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Avdelningen för energi.miljö och byggandeHögskolan Dalarna

. 781 88 Borlänge

Tel: +46 23 778700Tel: +46 23 778701

Besöksadress/Street adress:Forskargatan 8Borlänge

ISSN 1103 - 1816ISRN HFB-SERC--29--SEJanuari 1990

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Solar Energy Research CenterCentrum för solenergiforskning

Progress report 1990

SERC

Lars BromanAssoc. Prof. DirectorBettv BinderMSc Physics EngineeringEric BäveMSc Civil EngineeringKent BörjessonEngjneerGöran ErikssonAssistantKiell GustafssonBSc BiologyOlle HädellMScUlla KareliussonSecretaryEva LindbergBSc

~~e Niwong

Svante NordlanderMSc Mechanjcs EngineeringMats RönnelidMScA.SalimBScGöran SvärdströmEngineer

Associates

Yngve ßergström, ßorliingeProfessor

Arne ßroman, GöteborgProfessor

Lars Dahlgren. NorrköplngPhD Meteorology

Sven Eketorp, StockholmProfessor

Per Isaksson, StockholmLicenciate in Engineering

ßjörn Karlsson, ÄIvkarlebyAssoc. Prof.

Per Olov Nllsson, GarpenbergProfessor

Aadu Ott, GöteborgAssoc. Prof.

Högskolan Falun/BorlängeBox 1004478110 Borlänge

Besöksadre~s:Forskargatan 6

Tel. 0243 73400Fax 0243 73750

University College ofFalun/Borlängep .O.Box 10044S- 78110 BorlängeSWEDEN

Visiting addressForskargatan 6

SERC/U CFB -90/0029ISSN 0248-1568

SERC/UCFB-90/0029ISSN 0248-1568

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SERC

Solar Energy Research CenterUniversity College of Falun/BorlängeP. 0. Box 10044S-781 10 BorlängeSWEDENVisiting address: Forskargatan 6Phone +4624373400 (swithboard)Telefax +4624373750

Centrum för solenergiforskningHögskolan Falun/BorlängeBox 1004478110 BorlängeBesöksadress: Forskargatan 6Telefon 024373400 (växel)Telefax 024373750

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3

2. Statt 1989 4

53. Publications

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3.1 SERC/UCFB reports 1989 3.2 Papers published in 1989 3.3 University College of Falun/Borlänge theses in solar energy

3.4 Popular articles, etc.

4 .Pro j ects 13

4.1 Current R&D projects 134.2 Planned R&D projects 164.3 Summery of preliminary R&D program for 1990-93 ..174.4 Projects in Education 18

5. Travel 20

5.1 Conferences 205.2 International travel 215.3 Dornestic travel ~ .235.4 International visitors at SERC 245.5 Dornestic visitors at SERC 24

6. Other activities 26

6.1 Solar energy seminars 266.2 Solar energy exhibition 266.3 Solar energy education 266 .4 IASEE 276.5 Study visits at SERC 276.6 Bo91 276.7 SEAS 286 .8 Libr ary 28

7 .Economy 30

328. Insolation in Borlänge during 1989

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1. INTRODUCTION

The Solar Energy Research Center was established as aseparate entity within the Faculty of Engineering, UniversityCollege of Falun/Borlänge in 1984. Since then the Center andits activities have grown quickly. For example, while thefirst yearly budget totalled SEK 25000, the budget for thefiscal year 1989-90 exceeds SEK 2.5 million.

SERC has previosly published three biennal Progress Reports,covering activities up to 1988 and plans for 1989. A need formore frequent summing up is however felt, and thus thepresent Progress Report 1990 is our first annual progressreport. It describes publications and important events during1989- for the period prior to 1989 see earlier progressreports. Furthermore, it presents projects current andplanned in January 1990.

During 1989, SERC has moved into new localities atForskargatan 6. They are both much larger and better suitedfor our activities than the old ones in Teknikdalen acrossthe street. A total of 300 sqm includes a large office withnine working stations, a smaller office for 1-2 persons, alibrary-conference room, an optics laboratory, an electronicslaboratory, a small kitchen, and storage rooms. Aspectrophotometer has been installed as well as several newcomputers. A solar test site close to the building is underconstruction.

The Center haB been engaged in the following activitieB:

* Research and development in the field of solar energy withspecial emphasis on applied optics, solar heating, computersimulations and solar energy for development.

* University level teaching and student thesis worksupervision in the field of solar energy.

* Facilitate information from solar energy specialists tothe region's companies as well as the general public by meansof seminars, exhibitions, popular articles, pressconferences, radio/TV-programs and by building up a solarenergy library.

* Establish national and international contacts in order toenhance the knowledge of solar energy, regionally as well asnationally and internationally. SERC has accepted to host theSolar Energy Association of Sweden (SEAS) Secretariat from1990. SERC has initiated the formation of InternationalAssociation for Solar Energy Education (IASEE).

* Publish scientific conference papers and reports in the

SERC/UCFB report Beries.

