for service.The entire service of the network might be compromised due to this attack.D. Wormhole attackIn this attack , the adversary connects two distant parts of the network and tunnelsmessages received in one part of the network to the other. Here a low latency link isused to pass the messages. Wormholes are sometimes used to create black holes inthe network.E. Black hole attackIn this attack the adversary lures the traffic of the network towards a compromisednode and thus a black hole is created with the adversary at the centre.Fig.2 showsBlack hole attack. Here generally the attacker offers an attractive route to the


surrounding nodes. This attack can also be coupled with other attacks like droppingpackets, denial of service, replay of information, selective forwarding and so on.F. Sybil attackIn Sybil attack, a node tries to have several differentidentities. This helps the malicious node to gain moreinformation about the network. The effectiveness of fault tolerant schemes likedistributed storage, multipath routing, topology maintenance etc has a notabledecrease.

Figure 2. Black hole attack

ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKIn MANET, there is no fixed network topology; rather it is dynamic in nature. Sonodes in such networks need to discover routes themselves. Hence, in MANETrouting protocols, nodes need to announce their presence to other fellow nodes aswell as know the presence of their fellow nodes in the network. Basically they learnabout each other’s presence and also discover routes to communicate with eachother.The following is a list of some MANET routing protocols :

Proactive (table driven) routing protocolsReactive (on demand) routing protocolsFlow oriented routing protocolsAdaptive (situation aware)routing protocolsHybrid (both proactive and reactive) routing protocol and so on.

Now, we will concentrate only on two of the most popular MANET routingprotocols, viz., Reactive routing protocol and Proactive routing protocol, how theywork, algorithms that follow these protocols (AODV and OLSR respectively) andalso the attacks they are prone to and how to secure them from these attacks..A. Proactive (Table driven) routingHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader In this protocol,proper and updated routing information is maintained between every pair of node inthe network. So, the whole network topology should be known to each and every














node. This is done by propagating routing information among the nodes at a fixedinterval of time and since this routing information is maintained in a tableformat, proactive routing is also known as ‘table driven routing’. As routinginformation is propagated among the nodes of the network, this protocol causes arouting traffic overhead, but as the nodes get to know the topology of the network,there is no initial delay in communication. Some proactive protocols are: Destination Sequences Distance Vector (DSDV) routing Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Clustered Gateway Switched Routing (CGSR)

Now, OLSR is elaborated.Optimized Link State Routing: OLSR is nothing but a variation of the traditionalLink State Routing , improved for application in mobile ad hoc networks. Unlike theLink State Routing , OLSR floods network information across the network in anoptimized manner , so as to preserve bandwidth (due to power constraints inMANET). This optimization is based on something called MultiPoint Relaying(MPR). MPR(Figure 3.) helps to reduce the overhead caused when the networkinformation is flooded. For a node , its MPR set is the set of its neighbors that are atmost two hops away from itself. Nodes get to know about their neighbors throughHELLO messages which are exchanged at a fixed interval of time. This HELLOmessage sent by a node contains a list of neighbors and also an attribute whichincludes the link directionality of each neighbor. Once the nodes know their MPRset , routes within the network canbe determined.Topology Control (TC) messages are exchanged by the nodes in order to get thetopology information of the network. A TC message for a particular node lists itsneighbors whose MPR set has this node. This is called the multipoint relay sector ofthe node.When a node receives a TC message from its fellow nodes , it can create new entriesor modify the old entries of its routing table accordingly.Attacks:OLSR is prone to several attacks. A node may generate incorrect controlmessages. A misbehaving node M may send HELLO message on behalf of someother node X. Now nodes A and B can announce their reachability to X through theircontrol messages, even though actually they don’t have reachability to X. Thisresults in conflicting routes to X , which may also lead to connectivity loss.

Figure 4. Malicious node sending Hello message to A and B on behalf of node X.


Figure 5. Malicious node M advertising a high quality route tonode A thus performing link spoofing attack

Link Spoofing is also another issue to worry about in OLSR. In a control message,signalization of an incorrect set of links is called link spoofing. For example, acompromised node M can advertise a link to a node A. Now another node B willhave a wrong MPR set because of this and the messages generated by node D willnot reach A , but will reach the malicious node X.TC messages with spoofed originator address can also cause untrue neighborrelationship to be advertised in the network. However, for this attack to besuccessful the generated TC message must bear an Advertised Neighbor SequenceNumber (ANSN) greater than the highest ANSN value referenced tothe node on behalf of whom the adversary has sent a TC message.TC messages with spoofed links can also perturb the topology of the network andin this process an adversary can get all the information meant for other nodes.If the control messages are not properly relayed the network becomes prone toattacks like Black hole attack, Wormhole attack and Replay attack.An attacker can perform Black hole attack by not relaying TC messages. In such acase , the network will suffer from connectivity problems as well as connectivityloss.Replay attacks can also be performed if the attacker records old valid HELLOmessages and resends them to the nodes. The nodes update their routing tables withwrong routing information which again results in the breakdown of theconnectivity of the network.Wormhole attack can be performed when an extraneous link say XY is created byan adversary A , by tunneling control messages between X and Y. However, for thisattack to be successful , A has to wait until enough HELLO messages are exchangedthrough the wormhole. This will help to establish asymmetric link and TC messagesare not processed if the relater node, i.e. the last hop is not a symmetric neighbor.Securing OLSR:[ 8] proposes a method for securing OLSR. They propose anarchitecture where public key cryptography is used. Here both authenticated and nonauthenticated nodes are verified and besides verification ‘traceability’ is also takeninto account so that if a trusted node misbehaves , it can be identified among otherinnocent nodes.The architecture targets two different kinds of cryptography which are


i. identity based , where public key of a node is derived from some identity ofthe node

ii. traditional asymmetric technique , where a public key exists and it must bedistributed possibly with a certificate.

The proposed architecture can be summarized as follows :o An Authentication Authority (which is not necessarily in the ad hoc network) in

charge of assigning keys to each node participating in the network. This key isdenoted as the global key.

o Key Distribution: Any node joining the network can diffuse its public key to thenetwork with proper parameters, certificates and signatures. The key which islater used to sign messages is known as ‘local key’. It can be either the globalkey or a newly generated public/private key.When the global key is distributed with traditional asymmetric cryptography, aKey Distribution message is originated by the node. This message includes theglobal public key, a certificate of the global public key, including a nodeidentifier ( originator IP address). If the local key is different from the globalkey, all the parameters of the local key are included. This Key Distributionmessage is signed with the global key.Now the message is distributed by flooding it across the network.

If the global key is identity based, no certificate is needed and the information aboutthe local key is transmitted which is secured with a signature.

o Protocol message signing: When a node generates a control message, it issigned with the local key with a specific extension.

In order to prevent the Wormhole attack, a variant of the counting technique is usedin this architecture. Here, each node periodically declares how many messages it hasreceived from its neighbors. A counting mismatch is detected if a compromised linkdrops a packet.For preventing mutation of packets by compromised links, each node advertises a setof hash-es of the packets received over each of last ‘k’ intervals. This allows theneighboring nodes to check whether packet loss has crossed a threshold. In case itdoes, the link is assumed to be compromised and no longer advertised.Replay attacks are prevented by traditional use of timestamps. A message is rejectedif the timestamp is too old.B. Reactive or On DemandIn Reactive protocols routes are set up on demand , wherethe a node initiatesdemand for a route to another node with which it wants to communicate and it doesnot have a route to reach the destination node. Once a route is established betweentwo nodes , it is maintained until it is no longer used or the destination node hassomehow become inaccessible.Some Reactive routing protocols are as follows:


Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm(TORA)Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing

Now we’ll study AODV routing protocols, various attacks possible while using thisprotocol and relevant security measures.When a node wants to communicate with another node, but it does not have a path toit, it starts the process of discovering paths to reach the destination node. It generatesa Route REQuest message which is broadcasted to its neighbors and so on. This iscontinued until the destination node is reached or some other node is reached whichhas a valid route to the destination .AODV uses Destination Sequence Number(DSN) to ensure that all routes are loop free and routing information is proper andvalid. Each node in the network has its unique ID and sequence number. Thissequence number is incremented while RREQ is forwarded from node to node.Every RREQ has broadcast id , sequence number, the source node’s IP address andthe destination node’s recent sequence number. During the process of forwarding,the RREQ packets, the intermediate nodes record the address of the neighbor fromwhom the first copy of broadcast message is received in their routing tables. Thishelps to establish a reverse path.When the RREQ message is finally received by the destination or the node having avalid route to the destination, then the destination or this other node responds byunicasting a route reply (RREP) packet back to the source. The path which thisRREP packet follows is the path which was established by theintermediate nodeswhile relaying RREQ.If the newly established route is not used for a certain time or if there is any kind oflink failure then the source node again has to find another route to the destination.Due to the on demand route establishment nature of the protocol there is an initialdelay in communication.Connectivity between the nodes in a particular route is maintained by periodicexchange of HELLO messages.Attacks:Attacks like Modification attack, Impersonation (spoofing) and attacksusing fabrication (black hole attack, wormhole attack) etc poses threat to AODVrouting protocol.Attacks using modification: AODV uses the hop count parameter to determine theshortest path between two nodes. A malicious node can set false hop counts. It canalso set wrong value of sequence number. This leads redirection of network traffic.DoS attack is also possible by source route modification.Attacks using Impersonation: By impersonation, an adversary can perform severalattacks e.g. a traffic that belongs to a compromised node can be redirected to themalicious node. Loops may also be formed. AODV is also prone to Sybil attackwhere a malicious node takes up the identity of several nodes.


Attacks using fabrication: In this type of attack a malicious node generates falserouting information. Some fabricationattacks are as follows - Blackhole attack:Here, an adversary pretending to be the destination node sendsforged RREP packets to the source node(which initiated the RREQ message).TheRREP message which is sent by the attacker has higher DSN than the DSN of thereal destination. The source judging the packet by its DSN accepts the one with thegreater value. So we see that the source becomes unable to communicate with theactual destination and inadvertently sends all the messages (meant for the actualdestination) to the malicious node. In this way the malicious node lures the source tosend all its messages to it and it continues to do the same with other nodes of henetwork, gradually creating a black hole in the network. All messages from varioussources are directed toward this black hole. Wormhole attack:It is a kind of a replay attack and it is hard to defend against. Itis even effective when all the routing information is encrypted, confidential andauthenticated. In wormhole attack the attacker directs the RREQ message through atunnel straight to the destination node keeping the hop count unincremented. Theattack generally involves two remote nodes, say, X and Y, which are connected via awormhole link. They target to attack those nodes which have something to send tosome other node in the network.In Figure 11. we see that when source S broadcasts an RREQ message to find itsway to the destination D, A and C receives it. Now when X receivesRREQ(forwarded by A) it records and tunnels the RREQ to Y. Now Y forwards it toB and finally RREQ reaches D. Again RREQ reached D through another route S-C-P-E-G-F-D but the RREQ reaching D through the other path reaches faster. So Dignores the message received through S-C-P-E-G-F-D route as it has a higher hopcount than RREQ from S-A-X-Y-B-D route. Now D unicasts RREP through theroute S-A-B-D and S also sends message to D through route S-A-B-D. Thus all thedata passes through the wormhole between the malicious nodes X and Y.These malicious nodes can also transmit the eavesdropped messages to some otherchannel available to the attacker. The wormhole attack can also be coupled withmessage dropping attack to prevent destination nodes from receiving packets meantfor them. As a result securing AODV against wormhole attack is a big challenge.Securing AODV :Secure AODV (SAODV)[ 3 ] is an improved version of AODVwhich helps in securing AODV from several attacks. SAODV is based on public keycryptography and all the routing messages are digitally signed so that integrity andauthenticity of the messages are maintained.In SAODV when a node generates any routing message it signs it with its privatekey and the nodes which receive the message verifies the signature with the sender’s


public key. As the sender cannot sign the hop count, SAODV uses a hash chainmechanism. Again RREP message is signed by the destination itself.SAODV has a feature called ‘double signature’. When a node, say node A generatesa RREQ message it includes a second signature which is computed on a fictitiousRREP message towards A. Now the intermediate nodes can store this secondsignature in their routing table along with other information related to node A. Nowif one of the intermediate nodes receive RREQ towards A later sometime it can replyon behalf of A with a RREP (this is similar to what happens in AODV).This RREP generated by the intermediate node includes the signature by node Awhich it stored along with other information related to node A in its routing table. Itthen signs the message with its own private key. As mentioned earlier SAODV useshash chains to authenticate the hop count of the routing messages. Every time a nodewants to send a routing message , it generates a random number (seed) . The hashfield in the signature extension is set to the seed. The Top Hash field is set to theseed hashed Max hop count times. Every time a node receives a routing message , itverifies the hop count by hashing the Max hop count times the Hash field andchecking if it is same as Top Hash. If the check fails, then the node drops the packet.In this way SAODV provides security to AODV.CONCLUSIONSecurity is one of the biggest issues in mobile ad hoc network. In this paper we havediscussed two of the most popular MANET routing protocols , OLSR and AODVprotocols. We briefly discussed some security problems in MANET such aseavesdropping. Impersonation attack , Black hole attack, Worm hole attack and soon. Finally we made a study of some secure versions of these two protocols. Thesesecure architectures promise better and secure routing in mobile ad hoc networks,and also provides the basic security attributes such as authentication, confidentiality,integrity and non repudiation.

