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I2SL 2019
Learning Objectives
• Learn how successful energy modeling in early concept
phases can inform system selection;
• Understand the engineering tasks necessary to produce data
needed by energy modeling consultants to perform
calculations reflecting design intent;
• Learn how continuous energy modeling informs and optimizes
systems to be installed; and
• Case study of actual building performance matching energy
model results.
I2SL 2019
Agenda
Engineering Design Criteria for Energy Modeling01
Conceptual System Development for Energy Modeling02
Continuous Energy Modeling To Enhance Performance03
04 Case Study
05 Takeaways
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
section 01
Minimum Energy Model Inputs
• Thermal Zone Type: Lab, Lab Support, Office, High Occupancy, Vivarium and Other
• Thermal Zone Area: Square Feet Each Zone Type
• Lab Zone Breakdown: Constant Load or Variable Load
• Space Cooling/Heating Temperature/Humidity Occupied and Setback
• Occupancy
• Occupancy Schedule
• Lighting Loads
• Lighting Diversity Schedules
• Internal Process/Plug Loads for Design
• Internal Process/Plug Load Diversity Schedules
• Occupied Minimum Ventilation (Exhaust Rate)
• Unoccupied Ventilation (Exhaust Rate)
• Ventilation Operational Schedule
• Exhaust Devices Airflow (Hoods/BSCs/Vented Cages)
• Exhaust Device Operational Schedules
• Minimum Unoccupied Supply Air Setback (50%)
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Space Temperature Criteria
Sta
nd
ard
Th
erm
al C
om
fort
section 01
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
section 01
Specialty Temperature and Humidity
Criteria
• Vivarium
• BSL-3/ABSL-3
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Internal Loads:
Occupant Density Lighting Process/Plug Load
Include Discussion of Future Flexibility Criteria and Safety Factors
section 01
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Ventilation Criteria
New ASHRAE Guide:
Classification of Lab Ventilation Design Levels
section 01
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Exhausted Equipment Criteria
Types of Exhaust:
• Chemical Fume Hoods
• Biosafety Cabinets
• Snorkel Exhaust
• Vented Cabinets
• Ventilated Cage Racks
Need Estimated Quantity of Each,
Airflow Maximum and Minimum
Plus Static Pressure Drop for Each
(Affects Fan Power Estimate)
FT
03
FCD
03
To Exhaust
System
AO
AI
Stand Alone
Fume Hood
Controller
AI
HOODZT
01HS
03
AI
FITA
01
ZT
02
FAHFAL
AI
DI
Hybrid VAV Sash
Position Control Plus
Through The Wall
Sensor Feedback
Control with Local FH
Face Velocity Alarm
and DDC System
Analog Alarm Point
TYPICAL FOR EACH FUME HOOD
HORIZ/
COMBO
SASH ONLY
Fume Hood
AI
YS
03
Presence
Sensor
section 01
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Operational Diversity Schedules and Equipment Efficiencies
section 01
I2SL 2019
Design Criteria for Energy Modeling
Operational Schedules Developed By
Labs21/I2SL Included in ASHRAE 90.1
User’s Manual
section 01
90% 10%
Lab Breakdown
I2SL 2019
Air Side Systems
section 02
Air Systems Studied
Code Baseline Systems
Combined Lab/Non-Lab System – Cascade Air
Combined System with Supplemental Cooling
Combined System with Supplemental Cooling & Heat Pipe Recovery
Combined System With Enthalpy Recovery, Separate FH Exhaust
Separate Lab Office Systems Enthalpy Recovery, Separate FH Exhaust
Combined System With Heat Pipe Recovery Manifold GE and FH Exhaust
Office System With Enthalpy Recovery, Lab System with Heat Pipe
Office System With Heat Pipe, Labs with Glycol Recovery
Combined Lab/Non-Lab System With Heat Pipe – 100% OA Owner Request
Combined System with FCU Cooling All Lab/Lab Support & Heat Pipe Recovery
Combined System With CHB/FCU Cooling Labs Only and Heat Pipe
Combined System With Supplemental Cooling Lab Support Only and Heat Pipe Labs 21 BPG