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2. STAFF 1989

Ordinary staff

Lars Broman, PhD, Assoc. Prof., DirectorPeter Asp, Engineer (- February)Betty Binder, MSc (February -)Eric Bave, MScKent Börjesson, EngineerGöran Eriksson, AssistantKjell Gustafsson, BScOlle Hadell, MSc (August -)Eva Lindberg, BScSigge Niwong, MA (August -)Svante Nordlander, MSc (September -)Mats Rönnelid, BScA. Salim, BSc (December -)Göran Swärdström, Engineer (August -)Helene Tiger, Secretary ( -June)

Associates:

Yngve Bergström, Professor, BorlängeArne Broman, Professor, GöteborgLars Dahlgren, Dr., NorrköpingSven Eketorp, Professor, StockholmPer Isakson, Tech. Lic., StockholmBjörn Karlsson, Assoc. Prof., ÄlvkarlebyPer Olov Nilsson, Professor, GarpenbergAadu Ott, Assoc. Prof., Göteborg

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3. PUBLICATIONS

3.1 SERC/UCFB REPORTS 1989

SERC PROGRESS REPORT 1988-89Report SERC/UCFB-89/0020; 31 pages, February

The contents of the third SERC Progress Report are:-abstracts of sixteen SERC/UCFB reports published 1987-1988

including the second Progress Report,-abstracts of sixteen other papers published 1987-1988,-five theses in solar energy from University College of

Falun/Borlänge published 1987-88,-presentation of nine popular articles,

presentation of ten current projects and six plannedprojects,

-presentation of our library, economy, travel and visitors,-other SERC activities.

SOLAR MEASUREMENT STATION IN BORLÄNGELars Dahlgren, Kent Börjesson and Lars BromanReport SERC/UCFB-89/0021 (in Swedish)

The solar measurement station is one of twelve such stationsmaking a solar measuring network in Sweden. The station isowned by SMHI (the Swedish Meteorological and HydrologicalInstitute) and is used by SMHI, SERC and the Futures' museum(for an exhibition on the weather just now). Data from thestation are sent automatically and regularly to SMHI, SERCand the Futures' Museum. SERC uses the station forcalibration purposes and development work. Daily tending andservice is done by technicians from the Futures' Museum andSERC.

SOLAR ENERGY IN IRAQ, INDIA AND LIBYA. SHORT REPORT FROMCONFERENCES AND STUDY TRAVEL IN 1988Lars BromanReport SERC/UCFB-89/0022 (in Swedish)

The Third Arab International Solar Energy Conference was heldin Baghdad, Iraq, February 21-24, 1988. Six invited lecturesand some fifty papers were presented. Comments on some of themore interesting papers are given. A report is given aboutsolar energy activities at Indian Institute of Technology in

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Bombay and New Delhi. Energex 88- The Global Energy Forumwas held in Tripoli, November 25-30, 1988. Some hundredpapers were presented in the fields of fossile fuels, nuclearenergy and renewable sources of energy. Comments on some ofthe presentations are given.

ON A POSSIELE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR SOLAR ENERGYEDUCATIONLars EromanReport SERC/UCFE-89/0023

In a cooperative effort between solar energy educators atUniversity of Oldenburg, Germany (FRD) and University Collegeof Falun/Borlänge, some steps towards an International SolarEnergy Education Society (ISEES) was taken. A questionnairewas sent out to the delegates at the North Sun '88 Conferenceand handed out to the delegates of the Energy EducatorsAssociation (EEA) conference "Networking in EnergyEducation". A report is given about the result of thequestionnaire.

SOLAR HEATING IN DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM AND GROUP HEATINGSYSTEM- SOLAR ENERGY SEMINAR IN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 17, 1989Report SERC/UCFB-89/0024 (in Swedish)

In August 1989 the University College of Falun/Borlängearranged, in co-operation with the Swedish Council forBuilding Research and National Energy Administration, threeone-day seminars on solar energy. The seminars were for bothamateurs and professionals who wanted to get knowledge aboutthe latest experiences in the field. This report contains thedocumentation from the first seminar in the Beries:

-Ingvar Enquist, Developing of solar heating technic forcollective systems of heat providing

-Gunnar Wilson, Costs for ground placed high efficient flatplate solar collector

-Bengt GrellsgArd, Energy planning in communities-Per Isakson, The solar heating plants in Nykvarn and

Falkenberg-Torbjörn Jilar, Seasonal storage of solar heat in Kungälv-Björn Karlsson, 10 years of solar heating research -

reBults and future planning

SOLAR HEATING IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -SOLAR ENEGY SEMINARIN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 18, 1989SERC/UCFB-89/0025 (in Swedish)

Documentation from the second Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge:-Betty Binder, Intruduction-Peter Larsson, Introduction-Torben Esbensen, An innovative cornrnercial building -

passive solar and daylighting-Michael Rantil, Solar heating in built environment -

experiences and research needs-Göran Hultmark, Solar collector technic for one -and

multy family houses

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Christer Nordström, The multy family house wich becamea solar houseEric BAve, Demands on living on the introduction of flatplate solar collectors

SOLAR ENERGY IN DEVELOFING COUNTRIES -NEW FERSFECTIVES ANDEXFERIENCES- SOLAR ENERGY SEMINAR IN BORLÄNGE AUGUST 19, 1989Report SERC/UCFB-89/0026

Documentation from the third Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge:-Lars Kristoferson, Solar energy for developing countries

in perspectives-H.P. Garg, Solar cookers -design details and experiences-H.P. Garg, Solar drying -design details, economics and

experiences-Torben Esbensen, Solar energy for rural areas -danish

experiences. Financing of solar energy projects indeveloping countries

-Stig Carlsson, Solar energy development in Afghanistan-Lars Broman, Solar electricity in developing countries

