Session 5: Operational decommissioning experience in Eastern … - CECLA… · Operational decommissioning experience in Eastern European Countries 1 Mihail CECLAN; Int. Summer School/3

Session 5: Session 5: Session 5: Session 5:

Operational decommissioning Operational decommissioning Operational decommissioning Operational decommissioning

experience in experience in experience in experience in

Eastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European CountriesEastern European Countries

1 Mihail CECLAN; Int. Summer School/3rd edition; Ispra, Italy, 5-8 July, 2011

Authors: Mihail CECLAN1, Rodica Elena CECLAN1

1University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

AGENDA

1. The background of decommissioning in EEC

2. Decommissioning scene EEC2. Decommissioning scene EEC

3. Conclusions


1.1 The 90s & Political system changing in the EEC


• The political borders of Eastern Europe were defined by the Cold War • In 1989 the political situation has changed-Iron Curtain disappeared- 10 former members of Warsaw Pact joined NATO → these countries are called EEC

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The political borders of Eastern European Countries Ten of the former members of the Warsaw Pact joined NATO

Mihail CECLAN; Int. Summer School/3rd edition; Ispra, Italy, 5-8 July, 2011

1.1 Political system changing in the EE Countries1. The background of decommissioning in EEC

• These 10 EEC followed the same steps in transition to a democratic system: √ application to join the European Union-15; √ the EU accession negotiations and the Accession Treaty signing;√ EU enlargement in two waves:

2004 (10 countries; 2 WEC and 8 EEC)2007 (2 EEC-Bulgaria and Romania;

√ EU integration of EEC/ post accession development.

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EU 15 - 1995 EU 25 - 2004 EU 27 - 2007


1.2 EU’s enlargement process & the nuclear safety1. The background of decommissioning in EEC

• The EU enlargement has raised a key issue: How safe are the First generation Soviet design reactors, located in EEC?

• The answer to this issue was provided by:a) the US Dept. of Energy Report/May 1995- the First generation Soviet design

reactors have such safety deficiencies that their long-term operation represent a high risk

b) the conclusions of the accession negotiations on the environmental acquis : with entry into EU, EEC (having NPRs with safety deficiencies) will increase the risk

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entry into EU, EEC (having NPRs with safety deficiencies) will increase the risk posed on EU citizens.

• In the light of these findings, EC has undertaken measures for increasing the nuclear safety in EEC: √ 8 most dangerous NPRs located in Lithuania, Slovakia & Bulgaria - have been

closed- as a condition for EU accession;√ Czech Republic and Hungary have to improve the nuclear safety of second

generation Soviet design reactors;√ Romania and Slovenia have CANDU and Westinghouse NPRs – with a

satisfactory level of nuclear safety - continuous safety improvement programs


1.2 EU’s enlargement process & the nuclear safety


First generation Soviet design Reactors in EEC (Conclusions of US Department of Energy Report)

Reactor Weak points Technical features

Ignalina-Lithuania 2×RBMK 1000

• RBMK ≈ BWR • RBMK 1000- 1986 Chernobyl

• DEFFICIENCES- lack of contaiment- control system of NPR - pipes mounting

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RBMK-1000 U4 Chernobyl 1986

Kozloduy –Bulgaria4×VVER 440-230

• VVER 440-230s ≈PWR• VVER 440-230s - 1977 INES 4

• DEFFICIENCES- lack of contaiment- 6 of 7 leading accident indicators

are below the limit values

- the impact of radiation releasecould affect millions of people (given Slovakia’s and Bulgaria’s location in Europe).

