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Session 9

CPD Seminar

Lifts and Escalators

25 January, 2013

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Legislation• Lifts and Escalators (Safety) Ordinance Cap 327 had

been used for just over half a century.• From 17th December, 2012 onwards, the new Lifts and

Escalators Ordinance (Cap 618), enacted on 18th April, 2012, has been effective.

• Associated with 2 regulations: Lifts and Escalators (General) Regulation and Lifts and Escalators (Fees) Regulation.

• Enhancement of control measures.• Governs all lifts and escalators in both public and private

sectors.• Responsible Persons (RPs) established, owners,

managers and controllers of lifts or escalators.

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Cap 618 ensures the safety of lift and escalator by the following means:

(i) Equipment complianceLift/escalator and their safety components shall be type approved by EMSD.

(ii) Quality controlLift/escalator works such as installation, maintenance, repair, alteration and demolition of lifts/escalators shall be undertaken by registered lift/escalator contractors (RCs). RC shall notify EMSD in respect of undertaking and subcontracting lift/escalator works.

(iii) Safety examinationLift/escalator shall be thoroughly examined and certified in safe working order by registered lift/escalator engineers (REs) before putting into use and operation, after major alternation; and periodically at interval not exceeding 1 year for lifts and 6 months for escalators.

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Cap 618 ensures the safety of lift and escalator by the following means:

(iv) Setting of standardsEMSD is empowered to issue code of practice (CoP) e.g. the CoP on the design and construction of lifts and escalators and the Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works (2012 Edition.RC shall attend to the failure of emergency device of lift within 4 hours after the RC becomes aware of the failure. The emergency devices of a lift include the alarm system, emergency lighting and intercommunication system of the lift and the ventilation fan of the car of the lift.If the failure of the emergency device cannot be rectified within 24 hours after the registered lift contractor becomes aware of the failure, the RC must, before the end of the 24-hour period, notify EMSD of the failure in the specified form.

(v) ProsecutionEMSD is empowered to issue prohibition order, cessation order, examination order, removal order and improvement order.The penalty levels of offences have been increased – the maximum fine is $200,000 and the maximum imprisonment period is 12 months.

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Cap 618 ensures the safety of lift and escalator by the following means:

(vi) Registration systemThe registration systems for RC and RE are enhanced and they are required to renew their registration every 5 years. In addition, a new registration regime for lift /escalator workers (RWs) is introduced.Registers of RC, RE and RW are maintained.RE and RW shall carry their registration cards at works.Disciplinary action against registered person who committed disciplinary offence.

(vii) Public monitoringThe new use permit clearly indicates its validity period to better promote user surveillance.If there is a specified incident relating to a lift/escalator, RP shall within 24 hours after the incident comes to the person’s knowledge, notify in writing the EMSD and the RC. RC shall display a notice before the end of the 4-hour period after the contractor becomes aware of the specified incident if the normal use and operation of the lift/escalator is suspended because of the incident.

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Cap 618 ensures the safety of lift and escalator

by the following means:

(viii) Record keepingRP shall keep log-books.RC and RE shall enter information into log-books and keep related records, such as the name and contact information of sub-contractor if the works is subcontracted.

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According to section 2 of Cap 618, the responsible

person (RP) for a lift or an escalator is defined as:(1) the owner of the installation; or(2) any other person who has the management or control of the installation, but

that does not include any person who only uses or operates the installation or carries out lift or escalator works.

• The owner may confer on the appointed responsible person for the installation all or part of the management or control of the installation in a specific and clear manner.

• The owner should provide the RP with adequate information so that the latter can effectively perform the required duties.

• Apart from the owner, any other person who has the management or control, including the organization and its staff, the property management company under its contract and the staff representing the property management company, shall be regarded as the responsible person for the installation.

• The parties who rent or occupy the premises but are not authorised to manage or control the installation, such as tenants or premises users, are not required to undertake or fulfil the responsibilities of a responsible person for the installation.