REFLECTION LOSSES FROM CYLINDRICAL CONCAVE ABSORBER GLAZINGSAND p V MODULE SURFACESLars Broman and Eva LindbergReport SERC/UCFB-89/0027

Formulas for calculation of reflection losses for sun raysincident in a plane perpendicular to the axis of transparentcylindrical concave panes have been derived. Calculations oflosses have been carried out for all angles of incidence andrepresentative panes. The result shows that these losses aregreatly reduced for high incidence angles compared with flatpanes. Reflectivities at varying incidence angles for somerepresentative PV modules have been measured using a HeNe laserand compared with the calculations. Results indicate that theoutput from slightly cylindrical fixed latitude tilt PVmodules would be higher than the output from flat fixed latitudetilt PV modules during early mornings and late afternoons whenthe incident beam radiation angle is large.

The following SERC reports are in progress:

Microelektrification in the GambiaKent Börjesson

in Swedish)

Solar energy planning in Yugoslavia..

Er1.c Bave

Report frorn 9th European Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConference and Exhibition in FreiburgBetty Binder

Solar Energy in United States.Travel report trom visits and conterences May-June 1989Lars Broman

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Small Scale Utilization of Renewable Sources of EnergyReport from three conferencesKjell Gustafsson, Anette Henning and Sigge Niwong

Solar Energy in Asia.Report from ISES World Congress in Robe, Japan, September1989 and from study visits in India and PakistanLars Broman and Göran Eriksson

Wood Burning Stove Project in the GambiaSven Eketorp

in Swedish)

Small Scale Utilization of Renewable Sources of EnergyReports from three conferencesKjell Gustafsson, Annette Henning and Sigge Niwong

3.2 PAPERS PUBLISHED IN 1989

NORTH SUN '88 PROCEEDINGSSwedish Council for Building Research D2:1989,ISBN 91-540-4973-3, 688 pagesLars Brornan and Mats Rönnelid

SOLAR ENERGY IN SWEDEN 1989Paper presented at the Conference qn Heating, ventilationand Air-conditioning, Varna, Bulgaria, May 25-27, 1989Eva Lindberg, Betty Binder and Lars Broman

Current Swedish Solar Heating Plant projects are describedas well as SERC R$D activities.

ON REFLECTION LOSSES FROM CYLINDRICAL CONCAVE p V MODULESSolar Cells (1989)Lars Brornan

The paper presents formulas for calculation of reflectionlosses for sun rays incident in a plane perpendicular to theaxis of transparent cylindrical concave panes. Reflectivitiesat varying incidence angles for some representative PV moduleshave been measured using a HeNe laser and compared with thecalculations.

REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF UNCOATED AND COATED METAL SURFACES-A LITERATURE STUDY

The Heliograph No.1 (1989; in Swedish)Ewa WäckelgArd and Lars Brornan

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A literature study and literature search regarding reflectionproperties of uncoated and coated metal surfaces has beenperformed. Eightythree papers have been chosen as particularyinteresting. We have especially searched for articles on opticmeasurement methods, experimental results for high incidenceangles and results regarding steel surfaces. The reportsuggests that SERC procures a spectrophotometer equipment.

AN ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENT KIT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS USINGPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATED ELECTRICITYProceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Kobe, Japan,September 4-8, 1989Lars Broman

An electricity experiment kit that incorporates photovoltaiccells has been constructed. The kit consists of a circuitboard, a number of electric componenets and a manual. The PVcells are used both in PV electricity experiments and as asource of DC current for experiments in general electricity.The kit works well technically and field tests in Africansecondary schools are in the planning.

PRESIM- A GRAPHICAL INTERACTIVE PREPRÜCESSüR FÜR MODULARS IMULATION PROGRAMSProceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Kobe, Japan,September 4-8, 1989Svante Nordlander, Mats Rönnelid, Per Isaksson and Lars Broman

PRESIM is a computer program for creating, storing, retreivingand changing input data for modular HVAC system simulationprograms. The user works with CAD-style tools. The program alsoproduces system schematics and other documentation. A firstrelease of PRESIM will produce input data for the TRNSYSsimulation program.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CZECHOSLOVARIAN FRESNEL LENSMEASURED USING A LASER BEAMProceeding ISES Solar World Congress, Robe, Japan,September 4-8, 1989Lars Broman, Eva Lindberg and Rent Börjesson

Linear glass Fresnel lenses have b~en experimentallyinvestigated by means of a narrow HeNe laser beam, bothat normal incidence and at various combinations of meridionaland sagittal angles of incidence. Both rays incident on theflat and on the grooved side were studied. Result were comparedwith previous ray tracing results by Franc et al. Theexperiments suggest, contrary to the ray tracing, that thegrooves should face the sun in other than sun-trackingapplications.

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USE OF NONIMAGING CONCENTRATORS FOR MODERATE CONCENTRATION OFSUNLIGHT ONTO PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLSProceeding 9th European Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConference and Exhibition, Freiburg, Germany, September 25-29,1989Lars Broman, Mats Rönnelid, Betty Binder and Eva LindbergThe square cornet type nonimaging concentrator has been shownuseful for moderate concentration of sunlight onto photovoltaicsolar cells, since it creates no hot spots at the exitaperture. In this paper are presented the mathematical formulason which the cornet designs are based, results from computersimulations on overall cornet performance compared withmeasurements as well as exit aperture intensity variations,measured optical concentration ratios under controlledcircumstances, and cell temperature measurements underrealistic circumstances.

