ShafiqueKeshavjee

08-05.2018

Zürich

Allthereligionstalkaboutpeace…

…butinpracCce…

ViolenceintheNameofGod

Introduc)on

1.Where?

2.Why?

3.Whattodo?

Conclusion

IntroducCon

IntroducCon

?

?

IntroducCon

ChrisCans Jews Muslims Buddhists

IntroducCon

Buddhism:NoGod! Noviolence?

Buddhismis«violent»against

allformsof«God»!

Differentformsofviolence:

mental,sexual,social,physical,military…

IntroducCon

Buddhism

Non-violence and violence

AshinWirathuDalaiLamaAshoka

(3rdBC)

IntroducCon

Violenceandnon-violence

ineachreligioustradiCon!

Violenceandnon-violence

ineachhumantradiCon!

??

IntroducCon

«Violence»

FromlaCn«vis»:strength,power,vigour

NegaCf:misuseofpowerthathurtsordestroysothers

«Gewalt»

VonAlthochdeutsch«waltan»:starksein,beherrschen

Majorviolenceofthe20thcentury

1.TheSecondWorldWar(1939-1945):50milliondead(includingtheexterminaConof6millionJews)

2.TheMaoZedongregimeinChina(1949-1976):48milliondead

3.Stalin'sregimeintheSovietUnion(1924-1953):20milliondead

4.TheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918):15milliondead(includingthegenocideofnearly2million

ArmenianandAssyrianChrisCansbytheTurks)

5.TheRussianCivilWar(1917-1922):8'800000deaths

6.Chinesecivilwars(1911-1949):

6'500000deaths

Themostimportantviolenceofthe20thcentury

wasnotcommicedinthenameofGod!

Itwascommicedinthenameof

ofmaterialismandnaConalism

withoutGodandagainstGod...

IntroducCon

ViolenceintheNameofGod!

ViolenceagainsttheNameofGod!

IntroducCon

Theo-logyisthemostimportanttopicoftheworld!

Everyhumanbeinghasadiscourseabout«God»

byaffirming,bynegaCng,

bytradiCon,orbyexperience

A-THEISM MONO-THEISM

IntroducCon

MainfocushereonviolenceintheNameofGod

Judaism

Chris]anity Islam

otherreligionsandspiritualiCes

atheism,agnosCcism,secularism

WestandEast

Basicparadigms

SemiCc Indo-European

Mesopotamian Italo-CelCc Indo-Iranian

Greek Iranian Indo-Aryen

IsraeliCc

HinduismBuddhism

Zoroastrianism

Judaism Chris]anity

Islam

Basicparadigms

SemiCc Indo-European

Greekphilosophy

Judaism Chris]anity Hinduism Buddhism

Islam

Sciences

Monotheisms MaterialismsMonoholisms

Basicparadigms

1.   «Monoholisms» Unity-Totalityparadigm

«Spirit(s)»

«One» «One»

«Nature»

Basicparadigms

2.«Monotheisms»Creator-creatureparadigm

CREATOR

Crea]on

Universe-Humanity

23

Judaism

CREATOR

T

O

R

A

H

Crea]on

Universe-Human]y

24

ChrisCanity

CREATOR

C

H

R

I

S

T

Crea]on

Universe-Human]y

25

Islam

CREATOR

C

O

R

A

N

Crea]on

Universe-Human]y

Basicparadigms

3.«Materialisms» «Ma9er»or«nature»paradigm

«?One?» UNIVERSE-humanity… «?One?»

1.Where?

Everywhere!

ThetransformaConsofhumantradiCons

andrealiCesareinterdependent

Violencetoo!

hcp://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/arCcles/irin/genocide.html

Thegreatestgenocideinhistory

InIndia,between1000and1525:

60millionto80million(KoenraadElst)

ofHindus,Buddhists,SikhsandJains

weremassacred

byMuslimsinthenameoftheirGod...

TheexpansionofIslamdidnotonlytakeplacetowardstheWest...

hcps://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2015/08/31/islamic-invasion-of-india-the-greatest-genocide-in-history/

TheexpansionofIslamdidnotonlytakeplacetowardstheWest...

butalsotoIndiaandalltheEast...

SpeakingofMuslimIndia(1206-1757)...

