339

factories; and, more lately, the Medical Officer of the Privy ICouncil has suggested the importance of a medical inspector of I,the water-supply, since the fearful epidemics of cholera of 1847,1849, and 1866, have taught us that, however cholera may beassociated with and fostered by overcrowding, it is not in thiscondition we are to look for its rapid extension through thecommunity, but that it is essentially to the condition of thewater-supply that its outbreak and spread are to be referred.It is gradually beginning to be felt that those hygienic mea-sures which the progress of modern investigation, founded oncorrect physiology and pathology, have discovered to be neces-sary, and which have always been insisted on by the moreenlightened members of our profession, must be carried intoeffect if the nation is to escape the wasting ravages of plague,of cholera, of typhus, and other frightful pestilences. Vac-

cination, like the talisman of boys’ story books, has reducedsmall-pox-that giant of a disease-to a tithe of its former

dimensions; and it is not impossible that Sir J. Y. SiMPsON’ssuggestion of stamping it out altogether, if well-concerted

measures were adopted throughout the country, might be suc-cessful. By-and-by, medical supervision must and will bebestowed on the dwellings of the poor. It is a reproach toour age that, as may be seen in any of our large towns, andbut too often in the country, double the number of peopleshould reside in the houses of the lowest of the populationthan the ventilation will, on chemical and physiologicalgrounds, admit of. No wonder fevers abound. No wonder

that half the entire mortality of England is due to causes

which are entirely preventable by hygienic measures. A noblework this for those who are now entering the profession to z’

advocate-to urge on the wealthier classes to render their aid

in abolishing these dens of wretchedness, to give their inha-bitants pure water and an abundant supply, to lodge them inrooms that possess such light and air as are at least sufficientfor the maintenance of life, and whose interior is cleanly. No

doubt such improvements can only slowly be accomplished,and require money; but if only one half of that which is

yearly transmitted abroad in futile efforts to convert Hindooswere directed to the outcasts of our own streets, and to the

improvement of the dwellings of the poor in our large cities,the return would exceed all expectation.

In conclusion, let us observe that, whilst every professionhas its own duties, trials, and rewards, there is none in whichthe duties are more onerous, the trials and temptations moresevere, nor the rewards more satisfactory, than ours. Everyprofession possesses its own peculiar cast of thought andaction; there is none that demands a higher and purer tonethan ours. The subjects which it embraces are so vast andvarious that every kind and quality of intellect, the subtleand capacious alike, will find ample material for thought andreflection ; whilst it cheerfully acknowledges that every de-partment of knowledge may assist in its development andprogress. The pursuits of the historian and the antiquary arenot uncongenial to it, as more than one brilliant exampleattests. It has recently been shown that not only the chemistand the botanist, but even the geologist, may bring im-portant evidence to bear on the outbreak and extension (if

disease ; whilst all those branches of knowledge whose properstudy is Man are connected with it by the closest and mostindissoluble ties, and from no profession do these, as well asall the sections of physical science, find warmer or more able

supporters than from ours. They who enter the medical pro-fession must do so for the love of scientific investigation. Itwill yield them an honourable competence, but scarcely more.No mitre, no coronet, awaits even the most successful practi-tioner ; but he has a reward, and surely it is a sufficient

reward, in the knowledge that he has relieved pain, and thathe has mitigated the worst of the evils that flesh is heir to.

Let every man remember as he enters the portals of thehospital he has selected, that he must himself be the builderof his own fortune. For him TIME is; let him not so employit that he may hereafter, with shame and regret, be compelledto confess, TiME WAS. Let him assure himself that if he be

desirous of rising in the profession he has chosen, he mustfollow the footsteps of illustrious predecessors, must learn to"scorn delights, to live laborious days," must be his ownteacher, must examine the book of Nature for himself, and,content to stand at first at the foot of the ladder, must learnwith labour and patience to mount to clearness and know-ledge.ledge.

The heights by great men reached and keptWere not attained by sudden flight,

i But they, while their companions slept,Were toiling upward to the light."

SESSION 1868-69.