EXPERIMENTAL OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CZECHOSLOVAKIANFRESNEL LENS.Paper presented at the Third International Conference onApplied Optics in Solar Energy, Prague, Czechoslovakia,October 2-6, 1989Lars Brornan, Eva Lindberg, Kent Börjesson and Kjell Gustavsson

Linear glass Fresnel lenses have been experimentallyinvestigated by means of a narrow HeNe laser beam, both atnormal incidence and at various combianations of meridional andsagittal angles of incidence. A testbench for investigation ofcombinations of flat mirror troughs and linear Fresnel lenseshas been constructed. Results from preliminary measurementssuggest that a larger meridional acceptance angle is achievedthan with a lens only.

NONIMAGING SOLAR CONCENTRATORSInvited paper presented at the Third International Conferenceon Applied Optics in Solar Energy, Prague, Czechoslovakia,October 2-6, 1989.Lars Broman

A general overview of nonimaging solar concentrators, theirtheory, basic design and practical use is presented. Specialemphasis is given to troughs with flat sides and to cornet typeconcentrators. Several recent results including studies ofcombinations of lenses and mirrors are summerized.

A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY NETWORKNewsletter of the Ellergy Educators Associatioll Vol. 2, No.(1989)Lars Bromall

Same text as SERC/UCFB Report No. 89/0023. Also publishedin The Heliograph No.2 (1989)

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3.3 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FALUN/BORLÄNGE THESES IN SOLARENERGY(All in Swedish)

TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENT KIT IN ELECTRICITY AND PHOTOVOLTAICSFOR SECONDARY SCHOOLSIrena PerssonSupervisors: Lars Broman and Kent Börjesson

ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IN STATIONARY AND TRACKING SOLARCOLLECTORSMikael Dahlström, Lars Karlberg alld Madjid MortazaviSupervisors: Kellt Börjessoll alld Görall Swärdström

3.4 POPULAR ARTICLES, RADIO/TV PROGRAMS ETC

THE EIGTHIES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS(Swedish title: SolfAngarnas Attiotal)Tore WizeliusAlternativet, No.36 1989Report frorn Solar Energy Seminars in Borlänge, August 1989

THE SUN GIVES HEAT(Swedish title: Solen ger värme)Inger WestinEnergikällan, No.11989

THE SUN AS ENERGY SOURCE(Swedish title: Solen som energikällaBergs Lars HanssonVilla Fakta, No.1 and No.21989

in Swedish)THE SUN AS FUTURE HEAT PRODUCERKerBtin AnvillEnergi i utveckling, No.31989

SERC, 1989. Presentation pamphlets in English andSwedish.

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During 1989 there has also been some thirty articleson SERC in Swedish daily and weekly newspapers, most ofthem in local press about the mobile solar energy exhibition.

Miljöbilder, TV program about renewable energy sources, whereLars Broman had the major part, Decerober 2

Interview in Radio Dalarna with Kjell Gustafsson about themobile solar energy exhibition, May 9

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4. PROJECTS

4.1 CURRENT PROJECTS

CONSTRUCTION OF PRESIM -A GRAPHIC PREPROCESSOR FOR MODULARSIMULATION PROGRAMSSvante Nordlander, Mats Rönnelid, Per Isakson and Lars Broman

The objective is to construct an interactive graphicpreprocessor, PRESIM, for modular simulation programs. withPRESIM, we intend to provide the users with a CAD-styleworking environment for creating, storing, retrieving andchanging input data, i. e. the HVAC system description,simulation control data, and references to climate and loaddata. In the first part we are working with an interface withthe simulation program TRNSYS, a work done in co-operationwith Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. Thefirst version of PRESIM has just been completed and will betested by several institutions in Europe and united States.

MICROELECTRIFICATION IN AFRICAN RURAL AREASLars Brornan, Kent Börjesson, Sigge Niwong, Mats Rönnelid,Annette Henning and S. Ornar A. Sallah

Solar p v panels can presently compete favorahly with dieselgenerated electricity in many instances, especially whenpower demand is less than a few kWh per day. Thus, the hasicelectricity needs of a rural community in a developingcountry could well he met hy photovoltaic systems. The firststep of a village electrification process is referred to asmicro electrification. Several pilot projects of microelectrification activities in The Gamhia and Tanzania are inprogress, for instance use of flashlights with rechargeahlehatteries in households, solar hattery charging for schoolradios, testing of school lahoratory equipment withsolar-charged hatteries, insolation measurements, etc. AtSERC, a prototype solar powered workshop is in the process ofheing huilt up; a numher of low-voltage machines will he inuse and tested in the workshop.

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INSOLATION MEASUREMENTS IN BORLÄNGEKent Börjesson, Lars Brornan and Lars Dahlgren

An automatic weather station is situated on the roof of HotelGalaxen in Borlänge since June, 1987. Every 6th minute, thefollowing data are recorded: Hemispheric insolation (asmeasured with a pyranometer). Direct solar flux (as measuredwith a pyrheliometer). Wind speed and direction. Ambient airtemperature and humidity. Data are stored and automaticallysent to SMHI and SERC every hour. A monitor in the Futures'Museum provides the general public with on-line weather data.The insolation data are used in several of SERC's currentprojects. The installation of a pyrgeometer for measurementof infrared radiation is in progress. (Note: A compilation ofdata for 1989 is given in Chapter 8.)