REFERENCES:-[1] Satoshi Kurosawa1, Hidehisa Nakayama1, Nei Kato1, Abbas Jamalipour2, and YoshiakiNemoto1 (Corresponding author: Hidehisa Nakayama) ,Graduate School of InformationSciences, Tohoku University1,Aoba 6–3–09, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8579,Japan. (Email: [email protected]),School of Electrical and InformationEngineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006,Australia2

[2] MANET Routing Protocols and Wormhole Attack against AODV Jatin D. Parmar ,AshishD. Patel2 ,Rutvij H. Jhaveri1 , Bhavin I. Shah4 Department of Computer Engineering andInformation Technology S.V.M. Institute of Technology Bharuch, India

[3] Performance Comparisons of AODV, Secure AODV andAdaptive Secure AODV RoutingProtocols in Free Attack, Simulation Environment Mohd Anuar Jaafar ,Zuriati AhmadZukarnain Dept. of Communication Technology and Networks Faculty of Computer Scienceand Information Technology University Putra.


[4] Extension to the OLSR protocol Andreas Hafslund, Andreas Tønnesen, Roar BjørgumRotvik, Jon Andersson and Øivind Kure

[5] A Security-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Seung Yi, PrasadNaldurg, Robin Kravets fseungyi,naldurg,[email protected] Dept. of Computer ScienceUniversity of Illino

[6] Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: An Essential Technology for Pervasive Computing Jun-ZhaoSun MediaTeam, Machine Vision and Media Processing Unit, Infotech Oulu P.O.Box 4500,FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland

[7] Chris Karlof , David Wagner Secure routing in wireless sensor networks:attacks andcountermeasures , University of Berkeley CA 94720 US


iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrkiwue feJk1

iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkjrh;jktuhfr ds lEcU/k esa efgykvksa esa dc vkSj dSls jktuhfr ds izfr psruk tkxzrgqbZ vFkkZr~ iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh tkx#drk dk D;k dkj.k gS\vaxszth 'kkludky esa jktuhfrd {ks= dh fdlh Hkh xfrfof/k esa Hkkjrh; efgyk;saHkkx ugha ys ldrh Fkha D;ksafd ijrU= ns’k esa Hkkjr ds yksx vaxszth ds xqykeFks] blfy, efgykvksa dk jktuhfr esa vkxs c<+uk lEHko ugha FkkA mudk iwjkthou ?kj esa chrrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyrh x;haA Hkkjr dslekt&lq/kkjdksa ,oa usrkvksa dk /;ku efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftdfLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dh vksj vkd`"V gqvkA muds eu esa fopkj vk;k fd ;fnefgykvksa esa Hkh jktuhfr ds izfr mRlkg tkx`r gks tk; rks Hkkjr dks LorU=djkus esa vklkuh gksxh] D;ksafd bl ns’k ds fpUrd] euh"kh] lekt lq/kkjd vkSjusrk bl ckr ds izfr lnSo tkx#d jgs gSa fd ukjh gh 'kfDr dk lkdkj :igksrh gS] ogh iq#"kksa dks lgkjk nsrh gS rFkk ifjokj ds ek/;e ls uohu lUrkuksadks Hkfo"; esa fofHkUu nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkus ds ;ksX; cukrh gSA ogh ifjokj dhvk/kkjf’kyk gS] vkSj lekt rFkk ns’k dh izxfr cgqr dqN ukjh ds gh ln~iz;Ruksaij fuHkZj djrh gS vFkkZr~ ukjh gh l`f"V dh jpukRed 'kfDr gSA

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Hkkjrh; 'kkL=ksa dh ;g ekU;rk jgh gS fd ftl x`g esa ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gSogk¡ ij nsorkvksa dk fuokl gksrk gSA ukjh dks nsoh ekuk tkrk FkkA lkekftd]vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd&lHkh {ks=ksa esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] fdUrq e/;dky esaHkkjrh; lekt ij eqlyekuksa ds c<+rs gq, izHkko ds dkj.k mudh fLFkfr vR;Urn;uh; gks x;hA izFkkvksa ¼lrh izFkk] cky fookg vkfn½ dks mu ij tcjnLrhFkksik tkus yxkA blds i'pkr~ fczfV’k dky esa xk¡/kh th }kjk le;≤ ijpyk;s x;s vkUnksyuksa ds QyLo#i fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj rFkk muesajktuhfr ds izfr psruk tkx`r gqbZA dqN Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us bu vkUnksyuksa esaHkkx Hkh fy;kA

dqN mPp le>s tkus okys ifjokjksa us bldk fojks/k Hkh fd;k] ijUrq ;gfojks/k efgykvksa dks jktuhfrd {ks= esa vkxs c<+us ls jksd u ldk vkSj loZizFkelu~ 1937 esa ifr dh lEifÙk ,oa f’k{kk ds vk/kkj ij dqN efgykvksa dks ernkudjus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;kA ;gha ls jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh'kq#vkr gksrh gSA1

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Hkkjr fo’o dk fo’kkyre iztkrkaf=d okyk ns’k gSA fL=;ksa dks lHkhO;oLFkkvksa esa vk/kkjf’kyk dh laKk nh x;h gSA fL=;ksa dks u dsoy vkfFkZdfodkl esa leku Hkkxhnkj cukus ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS vfirq mUgsa izR;sdekspsZ ij ^leku* le>us dh vko’;drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA fLFk;ksa dhiq#"kksa ds leku jktuhfr esa izos’k fo’o dh vk/kqfud lH;rk dk izrh; gSAHkkjrh; lafo/kku esa 73osa la’kks/ku esa efgyk vkj{k.k dh Bksl O;oLFkk dh x;hAHkkjr esa lHkh Lrjksa dh fL=;ksa ds fy, ,d frgkbZ LFkkuksa dks ysdj 50 izfr’kr~LFkkuksa dks vkjf{kr fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa dh jktuhfr esa fgLlsnkjh Hkkjrdh lkaLd`frd igpku gSA2

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izLrqr v/;;u ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns’; gSa &1- xzkeh.k jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh c<+rh la[;k dk v/;;u djukA2- iapk;r esa efgyk vkj{k.k dk v/;;u djukA3- efgyk jktuhfr ls iq#"kksa dh ekufldrk esa ifjorZu dk v/;;u djukA4- xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds jktuhfr esa vkus ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa

cnyko dk v/;;u djukA5- iapk;rksa ds izfr f’kf{kr efgykvksa ds drZO;ksa ,oa vf/kdkjksa ds izfr

tkx#drk dk v/;;u djukAizkFkfed rF;ksa ds ladyu dh izfof/k &

izLrqr v/;;u esa izkFkfed rF;ksa ds ladyu ds fy, lk{kkRdkj vuqlwphdk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAfun’kZ &

izLrqr v/;;u ds fy, pqus x;s pkj fodkl [k.Mksa ls 300 xzkeh.kefgykvksa dk p;u lk/kkj.k fun’kZu fof/k ls fd;k x;k gSA


lkj.kh;u &izLrqr v/;;u esa izk;% lk/kkj.k lkjf.k;k¡ cukbZ x;h gSa] ijUrq

vko’;drkuqlkj dUVsUtsUlh lkjf.k;k¡ Hkh cuk;h x;h gSaArF;ksa dk fo’ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k

lkj.kh la[;k&1xzkeh.k jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh c<+rh la[;k

Ø0la0 ifjorZ vko`fÙk izfr'kr~1 gk¡ 300 100-002 ugha 00 0-003 vLi"V 00 0-00

;ksx 300 100-00xzkeh.k jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh c<+rh la[;k ds lUnHkZ esa tc vUosf"kdk

us mÙkjnkf=;ksa ds e/; tkdj ;g iwNus dk iz;kl fd;k fd ^^D;k jktuhfr esaefgykvksa dh c<+rh la[;k dks mfpr ekurh gSa\** rks bl ij lHkh mÙkjnkf=;ksaus viuh lgefr O;Dr dh vkSj dgk fd xzkeh.k jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dkvkj{k.k gksuk ,oa muds ifr dk fdlh nwljs dk;Z esa yxs jguk ge yksxksa dhc<+rh la[;k dk ewy dkj.k gSA lkFk gh lkFk gj ifr viuh ?kjsyw efgykvksa dksjktuhfr ds {ks= esa tkdj vius dks lEekfur eglwl djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd vkt jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh la[;k fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&2iapk;r esa efgyk vkj{k.k dk fooj.k


;ksx 300 100-00lkj.kh la[;k 2 ds lUnHkZ ls ;g ifjyf{kr gks jgk gS fd efgyk vkj{k.k

iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa mfpr ,oa vuqfpr nksuksa gSA gekjs 63-33 izfr’kr~mÙkjnkf=;ksa us bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k fd iapk;r esa efgyk vkj{k.k dkgksuk mfpr gS tcfdblh lkis{k esa 36-67 izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa us vkj{k.k dslUnHkZ esa viuh udkjkRed izfrfØ;k O;Dr dh gS vkSj dgk fd vkj{k.k uhfrgh xyr gS D;ksafd vkj{k.k ds }kjk f’kf{kr ,oa izcq) yksxksa dk pquko ugha gksikrk gS tks fd ,d lekt ,oa jk"Vª ds fy, vko’;d gSA


lkj.kh la[;k&3efgyk jktuhfr ls iq#"kksa dh ekufldrk esa ifjorZu dk fooj.k


;ksx 300 100-00vUosf"kdk us mÙkjnkf=;ksa ds e/; tkdj tc ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k

fd ^^D;k efgykvksa dk jktuhfr esa vkus ls iq#"kksa dh ekufldrk esa cnykovk;k gS\** rks bl lUnHkZ esa 80 izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa us Li"V #i ls dgk gS fdtc ls efgyk;sa jktuhfr esa vk;h gSa rFkk os efgyk;sa tks 'kknh 'kqnk gSa viusifr ds lkFk ;k lg;ksx ls jktuhfr ds {ks= esa dk;Z dj jgh gSa] rHkh ls iq#"kksaesa ;g lksp fodflr gqbZ fd efgykvksa ds jktuhfr esa vkus ls gekjh ek¡] cgu]csVh ,oa iRuh ls gekjk Hkh xkSjo c<+sxk rFkk lkFk gh lkFk mudk Hkh thoulekt esa dqN djus ds fy, ges’kk vxzlj jgsxkA ek= 8-33 izfr’kr~mÙkjnkf=;ksa us bl lUnHkZ esa udkjkRd mÙkj O;Dr fd;k rFkk 11-67 izfr’kr~mÙkjnkf=;ksa us vLi"Vrk O;Dr dh vkSj dgk fd ge jktuhfr ds fo’ks"k igyqvksadks ugha tkursA mi;qZDr lHkh ckrsa lkj.kh la[;k 3 ls ifjyf{kr gks jgk gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&4xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa jktuhfr esa vkus ls mudh lkekftd fLFkfr esa

cnykoØ0la0 ifjorZ vko`fÙk izfr'kr~1 gk¡ 260 86-662 ugha 20 6-673 vLi"V 20 6-67

;ksx 300 100-00lkj.kh la[;k 4 esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds jktuhfr esa vkus ls mudh

lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko ds lUnHkZ esa fLFkfr;ksa dk vkdyu mÙkjnkf=;ksa dsizR;qÙkj ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh esa iznf’kZr vk¡dM+ksa ls Li"V gks jgkgS fd tc ls xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ jktuhfr esa vk;h gSa rc ls mudh lkekftd ,oavkfFkZd fLFkfr mPp gqbZ gS rFkk mlesa iqjkus ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj esa cnyko