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Responsibilities of a RP

• Ensure the installation and all associated equipment or machinery kept in a proper state of repair and of safe working order.

• Ensure the installation is not used under certain circumstances.• Ensure the service lift, goods lift, or mechanized vehicle parking

system is not used for carrying persons and is not overloaded.• Ensure all lift works or escalators works carried out by registered

contractors.• Ensure maintenance works undertaken by registered contractors,

not exceeding one month.• Ensure certain works conducted by registered engineers, such as

periodic examinations, examinations after major alterations.• Periodic examination within 2 months from the expiry of the permit.• Keep record of log-books for at least 3 years.• Allow registered contractors to notify users after serious accidents.• Notify registered contractors about failure of emergency devices.

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How to select an appropriate maintenance

contractor?

• Background• Sufficient technical knowhow• Spare parts• Anticipated duration of maintenance, availability of

maintenance schedule• Registered Contractor’s Performance Rating Scheme

established by EMSD, available on EMSD web site• Capability of dealing with emergencies

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Benefits of modernization or renovation

• Safety enhancement• Reliability and availability enhancement• Improving the appearance• More comfortable ride• Energy saving• Performance improvement, e.g. dispatching, speed etc.• Prolonging the life• Saving money – replacement better than repair• Problems with changing a contractor, manufacturer not

necessary the maintenance contractor

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• Definition of a Lift - according to Cap 618, it means a lifting machine or appliance having a carrier the direction of movement of which is restricted by one or more guides; or a mechanized vehicle parking system.

• Definition of an Escalator – according to Cap 618, it means an inclined, continuous stairway that is driven by mechanical power for raising or lowering passengers; or a passenger conveyor that

is a continuous walkway driven by mechanical power and is used for conveying passengers on the same or between different traffic levels.

• Definition of Traction Lift – a whose lifting ropes are driven by friction in the grooves of the driving sheave of the machine.

• Definition of Hydraulic Lift – a lift in which the lifting power is derived from an electricity driven pump transmitting hydraulic fluid to a jack, acting directly or indirectly on the car.

Definitions

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Types of Lifts:

• Traction (Geared/Gearless/Machine Roomless)

• Hydraulic

Types of Drives:

• AC2 (AC 2-speed)

• ACVV (AC Variable Voltage)

• ACVVVF (AC Variable Voltage Variable Frequency)

• DCWL (DC Ward Leonard)

• DCTL (DC Thyristor Leonard)

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Basic Structure of a Traction Lift

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Basic Structure of a Hydraulic Lift

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MG taken away for Thyristor Leonard Drive

3-phase motor driven by power electronics

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Standard Geared Machine

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A Standard Gearless Drive

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Roping Systems

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Machine Roomless Lifts

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Twin Lifts

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Mitsubishi Ropeless Elevator

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Otis

Odyssey

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Torque Speed Curve of a standard Induction Machine

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ACVV

Control

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ACVVVF Torque Speed Curves

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Torque Speed Curves of ACVVVF Scalar Control

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Major Safety Devices of Traction Lifts:• Intercom• Overrun switches• Landing door interlock • Car door interlock• Governor and Safety gear• Buffers

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Progressive Safety

Gear for High-

Speed Lifts

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Flexible guide clamp

safety gear for heavy duty

elevators

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1. Wedge-shaped gibs

2. Moving on hardened steel chromium-plated rollers

3. Mounted in a non-ferrous cage

4. Running in the hardened steel tracks of the jaw

5. Adjusted by means of a screw assembly

6. Cage secured in its position by a helical spring.

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Additional Safety Devices of Hydraulic

Lifts:

• Pawl Device is a mechanical device for stopping involuntary descent of the car and maintaining it stationary on fixed supports.

• Electrical Anti-creep system is a combination of precautions against the danger of creeping.