INSTALLATION OF A SPECTROPHOTOMETER AT SERCLars Broman and Eva Lindberg

An Optronic spectrophotometer has been installed at SERCduring 1989. It has the following specifications and abilities:-an automated system for accurately measuring specular

reflectance of polished surfaces as a function ofwavelength (280-2500 nm) and angle of incidence (10-85degrees)

-measuring diffuse reflectance using a 10 cm diameterintegrating sphere

-single monochromator (for increased light intensity at thedetector)

-quarts-halogen lamp-mirror imaging source optics-variable measurement area (bandwidth 2-40 nm)-detectors of Si and cooled PbS-a computer performs the measurement sequence under software

control-the reflectance of the test sample is calculated, displayed

and printed out in both tabular and graphic form.The instrument will be used in reflectance studies ofuncoated and coated metal surfaces as well as aged surfaces.A series of test measurements is near completion and showsthat all parts of the system work well.

SOLAR TEST SITE AT SERCKent Börjesson and Göran Swärdström

SERC has arranged an area for long-time tests of solar cellpanels, efficiency measurements of flat plate solarcollectors, etc., as well as access to computers forsimulation and other applications.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LENS-MIRRORCOMBINATIONSLars Broman, Eva Lindberg and Kjell Gustafsson

Adding a V-traugh with reflecting sides ta a linear Fresnellens increases the acceptance angle af the lens. In thepresent study, carnbinatians af the Czechaslavakian glass

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Fresnel lens and aluminizied glass mirrors are investigated.

SOLAR HEATING SURFACESBetty Binder, Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

A general study of primarily reflection properties ofsurfaces with possible solar heating applications is inprogress, using SERC's new spectrophotometer. The study isbuilt on extensive literature studies, both previouslyreported and continued. Complementary studies of specularreflectance as a function of incidence angle are done bymeans of a HeNe laser and a sextant used as precision angulartable.

LONG-TERM STUDIES OF VARIOUS REFLECTING SURFACESBetty Binder, Lars Brornan and Eva Lindberg

Reflecting materials are subject to aging to various degreesand long-term tests under different climatic conditions haveto be done on all kinds of surfaces contemplated for solarenergy applications. Systematic studies comparing the effectsof different climatic conditions will be performed, sinceseveral factors vary between different locations; sunlightintensity, uv fraction of sunlight, air contaminations(smoke, salt,sand), wind, precipitation, temperaturevariations, etc. Specular and diffuse reflectance changes ofthe sampIes are to be measured using SERC'sspectrophotometer.

SOLAR COLLECTOR GEOMETRIES AT HIGH LATITUDESLars Broman

Stationary and tracking georoetries are qualitatively analysedfor a nurober of locations between northen latitudes 55 and 68degrees.

CONSTRUCTION AND FIELD TESTS OF INSOLATION MEASUREMENTINSTRUMENTSLars Broman, Kent Börjesson and Svante Nordlander

Solar insolation measurements are essential for successfulimplementation of solar technology. Detailed knowledge of thesun's intensity is missing in many parts of the world.Especially when employing concentration of sunlight, accessto good insolation data is essential. Lack of suitableinstruments is one major reason why such data do not exist.We have for some years investigated the possibilities ofcreating measuring devices using semiconductor andphotographic technologies. A number of problems related toconstruction of such instruments have been solved, butseveral remain to solve.

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SOLAR ENERGY AND SOCIETY PLANNING.o

Erlc Bave

Integrating new solutions on energy end environmentalproblems in society planning as solar energy is connectedwith many obstacles. The purpose of the project is todescribe the present state of planning and the planningprocedure, to create a model for analyzing anddescribing, to analyze the planning procedure with the focuson environmental protection and technology for the use ofrenewable energy sources with solar energy technology as anexample. Some cases of planning and environmental problems inSweden and Yugoslavia are used.

4.2 PLANNED PROJECTS

USE OF SHEET STEEL FOR SOLAR HEATINGBetty Binder, Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

Sheet steel has low price, which is good, but is corrosive,has low reflectance and low absorbance, is not selective andhas low heat conduction. Different coatings are necessary tomake steel sheets useable in solar energy. A number ofpossibilities will be investigated. Collaboration with localcompanies in the field is in planning.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EFFICIENCY STUDIES OF SOLAR CELLPANELS UTILIZING NONIMAGING CONCENTRATOR TECHNIQUESLars Brornan, Mats Rönnelid and Kjell Gustafsson

The continued work on nonimaging concentrators is planned toinclude completion of ray tracing analysis on square cornets,measurements of efficiency versuB incident angle, insolation,and cell temperature, construction and test of a linear solarcell trough, construction and test of a simplified trackingunit, and long-term test of prototype cornet panels. Parts ofthe work will be done at the Älvkarleby laboratory.Collaboration with SERI and other institutions in differentclimatic zones is also in the planning.

INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENT..