Hkh gqvk gSA bldh iqf"V gekjh 86-66 izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa us dhA 'ks"kcjkcj&cjkcj mÙkjnkf=;ksa us udkjkRed ,oa vLi"Vrk O;Dr dhA

lkj.kh la[;k&5iapk;rksa ds izfr f’kf{kr efgyk,¡ drZO;ksa ,oa vf/kdkjksa ds izfr

tkx#drkØ0la0 ifjorZ vko`fÙk izfr'kr~1 gk¡ 170 56-662 ugha 60 20-003 vLi"V 70 23-34

;ksx 300 100-00^^D;k iapk;rksa dh f’kf{kr efgyk,¡ vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa drZO;ksa dks tku

ikrh gSa\** bl iz’u dk mÙkj gekjs lkj.kh la[;k 5 esa iznf’kZr vk¡dM+ksa ls Li"Vgksrk gS fd iapk;rksa ds izfr f’kf{kr efgyk,¡ gh drZO;ksa ,oa vf/kdkjksa ds izfrtkx#d gksrh gSa] bldh iqf"V 56-66 izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa us dh gS vkSj 20izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa mijksDr iz’u ij viuh izfrfØ;k udkjkRed esa nh rFkk23-34 izfr’kr~ mÙkjnkf=;ksa viuh jk; vLi"Vrk esa O;Dr dhA

vr% mi;qZDr vk¡dM+ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZekule; esa vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa dks tkuus ds fy, f’kf{kr gksuk furkUrvko’;d gSAfu"d"kZ

izLrqr v/;;u ij fu"d"kZ #i esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd orZekuHkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt dh vf/kdka’k efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk c<+h gS]vkt xkao dh efgykvksa esa jktuhfrd mUes"k] jktuhfrd #fp iSnk gqbZ gS vkSj osjktuhfr esaviuh lgHkkfxrk nsus dks rS;kj gSaA vkt dh xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ viusekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks tkuus yxh gSa lkFk gh lkFk viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dksmPp dj jgh gSaA jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls ns’k ,oa lekt dkfodkl Hkh gqvk gSA vkt dh efgyk,¡ iq#"kksa ls vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA jktuhfr esa Hkhos iq#"kksa dks gjkdj viuk vf/kdkj tek jgh gSaAlUnHkZ

1- feJ] jkecyh] ekuo foKku foe’kZ] vad% 2] vDVwcj&fnlEcj 2007] i`"B la0 252- f=ikBh ;ksxsUnz] Humanities and Development, Volume-6, No.-2 July-Dec., 20123- feJ] jkecyh] ekuo foKku foe’kZ] la;qDrkad 15&16] tuojh&twu 2011] i"B la0 244- t;izdk’k ukjk;.k] Lojkt Qkj ihiqy okjk.klhA


l'kDr ukjh ls gh cusxk l'kDr lektvukfedk mik/;k;1

vkt ds ekgkSy esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh ckr djus ls igys gesa blloky dk tokc <w¡<uk t:jh gS fd D;k okLro esa efgyk;sa v'kDr gS\ dgha,slk rks ugha dh vutkus esa ;k LokFkZ ds fy;s mUgsa fdlh lkft'k ds rgrdetksj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k gks jgh gSA

bfrgkl xokg gS fd ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk rkdrojdks gh vf/kdkj izkIr gSa vkSj /khjs&/khjs bl fl)kar dks viukdj iq#"k oxZ usviuh 'kkjhfjd cukoV dk Qk;nk mBkrs gq, efgykvkas dks nks;e ntsZ ij ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k vkSj vkSjrksa us Hkh mls viuk ulhc ;k fu;fr le>djLohdkj dj fy;kA Hkkjrh; lekt esa vfgalk ijeks/keZ% dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gStks fd efgykvksa ds fy;s lkFkZd fl) ugha gksrkA D;ksafd iq#"k lekt usefgykvksa dk 'kks"k.k dj mUgsa nckus dh dksf'k'k dh gS] pkgs blds fy, mUgsafgalk gh D;ksa u viukuh iM+sA Hkkjr esa gh ugha iwjs fo'o esa efgykvksa dsf[kykQ HksnHkko vkSj 'kks"k.k dh uhfr;ksa dk lfn;ksa ls cksyckyk jgk gSAmnkgj.kkFkZ izkphu bfrgkl esa efgykvksa dk opZLo ux.; Fkk rFkk lekt esaefgykvksa dk mi;ksx flQZ vkSj flQZ euksjatu vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fy;s fd;k tkrkjgk gS] ysfdu ;g Hkh lR; gS fd bfrgkl esa tc Hkh efgykvksa us vius opZLodks LFkkfir djuk pkgk gS rc&rcos iq#"k oxZ jksdus esa leFkZ jgh gSAlhrk ls1- Nk=&lekt'kkL=] e-xk¡-fp-xzk-fo-fo-]fp=dwV lruk ¼e-iz-½


ysdj nzksinh rd iq#"koknh ekufldrk ls nks&pkj gksuk iM+k gSA gj ;qx esaiq#"k ds opZLo dh dher vkSjr us pqdkbZ gSA ;k mls pqdkus ij etcwj gksukiM+k gSA ;gh otg Fkh fd <ksy] xokj] 'kwnz] i'kq] ukjh ;s lc rkM+u dsvf/kdkjh vkSj ukjh rsjh ;gh dgkuh vkapy esa nw/k vk¡[kksa esa ikuh tSlh jpuk;sajph x;hA ;s lkfcr djus ds fy;s dkQh gS fd gekjs ns'k esa nsoh lekuiwT;uh; ukjh ds vknj vkSj lEeku esa dkQh gn rd iru gqvk gSA efgykvksads vknj vkSj lEeku esas iru rks yxkrkj gksrk jgk ijUrq efgyk;sa bl izdkjlekt ls yM+rh jgh ftl rjg vk¡/kh esa tyrk gqvk fn;k vius opZLo dksLFkkfir djus gsrq yxkrkj yM+rk jgrk gSA efgykvksa ds bl izdkj ds la?k"kZgsrq eSa nks iafDr;k¡ tksM+uk pkgw¡xh&

la?k"kksZa ls jfgr nsg dk] ewY; gs; gksrk gSAriu >sydj gh [kkjk ty] mikns; gksrk gSAA

fo'o dh vkcknh dk ,d pkSFkkbZ xzkeh.k efgyk;sa ,oa ckfydk;sa gSa ysfduoks lHkh vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd lwpdkad ds fuEurj Lrj ij gSAvk;] f'k{kk] LokLF; lsok vkSj fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa mudh lgHkkfxrk dkQh de gSAxzkeh.k vkSj d`f"k {ks= ds voSrfud lsok dk;ksZa esa mudk ;ksxnku cgqr T;knk gS]ftu ns'kksa esa efgykvksa dks Hkwfe LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj ugha gS ;k tgk¡ os uxnjkf'k ugha ik ldrh gSa ogk¡ dqiksf"kr cPPksa dh la[;k Hkh dkQh cM+h gSA

o"kZ 2011 esa bfUnjk xk¡/kh 'kkUrh iqjLdkj lekjksg esa jk"Vªifr iz.koeq[kthZ us Hkh efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k ij tksj nsrs gq, dgk Fkk fd jk"Vª dhvkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa efgykvksa dh mfpr Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk lkekftd izxfrdh mEehn djuk csbekuh gSA

esjs }kjk fd;s tk jgs 'kks/kdk;Z ftldk fo"k; tykÅ ydM+h lsthfodksiktZu djus okyh efgykvksa dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd v/;;u esa ik;kx;k fd vkt Hkh xzkeh.k lekt es efgykvkas dh fLFkfr n;uh; gS rFkk mUgsaviuk thfodksiktZu djus gsrq vius ifjokj dks NksM+dj ?kj ls dkQh nwjydM+h dkVus gsrq tkuk iM+rk gS rFkk xk¡oksa esa iq#"k opZLo lekt dk ncnck gSvkSj iq#"kksa }kjk xzkeh.k lekt dh efgykvksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gq, muls vkfFkZd]x`gLFk vkSj lkekftd lkjs dk;Z fy;s tk jgs gSaA

la;qDr jk"Vª ds ,d losZ{k.k ds eqrkfcd tgk¡&tgk¡ efgykvksa dh O;kikjvkSj dkjiksjsV txr esa vge~ Hkkxhnkjh jgh gS ogk¡ djhc 53 izfr'krT;knkykHkka'k vkSj djhc 24 izfr'kr T;knk fcØh ntZ dh x;h gS] ysfdu dqNefgykvksa dks Å¡pkbZ ij ns[k ge vf'kf{kr efgykvksa dks utj vankt ugha dj


ldrsA gekjs ns'k esa ,slh vf'kf{kr efgykvksa dh la[;k T;knk gS vkSj vkt Hkhxjhch] dqiks"k.k vkSj ?kjsyw fgalk ds f'kdkj gSaA ;gh ugha os efgyk;sa csVh dkstUe nsus ds QSlys ds fy;s Hkh os iq#"kksa ij fuHkZj gSA

blh lky la;qDr jkT; la?k ds egklfpo ckudhewu us Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh;efgyk fnol ds ekSds ij vk;ksftr ,d lekjksg esa efgykvksa dh cjkcj dhHkkxhnkjh ij tksj fn;k Fkk mUgsa dgk fd xzkeh.k efgykvksa vkSj ;qofr;ksa dhihM+k lekt dh efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh izfrfcfEcr djrh gSA vxjlalk/kuksa ij leku vf/kdkj gks vkSj os Hksn&Hkko vkSj 'kks"k.k ls eqDr gks rksxzkeh.k efgykvksa dks {kerk iwjs lekt dh eykFkh ds Lrj ij lq/kkj yk ldrh gSA

lgh ek;us ij ns[kk tk;s rks efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dk vFkZ gh gS efgykdks vkRelEeku nsuk vkSj vkRefuHkZj cukuk gSA rkfd os vius vfLrRo dh j{kk ldsA

tc rd efgykvksa dk lkekftd] oSpkfjd ,oa ikfjokfjd rkSj ij mRFkkuugha gksxk rc rd l'kfDrdj.k dk <ksy ihVuk ,d [ksy gh cuk jgsxkAlkekftd mRFkku dk vk/kkj LrEHk gS ukjh f'k{kk vkSj f'kf{kr O;fDr gS viuhlekurk vkSj LorU=rk ds lkFk&lkFk vius dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dk csgrjbLreky dj ldrk gSA

,sls esa xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgs tkus okyk ns'k Hkkjr esa vHkh cgqr yEck lQjr; djuk gSA rkfd efgyk;sa ,oa ckfydk;sa vius cqfu;knh vf/kdkjksa] vktknhvkSj lEeku dk ykHk mBk lds] tks mudk tUe fl) vf/kdkj gSA vr% iq#"kopZLo lekt ds fy;s dqN iafDr;k¡ lkFkZd izrhr gksrh gS&