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Protection Against Unintended Car Movement

• A traction drive lift shall be provided with a means to stop unintended car movement away from the landing with the landing door not in the locked position and the car door not in the closed position, as a result of failure in any single component of the lift machine or drive control system upon which the safe movement of the car depends, except failure of the suspension ropes or chains and the traction sheave or drum or sprockets of the machine.

• Failure of traction sheave includes a loss of traction.• The means shall detect unintended movement of the car

away from the landing and cause the car to come to a stop at the latest in a distance of 1,200 mm as measured from the landing sill.

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Rope Gripper

• A traction drive lift shall be provided with ascending car overspeed protection means to detect uncontrolled movement of the ascending car at a minimum 115% of rated speed and shall cause the car to stop.

• This means shall act either to the car, or to the counterweight, or on the rope system (suspension or compensating) or on the traction sheave.

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Automatic Rescue

Device

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Use a Double Brake System

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A Double Brake

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Structure of Escalator

Safety Devices:

Shirting/step; Handrail; Comb plate

Emergency stop; Power failure with any one phase

Earth fault; Overload; Overspeed

Operation of auxiliary brake

Breakage of drive chains

Stopping of succeeding escalators; Sagging of steps

Breakage of handrail

Opening of inspection doors

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Advances on

Lift Design and Installation

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World’s Fastest Lift at Taipei 101

600 m/min down

1010 m/min up

Coming one in China up to 20 m/s perhaps

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Destination Hall Call System

Miconic 10

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Remote Monitoring of Lift Systems

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Central Remote Monitoring Centre

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Elevgraphy

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Elevgraphy (cont’d)

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Data Acquisition System and Final Graphs of

Elevgraphy

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Comfort:• ISO 18738:2003

• Sound measurement – microphone placed 1.5 m above car floor at the centre, measuring A-weighted sound pressure, LAeq

during lift travel

• Vibration sensor measures all three directions, using ISO 8041 frequency-weighing factors, maximum peak-to-peak and A95 peak-to-peak value along x- and y-directions and maximum peak-to-peak value along z-direction

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Parameter to Evaluate Energy Performance:•Unfair to judge that one elevator is less ENERGY EFFICIENT only because it consumes more energy than another similar elevator even with the same rated capacity, same rated speed and same height of travel.

•The absolute energy consumption over a period of time MUST NOT BE used

•Total energy consumption very much depends on the traffic patterns. An idle elevator car almost consumesno energy.

•Therefore, the benchmarking parameter must be traffic pattern dependent.

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ii

n

i

T

dw

E

∑=

=

1

m-J/kg

(J/kg of passengers - m of car travel) should be one appropriate benchmarking parameter, trip by trip basis over a measurement window of T , say 30 minutes, over a day

ET = energy consumed during T

n = number of brake-to-brake journeys within T

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Conventional Control

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Artificial Intelligence based Control without Energy Saving Algorithms

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Artificial Intelligence based Control with Energy Saving Algorithms

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Parameters measuring Traffic Performance

• Average Waiting Time (AJT < 30 s)

• Average Travel Time (ATT < 60 s)

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RTT – the most important parameter in Lift Traffic Analysis

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Formulae for calculating RTT

( )

eff

psv

ulp

f

v

f

ocfs

U

UPPHCPOP

RTT

PLUPPHC

L

RTTUPPINT

PttSHtRTT

ttt

v

dt

v

dtttt

100%

300;

212

2

;;1

=

==

+++=

+=

=−++=

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CoP and Guidelines for Energy Efficiency of Lifts and Escalators, earliest 2000 Edition, latest 2012 Edition

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The Ordinance (Building Energy Efficiency Ordinance Cap 610) specifies that designated duties under the Ordinance must be performed by Registered Energy Assessors. They are:

• to certify the declarations by building developers that suitable design provisions of relevant building services installations have been incorporated into the planning and design of the buildings in accordance with the Building Energy Code (BEC) and then have been installed and completed in compliance with the BEC so as to apply for Certificate of Compliance Registration (COCR) from Director of Electrical and Mechanical Services (the Director); or

• to certify the relevant building services installations involved in major retrofitting works that the installations comply with the BEC, issue Forms of Compliance (FOC) to responsible persons or owners of the premises concerned; or

• to conduct energy audits and issue Energy Audit Form (EAF) for owners of commercial buildings and commercial portion of composite buildings in respect of the central building service installations at interval not longer than ten years.