Erl.c Bave

The introduction of new technologies, for example solarenergy equipment, entails much more than setting up and usingthe equipment. The purpose of this study is to identifydifferent factors and actors who influence the introductionof solar energy equipment as well as developing a model foranalysis of presumptions, factors, actors, decisions andrealization.

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FIRE WOOD AND SOLAR HEATING PREFAB UNIT FOR FAMILY HOUSESSvante Nordlander

A feasability study on a small building, containing afire-wood furnace, a storage tank, chimney, fire-wood storageand a solar collector. All components are matched forefficiency, all plumbing and control equipment is includedand the unit is sold as a prefab turn-key energy system forfamily houses.

BASIC CONDITIONS FOR SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH INTERNALREFLECTORS IN SWEDENMats Rönnelid

The basic conditions for solar collectors with internalreflectors will be investigated. The project will begin witha literature survey during the fall of 1990 and continueuntil late spring 1991. Other parts of interest for theproject is climatological conditions in Sweden for this typeof collectors, k-value measurements on models andmeasurements on mirror geometries in an integrating sphere.The project is a joint project with the Älvkarlebylaboratory.

4.3 SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY R&D PROGRAM FÜR 1990-93

A solar R&D program for SERC is in the making, covering thethree years July 1990- June 1993. It is anticipated that theactivities will continue to grow during this period. Therealisation of various parts of the program is subject toappropriate financing.

Solar heating will continue to be a major concern. Thesurface analyzing equipment will be complemented by a surfaceproduction facility, a vacuum chamber equipped for vapordeposition and sputtering. This will enable us to investigateboth reflecting surfaces on different substrates and variousmethods to protect (and possibly enhance) such surfaces. Theaim is to be able to put low-cost materials like sheet steelto more extensive use in solar energy applications.

High quality simulation of heating plants, in particularsolar heating plants, are essential in planning of newinstallations. The creation of the modelling program PRESIMgreatly facilitates the use of the simulation program TRNSYS.Continued development of PRESIM as well as support to PRESIMusers worldwide will be part of SERC's activities during theperiod.

Solar collector geometries have been studied at SERC sincethe beginning. Lately, both calculations, simulations andmeasurements have shown that a considerable gain can beachieved when solar tracking is employed. A number ofdifferent geometries will be studied both theoretically and

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experimentally. These include fixed and tracking collectors,use of internal and external booster mirrors, utilization oflinear Fresnel lenses, and both thermal and P V applications.The measurements will be done at SERC's newly establishedSolar Yard, which will be suitably equipped.

The combination of direct solar energy and biologicallystored solar energy has the potential of being extensivelyused in rural Swedish areas. The development of a heatingunit for one-family houses described above will be followedby studies of other combinations for different users. Thiswork will to a large extent be done in co-operation with theBio Energy Research Center in Garpenberg.

Photovoltaics is a fast growing technology abroad, and seemsto rize increasing interest in Sweden as well. A P V R&Dprogram is in the planning, jointly between the University'sMaterials Center and SERC. The aim is to build up a SolarElectricity Laboratory, where R&D in materials research aswell as in P V applications is performed. In co-operation withSolar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, USA, long-termtesting of P V panels will be done. It is assumed that theLaboratory will be used also by engineering students at theregion's Universities.

Many solar energy problems are universal, and continued andexpanded co-operation between SERC and institutions indeveloping countries is planned. These will include p Vapplications, insolation measurements, development andtesting of school laboratory equipment, testing ofconcentrator prototypes, and development of solar cookers anddesalination units.

4.4 PROJECTS IN EDUCATION

Technic for renewable energy sources, 5 credit course.The major area is solar energy, biomass energy, hydro powerand wind power. A detached course for engineers, teachers,technicians, etc.

Energy technic, 40 credit course.General energy technology with special emphazis on renewableenergy sources and energy saving. An one-year course forstudents who have fullfilled 80 credit engineer education.

Alternative for the present 80 credit course in rnachinetechnology.20 credit in this education will be devoted to generalenergy technology.

2 credit course in simulation of energy systems withspecial emphazis in solar systems.

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Supervising students in planned theses in solar energy;

Construction of a spectral sensitive solar intesitymeter (two students)

-Construction of a test bench for rneasurernents on p v cells(one student)

Development ot control equipment tor solar dryerB in agriculture (one student)

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5. TRAVEL

5.1 CONFERENCES

We have attended the following conferences and meetings:

Energy Educators Association 1989 Annual Membership Meeting,Plymouth, Minnesota, USA, May 5Lars Broman

Trondheim, Norway, May 24-25Nordic Solar Energy Days,Kjell Gustafsson

Photovoltaics Advanced Research and Development 9th AnnualReview Meeting, Lakewood, Colorado, USA, May 24-26Lars Broman

5th National Conference with International Participants onHeating, Ventilation and Air-condi,tioning, Varna, Bulgaria,May 25-27Betty Binder and Eva Lindberg

Solar Energy SeminarsBorlänge, August 17-19Betty Binder, Arne Broman, Lars Broman, Erik BAve, KentBörjesson, Lars Dahlgren,Göran Eriksson, Kjell Gustafsson,Eva Lindberg, Sigge Niwong, Aadu Ott and Mats Rönnelid

Braman, Erikssan (Chairman) and Rönnelid farmed thearganizing cammittee tagether with Ingvar Enqvist, STEV, andMichael Rantil, BFR. Binder was chairman August 18, Bramangave a lecture August 19, BAve gave a lecture August 18, andNiwang taak part in the panel discussian August 19.