Loiu D;k ftlls fNih vk'kk ugha gS]bUnz /kuq"kh ekSu vfHkyk"kk ugha gSArhj lk] pqHkrk ân; dks cs/k tkrk]lR; esa ;fn isze dh Hkk"kk ugh gSAmez chrs] ,d fnu gh dke vk tk;s]vkf[kjh {k.k vksB ij Jhjke vk tk;sA[kkstrk Hkze esa jgs Hkwyk ufg dgrs]Hkksj dk ia{kh dgha ?kj 'kke vk tk;sA

lanHkZ %1- vkslkek eatj] fMftVy nsgkr2- fMftVy ,EikojesaV Qkm.Ms'ku3- Hkzej] ohjsUnz izrki flag] izoDrk Mk;V] f'kojkeiqj4- jkepfjr ekul] lar rqylhnkl


pUnsy dkyhu nsoh izfrek;sa&^^fp=dwV tuin ds fo'ks"klUnHkZ esa**

f'koizse ;kfKd1

fdlh Hkh {ks= dk bfrgkl mlds HkkSxksfyd ifjn`'; ls izHkkfor gksrk gS] rFkkbfrgkl dh lajpuk esa HkkSxksfyd i`"BHkwfe dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA tcfp=dwV {ks= dh ckr dh tkrh gS rks ,d ,slk HkkSxksfyd ifjn`'; mifLFkrgksrk gS] ftlus lfn;ksa ls ekuoh; fodkl dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA viuh ifjf/k esanks izkUrksa dh lhekvksa dks lesVs gq, foU/; ioZr Ja[kyk esa mifLFkr ;g Hkw&Hkkxeuq"; ds izkjfEHkd pj.k fpUgksa dk lk{kh jgk gS rFkk ,sfrgkfld dky esa fofo/kjktoa'kksa dh dzhM+kLFkyh cukA ns'k ds vU; izkxSfrgkfld LFkyksa dh Hkkafr bltuin ls Hkh izkphu ekuo ds izek.k o ik"kk.kksaidj.k izkIr gq, gSaA bykgkcknls nf{k.k if'pe esa 125 fdeh0 nwj fLFkr bl tuin ds mRrj esa ;equk unh,oa nf{k.k esa jhoka rFkk lruk tuin o if'pe esa ckank tuin] bldhjktuSfrd lhek fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaAgekjs ns'k esa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dh vis{kkd`r jktuSfrd bfrgkl dk izkjEHkdkQh le; ckn gqvkA lkekU;r% bldk izkjEHk 6oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ekuk x;kgSA izkphu ckS) xzUFk vaxqRrj fudk;1 rFkk tSu xzUFk Hkxorhlw=2 esa lEiw.kZmRrj Hkkjr dks 16 cM+s egktuinksa esa foHkDr crk;k x;k gSA buesa ls ,dpsfn3 egktuin ds vUrxZr cqUnsy[k.M dk vf/kdka'k {ks= lekfgr FkkA orZekufp=dwV dk Hkw&Hkkx Hkh blh psfn tuin ds vUrxZr vkrk FkkA1-'kks/k Nk= ¼bfrgkl½] egkRekxka/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo0fo0]fp=dwV lruk ¼e0iz0½


tuin ds lehiorhZ {ks=ksa HkhVk4 dkS'kkEch5 iHkkslk ,oa Hkjgqr ¼lruk½ ls izkIr'kqax dkyhu vfHkys[k ,oa dykd`fr;ka {ks= esa muds izHkko dks vfHkO;Dr djrhgSA {ks= fo'ks"k esa dbZ txgksa ls ukxoa'kh 'kkldksa ds flDds Hkh izkIr gq, gSaA6

nsox<+ dk n'kkorkj efUnj] lqfi;k¼jhok½ efUnj rFkk _f"k;u ¼fp=dwV½ ls izkIroS".ko ewfrZ;ka ;gka ij xqIRkksa ds 'kklu dh lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA7 ojkg rkezi=ys[kkuqlkj8 dkykUrj esa ;g {ks= mRrjxqIr ,oa ekS[kfj;ksa ds v/khu gqvkAloZfofnr gS fd ekS[kfj;ksa ,oa mRrjxqIr 'kkldksa ds {ks= esa vUrr% g"kZo/kZu dkvf/kdkj gqvkA g"kZdkyhu phuh ;k=h Ogsulkax9 }kjk mfYyf[kr ^fpfpVksa {ks=^dh igpku tujy dfua?ke10 us cqUnsy[k.M ls tcfd Mk0 xkaxqyh us fp=dwVls dh gSA xkSM+ogks11 ¼okd~ifrjktd`r½ dh lwpukuqlkj g"kZ ds ckn bl {ks= ij;'kksoekZ dk 'kklu LFkkfir gqvkA rRi'pkr~ xqtZj izfrgkjksa us lEiw.kZ cqUnsy[k.Mij vf/kdkj dj fy;k ftldh tkudkjh dkuiqj ls izkIr 838 bZ0 dsojkgrkezi= ys[k ls gksrh gSA12 dkykUrj esa xqtZj izfrgkjksa ds iru ds lkFk bl{ks= esa pUnsyksa dk mn; gqvkA13 pUnsy 'kkld egku fuekZrk fl) gq;s rFkkykSfdd ,oa /kkfeZd egRo ds ,sls Lekjdksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k tks vkt Hkhn`"VO; gSaA pUnsyksa dh mRifRr lEcU/kh vusd er&erkUrjksa esas Mk0 foUls.VfLeFk14 ds erkuqlkj os ewyr% e/; izns'k ds vkfnoklh xks.Mksa vFkok Hkjksa dhlUrku Fks] tks bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd efu;k nsoh ¼efu;kx<+½ dh iwtk pUnsyksavkSj Hkjksa }kjk vkt Hkh leku :i ls dh tkrh gSA txfud d`r vkYg[k.M esaHkh eSgj dh nsoh dh iwtk dk o.kZu gqvk gSA fp=dwV {ks= ls izkIr 'kkDrizfrek;sa Hkh muds nSoh; vkjk/kuk ,oa HkfDr dks iznf'kZr djrh gSaAfp=dwV esa pUnsyksa }kjk fufeZr izeq[k nsoh LFkyksa esa ls dqN dk fooj.kfuEufyf[kr gS&fp=dwV ftyk eq[;ky; ls yxHkx 5 fdeh0 iwoZ fn'kk esa >kalh fetkZiqj jk"Vªh;jktekxZ ,u0,p0&76 ds fdukjs [kksg uked xzke esa 150 eh0 Åaph igkM+h ijfo|k dh nsoh ljLorh15 th dh [kf.Mr izfrek LFkkfir gS tks vkt Hkh xzkeh.kksa}kjk iwT;uh; gSA blh ekxZ esa vkxs fp=dwV ftyk eq[;ky; ls yxHkx 20fdeh0 nwj iwoZ fn'kk esa fLFkr ykykiqj xzke esa yxHkx 100 eh0 Åaph igkM+h ijv'kkoj ekrk efUnj gS] tks fd 10 eh0 oxkZdkj rFkk 1 eh0 Åaps iDds pcwrjsij cuk;k x;k gS] ftldk xHkZx`g 4-50eh0 oxkZdkj vkSj yxHkx 7 eh0 ÅapkgSA xHkZx`g esa yky cyqvk LFkkuh; iRFkj ls fufeZr efg"kklqjefnZuh16 dh izfrekLFkkfir gSA ykykiqj ds lehi unh ds fdukjs fLFkr pj xzke esa nf{k.kh igkM+hij pUnsydkyhu lkseukFk ¼f'ko½ efUnj fLFkr gS] tgka nsoh ikoZrh dh vusdksa


vn~Hkqr izfrek,a gSaA17¼fp= ua0&1½ blh jktekxZ esa fp=dwV ftyk eq[;ky; lsiwoZ fn'kk esa yxHkx 40 fdeh0 nwj fLFkr jkeuxj esa rkykc ds fdukjspUnsydkyhu efUnj esa pkeq.Mk ds lkFk x.ks'k rFkk HkSjo dh izfrek,a mRdh.kZgSaA jkeuxj ls 1 fdeh0 iwoZ fn'kk esa blh jktekxZ esa fLFkr bVgk nsohiqj xzkeesa fLFkr efUnj esa yky cyqok LFkkuh; iRFkj ls fufeZr lIr ekr`dkvksa18¼fp=ua0&2½ dh izfrek;sa ekStwn gSaA eÅ rglhy eq[;ky; ls 15 fdeh0 if'pefn'kk esa yks[kjh uked iqjkrkfRod LFky esa fLFkr pUnsydkyhu fdys ds nf{k.khiwoZ igkM+h ij pkSlB ;ksfxfu;ksa dh ewfrZ LFkkfir FkhaA dfua?ke egksn; us ;gka lsdsoy 23 ;ksfxuh ewfrZ ns[kus dh ckr dgh FkhA19 eÅ rglhy eq[;ky; ls 15fdeh0 mRrj fn'kk esa _f"k;u ls izkIr xqQkvksa esa pkSlB ;ksfxfu;ksa ls lEcfU/kr42 ewfrZ;ka nhokyksa ls lVkdj j[kh gq;h gSa] ftudk ftØ Hkh tujy dfua?ke20 usfd;k gSA fp=dwV tuin ds dohZ jktkiqj lEidZ ekxZ esa igkM+h Cykdeq[;ky; ls 10 fdeh0 mRrj if'pe fn'kk esa fLFkr yksgnk21¼fp= ua0&3½ xzkeesa pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj i;Louh unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gS] ijUrq orZeku esa ogkadqNsd ewfrZ;ka gh 'ks"k cph gSaA blh xzke dh lhek esa fLFkr vjNk cjsBh xzkelHkkesa pUnsydkyhu efg"kklqjefnZuh22¼fp= ua0&4½ nsoh dk eafnj gS] tks LFkkuh;yksxksa ds chp cyds'ojh ekrk eafnj ds uke ls izfl) gSA dohZ bykgkcknjsyekxZ esa fLFkr dksyxnfg;k xzkelHkk ds ?kus taxy esa fLFkruÅvkchgM+23¼fp= ua0&5½uked LFkku ls yky cyqvk iRFkj ls fufeZr x.ks'k thds lkFk ,d fo[kf.Mr y{eh nsoh dh izfrek fo|eku gSa mlds Åij igkM+h esa,d fdys ds /oa'kko'ks"k rFkk ty dk lzksr gSA ;gka dh pV~Vkuksa esa izkphudkyhu jDro.kZ dh fp=dkfj;ka ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA dohZ ekfudiqj lEidZekxZ esa fLFkr 'khryiqj rjkSagk24¼fp= ua0&6½ xzke esa flag ij vklhu ykycyqvk iRFkj ls fufeZr nsoh nqxkZ dh v"VHkqth izfrek fojkteku gSA blh ekxZ esavkxs fLFkr ,sapokjk25¼fp= ua0&7½ xzke ls oh.kk/kkj.kh eka ljLorh dh izfrekizkIr gksrh gSA ekfudiqj Cykd ds ikg datkjh26¼fp= ua0&8½ xzke esa 50 eh0Åaph igkM+h ls v"VHkqth nqxkZ izfrek izkIr gksrh gSA yky cyqvk LFkkuh; iRFkjls fufeZr izkphu izfrek pUnsydkyhu tku iM+rh gSA>kalh fetkZiqj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ,u0,p0&76 fp=dwV ftyk eq[;ky; ls if'pefn'kk esa yxHkx 20 fdeh0 nwj fLFkr jflu uked ,sfrgkfld xzke esa nsohefg"kklqjefnZuh27¼fp= ua0&9½ dh fo[kf.Mr vn~Hkqr izfrek fojkteku gSA ykycyqok LFkkuh; iRFkj ls fufeZr izfrek dk /kM+ xk;c gS rFkk ewfrZ ds pkjksa vksj


vusdksa izfrek;sa ekStwn gSaA fuekZ.k 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij izfrek;sa pUnsydkyhuizrhr gksrh gSaAnsoh vkjk/kuk ds fy, fofo/k nsoh izfrekvksa dk fuekZ.k dc izkjEHk gqvk] bllEcU/k esa Li"V :Ik ls rks ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] ijUrq cqUnsy[k.M esa 'kfDrvkjk/kuk dk mPpre Lo:Ik 8oha ls 12oha 'krkCnh rd nh[k iM+rk gSA bldky[k.M esa bl vapy ls izkIr nsoh izfrekvksa esa 'kkL=h; fo/kku rFkk izrhdksadk vfHkuo iz;ksx gqvk gSA f'kYixr lkSUn;Z ds lkFk 'kkL=h; Hkkoukvksa dsleknj esa f'kfYi;ksa us viuh vn~Hkqr {kerk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA bl dky[k.Mesa cqUnsy[k.M ds leLr vapyksa ls u dsoy nsoh izfrekvksa ds feyus dh lwpukfeyrh gS] vfirq muds vkjk/kuk ,oa fo'okl dh Hkkouk ds Hkh ifjn'kZu gksrs gSaA;gh dkj.k gS fd bl dky[k.M esa u dsoy izeq[k LFkyksa ,oa eafnjksa dk fuekZ.kgqvk] vfirq lqnwj xzkeh.k ,oa nq:g {ks=ksa esa NksVs&NksVs eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k ,oamikluk ds thoUr lk{; miyC/k gSaA tks izeq[k izfrek;sa vf/kdrj fey jgh gSamuesa nqxkZ] efg"kklqjefnZuh] dkyh rFkk lIrekr`dk,a izeq[k gSaAlUnHkZ lwph1- JhokLro] ds0lh0] **izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl rFkk laLd`fr** i`0 95]

bykgkckn] 20032- Hkxorh lw=] [k.M 1&6] laLFkkid ykyokuh ds0lh0] tSu Hkou dydRrk

19743- >k] f}tsUnzukFk ,oa Jhekyh] d`".keksgu **izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl**] i`0 64]4- fuxe ,e0,y0] **dYpjy fgLVªh vkWQ cqUnsy[k.M**] i`0 66A5- 'kekZ th0vkj0 **,Dlfdos'ku ,V dkS'kkEch**] i`0 84] 85] bykgkckn 19606- f=osnh ,p0Mh0] ** DokbUl vkWQ n jhtu vkWQ cqUnsy[k.M** >kalh 1984 eas

ifBr 'kks/k fucU/k7- **ikBd] latho dqekj] fp=dwV dk bfrgkl vkSj dyk LFkkiR;** i`0 28] 29

fo'kw izdk'ku] esjB 20108- ,fi0 bf.M0 Hkkx&19 i`0 189-okVlZ] vku ;qoku Pokax VsªosYl bu bf.M;k] [k.M&12] i`0 5010-dfua/ke] ,0,l0vkbZ0] fjiksVZ ftYn 21] i`0 9111-xkSMogksa] 'yksd 414] 687] 69712-,fi0 bf.M0] ftYn 19 i`0 1813- Mk0 ikBd] latho dqekj] fp=dwV dk bfrgkl vkSj dyk LFkkiR;] i`0 29]

fo'kw izdk'ku] esjB 2010


14- ikBd] fo'kq)kuUn] mRrj Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] i`0 374] m0iz0fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ 2002