"This conquest, a hundred Cmes restarted, led to a

vastmilitaryoccupaCon.TheMuslims,fewinnumber,

secled only inmajor ciCes, rule the country only at

thecostofasystemaCcpolicyofterror.

Cruelty is daily: burnings, summary execuCons,

sentences to crucifixion or paling, bloodthirsty

caprices...

Hindu temples are destroyed to make way for

mosques. On occasion, conversions are imposed by

force.

Finally, when an uprising occurs, the repression is

immediate, savage: houses burned, countries

devastated, men slaughtered, women taken into

slavery."(p.272)

FernandBraudel

LecerfromGandhitoVelshiKeshavjee,10May1939

“Donotjudgeothers,andyouwillnotbe

judged. (…) “And why worry about a

speckinyourfriend’seyewhenyouhave

aloginyourown?

How can you think of saying to your

friend, ‘Let me help you get rid of that

speck in your eye,’ when you can’t see

pasttheloginyourowneye?

Hypocrite!Firstget ridof the log inyour

owneye;thenyouwillseewellenoughto

dealwiththespeckinyourfriend’seye.

Jesus,GospelorMafhew7/1-5.

34

It is important that Chris]ans and Westerners

beginbyremovingthe"beams"intheirowneyes!

35

Othergenocidesandextermina]ons

LaCnAmerica

From1492 to theendof the17th century, the

indigenous populaCon decreased from 90

millionto12million.

NorthAmerica

Fromthe16thcenturyunCltheendofthe19th

century, the Amerindians decreased from

twelvemillionto250,000.

ReligiouswarsinEurope

Betweenthe16thand18thcenturies:

numerouswarsbetweenCatholicsandProtestants.

ThirtyYears'War(1618-1648):

3to4milliondeathsforaniniCalpopulaConof17million(?)

Peasants'War(1524-1526)

" (...) all those who can must stun, slit their throats, and

sword, secretly or in public, knowing that there is nothing

morepoisonous,moreharmful,moreevilthanarebel(...).

This is the Cme of the sword and anger, not the Cme of

mercy. Therefore, the authority must go boldly and strike

with a clear conscience, strike as long as the revolt has a

breathoflife.

(...)Therefore,dearlords,(...)stab,slay,slittodeath.»

Luther(1483-1546)

Oneoftheworstcrimescommicedby

ChrisCanchurchesoverthecenturies:

thecontempt,hatredandkillingofsomanyJews…

JohnChrysostom(344-407)

AgainsttheJews,

homiliesof386-387inAnCoch

2.Why?

LoveofUlCmateTruth!

LoveofUlCmateUnity!

LoveofUlCmateJusCce!

LoveofUlCmateLove!

LoveofUlCmateRevelaCon!

Chris]anan]-Semi]smwasbasedon

quota]onsfromtheBible

«DennihrseidNachfolgerworden,liebeBrüder,derGemeinden

Goces in Judäa in Christo Jesu, daß ihr ebendasselbige erlicen

habtvoneurenBlutsfreunden,das jenevonden Juden,welche

auch den HERRN Jesum getötet haben und ihre eigenen

ProphetenundhabenunsverfolgetundgefallenGocnichtund

sind allenMenschenwider,wehren uns, zu sagen den Heiden,

damit sie selig würden, auf daß sie ihre Sünden erfüllen

allewege;dennderZornistschonendlichübersiekommen.»

(1Thessalonicher2/14-15)

(OfthesameapostlePaul,however,cf.theepistletotheRomans,chapters9to11)

TheanC-SemiCsmofmanyChrisCantheologians,andinparCcular

Luther's,hascontributedtofuellinganC-SemiCsminGermany...

There has been much violence in countries

influencedbyChris]anity.

EveryCmeChrisCans killed, itwas against the

teachingoftheGospels.

SomeparablesseemtojusCfyextremeviolence:cf.theparable

of the murderous winegrowers (Machew 21:33-46) and the

parableofthemines(Luke19/11-28).

Buttheyareparablesandnotethicalorlegalteachings!

ViolenceandPeaceinChris]anity

During thefirst threecenturiesofChrisCanity,

ChrisCansdidnotkillanyone.

Onthecontrary,theywerekilledfortheirfaith.