GENERAL COUNCIL OF MEDICAL EDUCATIONAND REGISTRATION.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Preliminary Examination.THAT testimonials of proficiency granted by the following

educational bodies be accepted :-A degree in Arts of anyuniversity of the United Kingdom or of the colonies, or ofsuch other universities as may be specially recognised by theCouncil. Oxford Responsions or Moderations. CambridgePrevious Examinations. Matriculation Examination of theUniversity of London. Oxford, Cambridge, and DurhamMiddle-class Examinations (senior). Durham Examinationsfor Students in Arts in their second and first years ; and Re-gistration Examination for Medical Students. Dublin Uni-versity Entrance Examination. Queen’s University, Ireland :Two years’ Arts course for the diploma of Licentiate in Arts;Preliminary Examinations at the end of A.B. course; Middle-class and Matriculation Examinations. First-class Certificateof the College of Preceptors. Testamur granted by Codring-ton College, Barbadoes. Degree of Associate of Arts grantedby the Tasmanian Council of Education, with a certificatethat the student has been examined in Latin and Mathematics.Matriculation Examination of McGill University, Montreal.That the licensing bodies do not accept the certificate of pro-ficiency in General (preliminary) Education, unless such certi-ficate testify that the student to whom it has been granted hasbeen examined in English Language (including Grammar andComposition) ;* Arithmetic (including Vulgar and DecimalFractions) ; Algebra (including Simple Equations) ; Geometry(first two books of Euclid) ; Latin (including Translation andGrammar). And in one of the following optional subjects :-Greek ; French; German; Natural Philosophy (including Me-chanics, Hydrostatics, and Pneumatics).That students who cannot produce any of the testimonials

referred to in the above recommendation be required to passan examination in Arts, established by any of the bodies namedin Schedule A to the Medical Act, and approved by the GeneralMedical Council.

* The General Medical Council will not consider any examination in Eng-lish sufficient that does not fully test the ability of the candidate-1st. Towrite a few sentences in correct English on a given theme, attention beingpaid to spelling and punctuation as well as to composition. 2nd. To write aportion of an English author to dictation 3rd. To exp’ain the grammaticalconstruction of one or two sentences. 4 h. To point out the grammatiealen ors in a sentence ungrammatically composed, and to explain their nature.5th. To give the derivation and definition of a few English words in com-mon use.

340

That after 1868 all examinations be removed from the listof those recognised which do not in all respects come up to theminimum which the Council laid down in 186i.

’

Registration of Medical Students.

Every medical student shall be registered in the mannerprescribed by the General Medical Council ; but not until hehas passed a Preliminary Examination, as required by theCouncil.The commencement of the course of professional study re-

cognised by any of the qualifying bodies, shall not be rec-koned as dating earlier than fifteen days before the date ofregistration.Every person desirous of being registered as a medical stu-

dent shall apply to the Branch Registrar of the division of theUnited Kingdom in which he is residing, according to a form,which may be had on application to the several qualifyingbodies, medical schools, and hospitals ; and shall produceor forward to the Branch Registrar a certificate of his havingpassed a preliminary Examination,* as required by the GeneralMedical Council, and a statement of his place of medicalstudy.The several qualifying bodies are recommended not to admit,

after October, 1870, to the Final Examination for a qualifica-tion under the Medical Acts, any candidate (not exemptedfrom registration) whose name had not been entered in themedical students’ register at least four years previously.

-4gefor Licence to Practise.That the age of twenty-one be the earliest age at which a

candidate for any professional licence shall be admitted to hisfinal examination; the age in all instances to be duly certified.That no licence be obtained at an earlier period than after

the expiration of forty-eight months subsequent to the regis-tration of the candidate as a medical student.

Professional Education.That the course of professional study required for a licence

shall comprehend attendance during not less than four wintersessions, or three winter and two summer sessions, at a schoolrecognised by any of the licensing bodies mentioned inSchedule A to the Medical Act.That the several licensing bodies should frame the courses

of instruction required by them in such a manner as to securea due share of attention both to preparatory branches and tothose more strictly connected with the practice of medicineand surgery; and that their regulations should be §iich as toprevent attendance upon lectures from interfering with hospitaland clinical study.The Council will view with approbation any encouragement

held out by the licensing bodies to students to prosecute thestudy of the natural sciences before they engage in studies ofa strictly professional character.That the Professional Examination for any licence be divided

into two parts : the first embracing the primary or fundamentalbranches directly connected with the practice of medicine andsurgery. That the former be not undergone till after the closeof the winter session of the second year of professional study;and the latter or final examination, not till after the close ofthe prescribed period of professional study.That the examination in Physics, Botany, and Natural His-

tory may be undergone at an earlier period than the first Pro-fessional Examination.That the Professional Examinations be conducted both in

writing and orally, and that they be practical in all branchesin which they admit of being so.That it is not desirable that any university of the United