I2SL 2019
ASHRAE 90.1 Baseline Air Systems
ASHRAE Baseline Based on
Building Size/Floors
Return Air
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Office/Conference/Non-Lab Spaces
Air Handling Unit
CRH
Ventilation Air Relief
Determine ASHRAE 90.1
Appendix G Baseline
VFD
Outside
Air
C
PH
VFD
CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
100% OA Air Handling Unit
CRH
100% OA
Spaces
Separate ASHRAE Baseline 100%
OA System – Typical for Vivarium
& Human Anatomy
General
Exhaust
Return Air
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
Fume Hood
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Laboratories
Air Handling Unit
Difference Between
Cooling Supply and
Required Exhaust – For
Baseline Energy
Modeling Purposes Only
CRH
Combined Code
Ventilation/Fume Hood/
General Exhaust
Separate Baseline Laboratory
System – ASHRAE Appendix G
S = 340,300 cfm
E = 112,350 cfm
R = 227,950 cfm
S = 390,010 cfm
E = 246,990 cfm
R = 143,020 cfm
Vivarium
S = 125,000 cfm
E = 125,000 cfm
Anatomy
S = 50,500
E = 50,500
section 02
I2SL 2019
Proposed Air Systems
Proposed System – Supplemental Cooling
section 02
Supply Air
Return Air
CRH
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
CRHCRH CRH CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
Fume Hood
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Low Load Labs All Air Labs High Load Labs
Fan Coil Unit
Offices All Air High
Occupancy
(Conference/
Classroom/
Auditorium)
Chilled Beam Chilled Beam
Office Air Handling Unit
System
C
C
Combined Code
Ventilation/Fume Hood/
General Exhaust
VFD
Outside
Air
C
PH
C
C
Lab Air Handling Unit System S = 320,570 cfm
E = 112,350 cfm
R = 208,220 cfm
S = 249,800 cfm
E = 249,800 cfm
R = 0 cfm
FCU = 108,000 cfm
I2SL 2019
Proposed Air Systems
Proposed System – Combined Lab/Office Supplemental Cooling
Supply Air
Return Air
CRH
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
CRHCRH CRH CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
Fume Hood
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Low Load Labs All Air Labs High Load Labs
Fan Coil Unit
Offices All Air High
Occupancy
(Conference/
Classroom/
Auditorium)
Chilled Beam Chilled Beam
Manifold Air Handling Unit System
C
C
Combined Code
Ventilation/Fume Hood/
General Exhaust
S = 570,320 cfm
E = 359,335 cfm
R = 210,985 cfm
FCU = 108,000 cfm
section 02
I2SL 2019
Proposed Air Systems
Proposed System – Combined, Sup. Clg, Separate FH, Enthalpy Wheel
S = 570,320 cfm
GE = 305,565 cfm
FH = 53,770 cfm
R = 210,985 cfm
FCU = 108,000 cfm
section 02
Return Air
Fume Hood
Exhaust
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
VFD
C
C
General
Exhaust
Fume Hood
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Manifold Air Handling Unit System
C
HR
CHR
Enthalpy
Wheel
Supply Air
CRHCRHCRH CRH CRH
Low Load Labs All Air Labs High Load Labs
Fan Coil Unit
Offices All Air High
Occupancy
(Conference/
Classroom/
Auditorium)
Chilled Beam Chilled BeamC
C
I2SL 2019
Proposed Air Systems
Return Air
VFD
VFD
Outside
Air
Econo.
Relief
C
PH
VFD
CRH
C
C
General
Exhaust
Fume Hood
Exhaust
General
Exhaust
Laboratories
Air Handling Unit
Difference Between Cooling Supply
and Ventilation Relief
CRH
Combined Code
Ventilation/Fume Hood/
General Exhaust
Office/ Conference/
Non-Lab Spaces
C
HRHeat Pipe
CRH
High Load Labs
Fan Coil Unit
C
C
General
Exhaust
Proposed System – Combined System Heat Pipe Recovery
S = 642,000 cfm
GE = 410,400 cfm
R = 230,720 cfm
FCU = 108,000 cfm
section 02
I2SL 2019
Additional Data for Energy Model
Code Baseline Fan Power Allowance (Peak kW/cfm)
Proposed System Fan Power Estimate – Each System (Peak kW/cfm)
section 02
I2SL 2019
Heating/Cooling Plants Modeled
Plant Options Studied
Code Baseline Systems
High Efficiency Chillers, Code Efficiency Boilers
High Efficiency Chillers, Separate Supplemental Cooling Loop, Standard Boilers