15- ikBd] latho dqekj] fp=dwV dk bfrgkl vkSj dyk LFkkiR;] i`0 52] fo'kwizdk'ku] esjB 2010

16- ikBd] latho dqekj] fp=dwV dk bfrgkl vkSj dyk LFkkiR;] i`0 52] fo'kwizdk'ku] esjB 2010

17- 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk Lo;a voyksdu o fp=kadu


19- mn~/k`r Mk0 ikBd latho fp=dwV dk bfrgkl vkSj dyk LFkkiR;] i`0 57]fo'kw izdk'ku] esjB 2010

20- dfua/ke] ,0,l0vkbZ0 fjiksVZ ftYn 21] i`0 5&821- 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk Lo;a voyksdu









A STUDY OF SELF CONFIDENCE OF HIGH SCHOOLSTUDENTS OF WORKING AND NON-WORKING MOTHERS

Murli Dhar Singh1

ABSTRACTWorking status of mother plays an important role in the personality development ofchildren by shaping intellectual and affective behavior. In the Present research anattempt was made to study self confidence of High School students of working andnon-working mothers. For this purpose 200 high school students of Chitrakootdistrict of Uttar Pradesh were taken as sample. Self confidence was measured byAgnihotri’s Self-confidence inventory. From the findings it is concluded that highstudents of working and non-working mothers have average level of self confidenceand both the groups do not differ significantly in self confidence. It is further foundthat female students of working mothers have higher level of self-confidence ascompared to female students of non-working mothers. Male High school students ofnon-working mother have higher level of self confidence as compared to students ofworking mothers but this difference is not significant. It is recommended thatstudents should be encouraged to develop a positive self-image. They should beprovided with ample opportunities to make their own decisions.INTRODUCTIONChildren need a loving a secure environment for their optimum growth anddevelopment. They need love , care, attention and guidance in order to develop astable sociable and well adjusted human beings. It is very important for the childrento have stable and loving relationship with their parents especially their mothers.Mothers play an important role in the personality development of the children by

1. Asst. Professor, J R H University, Chitrkoot (UP)


shaping intellectual and affective behavior. According to Erikson (1956)development of personality is affected by three factors- body, self and social. Thesocial factor includes family interaction and peer relation and ego is the centre ofpersonality which develops within society and is influenced by child rearingpractices. As a child grows, he or she learns by watching and imitating his or hermother as well as by getting instructions and guidance from her.Mother teaches herchild the ways of living each day in a loving , unselfish and generous way. Shebuilds reasonable amount of confidence in her child by becoming a role model. Sheshows her child to stand on his own feet and not to be dependent on any one for thesuccess and failure of his life. Being a mother is like expressing a bundle ofemotions and delivering a source of comfort. Starting from giving birth to a child amother plays various role in human life. She inculcate values and virtues within herchild, offers him teaching of right and wrong , makes him learn innovative thingsand make them aware of the world around. So if a mother has herself all thesequalities like patience , self confidence, creativity, values, tolerance along with timeand will etc then and only then she can be a good role model for her child and herchild will be able to acquire all these traits by imitating her.Self confidence is a close related to socio-psychological concept related to self-esteem. Self confidence is essentially an attitude which allows us to have a positiveand realistic perception of ourselves and our abilities. It is characterized by personalattributes such as assertiveness, optimism, enthusiasm, affection, pride,independence, trust and ability to handle criticism and emotional maturity. SelfConfidence is a belief in yourself and your abilities , a mental attitude of trusting orrelying on yourself. The Beginning of the term self confidence has been littlestudied. But it is clear that a person is not born with self confidence , but is formedand developed as a result of his experience and interaction with environment as achild grows and develops , he learns not only about the world around himself , butalso about himself. Thus self confidence seems to be almost a by-product of learningand personal experience. Baumrind (1991) suggested that the development of selfself confidence in child and adolescent requires an environment that provides thefreedom to explore experiment and protect from negativity and other psychologicaldanger.The findings in the field of self confidence of high school students and the effect ofmaternal employment on self confidence of high school students shows that studentsof working and non-working mothers differ from each other in self-concept and self-confidence level. Some studies (steins 1973,Baruch 1978,Singh and Chauhan 1983and Makri 2002) reveals that students who have working mothers have higher levelof self confidence because they are assigned so many domestic responsibilities at anearly age , while some of the students (Raumans 1976, Belsky and Eggeben 1991)shows that students of working mothers lacked self confidence because they did not


get fulltime affection from their mothers, so they become less confident anddependent. They tended to have lower self image .In the background of such variedresults an attempt has been made to study the personality development , selfconfidence and value dimension of high School Students in relation to workingstatus of their mothers.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY1.To study the self confidence level of high school students of working and non-working mothers.2.To study the difference in the self confidence of high school students in relation toworking status of their mother3.To study the self confidence level of male and female high school students ofworking and non-working mothers collectively and separatively.HYPOTHESES1. High School students of working and non-working mothers have high level selfconfidence2.High school students of working and non-working mothers differ significantly intheir self confidence.3. There is no significant difference in self confidence level of female high schoolstudents of working and non-working mothers.4.There is no significant difference in self confidence level of male high schoolstudents of working and non-working mothers.DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study was delimited to high school students of working and non-working

mothers only of chitrakoot district. Only urban and rural student of Government Schools were taken as sample.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSSelf Confidence: Self Confidence is a positive attitude of oneself towards one-selfconcept. It is an attitude of perceived self. Self confidence refers to a person’sperceived ability to tackle situation successfully without learning on others and tohave a positive self evaluation.Working and Non-working mothers: Women who are on job for more than sixhours a day and earn something, have been termed as working mothers for theresearch in hand and such mothers who are non professionals and work as housewives and are not absent from usually have been termed as non-working mothers.RESEARCH TOOLS USEDAgnihotri’s self confidence inventory (ASCI) prepared by Dr.Rekha GuptaSAMPLE OF THE STUDY


According to the purpose of the study students of working and non-working mothersconstituted the sample of the study. For the present study purposive samplingmethod was used. Accordingly 200 high school students were taken differentschools of chitrakoot district. 90 students of working mothers and 110 students ofnon-working mothers were taken as sample.METHOD AND PROCEDUREThe present study was conducted through descriptive method of Research. Formeasuring self-confidence of High School students Agnihotri Self confidenceinventory (ASCI, 1985) was used. The scoring of inventory was done according tothe instruction of manual. The data so obtained were recorded in tables andstatistical was done according to the objective of the study.Mean , Median, Mode,and S.D were calculated separately.’t’ test was used to find out the statisticalsignificance of the difference. The result so obtained were tabulated for discussion,interpretation and conclusions are as follows.Self confidence score of high school students of working and non-working and oftotal group of students have been presented below in the table -01Table-01Self Confidence of High School Students of Working and Non-working Mothers

WorkingStatus

N Mean Median Mode S.D t-ratio

Working 90 27.49 28.58 30.7 10.121.65Non-

working110 27.55 27.74 27.74 8.52

Total 200 27.60 28 27 9.28Table-01 shows that mean score of the total group of high school students of

working and non-working mothers is 28.58, median 27.74, and S.D is 10.12.As perthe norm given in the manual of the scale , the subjects falling between scores 20-32are average in self confidence. The mean score of total group of students indicatethat the high school students have average level of self confidence. Further this tablealso shows that mean score of the self confidence of high school students of workingand non-working mothers is 27.49 and 27.55 respectively. According to the manualnorms both the groups of the students have average level of self confidence. Sohypothesis –I “High School students of working and non-working mothers have highlevel self confidence” is rejected.It is clear from the table –1 that mean scores for self confidence of high schoolstudents of working mothers is 27.49 and non-working mothers are 27.55 with S.D8.52, t-value stands at 1.65 which is not significant. There is no significantdifference between both the groups with respect to their self confidence.Sohypothesis –II “High school students of working and non-working mothers differsignificantly in their self confidence” is rejected.


The findings of present investigation we concluded in our studies that children ofworking and non-working mothers do not differ in self confidence.2. Self Confidence of High school students of working and non-working mothers inrelation to gender.Table-2Self Confidence of High school students of working and non-working mothers

in relation to genderWorking Status N Mean S.D t-ratioFemale students ofworking mothers

42 23.33 9.964.1

Female students of Non-working mothers

49 29.89 8.14

Male students of workingmothers

45 29.6 8.650.35

Male students of Non-working mothers

64 27.06 9.05

*Significant at 0.01 levelTable-2 shows that the mean score of self confidence of female high school studentsof working mothers is 23.33 with S.D 9.96 and non-working mothers is 29.89 and8.14 respectively, which shows that the female student of working mothers haveaverage level of self confidence because the mean score of self confidence of femalehigh school female with non-working mothers are 29.89 which shows they too haveaverage self confidence.The t-value stand at 4.1, which is significant at 0.01 level. It means there issignificant difference between mean scores of both the group of the students. Thedifference is in favour of female students of working mothers which means thefemale students of working mothers have higher level of self confidence ascompared to female students of non-working mothers.So hypothesis “There is nosignificant difference in self confidence level of female high school students ofworking and non-working mothers” is rejected.The reason behind this may be the girls who have working mothers may be exposedto the new experience and are assigned so many household duties at an early stagesof life. They have to do all the household chores by themselves. They also have toattend their guests in the absence of their mothers , take decisions, manage monthlybudget and sometimes they have to take care of their younger siblings in the absenceof their mothers.All the responsibilities make them confident.The finding of presentinvestigation shows that the female students of working mothers have higher selfconfidence than the female students of non-working mothers.Table-2 shows that the mean score of self confidence of male high school students ofworking mother is 29.6 with S.D 8.65 and the mean score of self confidence of male


high school students of non-working mothers 27.06 with S.D 9.05 which reveals thatmale students of working mothers as well as non-working mothers have averagelevel of self confidence because the mean score fall between 20-32.This table alsoshows that the mean scores of self confidence of male high school students ofworking mothers is higher than mean scores of students of non-working mothers, T-value stands at 0.35 which is not significant. It means there is no significantdifference between the mean scores of self confidence of male high school studentsof working and non-working mothers. So the hypothesis IV “There is no significantdifference in self confidence level of male high school students of working and non-working mothers” is rejected.CONCLUSIONS1.It can easily be concluded that both the groups of students do not differsignificantly in self-confidence whatsoever difference exists that exist in favour ofstudents of working mothers. This mean high school students of working motherhave higher level self confidence as compared to the students of non-workingmothers.2.It implies that female high school students of working mother have high level ofself confidence as compared to female students of non-working mothers.3.It implies that male high school students of non-working mothers have higher levelof self confidence as compared to students of working mothers but the difference isnot significant.RECOMMENDATIONS1.The result of the present study reflect that high school students of working and nonworking mothers have average level of self confidence. Steps should be taken toenhance the level of self confidence of the students. This can be done by parents ,family, and teacher altogether. Students should be encouraged to develop a positiveself image. They should be provided with ample opportunities to make their owndecisions. Parents should assign them some household responsibilities and teachersshould give them all the opportunities to participate in the co-curricularactivities.Teacher should boost their morale so that they may be able to develop highlevel of self confidence.2.Further, from this study it is clear that the female students of non-working motherslag behind in self confidence as compared to the female students of workingmothers. As we all know in a family , mother is the first teacher of her child. Shenurture her child in such a way that he or she may become a person with balancedpersonality, high self-confidence, and higher moral values. A working motherherself becomes a role model for her daughter. Daughter imitates her in many waysand acquires many abilities and traits from her mother and the situation remains thesame in case of non-working mother. Mothers who stays at home all the day shouldtry to involve their daughters in various tasks. They should be made free to


experience new situation. Mothers should let them free to explore new things and tomake their own decisions. This will help in developing higher level of selfconfidence among female students of non-working mothers.REFERENCESBaruch,G.K(1978)Maternal influence upon college women’s attitude toward andfamily and work. Developmental Psychology,6(6),32-37Botsari,Makri,E(2003)Maternal employment effects on her mental health andchildren’s functional status. Psychological studies,48(1)36-46Deka,N and Kakar,O(1998) The impact of maternal employment on perceivedbehavior and self concept of Indian adolescents.Journal of India Academy ofApplied Psychology.24.23-14Erikson,E(1959) Identity. Youth and crisis, London.Fabor and FavorFoon,A.E(2003)Effect of Mother’s employment and occupational ,stress onadolescent’s self assessment and School outcomes. Educational Studies.14(3) 265-274Gold,D and Andres,D (1978) Comparisons of Adolescent children with employedand non-employed mothers.Nanda,P and Monacha,M.K(1999) Comparative study of the social behavior of nineyear old children of Working and non-working mothers.Indian Journal of HomeScience.11,50-53.