AssoonastheChurchwasassociatedwiththe

power of the Empire (from the 4th century),

violencedidnotceasetospread…

ViolenceandPeaceinChris]anity

2.Why?

ConfusionofReligionandState!

ConfusionofReligionandNaConalIdenCty!

ViolenceandPeaceinIslam

AccordingtotheMuslimfaith

AllahistheOnewhogivesPeace(salam)

Islamisareligionofpeace

and

theonlywaytofindulCmatepeace

In the Quran and the hadîths, as in the long going Muslim

tradiCon and the lives of many Muslims, there are beauCful

examplesandbeauCfulwordsofpeace.

46

Quran,sura10(51st):99-100

Readalsosura10(51st):99-100;6(55th):35;29(85th):46;

22(103rd):39-41;49(106th):13;5(112th):48

47

Textsthatpromote

respectandpeace

And had your Lord willed, those on earth

would have believed - all of them enCrely.

Then, [OMuhammad],wouldyoucompel the

peopleinorderthattheybecomebelievers?

And it is not for a soul to believe except by

permission of Allah, and He will place

defilement upon those who will not use

reason.

PeaceandWarinIslam

48

Initsideal,IslamisacalltoPeace(salam).

ButthisPeaceinfullnessonlyconcernsthosewhomGod

directs towards Islam, submission to Allah, to

MuhammadandtohisMessage.

Anon-MuslimcanonlyhopeforPeace ifGodleadshim

thereandifheinturnsubmitstoIslam.

Interpreta]on

History

Founda]ons

cultural/religiousMuslims

imamsandscholars

diversityofcontemporaryIslamicpracCces(liberal,mysCcal,popular,state,radical,revoluConary...)

diversityofhistories,

Muslimculturesandcontexts

sunnites-chiites-kharijites

Legalschools

TheSîra

Thehadîths

TheQuran49

«ISLAM»

Interpreta]on

History

Founda]ons

50

Interpreta]on

History

Founda]ons

Secularandliberal

51

ThediversityofcontemporaryMuslimprac]ces

Mys]calandspiritual

(brotherhoods)

Popularand

cultural

Official

andState

Radicaland

conquering

Radicaland

revolu]onary

MustafaK.Atatürk

(1881-1938)

RecepT.Erdogan

(1954-)

HassanAl-Bannâ

(1906-1949)YoussefQaradhawi

(1926-)

CheikhK.Bentounès

(1949-)

AyatollahKhomeiny

(1902-1989)

Al-Baghdadi

(1971-)

MohammedArkoun

(1928-2010)

KarimAgaKhanIV

(1936-)

52

Thefoundingtexts

WhatdidMuhammadperceiveas

specificinhismission?

53

"AccordingtoAbûHurayra,theMessengerofGod()said:

"IwasgivenanadvantageovertheotherProphetsbysixthings:

*IwasgiventhesyntheCcwords.

*Iwasgivenvictorybyfear.

*Thespoilsofwarhavebeenmadelawfultome.

*Theearthhasbeenmadeapureandpurifyingelement

andamosqueforme.

*Ihavebeensenttoallcreatures.

*AndbymewassealedthesuccessionoftheProphets."

HadîthreportedbyMuslim

(Bulle)nduCentreislamiquedeGenève,no57,mars2014,p.3).hcp://www.cige.org/DocPDF/BulleCn_57.pdf).

Synthesis,terrorandthespoils

54

AcademicPerspecCves

Muhammad«emphasizedwhatheconsidered

to be the unique character of his propheCc

office:hiswarlikecharacter.»

TilmanNagel(Arabiclanguageandcultureteacher)

Mahomet,LaboretFides,p.195.

WarLeader

The founding gesture of Islam confuses Bedouin deployment

andreligiousmessage,funcConsofwarandfuncConsofsacred

in thepersonof theProphet, then in thatofhis companions,

thefirstcaliphs.

GabrielMarCnez-Gros

(prof.d’histoiremédiévaledumondemusulman),

L’Histoire,423,mai2016,p.57.

55

Islamisboth

acommunityspirituality

apoli]calprojectand

amilitarystrategy

56

« In the beginning, when the Prophet was isolated and

there were few Muslims, God advised him to avoid

confrontaCon.Thisistheraisond'êtreof"peacefulverses".