VVER 440-230

Bohunice –Slovakia2×VVER 440-230


2. Decommissioning scene EEC

� The decommissioning scene in EEC is described in terms of:

a) existing nuclear installations in EECb) countries with nuclear safety concerns (Lithuania, Slovakia and

Bulgaria)c) countries with nuclear safety improvements (Czech Republic,

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c) countries with nuclear safety improvements (Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Slovenia)


2. EEC decommissioning scenea) Existing nuclear installations in EEC

a1) Nuclear Power reactorsa2) Research reactors a3) Nuclear fuel cycle facilities

Table: Nuclear power reactors in the European Union

(Status 30.12.2010)

Country Nuclear Power Reactors Decommissioning Status Total

Operational Shut Down [%] Under decommissioning

Dismantled Safe enclosure

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decommissioning enclosure

Total EU 143 74 69 2 3 217

European Western Countries

Total EWC 124 66 61 2 3 190

European Eastern CountriesTotal EEC 19 8 8 27


2. EEC decommissioning scenea) Existing nuclear installations

a2) Research reactors a3) Nuclear fuel cycle facilities

Table: Research reactors within the EU

Research Reactors Decommissioning Status Total Operational Shut

Down Not specified

Ongoing Safe enclosure

Modified use

Dismantled

Total EU

171 50 121 16 25 4 1 75

European Western Countries Total EWC 153 42 111 10 25 4 1 71

European Eastern Countries

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European Eastern Countries Total EEC

18 8 10 6 0 0 0 4

Table: Operational and decommissioning status of the nuclear fuel cycle facilities within EU

Nuclear Cycle Facilities Decommissioning Status

Total Operational Shut Down

Not specified Ongoing Dismantled

Total EU

157 69 88 5 44 43

European Western Countries Total WEC

148 61 87 4 41 42

European Eastern Countries Total EEC

9 8 1 1 3 1


2. EEC decommissioning sceneb) countries with nuclear safety concernsb1) Lithuania;b2) Slovakia;b3) Bulgaria;

b1) Lithuania

Lithuania-Nuclear installations overview

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Status Decommissioning Status Total RemarksOperational Shut Down Under

decommissioning

Dismantled Safe encolsure

Nuclear Power Reactors2 0 0 0 0 2 2U at Ignalina NPP/2 RBMK-1000; →

before 2004 Ignalina NPP produced (70 - 80%) relative share of nuclear energy production

1 1 1 0 0 2 2004 EU accession; Accession Treaty obligations

0 2 2 0 0 2 2009 Accession Treaty obligations

Research reactors0 0 0 0

Nuclear Cycle Facilities2 0 0 1 Spent fuel storage

1 a landfill facility for short-lived very low level radioactive waste since 2009


2. EEC decommissioning sceneb) countries with nuclear safety concerns

b1) Lithuania


Lithuania-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive waste

management Sources for funding of INPP decommissioning:a) direct Community assistance (~95%); b) State INPP Decommissioning Fund

(~5%).

Final Decommissioning strategy is immediate dismantling type;

Conditionings: • appropriate radioactive waste

management facilities • Starting the latest in 2008

( dismantling of non-contaminated or slightly contaminated components)

The Lithuania’s policy of RAW Management includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• building of appropriate radioactive waste management facilities (landfill near surface repository, waste management facility and free release measurement facility);

Final cost estimates of decommissioning ~€2 billionBy 2013- total support Community to Lithuania will reach approximately €1.4 billion


b2) Slovakia

Slovakia-Nuclear installations overview Status Decommissioning Status Total Remarks

Operational

Shut Down

Under decommi

Dismantled

Safe encols


nal Down decommissioning

led encolsure

Nuclear Power Reactors6 0 0 0 0 6 →4U at Bohunice/ 2VVER-440/230s+2VVER-

440/213s; →2U at Mochovce 2VVER-440/213s; operation

1998+1999 →1999- (47%) relative share of nuclear

energy production5 1 1 0 0 6 →in 1977 Bohunice U#1 closed (first

generation Soviet design reactors following an INES 4 accident);

4 2 2 0 0 6 →in 2008 Bohunice U#2closed EU Accession Treaty obligations

Nuclear Cycle Facilities1 0 0 1 Spent fuel storage


b2) Slovakia

Slovakia-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive

waste management

Sources for funding In early 2007 DStrategy was changed from deferred to The Slovakia’s policy


Sources for funding decommissioning:a) direct Community

assistance; a) State

Decommissioning Fund

Final cost estimates of decommissioning ~€ 700 M

By 2013- total support Community €600 million

In early 2007 DStrategy was changed from deferred toimmediate decommissioning

The Slovakia’s policy of RAW anagement includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• building of appropriate radioactive waste management infrastructure

The Bohunice NPR#1•1973 operation started;•1977 shut down following the INES 4 accident;•DStrategy immediate dismantling

√ 1979 started Decommissioning √ 2007 finished defueling (phase 1); √ 2008-2033 treatment of liquid radioactive waste (phase 2); √ decommissioning cost estimated at €290M (price 2001).