Heterostructures composed of MetamaterialsRinki Jain1 and J. P. Pandey2

AbstractWe have demonstrated that the multiple-channeled filters can be realized

with the help of heterostructures consisting of two kinds of single-negative materialsinserted with defects. By adjusting the period number m and n and thicknesses ofdefects, multiple-channeled filters can be obtained.

Veselago was the first who studied the propagation of electromagnetic wavesin a theoretical material with simultaneously negative electric permittivity (Ɛ) andmagnetic permeability (µ) in 1968 [1]. These materials are often referred to asmetamaterials or negative index materials (NIMs). Metamaterials are unlike allknown naturally occurring positive index materials (PIMs), which exhibit a positiverefractive index. Another class of metamaterials is called single negative materials(SNMs). This class includes epsilon-negative materials (ENMs), where ε is negativeand μ is positive and mu-negative materials (MNMs), where μ is negative and ε ispositive.

Recently, the photonic crystals (PCs) research area has been extended todispersive materials such as metamaterials, metals, plasma and superconductors. 1-D PC that is composed of different types of metamaterials possesses new types ofPBGs. These PBGs are named the zero-averaged refractive-index (zero-n) gap andthe zero-effective-phase (zero-Φ) gap. The zero-n gap gives rise in 1DPC composedof alternating layers of PIM and NIM [2-4]. While, the zero- Φ gap is found instructures that incorporate ENM and MNM alternating layers [5-7]. The new PBGs

1. Research Scholar, M L K College, Balrampur(U. P.)2. M L K College, Balrampur (U. P.)

Corresponding Author: J. P. Pandey


have many interesting properties. Both zero-n and zero- Φ gaps are invariant uponthe change of scaling and they are insensitive to the disorder [2, 4]. It has beenreported that the zero-n gap frequency range can be enlarged by a photonicheterostructure that combines two or more 1DPCs [8-10].

Multiple heterostructures are formed when several 1-D PCs with differentlayer thicknesses are combined. Since different crystals have different band gapwidths, these heterostructures can show many characteristics. The heterostructureconsists of two one dimensional periodic photonic structures with different photonicstop bands. These photonic heterostructures are the optical analogs of quantumelectronic heterostructures that make up resonant tunneling diodes and superlattices.We find that the band gap of the heterostructure is extended obviously.

Heterostructure engineering is now widely practiced, producing the mostefficient semiconductor lasers [11], highest-speed transistors [12], and novelquantum electronic devices [13-14]. Photonic heterostructures would seek to exploitthe fact that light of a certain frequency will find different allowed or forbiddenbands in the different photonic crystals. Heterostructures have led to low lossphotonic crystal waveguides, record resonator quality factors, and high-efficiencyadd-drop filters. Novel lasers and amplifiers are developed on one- or two-dimensional PCHs [15-16]. As an active component in PCHs, doping superlatticescan be involved due to their compatibility with integrated optical and electroniccircuits and to provide a required high index contrast.

Recently, the so-called negative-refractive-index materials (NIMs) havereceived renewed attention due to their properties such as negative refraction index,antiparallel group and phase velocities [17–19]. If several different one-dimensionalPCs consisting of single-negative materials are combined, multiple heterostructuresconsisting of single negative materials are formed. The transmission properties of aheterostructure consisting of two kinds of single-negative materials which includethe epsilon-negative (ENG) media with negative Ɛ but positive µ and the mu-negative (MNG) media with negative µ but positive Ɛ have been studied. Tunnelingmodes appear inside forbidden gaps when the general zero average permittivity andpermeability conditions are satisfied [20].

In this paper, we will study the photonic transmission of the heterostructureswith defect by the transfer matrix method.THEORY

(AB)m and (AB)n are two different one-dimensional 1-D photonic crystalswith single-negative materials. A(A’) and B(B’) indicate ENG and MNG materials


respectively. m(n) is the period number. C is the defect with positive-refractive-

index materials. In the following numerical investigation, we suppose that A 1

FIG. 1 Schematic of a heterostructure constituted by two different 1-D photoniccrystals (AB)m and (AB)n with single-negative materials and one defect. 2 0.0 109 2 0.01 109 2 12.0 109

A 13 109 2

0.902 109 2 2

2

………………(1)in MNG materials and

B 15 109 2

0.9 109 2 2

2

10 109 2

11.5 109 2 2

2

B 1 …………….(2)in ENG materials.

For the defect material C C 5 C 1.0In equations (1) and (2), ω is the frequency measured in gigahertz. We

consider the situation that µA and ƐB are negative. The thicknesses of ENG andMNG slabs in the two photonic crystals are assumed to be dA, dB, dA’ and dB’

respectively.Figure 1 shows a diagram of a wave incident from a vacuum at an angle θ

onto a heterostructure constituted by two different 1-D photonic crystals (AB)m and(A’B’)n with single-negative materials and one defect. For the transverse electric(TE) wave, the electric field E is assumed in the x direction (the dielectric layers arein the x-y plane, and the z direction is normal to the interface of each layer.

Let a plane wave be incident from the vacuum into the 1-D PC at an incidentangle with +Z direction. Generally the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic


fields at any two positions Z and ZZ on the two surfaces of a layer can berelated via a transfer matrix [21-22],

]zkcos[]zksin[iq

]zksin[q

1i]zkcos[

,zTjz

jzj

jz

j

jz

j

where jj2

jjjz sin1ck is the z component of the wave vector jk

in the jth layer, c is speed of light in the vacuum and z is the thickness of the layer.

For TE wave, jj2

jjj sin1q ;

For TM wave, jj2

jjj sin1q .

If )2,1j,i()(x ij are the elements of the matrix

N2

ij jjN ),d(T)(X ,

which represents the total transfer matrix connecting the amplitudes of thetransmitted and the reflected waves at the incident end and those at the exit end, thenthe transmission coefficient )(t for both TE and TM waves passing through this 1DPC into a vacuum can be obtained as

)](x)(xqq[)](xq)(xq[

q2)(t

1212s011s220

0

where, cos/sin1qq 002

00s0 for the vacuum (

1and1 00 ) of the space z < 0 before the incident end and the space z > d

after the exit end, where d is the total length of the 1D PC.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the figure 2, we have calculated the transmittance of the heterostructure(AB)8(C)1(A’B’)8 at 150 angle of incidence. Here, we have chosen dA=12 mm,dB=6 mm, dA’=18 mm, dB’=9 mm and m=n=8. The refractive index of defect is nc=

5 and thickness of the defect layer is dC=24 mm.

Figure 2 Transmission spectra for (AB)8(C)1(A’B’)8 heterostructure


It can be demonstrated from the figure 2 that the transmission channelsappear in the stop gap formed by the heterostructures consisting of single-negativematerials, due to the enhancement of light transmission at resonance frequencies bythe localized modes which are created by the introduced defects. Usually thenumber of defect states is 1 or 2 if some defects are introduced into a PC. But for theheterostructures consisting of single-negative materials, it seems that we cangenerate as many defect states as desired simply by adjusting the number of thedefect layers. This characteristic may be of technical importance because theselocalized states can be used as filtering. Multiple-channeled frequency filters areimportant for devices in communications and can be constructed from theseheterostructures consisting of single-negative materials.


In the above figure 3, we have chosen the same thicknesses of A and B

materials as dA=12 mm, dB=6 mm, dA’=18 mm, dB’=9 mm and m=n=8. But the

thickness of the defect layer is increased to dC=30 mm. The number of the defect

layer is same as earlier. It can be seen from the transmission spectrum of the

heterostructure that the transmission channels appear in the stop gap. We can see

from the figure that the numbers of the channels in the (AB)8(C)1(A’B’)8

heterostructure are increased with the increasing of the thickness of defect. It is also

clear that we can obtain as many defect states as desired simply by adjusting the

thickness of the defect layers. Thus, these heterostructures provide an excellent way

to select useful multiple channeled optical signals from a stop gap.



Figure 5 Transmission spectra for (AB)7(C)1(A’B’)7 heterostructureIn the above figures 4 and 5, we can see that the numbers of the channels are

increasing with increasing the period number m and n. It is useful in optical deviceapplications.CONCLUSIONS

We have demonstrated that the multiple-channeled filters can be realizedwith the help of heterostructures consisting of two kinds of single-negative materialsinserted with defects. By adjusting the period number m and n and thicknesses ofdefects, multiple-channeled filters can be obtained. These structures are useful inoptical device applications and they provide an excellent way to select usefulmultiple-channeled optical signals from a stop gap.

REFERENCES1. V. G. Veselago, “The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously

negative values of permittivity and permeability," Sov. Phys. Usp., 10, 509-514,1968.


2. J. Li, L. Zhou, C. T. Chan, and P. Sheng, “Photonic band gap from a stack ofpositive and negative index materials,” Phys. Rev.Lett., 90, 083901, 2003.

3. H. Jiang, H. Chen, H. Li, Y. Zhang and S. Zhu, “Omnidirectional gap and defectmode of one-dimensional photonic crystals containing negative-index materials,”Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 5386 – 5388, 2003.

4. Y. Yuan, L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, L. Shen, and J. A. Kong, “Experimentalverification of zero order bandgap in a layered stack of left-handed and right-handed materials,” Optics Express, 14, 2220-2227, 2006.

5. H. Jiang, H. Chen, H. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Zi, S. Zhu, “Properties of one-dimensionalphotonic crystals containing single-negative materials ,” Phys. Rev. E, 69,066607, 2004.

6. L.G. Wang, H. Chen, S. Zhu, “Omnidirectional gap and defect mode of one-dimensional photonic crystals with single-negative materials,” Phys. Rev. B, 70,245102, 2004.

7. L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. He, H. Li, and H. Chen, “Experimental investigation onzero-Øeff gaps of photonic crystals containing single-negative materials,” Eur.Phys. J. B, 62, 1-6, 2008.

8. Y. Xiang, X. Dai, S. Wen, and D. Fan, “Enlargement of zero averaged refractiveindex gaps in the photonic heterostructures containing negative-index materials,”Physical Review E, 76, 056604, 2007.

9. H.Y. Zhang, Y.P. Zhang, W.H. Liu, Y.Q. Wang, and J.G. Yang, “Zero-averagedrefractive-index gaps extension by using photonic heterostructures containingnegative-index materials,” Appl Phys B, 96, 67–70, 2009.

10. S.A. EL-Naggar, “Robust wide zero-average-index gap in photonicheterostructures that incorporate lefthanded materials,” Physica B, 407, 3982–3986, 2012.

11. X. Deng, N. Liu, J. Liu, Q. Liao, and T. Yu, “Enlargement of polarization-independent omnidirectional bandgaps in the photonic heterostructurescontaining single-negative materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 27(6), 1174-1178,2010.

12. F. Capasso, S. Sen, F. Beltram, L. M. Lunardi, A. S. Vengurlekar, P. R. Smith,N. J. Shah, R. J. Malik, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum functional devices: Resonant-tunneling transistors, circuits with reduced complexity, and multiple-valuedlogic,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 36, 2065–2081, 1989.