Aper 622, when the community secled in Medina, God

encouraged Muslims to pracCce defensive wars. Then, as

thecommunitygrows innumberand strength, revelaCons

broadenandgeneralizetheseincenCvestowar,andinstead

reducerestricConsonviolentacCon.

Finally,whentheMuslimcauseprevailsinArabiaoverthat

of the adversaries, the revelaCon lays down the principle

thatwar against non-Muslims canbewagedpracCcally all

the Cme and everywhere, without requiring any pretext.

RevelaCons that go in this direcCon are considered as

"repealing"previousrevelaCons,whichrefertoanoutdated

stateofthecommunity.»

JeanFlori

Guerresainte,jihad,croisade.Violenceetreligiondanslechris)anismeetl’Islam,Paris,Seuil,2002,p.84.

57

AcademicPerspecCves

Mohammed commanded a hundred military expediCons,

raids or razzias (in Arabic gazwa, of a root meaning

conquest)andacCvelyparCcipatedintwenty-sevenofthem.

TheRaids

AbuHourayrasaid:

«TheProphetsaid:IhavebeenorderedtofightpeopleunClthey

declarethatthereisnoGodbutGod.

If they comply, they will preserve their lives and property from

me,unlesstheymakeanoffencepunishablebyIslam.

ItisthenuptoGodtojudgethem.»

Sahîhal-Boukhârî,EdiConsAlQalam,Paris,2012,tome2,hadîth3018,p.900s.

58

[5] And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the

polytheistswhereveryoufindthemandcapturethemandbesiege

themandsitinwaitforthemateveryplaceofambush.Butifthey

should repent, establish prayer (salât, compulsory prayer), and

givezakah(mandatoryalms)letthem[go]ontheirway.

Indeed,AllahisForgivingandMerciful.

[29]Fight (qâ)lû)thosewhodonotbelieveinAllahorintheLast

Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His

Messengerhavemadeunlawfulandwhodonotadoptthereligion

oftruthfromthosewhoweregiventheScripture-[fight]unClthey

givethejizyahwillinglywhiletheyarehumbled.

TheQuran,sura9(113rd):5,29

Jizyah (thecapitaCon/capitulaContax) is thebasisofthe inferiorstatusof

JewsandChrisCansinlandofIslamandtheirstatusas«dhimmis».

FightagainstpolytheistsandPeople

oftheBook(JewsandChris]ans)

59

[190]Fight(qâ)lû)inthewayofAllahthosewhofightyoubutdo

nottransgress.Indeed.Allahdoesnotliketransgressors.

[191] And kill (uq’tulûhum) them wherever you overtake

them and expel them from wherever they have expelled

you,andfitnah(subversion)isworsethankilling(al-qatl).

[216]FighCng(al-qitâl)hasbeenenjoineduponyouwhileit

is hateful to you. But perhaps you hate a thing and it is

goodforyou;andperhapsyouloveathinganditisbadfor

you.AndAllahKnows,whileyouknownot.

TheQuran,sura2(87th):190-191;216

60

Muhammad, on his deathbed,

sendedhistroopstocallother

peoples to Islam and to

dominate them militarily and

poliCcallyiftheyrefuse.

61

Conqueringtheworld

«ThefirstsurecontemporaryinformaConwe

get about the movements of the west

Arabianarmies:

(…)some4000poorvillagersofPalesCne

were killed there, ChrisCans, Jews and

Samaritains, and the Arabs ravaged the

wholeregion.»

RobertG.Hoyland,InGod’sPath.TheArabConquestsand

the Crea)on of an Islamic Empire, New York, Oxford

UniversityPress,2015,p.42.

62

BeginningofMuslimhistory

AcademicPerspecCves

PeaceandWar

WedecreedupontheChildrenof Israelthatwhoeverkillsa

soulunlessforasoulorforcorrupCon[done]intheland-it

is as if he had slainmankind en]rely. Andwhoever saves

one-itisasifhehadsavedmankinden]rely.

Andourmessengers had certainly come to themwith clear

proofs. Then indeed many of them, [even] a�er that,

throughouttheland,weretransgressors.

TheQuran,sura5(112th)/32-34

63

PeaceandWar

Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah

and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause]

corrupConisnonebutthattheybekilledorcrucifiedorthat

theirhandsand feetbe cutoff fromopposite sidesor that

theybeexiledfromtheland.