The Bohunice NPR#2• 1974 operation started;• 2008 shut down as EU Accession Treaty obligations• 2007-Dstrategy changed from deferred to immediate decommissioning

• decommissioning cost estimated at €400M (price 2008).


b3) Bulgaria

Bulgaria-Nuclear installations overview

Status Decommissioning Status Total Remarks

Operational Shut Under Dismantled Safe

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Operational Shut Down

Under decommissioning


Nuclear Power Reactors

6 0 0 0 0 6 →6U at Kozloduy/ 4VVER- 440/230s +2VVER- 1000;

→May 2011-NPR produced 35,9 % relative share of nuclear energy production

4 2 2 0 0 6 →in 2002 Kozloduy U#1+2 closed (first generation Soviet design reactors); EU Accession Treaty obligations

2 4 4 0 0 6 →in 2006 Kozloduy U#3+4 closed EU Accession Treaty obligations

Research reactors

0 1 1 0

Nuclear Cycle Facilities

1 0 0 1 Spent fuel storage



b3) Bulgaria


Bulgaria-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive waste management

Sources for funding 4 VVER reactors decommissioning:a) direct Community assistance total of

€550 million was provided to Bulgaria by 2009

b) State Decommissioning Fund Final cost estimates of decommissioning ~ € 1.2 billion

In 2006 “Deferred Dismantling” concept was revised and changed into immediate staged dismantling, the so called “Continuous Dismantling”.

The Bulgaria’s policy of RAW Management includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• building of appropriate radioactive waste management facilities

• Procurement of equipment for treatment of spent ion exchange resins, solidified phase from evaporator concentrate tanks etc.

• Commissioning of national disposal facility.

2. EEC decommissioning scenec) countries with nuclear safety improvements

c1) Czech Republic; c2) Hungary; c3) Romania

Czech republic-Nuclear installations overview Status Decommissioning Status Total Remarks




Nuclear Power Reactors6 0 0 0 0 6 →4U at Dukovany/ 4VVER-

440/213s; →2U at Temelin/ 2VVER-1000 →May 2011 NPR produced

33,8 % relative share of

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33,8 % relative share of nuclear energy production


Nuclear Cycle Facilities6 0 0 6 2-interim storage facilities for

dry spent-fuel storage for the commercial NPPs; 1- storage facility for the research reactors spent fuel; 3-LLW/ILW repositories



c1) Czech Republic

Czech Republic-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive waste

management Source for funding reactors decommissioning:•State Decommissioning Fund •Final cost of decommissioning ~ € 1.06 billion, from which:

The adopted decommissioning strategy for both nuclear power plant sites is deferred

The Czech Republic’s policy of RAW Management includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• Radioactive waste repositories


~ € 1.06 billion, from which:a) €580 million for Dukovany

NPP 4 VVER 440/213s;b) €480 million for Temelin

NPP 2 VVER 1000.

sites is deferred decommissioning

• Radioactive waste repositories are available for the nuclear power plants’ operational waste and for the decommissioning waste (in Dukovany);


c2) Hungary

Hungary-Nuclear installations overview Status Decommissioning Status Total Remarks

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Status Decommissioning Status Total RemarksOperational Shut

DownUnder decommissioning


Nuclear Power Reactors4 0 0 0 0 4 →4U at Paks/ 4VVER-440/213s;

→1999-NPR produced 38% relative share of nuclear energy production


Nuclear Cycle Facilities2 0 0 2 1-spent fuel storage;

1- radioactive waste treatment and disposal facility, operational since 1976



c2) Hungary

Hungary-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive waste management


Funding Strategy Radioactive waste management

Source for funding reactors decommissioning:•The Central Nuclear Financial Fund (CNFF)-made up of the contributions of the nuclear power plant operator, the waste producers and the State central budget •Final cost of decommissioning ~ €580 million for Paks NPP 4 VVER

440/213s;

The selected strategy is deferred dismantling.