High Efficiency Chillers, Low Temperature Reheat Loop with Heat Shift Chiller,
Standard Boilers
High Efficiency Chillers, Low Temperature Reheat Loop with Heat Shift Chiller,
High Efficiency Condensing Boilers
High Efficiency Chillers, Low Temperature Reheat Loop, Heat Shift Chiller
Serving Only Limited Supplemental Cooling, High Efficiency Condensing Boilers
High Efficiency Chillers, Heat Shift Chiller Serving Only Limited Supplemental
Cooling, Standard Boilers
section 02
I2SL 2019
Baseline Plant Systems for Comparison
section 02
C
RH
C
PH
C
PH
C
PH
Base Building, Lab
Anatomy & Vivarium
Preheat Coils
Re
heat C
oils
C
RH
C
RH
C
C
C
C
C
C
Base Building, Lab,
Anatomy & Vivarium
Cooling Coils
Cooling
Tower
C
C
Sup
ple
menta
l
Co
olin
g C
oils
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
C
C
C
C
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
C
PH
Perimeter
Heat
Perimeter
Heat
Perimeter
Heat
C
C
Free Cooling Heat
Exchanger
BO
ILE
R
BO
ILE
R
ASHRAE 90.1
Appendix G –
Baseline Plants
I2SL 2019
Proposed Plant Systems
Proposed Plants
section 02
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
Heat Shift
Chiller
C
RH
C
PH
C
PH
C
PH
Base Building, Lab
Anatomy & Vivarium
Preheat Coils
Reh
ea
t C
oils
C
RH
C
RH
C
C
C
C
C
C
Base Building, Lab,
Anatomy & Vivarium
Cooling Coils
Cooling
Tower
C
C
Su
pp
lem
en
tal
Coo
ling
Co
ils
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
C
C
C
C
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
C
PH
Perimeter
Heat
Perimeter
Heat
Perimeter
Heat
C
C
Free Cooling Heat
Exchanger
BO
ILE
R
BO
ILE
R
Sep
ara
te L
ow
Te
mp
era
ture
Reh
eat
Lo
op
Hig
he
r T
em
pe
ratu
re P
eri
mete
r &
Pre
he
at
Lo
op
I2SL 2019
Design Data for Each Plant Option
Plant Data Required Code Baseline Proposed System
Chiller Capacity 3,800 tons 3,800 tons
Chiller COP/IPLV 6.10/6.40 5.47/7.68
CHW Prim Pump Flow/Power 7,600 gpm/7.7 watts/gpm 6,080 gpm/20.3 watts/gpm
CHW Sec Pump Flow/Power 7,600 gpm/14.3 watts/gpm 5,600 gpm/19.0 watts/gpm
Condenser Pump Flow/Power 11,400 gpm/19.0 watts/gpm 7,600 gpm/28.3 watts/gpm
Cooling Tower Power 38.2 gpm/ Fan HP 38.2 gpm/ Fan HP
Boiler Capacity 46,630 MBH 46,630 MBH
Boiler Efficiency 80% 90%
HW Prim Pump Flow/Power 1,865 gpm/19 watts/gpm 4,660 gpm/15.79 watts/gpm
HW Sec Pump Flow/Power N/A 4,660 gpm/23.2 watts/gpm
Heat Shift Chiller Capacity N/A 140 tons
CHW Pump Flow/Power N/A 670 gpm/29.0 w/gpm
HW Pump Flow/Power N/A 420 gpm/11.6 w/gpm
section 02
I2SL 2019
Final Design Energy Model
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
Baseline (kBTU/GSF-yr) Proposed (kBTU/GSF-yr)
LEED Model Results
Lights Exterior Lights Misc. Equipment Space Heating Space Cooling
Heat Rejection Pumps & Aux Ventilation & Fans Domestic Hot Water
Final LEED Model Results: 40% Energy Reduction vs. Concept 31%
EUI=140 kBTU/GSF-yr
section 03
EUI=233 kBTU/GSF-yr
I2SL 2019
Section 04
Actual Energy Use Case Study
Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
HOK HOK
I2SL 2019
Actual vs. Model Energy Performance
section 04
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Electric (kWh)
Model Actual ASHRAE Baseline
0
25,000
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Gas (Therm)
Model Actual ASHRAE Baseline
ASHRAE 90.1 Baseline:
EUI = 233 kBTU/gsf-yr
Proposed System:
EUI = 140 kBTU/gsf-yr
Actual 2018 Performance:
EUI = 146 kBTU/gsf-yr
Model vs. Proposed
Difference: 4.3%
I2SL 2019
Takeaways
section 05
• Defining program criteria for energy modeling is critical to
making informed decisions based on energy model results.
• Preliminary engineering is required to define energy model
inputs.
• Use of operational diversity profiles from I2SL/Labs21 in
conjunction with defined program criteria is recommended.
• Energy modeling consistent with intended system operation
can provide results similar to actual building usage.