Thatisforthemadisgraceinthisworld;andfortheminthe

Herea�erisagreatpunishment,

Except for those who return [repenCng] before you

apprehend them. And know that Allah is Forgiving and

Merciful.TheQuran,sura5(112th)/32-34

64

...accordingtoAnasIbnMâlikwhosays...

Taken with dysenteric colic, people of the tribe of "Oukl" asked the

ProphettheninMedina:"SentfromGod!Getussomemilk! Ican'tfind

youany,hetoldthem,unlessyougocampingwiththedairycamelsand

drinktheirurineandmilk.Whentheyregainedstrengthandweight,they

killedtheshepherd,fledwiththecacleandrecantedtheirfaith!

TheProphetwasinformedandtheywerebroughtbackwhenthe

sunwasalreadyhighinthesky.

TheProphetorderedtheirarmsandfeettobecutoff,andthen

he ordered nails to be brought, which he heated and burned

their eyes, and had them thrown into the Harra (of Medina).

Theyshoutedtodrink,butnooneservedthemunCltheydied.

AboûQilâba'AbdallahIbnZaydsaid:Thesepeopleweretreatedthisway

because they killed, robbed, denied the faith, fought God and his

Prophet,andcauseddisorderonearth.»

Sahîhal-Boukhârî,EdiConsAlQalam,Paris,2012,tome2,hadîth3018,p.900s.

65

Theprac]ceofwar

byMuhammad

66

Mohammedcertainlysaidmanywordsofpeace,

buthealsojusCfied:

thebeheadingofhisenemiesandtorture

warspoilsandslavery

therightofhavingofsexslaves

therighttolietohisenemies.

67

Muslimsources(Quran,hadithsandofficialbiographies)

suggestthefollowing:

Mohammedhadashisfinalgoalthesubmission

-bypersuasionand/orbyweapons–

ofthewholeEarthtoIslam.

Ifthat'strue,then....

thefirsttrulyworldwardidnotbegin

in1914,butin630.

Andthiswarhasneverstoppedsince.

ApologeCcperspecCve

Islam'sUniversalMission

« In theMuslimcommunity,holywar isa religiousduty

because Islamhasauniversalmissionandallmenmust

convertbywillorby force.Therefore theCaliphateand

thetemporalpowerareunitedthere,sothatthepower

of thesovereigncanservethembothat thesameCme.

OthercommuniCeshavenouniversalmissionanddonot

regardholywarasa religiousdutyexcept for theirown

defence. (...) Those who hold power (...) have no

obligaCon todominateothernaConsas in Islam.Allwe

askthemistoestablishtheirreligionathome.»

IbnKhaldun(1332-1406),BookofLessons,

LeLivredesExemples,Gallimard,2002,p.532-533.

68

Muslimconquestsbetween632and750

May29,1453: FallofConstanCnople

1523: ViennaSiege

1924: AboliConofthecaliphate70

Ofomanconquests:1299-1923

Thehome

AMuslimhastherighttomarryaChrisCanwoman.

AChrisCanwhomarriesaMuslimwomanmustconvert.

ChildrenofmixedcouplesarenecessarilyMuslim.

Inthegeneralindifference/ignoranceofchurchleadersandpoliCcians,

aslowIslamisaConistakingplaceinEuropeatthelevelofcouplesand

families.

71

Religiouscommuni]es

AnyChrisCancanfreelybecomeaMuslim.

AnyMuslimwhowantstobecomeaChrisCan(oranAtheistor

aBuddhist)isanapostatethreatenedwithdeath.

Non-Muslims (Jews and ChrisCans) in Islamic countries have

thechoiceofconverCng,payingthejizyatax(dhimmistatus)or

emigraCng.

72

Daretotakeaself-criCcalandinter-criCcallookat

allviolence

commicedinthenameofreligions

oragainstreligions!

3.Whattodo?

ViolenceintheHebrewBible

IntheHebrewBible(OldTestament),veryviolent

texts, similar to thoseof theQuranandhadiths,

alsoexist.

ThesetextsjusCfythewarofconquest,thekilling

of enemies and apostates, the possibility of

having slaves, the stoning of persons who

commicedadultery...