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ISES Solar World CollgressKobe, Japall, September 4-8Lars BrOmall alld Görall Erikssoll

9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference andExhibition, Freiburg, Germany, September 25-29Betty Binder

Nordic Seminar on Domestic Energy in Developing Countries,Lund, September 25-27Annette Henning (as representative for SERC)

The symposium "Entrepreneurship in development", Departmentof Water Resources Engineering, University of Lund, Lund,September 27-28Sigge Niwong

Third International Conference Applied Optics in SolarEnergy, Prague, Czechoslovakia, October 2-6, 1989Lars Broman and Eva Lindberg

2nd European Symposium on Soft Energy Sources and Systemsat the Local Level, Chania, Crete, Greece, October 16-21,1989Kjell Gustavsson and Sigge Niwong

SEAS-dagenStockholm, November 16Betty Binder

TRNSYS European User GroupWorkshop in Liege, Belgium, November 23-24Svante Nordlander

5.2 INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL

United States, May- JuneLars Broman

visit at Solar Energy Laboratory,' University of

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Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, for discussions of thePRESIM project and giving seminar on PRESIM. visitingProfessional at Energy Research Institute, Golden,Colorado

Bombay, India, AugustGöran Eriksson

Visit at Center for Technological Alternatives for RuralAreast Indian Institute of Technology. visit at Academy ofDevelopment Sciencet a village developing project nearBombay. Visiting Maharashtra Energy Development Agency.

Pakistan, August -SeptemberLars Broman

Study visit to and giving seminars at National Institute ofSilicon Technology, Islamabad.

Yugoslavia..Erlc Bave

March 18-23; visit to Institute of Urban Planning,Ljubljana. Preparing the project Solar Energy and Society

September-November; Some visited institutes are;

Institute for Research and Development in ElectricalGeneration and Supply

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Split

Terrnofriz, factory for solar collectors, Split

CEP, Center for Urban Planning, Belgrad

Standing Conference of Yugoslav Communes and Cities,Belgrad

Guest researcher at Institute for Urban PlanningLjubljana

Berlin, November 25.o

Er1.c Bave

visit at BAM, Bundes Anstalt für Material Fo~chung und

Prövung

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5.3 DOMESTIC TRAVEL

Älvkarleby Laboratory

May 24-25, Lars Brornan, Betty Binder and Eva LindbergReflectance rneasurernents by rneans of the 1 rn diarn.integrating sphere.

Several tirnes, Mats Rönnelid and Svante NordlanderDiscussions with Björn Karlsson

Saven AB, Täby, September 25Eva Lindberg

Meeting with spectrophotometer users.

The Stockholm Technical Fair, October 3Kent Börjesson

Bio Energy Research Center, Skogshögskolan, Garpenberg,November 10Lars Broman, Betty Binder, Kent Börjesson, Göran Eriksson,Olle HAdell and Mats Rönnelid.

Discussion of future co-operation

Göteborg, Decernber 22Lars Brornan

Discussian with Aadu Ott and Kanrad Blum and faunding afIASEE.

National Energy Administration Sweden, Stockholm, severaltimesLars Broman

The Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, severaltimesLars Broman

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5.4 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS AT SERC

Prof. H.P. Garg, Indian Institute of Technology New DelhiIndia, August 16-20Invited speaker at the Solar Energy Seminar in Borlänge.

John and Mary Twidell, University of Stratchclyde, GlasgowScotland, August

Dr. Konrad Blum, University of Oldenburg, W. Germany,September 18-20Discussions of IASEE.

Tunisia, SeptemberDr. Chiheb Bouden, University of Tunis,18-22Discussions on IASEE and PRESIM.

Ruth Urban, University of Wisconsin, USA, November10-17Guest researcher at SERC, working with PRESIM.

5.5 DOMESTIC VISITORS AT SERC

Lennart Hasselgren, International Seminars, University ofUppsala, January

Ingvar Enqvist, Jim Nilsson and Karin Aberg, NationalEnergy Administration of Sweden, June

Solar Energy Association Board Meeting, August 17

P. 0. Nilssan, J. E. Matssan and P. A. Petterssan, Bia EnergyResearch Center, Skagshögskalan, Garpenberg, September

IPS'90 International Planetarium Society ConferenceOrganizing Committe Meeting, September 1989.

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Anders Nordquist, NESTE Advanced Power System, Decerober 14

Söderköping, Decerober 14Göran Johansson, Solteknik AB,

In June SERC moved to new and larger localities, justopposite the old ones in the high tech center TechniconValley. November 30 we had an inauguration party, which wasattended by some fort y persons, among others the Chairman ofthe Executive Council, Swedish State Power board BörjeAndersson, the County Governor Lilly Hansson, the BorlängeCity Mayor Georg Karlsson and Borlänge City Director BengtLindström.

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6. OTHER ACTIVITIES

6.1 SOLAR ENERGY SEMINARS

SERC haB arranged, on behalf of UniverBit y College ofFalun/Borlänge and in co-operation with the Swedish Councilfor Building Research and the National Energy Board, threeone-day Solar Energy Seminars in Borlänge, August 17-19. Thethemes of the three days were Solar heating in districtheating systems and group heating systems, Solar heating inthe built environment and Solar energy in developingcountries, respectively. Some 60 people attended eachseminar. The documentation is collected in SERC/UCFB-reportsNo.s 24-26.