13. M. Heiblum, and M. V. Fischetti, “Ballistic hot-electron transistors,” IBM J. Res.Dev. 34, 530–549, 1990.

14. J. P. Dowling, M. Scalora, M. J. Bloemer, and C. M. Bowden, “The photonicband edge laser: a new approach to gain enhancement”, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1896-4899, 1994.


15. H.-Y. Ryu, S.-H. Kim, H.-G. Park, and Y.-H. Lee, “Characteristics of singledefect laser modes in a two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal slab”, J.Appl. Phys. 93, 831-837, 2003.

16. Ye Lu, R. W. Peng, Z. Wang, Z. H. Tang, X. Q. Huang, Mu Wang, Y. Qiu, A.Hu, S. S. Jiang, and D. Feng, “Resonant transmission of light waves in dielectricheterostructures”, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 123106, 2005.

17. H-Y Lee, S-J Cho, Gi-Y Nam, W-H Lee, T. Baba, H. Makino, M-W Cho, and T.Yao, “Multiple-wavelength-transmission filters based on Si-SiO2 one-dimensional photonic crystals”, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 103111, 2005.

18. J.-W. Dong, P. Han, and H.-Z. Wang, “Broad omnidirectional reflection bandforming using the combination of Fibonacci quasi-periodic and periodic one-dimensional photonic crystals”, Chin. Phys. Lett., 20, 1963-1965, 2003.

19. G. S. Guan, H. T. Jiang, H. Q. Li, Y. W. Zhang, H. Chen, and S. Y. Zhu, Appl.Phys. Lett. 88, 211112, 2006.

20. J. Li, L. Zhou, C. T. Chan, and P. Sheng, “Photonic band gap from a stack ofpositive and negative index materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 083901, 2003.

21. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics. (New York: Pergamon, 1980).P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Layered Media. (New York: John Wiley and Sons,1988).


QSAR Based Study Of derivatives Of 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole Against HIV

Mohiuddin Ansari1

Introduction:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is most fatal disorder for which no completeand successful chemotherapy has been developed so far. Human immunodeficiencyvirus subtype 1 (HIV-1), a retrovirus of the lent virus family, has be found to beprevalent in causing the disease. HIV-1 produces a progressive immunosupperssionby destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes (helper cells, which leads against theinfection) and macrophages and result in opportunistic infection, neurological andneoplastic disease and death [1]. The pandemic spread of this disease has promptedunprecedented scientific and clinical efforts to understand and combat it. Thereplicative cycle of HIV can be divided into entry and post entry steps[2-3].A newgeneration of antiviral drugs intended to counter HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells isnow under development. These compounds generally referred to as fusion or entryinhibitors (which include chemokine-receptor inhibitors and other attachmentinhibitors) are expected to have different toxicity and resistance profiles than theexisting reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors[4] Recently the development offew quantitative structure activity relationship(QSAR) models for anti HIV activitiesof different group of compoundfor example, 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles[5-7]alkenyldiarylmethanes[8] and bezylpyrazoles[9].In continuation of such efforts,the present work deals with QSAR modelling of anti HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives with the help of quantum chemical descriptors.Methodology:The computer aided techniques, such as PM3[10-11] is employed to evaluate theelectronic properties of anti HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivativesand with the help of quantitative values, MLR equations is developed for finding the

1. Deptt. Of Chemistry M. L. K. (P.G.) College Balrampur (U P)


QSAR models, which have high predictive power.PM3 is very valuable andimportant parameterization. Hence I used PM3 method for calculation of anti-HIV5-Phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives. The forty derivatives of 5-Phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole are on parent skeleton [A]. For the sake ofsimplicity, these 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives has beendivided into two set viz: set 1 and set 2. Each set contain twenty compounds. ForQSAR study I have used following descriptors:

1. Molecular weight (MW)2. Heat of formation (Hf

0)

3. Total energy (ET)4. HOMO value (HOMO)5. LUMO value (LUMO)6. Electronegativity ()7. Absolute hardness ()

For QSAR prediction, the 3D modeling and geometery optimization of all thecompounds have been done with the help of PCModel software using PM3hamiltonian. The MOPAC calculations have been performed with WINMOPAC7.21 software, by applying keywords PM3 Charge=0 Gnorm=0.1, Bonds, Geo-OK,Vectors density. The values of the above descriptors are calculated by solving theequations given below:In DFT, the electronegativity, commonly known to a chemist, is define as thenegative of a partial derivative of energy E of an atomic or molecular system withrespect to the number of electrons N with a constant external potential r) [12]

- - r Eq.(1)In accordance with the earlier work of Iczkowski and Margrave,[13] it

should be stated that when assuming a quadratic relationship between E and N andin a finite difference approximation, Eq. 1 may be rewritten as

Eq. (2)where IE and EA are the vertical ionization energy and electron affinity,respectively, thereby recovering the electronegativity definition of Mulliken[14]Moreover, a theoretical justification was provided for Sandersons principle ofelectronegativity equalization, which states that when two or more atoms cometogether to form a molecule, their electronegativities become adjusted to the sameintermediate value [15-17] The absolutehardnessis define as

=(IP-EA) / 2 Eq. (3)where IP and EA are the ionization potential and electron affinity respectively, of thechemical species. According to the Koopman’s theorem, the IP is simply the eigenvalue of the HOMO with change of sign and the EA is the eigen value of the LUMOwith change of sign hence the equations 2 and 3 can be written as

= (LUMOHOMO/2 Eq. (4)


= (LUMOHOMO/2 Eq. (5)The heat of formation is defined as:

Hf0=Eelect.+Enuc.-Eisol.+Eatom Eq.(6)

whereEelect. is the electronic energy, Enuc. is the nuclear-nuclear repulsion energy,Eisol is the energy required to strip all the valence electrons of all the atoms in thesystem, and Eatomis the total heat of atomization of all the atoms in the system. Thetotal electronic energy of the system is given by [18]

ETF Eq.where is the density matrix and is the one-electron matrix. F is fock matrix.For regression analysis, we used project leader programme associated with CAChepro software of Fujitsu. Various regression equation were developed for theprediction of activity. The values of descriptors have been calculated by the aboveequation.Results & discussion: For the sake of simplicity, the forty derivatives of 5-Phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole have been divided into two sets which are given below:

N

N

NR1R2

H

A

B

[A] Parent skeleton of HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivativesSet 1: Structural features and observed cytotoxicity data of First set of anti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivativesDescription of best QSAR model of Set 1:QSAR MODEL1:The predicted activity PA1 is calculated by solving regression equation-1PA1=0.00401366 MW +0.00195131 Hf-0.0107189 ET-0.12421 ε HOMO -2.73678rCV^2=0.301897 r^2=0.603627Equation-1 involves molecular weight as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptor are heat of formation and total energy. The fourth descriptor is HOMOenergy. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented in Table-2. The


reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlation coefficientr^2=0.603627 and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.301897. These coefficientsindicate that this regression gives reasonable regression result. The values of thepredicted activities PA1 are listed in the Table-5.QSAR MODEL2:The predicted activity PA2 is calculated by solving regression equation-2PA2=-0.00071984* Hf+0.00521657* MW -0.0480385*εHOMO -2.33504rCV^2=0.764644r^2=0.815118Equation-2 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptors are molecular weight and HOMO energy. The values of quantumchemical descriptor are presented in Table-2. The reliability of this regressionmodel can be tested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.815118 and cross validationcoefficient rCV^2=0.764644. These coefficients indicate that this regression givesgood regression result. The values of the predicted activities PA2 are listed in theTable-5.QSAR MODEL 3:The predicted activity PA3 is calculated by solving regression equation-3PA3=-0.000842964* Hf+0.00534636* MW +0.0670735* ε LUMO -1.9109rCV^2=0.744483r^2=0.822225Equation-3 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptors are molecular weight and LUMO energy. The values of quantumchemical descriptor are presented in Table-2. The reliability of this regressionmodel can be tested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.822225 and cross validationcoefficient rCV^2=0.744483. These coefficients indicate that this regression givesgood regression result. The values of the predicted activities PA3 are listed in theTable-5.QSAR MODEL 4:The predicted activity PA4 is calculated by solving regression equation-4PA4=-0.000765366* Hf+0.00532853* MW +0.0834568* -2.28681 rCV^2=0.743636r^2=0.8204Equation-4 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptors are molecular weight and electronegativity. The values of quantumchemical descriptor are presented in Table-2. The reliability of this regressionmodel can be tested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.8204 and cross validationcoefficient rCV^2=0.743636. These coefficients indicate that this regression givesgood regression result. The values of the predicted activities PA4 are listed in theTable-5.


QSAR MODEL5:The predicted activity PA5 is calculated by solving regression equation-5PA5=-0.000932053* Hf+0.00525805* MW +0.134769*-1.29462 rCV^2=0.778457r^2=0.819805Equation-5 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptors are molecular weight and absolute hardness. The values of quantumchemical descriptor are presented in Table-2. The reliability of this regressionmodel can be tested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.819805 and cross validationcoefficient rCV^2=0.778457. These coefficients indicate that this regression givesgood regression result. The values of the predicted activities PA5 are listed in theTable-5.QSAR MODEL6:The predicted activity PA6 is calculated by solving regression equation-6PA6=0.00521657* MW -0.451707* ET

-0.0480385*εHOMO -2.33504rCV^2=0.764644r^2=0.815118Equation-6 involves molecular weight as first descriptor. The second and thirddescriptors are total energy and HOMO enrgy. The values of quantum chemicaldescriptor are presented in Table-2. The reliability of this regression model can betested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.815118 and cross validation coefficientrCV^2=0.764644. These coefficients indicate that this regression gives goodregression result. The values of the predicted activities PA6 are listed in the Table-5.Description of best QSAR model of Set 2:QSAR MODEL 1:The predicted activity PA1 is calculated by solving regression equation-1PA1=0.00894592 MW+0.0319974 ET-0.0944098+3.60315rCV^2=0.37383 r^2=0.62096 1Equation-1 involves molecular weight as first descriptor. The second descriptor andthird descriptor are total energy and absolute hardness. The values of quantumchemical descriptor are presented in Table-4. The reliability of this regressionmodel can be tested from correlation coefficient r^2=0.62096and cross validationcoefficient rCV^2=0.37383. These coefficients indicate that this regression givesreasonable regression result. The values of the predicted activities PA1 are listed inthe Table-6.QSAR MODEL 2:The predicted activity PA2 is calculated by solving regression equation-2PA2=0.0101157 MW-0.00210935 Hf+0.0378852 ET-0.15878+4.55877rCV^2=0.261295 r^2=0.647901 1


Equation-2 involves molecular weight as first descriptor. The second descriptor andthird descriptor are heat of formation and total energy. The fourth descriptor isabsolute hardness. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented inTable-4. The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlationcoefficient r^2=0.647901and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.261295. Thesecoefficients indicate that this regression gives reasonable regression result. Thevalues of the predicted activities PA2 are listed in the Table-6.QSAR MODEL 3:The predicted activity PA3 is calculated by solving regression equation-3PA3=0.0111212* Hf+2.15069*εLUMO -8.14435rCV^2=0.848507 r^2=0.929501Equation-3 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second descriptor isLUMO energy. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented in Table-4.The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlation coefficientr^2=0.929501and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.848507. These coefficientsindicate that this regression gives good regression result. The values of the predictedactivities PA3 are listed in the Table-6.QSAR MODEL4:The predicted activity PA4 is calculated by solving regression equation-4PA4=0.0098597* Hf+3.53318*-23.4489rCV^2=0.883564 r^2=0.903596 1Equation-4 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second descriptor iselectronegativity. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented in Table-4. The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlation coefficientr^2=0.903596 and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.883564. Thesecoefficients indicate that this regression gives good regression result. The values ofthe predicted activities PA4 are listed in the Table-6.QSAR MODEL5:The predicted activity PA5 is calculated by solving regression equation-5PA5=0.0113247* Hf+4.50091*+12.5415rCV^2=0.725039 r^2=0.796305 1Equation-5 involves heat of formation as first descriptor. The second descriptor isabsolute hardness. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented inTable-4. The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlationcoefficient r^2=0.796305and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.725039. Thesecoefficients indicate that this regression gives reasonable regression result. Thevalues of the predicted activities PA5 are listed in the Table-6.QSAR MODEL 6:The predicted activity PA6 is calculated by solving regression equation-6PA6=-0.801999*εHOMO +1.82793*εLUMO -13.5612


rCV^2=0.624539 r^2=0.819063 1Equation-6 involves homo energy as first descriptor. The second descriptor isLUMO energy. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented in Table-4.The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlation coefficientr^2=0.819063and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.624539. These coefficientsindicate that this regression gives reasonable regression result. The values of thepredicted activities PA6 are listed in the Table-6.QSAR MODEL7:The predicted activity PA7 is calculated by solving regression equation-7PA7=1.02593*εHOMO +3.65586*-13.5612rCV^2=0.624539 r^2=0.819063 1Equation-7 involves HOMO energy as first descriptor. The second descriptors iselectronegativity. The values of quantum chemical descriptor are presented in Table-4. The reliability of this regression model can be tested from correlation coefficientr^2=0.819063and cross validation coefficient rCV^2=0.624539. These coefficientsindicate that this regression gives reasonable regression result. The values of thepredicted activities PA7 are listed in the Table-6.Conclusion:The present work deals with QSAR modelling of anti HIV 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives with the help of quantum chemical descriptors. PM3 isvery valuable and important parameterization. Hence I used PM3 method forcalculation of anti-HIV 5-Phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole derivatives. Theforty derivatives of 5-Phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazole are on parent skeleton[A]. For the sake of simplicity, these 5-phenyl-1-phenylamino-1H-imidazolederivatives has been divided into two set viz: set 1 and set 2. Each set contain twentycompounds. For QSAR study we have been used seven quantum chemicaldescriptors. Such as Molecular weight (MW), Heat of formation (Hf