75

10“When you approach a city to fight against it, you shall offer it

termsofpeace.11“Ifitagreestomakepeacewithyouandopensto

you,thenallthepeoplewhoarefoundinitshallbecomeyourforced

laborandshallserveyou.12“However,ifitdoesnotmakepeacewith

you,butmakeswaragainstyou, thenyoushallbesiege it.13“When

theLORDyourGodgivesitintoyourhand,youshallstrikeallthemen

initwiththeedgeofthesword.14“Onlythewomenandthechildren

andtheanimalsandallthatisinthecity,allitsspoil,youshalltakeas

bootyforyourself;andyoushallusethespoilofyourenemieswhich

theLORDyourGodhasgivenyou.15“ThusyoushalldotoalltheciCes

thatareveryfarfromyou,whicharenotoftheciCesofthesenaCons

nearby.16“OnlyintheciCesofthesepeoplesthattheLORDyourGod

isgivingyouasaninheritance,youshallnotleavealiveanythingthat

breathes.17“Butyoushallucerlydestroy(«taharimem»)them,the

Hi�te and the Amorite, the Canaanite and the Perizzite, the Hivite

and the Jebusite, as the LORD yourGod has commanded you,18so

that theymay not teach you to do according to all their detestable

things which they have done for their gods, so that you would sin

againsttheLORDyourGod.

TheBible,Deuteronomy20:10-14

76

Itmustneverbeforgocenthat

thesetextsareread,

intheJewishtradiCon,

inthelightoftheTalmud

and

intheChrisCantradiCon

inthelightofChrist'snon-violence.

77

AccordingtoMichnah(Sotah8,7),therearethreetypesofwar.

1.   War"prescribedbyGod"(milhèmetmitsvah)

This war was limited to the destrucCon of Amalek and the Canaanite

naCons condemned to "herem" (destrucCon). It was implemented by

Joshuafortheconquestofthe"promisedland».ItwasjusCfiedbythe

factthesecountriescommicedabominaCons(suchaschildsacrifices).

Itishistoricallyoutdated.

2.The"compulsory"war(milhèmethova)

Thesearewarsofself-defenseandnaConalsurvival.

3.Thewarofop]on(milhèmetha-rechout).

These are wars to expand naConal borders to consolidate security. It

wasimplementedbyKingDavid.

78

Muhammad made a synthesis

betweentheJewishparCcularity

of a local war of conquest and

the ChrisCan universality of a

messageforall.

It has generated a universal

message for which the war of

conquestisalsoameans.

79

Jesus' non-violent message is

promoted in and by aWestern

culture that today dominates

muchoftheworld.

Muhammad's violent message is

promoted in and by Muslim

culturesthattodayfeeldominated

inmanypartsoftheworld.

80

MosesandJoshua

Uniquemilitaryconquest(LandofIsrael)

Jesus

Universalspiritualtransmission

Muhammad

Spiritualtransmissionand

universalmilitaryconquest

"WESTERN"WORLD(Indo-European,Greco-Roman,Judeo-ChrisCan...)

WORLDDOMINANCE

(scienCfic,economic,military,cultural...)

"MUSLIM"WORLD

FEELINGOFBEING

DOMINATEDBYTHEWEST

Developacaringandlucida�tude

foreachperson

whateverhisbeliefsmaybe

religiousornot!

3.Whattodo?

FromViolencetoPeace

Highlightandsetasidewhatinone'sownculture/religion

jusCfiescontemptfortheother

HighlightandsetasideanydiscourseorpracCceof

violentormilitaryconquest

Refuseanyformofscapegoatmechanism

Understandandreject

theexclusionmechanism

A classroom, a school, like any society (with diverse

religions),isaplaceofconflictthatcreates"scapegoats"

or"blacksheep".

Livingtogetherimpliesunderstandingthismechanismof

exclusion,pu�nganendtoitor,failingthat,limiCngit.

Whataboutviolenceinpoli]callife?

RenéGirard

(1923-2015)

X=whatisdesired(object,person,success...)

AdesiresX BdesiresX

(mimesisofappropriaCon)

AdesiresX

AantagonisttoB

BdesiresX

BantagonisttoA

(mimesisofantagonism)

VIOLENCE

X=whatisdesired(object,person,success...)

