Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory

Echoic Memory

Iconic Memory

What is the evidence?

Subjective experienceObjective measurements

Judge duration of a lightInterferenceSperling’s (1960) work

capacitydecay (forgetting)

Echoic Memory

What is the evidence?

InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in terminal list positions)

Though there are problems for echoic memory

Info

SENSORY

STORES

Info

Info

SENSORY

STORES

Info InfoShort-termMemory

Info

SENSORY

STORES

Info InfoShort-termMemory

Long-term

Memory

Info InfoShort-termMemory

Long-term

Memory

Demo

Bottleneck

Info InfoShort-termMemory

Long-term

Memory

Info InfoPrimaryMemory

SecondaryMemory

Waugh & Norman (1965)

Rehearsal

Note: Terms consistent with those used

by W. James (1890)

Forgetting

Info

SENSORY

STORES

Info Info

Short-termMemory

Controlprocesses

Long-term

Memory

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1971)

Forgetting Responseoutput

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Short-term Store Long-term Store

Short-term Memory Long-term Memory

Immediate Memory(Miller, 1956)

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?

Different capacitiesForgetting

Serial position curveAn approach to measurement

Dissociations

Quick Demo

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?

Different capacitiesSTM - - 7 2 bits Chunking (recoding) in STM

LTM - - huge, don’t know whether we can max out

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?Different capacities STM - - 7 2 bits Chunking (recoding) in STM LTM - - huge, don’t know whether

we can max out

Retention of info (forgetting) STM - - about 30 s LTM - - relatively permanent (one view)(can remember some things a very long time)

Refer back to demo

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position

List Position

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position

List Position

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Primacy

Recency

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position

List Position

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Primacy and middle

Recency

Recall from LTM

Recall fromSTM

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?

Different capacities

Serial position curveAn approach to measurement

Dissociations

Serial position curveAn approach to measurement

How do you know whether an item has beenrecalled from STM or LTM?

Tulving and Colotla (1970) method count number of trials between study position and recall position (intratrial retention interval, ITRI)

If ITRI 7, item has been recalled from STM If ITRI > 7, item has been recalled from LTM

Study Position

aunt cat eye lace lid sap sun led sore red gap flu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Recall Position

flu red sore gap aunt cat lace 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Study Position

aunt cat eye lace lid sap sun led sore red gap flu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Recall Position

flu red sore aunt cat gap lid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ITRI 7, STM; flu: 0, red: 3, sore: 5, gap: 6ITRI > 7, LTM; aunt: 14, cat: 14, lid: 13

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?

Different capacities

Serial position curveAn approach to measurement

Dissociations

Logic of a dissociation Try to find out whether there is more than one thing (e.g., memory store or memory process)

Water and mountain example

How can you find out whether there is one body of water or twobodies of water?

Do something to the water on the left – does it influence all of the water or just the water on the left?

Influence all of the water (in same way), then conclude one body of water.

Influence only the water on the left, then conclude two bodies of water.

Let’s say you do something to the water on left ( water level) and it affects only the water on the left. Conclusion: Two bodies of water.

What do you do if you want to be really sure about your conclusion?

Let’s say you do something to the water on left and it affects onlythe water on the left. Conclusion: Two bodies of water.

What do you do if you want to be really sure about your conclusion? Also do something to water on right (make ripples) and see what happens.

Dissociation

Employ a manipulation of some type

Performance in one condition changes but performance in another condition does not.

DissociationEmploy a manipulation of some type

Performance in one condition changes but performance in another condition does not.

In water example, left body of water changes (e.g., water level gets higher) but right body does not (e.g., water level doesn’t change)—dissociation.

If do something else (make ripples) to the right body of water at the same time and the right body changes (ripples) but the left body of water does not (no ripples)—dissociation.

Dissociation Apply this logic to the serial position curve

Dissociation Apply this logic to the serial position curve

Conduct some manipulationIf whole curve changes in same way,then conclude: just one type of memoryor memory store

If one part of curve changes but another part does not change, then conclude: more than one type of memory or memory store(e.g., two memory stores)

Manipulation #1

Presentation rate

Fast vs. slow

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Presentation Rate

List Position

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Slow presentation

Fast presentation

Manipulation #1

Presentation rate

Fast vs. slow

dissociationaffect primacy and middle positionsbut not recency positions

Manipulation #1

Presentation rate

Fast vs. slow

dissociationaffect primacy and middle partsbut not recency part

Conclusion: Two different types of memory

Manipulation #1

Recall delay (retention interval)

Immediate vs. delayed recall

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Recall Delay

List Position

Immediaterecall

Delayed recall

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

P(r)

1.0

0.0

Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Recall Delay

List Position

Immediaterecall

Delayed recall (10 s)

Delayed recall (30 s)

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Manipulation #1

Retention Interval

Immediate vs. delayed

dissociation affect recency positions but not primacy and middle positions

Manipulation #2

Retention Interval

Immediate vs. delayed

dissociation affect recency postitions but not primacy and middle positions

Conclusion: Two different types of memory

Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction

What is the evidence?

Different capacitiesForgetting

Serial position curveAn approach to measurement

Dissociations

Have a good day!