The Hungary’s policy of RAW Management includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• a project is on-going to construct a low and intermediate level waste repository at Bátaapáti for the operational and decommissioning waste of the nuclear power plant;

• a site for an underground repository is being assessed for the final disposal of high activity wastes and spent fuel


c3) Romania

Romania-Nuclear installations overview

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Romania-Nuclear installations overview Status Decommissioning Status Total Remarks




Nuclear Power Reactors2 0 0 0 0 2 →2U at Cernavoda/ 2CANDU 6/7;

→mai 2011-Cernavoda NPP produced 20,6% relative share of electricity production


Nuclear Cycle Facilities3 0 0 3 1-interim storage facilities for dry spent-fuel of the commercial

NPPs; 1- repository for institutional wastes; 1-fuel fabrication; 1-LILW repository under construction/Saligny



c3) Romania

21 Int. Summer School/3rd edition Ispra, Italy, 5-8 July, 2011

Romania-decommissioning resources overviewFunding Strategy Radioactive waste management

Source for funding reactors decommissioning:•The Central Nuclear Financial Fund-made up of the contributions of each radioactive waste producer to make annual contributions to those fund

The selected strategy is deferred dismantling.

The Romania’s policy of RAW Management includes: • matching RAW management with Decom. strategy;

• a disposal facility for LLW with certain limited quantities of long lived radio nuclides generated by the operation and decommissioning of the NPP should be commissioned in 2014;

The decommissioning of nuclear installations in EECis an increasingly important issue in the next three decades:

• 8 first generation Soviet design reactors are under decommissioning√ 2 RBMK 1000/Ignaligna/ decommissioned by 2030;√ 2 VVER 440/230/Bohunice/ decommissioned by 2028; √ 4 VVER 440/230/Kozloduy/ decommissioned by 2038;

3. Conclusions

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• 19 NPR (operational now) will be shut down between2028 (U1-Bohunice)-2057(U2-Cernavoda);


• establishment of financial resources for decommissioning :√ the basic rule is “the polluter pays” √ there are several cases where this principle is not

fully implemented: Lithuania, Slovakia and Bulgaria where aCommunity financial assistance for decommissioning was provided;- such assistance is provided to compensate the financial losses caused by

early closure of NPRs;

• the EU enlargement made a real & lasting contribution to:

3. Conclusions

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• the EU enlargement made a real & lasting contribution to:- increasing nuclear safety in EEC & the Former Soviet Union- reduced the risk posed to the citizens of Europe and the rest of the world


Thank you for your attention!

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BIBLIOGRAFY

1. Second Report on the use of financial resources earmarked for the decommissioning of nuclear installations, spent fuel and radioactive waste , Brussels, 22.12.2009 SEC(2007) 1654 final/2

2. Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Selection of Strategies for Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations: Colenco/Iberdrola. TREN/04/NUCL/S07.4007(1)

3. EU Decommissioning Funding Methodologies: Wuppertal et al. TREN/05/NUCL/S07.55436(2)4. Inventory of Best Practices in the Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations. Brenk/NRI

TREN/04/NUCL/S07. (3)5. Analysis of Environmental, Economic and Social Issues Linked to the Decommissioning of

Nuclear Installations: Plejades TREN/04/NUCL/S07.39876 (4)6. Most Dangerous Reactors a worldwide compendium of reactor risk assessments, United States

Department of Energy, Office of Energy Intelligence, May 1995


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Session 5: Operational decommissioning experience in Eastern … - CECLA… · Operational decommissioning experience in Eastern European Countries 1 Mihail CECLAN; Int. Summer School/3