Kingdom should confer any degree in medicine or surgery,whether that of Bachelor, Doctor, or Master, upon candidateswho have not graduated in Arts, or passed all the examinationsrequired for the Bachelorship in Arts, or the examinationsequivalent to those required for a degree in Arts.The committee appointed to consider and report " what are

the subjects without a knowledge of which no candidate should* Certificates of Examination by the !oJlowing" b dies have been accepted

as sufficient testimonials of proficiency by some of the licensing bodies,and allowe 1 by th" Branch C"un ils to which they were referred:-

University of Paris-Examination for diploma (,f Bachelor of Sciences.Universities of Toronto and of King’s College, Nova Scotia-Matriculation

Examination.Royal Military College, Sandhurst-Entrance Examination ; Examination

for Direct Commission.Incorporated Law Society.St. Mark’s College-Examination required by the Committee of the Privy

Conncil.

be allowed to obtain a qualification entitling him to be regis-tered" submitted the following list of subjects (June 7th,anatomy, General Anatomy, Physiology,; Chemistry,which should include a knowledge of the principles of che-mistry, and of those details of the science which bear on thestudy of medicine; Materia Medica ; Practical Pharmacy ;Medicine, Surgery, which subjects should include a knowledgeof systematic and clinical medicine and surgery, and also ofmorbid anatomy ; Midwifery ; Forensic Medicine.For other particulars relative to registration which do not

immediately concern students see the published Recommenda-tions of the General Medical Council.

REGULATIONS

OF

MEDICAL EXAMINING BODIES IN THE UNITEDKINGDOM.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

Every student must reside in one or other of the Colleges orHalls for a period of three years, passing at least two examina-tions in Arts, and one in either Mathematics, Natural Science,or Law and Modern History, when, if he obtain a first, second,or third class, he can take his B.A. degree; if he do not gainsuch honour he has to pass a third examination in LiterisHumanioribus.A student deciding to graduate in Medicine must pass the

requisite examination for the degree of B.A., and afterwardsspend two years in study* prior to the first or scientific ex-amination for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and twoyears more prior to the final or practical examination for thesame degree. These four years of medical study must be spentin some approved medical school, " melioris not." This de-

gree confers the licence to practise.A dissertation has to be publicly read three years after the

B. M., for the degree of Doctor of Medicine.The instruction in Natural Science is carried on at the

museum, where there is also practical instruction in Physics,

Chemistry, and Anatomy and Physiology, together with coursesof lectures by the several professors in those and other subjects.Large collections illustrate the several subjects ; there is a.

pathological series in the medical department. The Radcliffe

library, containing nearly 20,000 scientific volumes, is open toall students daily from ten till four, and on certain eveningsduring term.

. The medical examinations take place annually in the Michael-mas term.

Scholarships of about the value of jE75 are obtainable at.Christ Church, Magdalen, and other colleges, by competitiveexamination in Natural Science. Every year a Radcliffe Travel-ling Fellowship is competed for by any who, having taken a;

first class in any of the schools, or having obtained a Univer-sity prize or scholarship, propose to study Medicine. The

Travelling Fellows receive 9200 a year for three years, halfthis period being spent in study abroad.More detailed information may be obtained from the Univer-

sity Calendar, from the Regius Professor of Medicine, andfrom the professors in the several departments.!

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

The student must enter at one of the colleges, and keel3,terms for three years by residence in it. The first part of thetime is spent in classical and mathematical study, and he mustpass the previous examination in those subjects. He maythen-i.e., during the last half or more of the three years-devote himself to medical study in the University, attendingthe hospital and medical lectures, dissecting, &c. Or he mayproceed to take a degree in Arts, either continuing mathe-matical and classical study, and passing the ordinary exami-nation for B.A., or going out in the Mathematical or Classical

* It he have taken the higher honours in the Natural Science School hemay go in for the first M.B. examination on the first opportunity.

t Regius Pr. fessor of MedIcine-H. W. Acland, M.D., F.R.S.Professor of Geometry--H. S. Smith, 12.A., F.R.S.Professor of Natural Philosophy-Rev. B. Price, M.A.. F.R.S.Pro’essorof Experimental Hiysics—S Clifton, M.A., F.R.S.Professor of Chemistry-Sir B. C. Brodie, Bait.. M.A , F.R S.Linacre Professor of lhysiology-G. Rolleston. M.D., F.R.S.Professor of Z ,ology-J. O. Westwood, kl.A., F.L.S.

Lee’ti Reader in Anatomy-W. S. Church, B.A.Demonstrator in Anatomy-Charles Robertson.Demonstrator of Chemistry-C. H. Madan, M.A.