6.2 MOBILE SOLAR ENERGY EXHIBITION

SERC haB, on behalf of University College of Falun/Borlängedeveloped and built a mobile solar energy exhibition, whichhaB been exposed at different publ.ic places around theregion. The following places have been visited during 1989:Technicon Valley, Borlänge, April 3-17

-Culture House, Vansbro, April 17 to May 8-Culture House, Orsa, May 8-29-Culture House, Leksand, May 29 to June 19-Futures Museum, Borlänge, August 15-29-Town Library, Avesta, November 29 to Decerober 16

6.3 SOLAR ENERGY EDUCATION

SERC arranged, on behalf of the Faculty of Technology, atwo-credit course on general solar energy during the fall,1989. The course was attended by seventeen students.

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6.4 IASEE

The International Association for Solar Energy Education wasformed in Göteborg, December 22, 1989. The purpose of IASEEis to promote solar energy education worldwide by means of

-publication of a newsletter-organization of international meetings, and-topical activities.

Lars Broman is Chairman of the Organizing Cornmittee and AaduOtt is Secretary/Treasure. SERC is responsible for the IASEESecretariat, which presently is located with Ott in Göteborg.The Newsletter is edited by Dr. Konrad Blum and sent out fromUniversity of Oldenburg, Germany. IASEE has already attractedmembers from all six continents. The first membership meetingwill take place during the World Renewable Energy Congress inReading, England in September, 1990. An InternationalConference is in the planning in Borlänge, June 1991 inconnection with the yearly EEA meeting and the Nordic SolarEnergy Days.

6.5 STUDY VISITS AT SERC

30 students from Soltorgsskolan, May 26

10 students from Soltorgsskolan, May 30

12 fernale students frarn the graup "Warnen and Technic"KarnVux, August 8

12 students from University College of Karlstad, September11-12

Fältbiologerna, November 11, 1989

30 students froro Hagaskolan, Decerober 7

26 students from YTH, University College of Falun/Borlänge,December 13

An increasing nurnber of secondary school students visit SERCand our library for help with special projects.

6.6 BO91

In 1991 an exhibition and conference about building andliving, called Bo91, will be arranged in the region ofDalarna, with its center in Borlänge. All communities in theregion will contribute to Bo91 and expose different kinds of

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building and living in both old and new environments. SERCwill take part in Bo91 with a seminar and an exhibition aboutour activities in solar heating.

6.7 SEAS

SERC is rnernber of the Solar Energy Association of Sweden(SEAS). The secretariat of SEAS will be located at SERC'soffice frorn January 1990.

6.8 LIBRARY

The solar energy section in the library at the UniversityCollege of Falun/Borlänge has been moved to SERC's office.Presently it contains some 500 books and reports. There arecurrent subscriptions on the following journals andmagazines:

Ambient Energy

Applied Optics

Boiling Point

Byggforskning, BFR

Energi i utveckling, STEV

Energiforskningsnytt, EFN

Energikällan, STEV

Energiteknik, STU

The Heliograph

IASEE Newsletter

International Journal of Solar Energy

ISES News

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

-Microsoft Systems Journal

-Mikrodatorn

PC World

RERIC International Energy Journal

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RERIC News

Solar & Wind Technology

Solar Cells

Solar Energy

Solar Energy Materials

Solar Update

Solaris

Sun at Work in Europe

Sunworld

The Heliograph

UNITAR/UNDP Centre on Small Energy Resources Newsletter

Väder ach Vatten. SMHI

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7. ECONOMY

Since January 1989 SERC has received the following grants(figures in Swedish crowns SEK):

National Council of Building Research

10000:-

24300:-

21200:-

22000:-

880589-0 Restoring of the solar test site atSoltorgsskolan, Borlänge

890093-2 Solar energy seminars in Borlänge,August 17-19, 1989

890274-0 Participation in ISES Congress, Robe,Japan, September 3-7, 1989

890823-2 Initial work on participation inexhibition BO91, July 1991

Parts of grants reported in Progress Report 88-89were for use in 1989

University of Uppsala

73000:-Research grant (1/4 position) 89/90

UHÄ

30000:-Initial work "Project solar energy equipment"BTH Course "Renewable energy" and develpment oflaboratory solar experimental equipmentBTH 8 credit solar energy course and course

planning

97000:-

150000:-

University College of Falun/Borlänge

Applied optics for solar energy (research grant)Solar Energy Seminars, May 6-7, 1990SERC Report seriesSolar energy exhibitionGuest researcherParticipation in TRNSYS workshop in Belgium

City of Borlänge

Preliminary study of a combined woodfuel and solarenergy heating central 59400:-

25000:-29700:-17000:-25500:-12800:-11000:-

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Stiftelsen Teknikdalen

220000:-Developing of instrument for insolationmeasurementsPreliminary study of the possible establishmentof a P V Laboratory in Borlänge(jointly with Materials Center HTM) 50000:-

National Energy Administration Sweden

Parts of grants reported in Progress Report 88-89were for use in 1989.

We have also received support from University College ofFalun/Borlänge (administrative, library and secretarialsupport, computer time, office space, copying etc.)

SERC expresses its sincere thanks to those mentioned abovefor their financial support.