0), Total energy(ET), HOMO value (HOMO), LUMO value (LUMO),Electronegativity () andAbsolute hardness () . For QSAR prediction, the 3D modeling and geometeryoptimization of all the compounds have been done with the help of PCModelsoftware using PM3 hamiltonian. The MOPAC calculations have been performedwith WINMOPAC 7.21 software, by applying keywords PM3 Charge=0Gnorm=0.1, Bonds, Geo-OK, Vectors density.For regression analysis, we usedproject leader programme associated with CAChe pro software of Fujitsu. Variousregression equation were developed for the prediction of activity. The values ofdescriptors have been calculated by the above equation which is discussed inexperimental section. Only twentymodel is the best model in the first set and twentyone model are the best model in the second set. These best model have been selectedon the basis of correlation coefficient. The description of these best model arediscussed above.


Table 1: Structural features and observed cytotoxicity data of Firstset of anti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

S. No. A B R1 R2 Obs. Act.1 3-Cl H 3-CH3 SH 1.176

2 2-Cl H 3-CH3 SH 0.7913 4-F H 3-CH3 SH 0.6574 3-Cl H 3-CH3 SH 0.8725 3-Cl 3-Br 3-CH3 SH 1.3576 3-Cl 4-Br 3-CH3 SH 1.4787 3-Cl 3-Cl 3-CH3 SH 1.5098 3-Cl 4-Cl 3-CH3 SH 1.3899 3-Cl 4-OCH3 3-CH3 SH 1.41210 H H 3-CH3 SH 0.71811 3-Br H 3-CH3 SH 1.35412 2,5-Cl H 3-CH3 SH 0.83213 3-NO2 H 3-CH3 SH 1.31614 3-F H 3-CH3 SH 0.96615 3-CH3 H 3-CH3 SH 1.05416 3-CH3 H (CH3)2CH SH 1.37017 3-Cl H C2H5 SH 1.40918 3-CH3 H C2H5 SH 1.27119 3-Cl H C6H5 SH 1.44020 3-OCH3 H 3-CH3 SH 1.420

Table 2: Values of quantum chemical descriptors of First set ofanti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

C.No. MW Hf ET εHOMO ε LUMO O.A1 314.812 134.099 -145.576 -5.732 -0.724 -3.228 2.504 1.176

2 314.812 47.036 -145.746 -6.39 -1.943 -4.166 2.224 0.791

3 298.357 97.519 -149.72 -5.735 -0.856 -3.296 2.439 0.657

4 314.812 117.618 -145.753 -5.494 -0.956 -3.225 2.269 0.872

5 393.708 122.941 -155.648 -5.566 -1.134 -3.35 2.216 1.357

6 393.708 98.683 -155.658 -6.706 -3.055 -4.881 1.826 1.478

7 349.257 109.644 -157.524 -5.538 -1.096 -3.317 2.221 1.509

8 349.257 98.178 -157.407 -6.637 -2.926 -4.782 1.856 1.389

9 344.838 71.36 -164.955 -5.624 -1.706 -3.665 1.959 1.412


10 280.367 140.638 -133.808 -5.643 -0.766 -3.205 2.438 0.718

11 359.263 139.929 -143.927 -5.709 -1.108 -3.409 2.3 1.354

12 349.257 67.709 -157.389 -4.303 -1.523 -2.913 1.39 0.832

13 327.38 164.678 -167.317 -5.719 -1.248 -3.483 2.236 1.316

14 298.357 97.635 -149.72 -5.786 -0.781 -3.284 2.502 0.966

15 294.394 227.73 -141.27 -5.762 -0.955 -3.359 2.403 1.054

16 322.447 219.657 -155.318 -5.728 -1.069 -3.399 2.33 1.37

17 328.839 112.745 -152.912 -5.501 -0.954 -3.227 2.273 1.409

18 308.42 225.241 -148.288 -5.62 -1.234 -3.427 2.193 1.271

19 376.883 152.444 -174.781 -5.546 -0.981 -3.264 2.282 1.44

20 310.393 95.891 -153.358 -5.593 -0.92 -3.256 2.337 1.42

Table 3: Structural features and observed cytotoxicity data ofSecond set of anti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

S.No. A B R1 R2 Obs. Act.1 3-Cl 3-CN 3-CH3 SH 1.0032 3-CH3 3-CN 3-CH3 SH 1.3413 3-Cl 3COCH3 3-CH3 SH 1.172

4 3-Cl 3-COOH 3-CH3 SH 0.9215 3-CH3 3-COOH 3-CH3 SH 0.7286 4-C2H5 H 3-CH3 SH 1.4637 4-CH3S H 3-CH3 SH 1.2758 3-Cl H 3-CH3 H 1.757

9 3-Cl 3-Br 3-CH3 H 1.78510 3-Cl 3-Cl 3-CH3 H 1.92311 H H 3-CH3 H 1.28212 3-CH3 H 3-CH3 H 1.568

13 4-F H 3-CH3 H 1.51114 3-CH3 H 3-CH3 H 1.55515 3,5CH3 H 3-CH3 H 1.69016 3-OCH3 H 3-CH3 H 1.46317 3-Cl 3-CN 3-CH3 H 1.434

18 3-CH3 3-CN 3-CH3 H 1.35019 3-Cl 3-CONH2 3-CH3 H 0.58420 3-CH3 3-CONH2 3-CH3 H 0.790


Table4: Values of Quantum Chemical descriptors of second set ofanti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

C.No. MW Hf TE εHOMO εLUMO O.Activity

1 339.822 154.53 -158.542 -5.679 -1.442 -3.56 2.119 1.0032 339.822 154.53 -158.543 -5.68 -1.442 -3.561 2.119 1.3413 374.864 37.797 -184.487 -5.462 -0.853 -3.157 2.305 1.1724 358.822 29.878 -175.479 -5.606 -1.35 -3.478 2.128 0.9215 352.43 131.625 -178.33 -5.885 -1.442 -3.664 2.221 0.7286 308.42 126.28 -148.156 -5.643 -0.609 -3.126 2.517 1.4637 326.454 142.207 -150.159 -5.661 -0.784 -3.222 2.439 1.2758 283.76 95.461 -137.265 -8.958 -0.495 -4.727 4.232 1.7579 362.656 103.222 -147.156 -9.028 -0.59 -4.809 4.219 1.78510 318.205 176.1 -149.032 -6.763 -4.209 -5.486 1.277 1.92311 249.315 188.008 -125.497 -6.6 -4.04 -5.32 1.28 1.28212 263.341 178.655 -132.684 -6.557 -4.039 -5.298 1.259 1.56813 267.305 144.37 -141.41 -6.664 -4.169 -5.416 1.248 1.51114 263.341 178.647 -132.685 -6.557 -4.04 -5.299 1.258 1.55515 277.368 168.131 -139.879 -6.564 -4.01 -5.287 1.277 1.6916 279.341 151.48 -144.875 -6.58 -3.994 -5.287 1.293 1.46317 308.77 217.639 -150.055 -6.908 -4.352 -5.63 1.278 1.43418 288.351 212.093 -145.473 -6.832 -4.305 -5.569 1.263 1.3519 326.785 70.825 -163.927 -9.204 -1.012 -5.108 4.096 0.58420 306.366 52.891 -159.615 -9.05 -0.648 -4.849 4.201 0.79

Table 5: Predicted activity value from PA1 to PA6 of First set ofanti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

C. No.PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PA5 PA6 O.

Activity1 1.061 0.985 1.069 1.145 1.258 1.283 1.176

2 0.974 0.871 0.465 0.745 0.745 0.465 0.791

3 0.968 0.589 0.637 0.642 0.652 0.589 0.657

4 1.001 0.798 0.853 0.789 0.826 0.798 0.872

5 1.443 1.258 1.259 1.236 1.235 1.258 1.357

6 1.537 1.389 1.325 1.365 0.981 1.357 1.478

7 1.255 1.476 1.456 1.457 1.64 1.556 1.509


8 1.368 1.375 1.79 1.345 1.235 1.69 1.389

9 1.253 1.364 1.284 1.345 1.356 1.684 1.41210 0.798 0.689 0.587 0.568 0.687 0.587 0.71811 1.23 0.975 1.257 1.347 1.324 1.257 1.35412 1.019 0.824 0.812 0.984 0.875 0.812 0.83213 1.402 0.956 0.995 1.342 1.1235 0.995 1.31614 0.975 0.8974 0.854 0.9831 0.897 0.789 0.96615 1.119 1.045 1.064 1.12 1.23 1.034 1.05416 1.362 1.27 1.15 1.156 1.59 1.17 1.3717 1.125 1.35 1.389 1.258 1.32 1.609 1.40918 1.228 1.125 1.542 1.257 1.258 1.071 1.27119 1.636 1.232 1.232 1.325 1.357 1.232 1.4420 1.035 1.356 0.987 1.37 1.45 0.987 1.42

Table 6: Predicted activity value from PA1 to PA7 of Second set ofanti-HIV5-phenyl-1-H-imidazole derivatives

C.N. PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 O.A.1 1.37 1.047 1.093 1.007 1.008 1.008 1.052 1.0032 1.37 1.547 1.593 1.37 1.594 1.194 1.587 1.5683 0.836 1.942 1.777 1.836 1.592 1.572 1.562 1.5554 0.997 1.921 1.935 1.997 1.558 1.552 1.676 1.695 0.84 1.378 1.811 1.44 1.578 1.478 1.429 1.4636 1.384 1.45 1.337 1.384 1.482 1.354 1.425 1.4347 1.489 1.304 1.421 1.489 1.364 1.461 1.351 1.358 1.35 0.284 0.546 0.35 0.47 0.47 0.567 0.5849 1.741 0.613 0.864 0.741 0.758 0.753 0.72 0.7910 1.561 1.465 1.5 1.561 1.428 1.456 1.467 1.34111 1.697 1.199 1.158 1.197 1.142 1.122 1.147 1.17212 1.595 0.665 0.752 0.795 0.719 0.813 0.911 0.92113 1.352 0.654 0.631 0.552 0.724 0.629 0.435 0.72814 1.595 1.465 1.552 1.595 1.519 1.519 1.511 1.46315 1.488 1.43 1.447 1.488 1.276 1.279 1.274 1.27516 1.344 1.574 1.615 1.644 1.791 1.681 1.733 1.75717 1.443 1.612 1.405 1.443 1.776 1.756 1.78 1.78518 1.409 1.79 1.78 1.609 1.904 1.804 1.982 1.92319 0.895 1.21 1.109 1.395 1.243 1.273 1.124 1.28220 0.84 1.443 1.467 1.584 1.547 1.529 1.516 1.511


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SENSES AND SENTIMENTS IN ANITA DESAI’S CRY, THE PEACOCK · Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 4, No. 1 /Jan-Jun. 2014 1 SENSES AND