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An applicant for REA:

• is a registered professional engineer within the meaning of section 2(1) of the Engineers Registration Ordinance (Cap. 409) and is registered in the electrical, mechanical, environmental or building services discipline under that Ordinance;

• has had at least 2 years practical experience in engineering works relating to energy efficiency in buildings acquired while being so registered;

• has the knowledge required for the performance of the duties and functions of a registered energy assessor under the Ordinance; and

• is a fit and proper person to be registered; or

• is a corporate member of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers in the electrical, mechanical, environmental or building services discipline, or has an equivalent qualification recognized by the Institution as being of a standard not lower than that of a corporate member of the Institution in any of those disciplines;

• has had at least 3 years practical experience in engineering works relating to energy efficiency in buildings acquired while being such a member;

• has the knowledge required for the performance of the duties and functions of a registered energy assessor under the Ordinance; and

• is a fit and proper person to be registered.

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The developer of that building, at occupation approval stage (within 4 months after issue of an "occupation permit"), is further required to:

• engage a REA to certify that the 4 key types of building services installations provided by the developer in the building at or before the time when the declaration is made have been designed, installed and completed in accordance with the standards and requirements specified in the BEC; and

• submit "stage two declaration" to EMSD to declare that the 4 key types of building services installations provided by the developer in the building at or before the time when the declaration is made have been designed, installed and completed in accordance with the standards and requirements specified in the BEC (the edition applied in the "stage one declaration"), in order to apply for COCR (Certificate of Compliance Registration) for the building.

Subsequently, the owner(s) of the building (i.e. the Incorporated Owners or all owners, etc.), every 10 years, is/are required to:

• engage a REA to certify that the design of all the 4 key types of central building services installations are maintained to a standard not lower than the BEC version applied in the first COCR or FOC (Form of Compliance) of the building; and

• submit application to EMSD for renewal of the COCR.

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General Approach

• Limit maximum allowable drive power

• Reduce loss by Min Total Power Factor

• Reduce loss by Limiting decoration load

• Reduce loss by Standby or parking mode -govern VAC

• Reduce loss by Mitigating power quality problems

• Metering and energy monitoring for better energy efficiency management

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Remark:

The maximum allowable electrical power for a passenger conveyor with Nominal Width above 1000 mm and below 1400 mm is given by interpolation.

1400 & above could not be shown due to space limitation.

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Total Power Factor

• TPF ≧ 0.85 for full-load up at rated speed for lifts

• TPF ≧ 0.85 for E/PS at brake load at rated speed in an upward movement

• Power factor correction device when necessary

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Decoration Load in a Lift

Energy Efficiency Requirements for Lift & Escalator Installations

For lifts above 1800 kg, allowable D gradually drops from approximately 33% to 25% of rated load at a maximum of 5000 kg.

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Allowable D Load vs Rated Load L

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

1400.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500

Lift Rated Load L (kg)

Allo

wab

le D

ecor

atio

n L

oad

D (

kg)

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Lift Parking Mode

• Low traffic period – at least one car of a bank under parking mode

• What is LOW TRAFFIC PERIOD?

• Parked car not responding to landing calls

• V/AC of parked car specially handled

• 2 min for V, 10 min + 5 min for AC

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THD for Lifts

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THD for Escalators

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Metering and Monitoring Facilities

• Metering devices or provision for measurement

• V (phase-phase, phase-neutral)

• I (lines and neutral)

• TPF

• Energy consumption (kWh)

• P (kW)

• Maximum demand (kVA)

• Total harmonic distortion (%)

• Provision means measurement without interruption to normal operation except escalators

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