AdesiresX

AantagonisttoB

BdesiresX

BanatagonisttoAVIOLENCE

ALLAGAINSTALL

VIOLENCE

ALLAGAINSTONE

Z=vic]me

X=whatisdesired(object,person,success...)

VIOLENCE

ALLAGAINSTALL

VIOLENCE

ALLAGAINSTONE

Z=vic]me

ThesacrificeofZcreatesSacredness(prohibiCons,rituals,myths)

SacrificeofZ:ViolenceintheSociety(A,B,C…)

NONVIOLENCEINTHESOCIETY

Thescapegoatsentintothedesert

LeviCcus16:5-9

Joseph

Job

Jesus

FiguresofinnocentvicCms

According to René Girard, the great novelty that

ChrisCanity brings is to reveal themechanism of the

scapegoatandtoputanendtoit.

In all socieCes, "vicCms"/"scapegoats" are perceived

asguilty.

Jesus, the innocent vic]m, reveals the

destruc]ve violence of all the humans by

takingituponhimself.

WhileallsocieCesareformedbyrejecCngthe"guilty,"

thenewsocietyfoundedbyJesusrevealsthatweare

allguilty (andcapableof theworst),andthatnoone

shouldberejectedasascapegoatanymore.

While Satan openly uses "the violence of all against all" to

destroy,hehideshimselfbyencouraging"theviolenceofall

againstsome".

The Cross of Christ unmasks Satan's murderous

strategyandputsanendtoit.

It reveals God's love for everyone, without

exclusionandwithoutnewscapegoats.

Violenceinthereligions

HiddenSatan

ChurchesatwarwiththeJews.

Churchesatwarwitheachother.

AgainstJesus'teaching.

Muslimsatwarwith

Jews,ChrisCansandpolytheists.

Muslimsatwarwitheachother.

Inaccordancewithpartof

Muhammad'steaching.

Jesus taught love of the neigbour,

ofoneselfandofenemies.

According to the NT, Jesus was

crucifiedforall.

ChrisCanity (in itsdoctrineandnot

in its pracCce) puts an end to the

scapegoatmechanism.

No human is innocent. Jesus, the

innocent one, carried and took

awayourguilt.

EveryoneneedsGod'sgrace.

Muhammad taught peace for his

community, dominaCon and war for

others.

According to the Quran, Jesus was not

crucifiedandhedidnotdieforanyone.

Islam perpetuates the scapegoat

mechanism.

OnlyMuslimscanhopeforheaven.Jews

incur God's wrath and ChrisCans are

misguided. Polytheists have a choice

betweenconversionanddeath.

Conclusion

FromViolencetoPeace

MovefromhumiliaCngrelaConships

torecogniConrelaConships

PaCentlybuildfriendlyrelaConshipswithoutnaivety

ForChris]ans,tobewitnessesof

thecrucifiedandrisenChrist,

thegreatestAr]sanofPeace...

ThissayingaddressedtothepeopleofIsraelisfoundintheTalmud*.

ItisacommentfromGenesis4/10where,a�erAbel'smurderby

Cain, it iswricen thatGod asks the quesCon: "What have you

done?Thevoiceofyourbrother'sbloodscriesout tome from

theearth.

Whythisplural?Hereistherabbis'answer.

»The bloods of your brother cries out tome" (Genesis 4:10),

thatis,hisbloodandthepotenCalbloodofhisdescendants...

Thatiswhythefirstman,Adam,wascreatedalonetoteachus

thatwhoeverdestroysasinglelife,theBibleconsidersitasifhe

haddestroyedallhumanity.Andthatwhoeversavesasinglelife,

itisasifhehadsavedallhumanity".

Mishna,orderNezikin("damage"),Sanhedrin4/5.

*The Talmud consists of theMishnah ("repeCCon"), a compilaCon of Jewish oral laws divided into six

orders,andtherabbiniccommentariesoftheMishnah,theGemara("compleCon").99

ThreedifferentwordsareusedintheKoranandtheSunna

todescribefighCngandwar:

Jihadmeans effort, commitment in different aspects of

life,includinginnerlifeandwarfighCng.

Harbmeanswar.

Qitâlwhichmeanstostruggle,fight,killormassacre.

(Therootj-h-dappears41CmesintheKoranandtherootq-t-l170Cmes)

hcp://corpus.quran.com

100

AcademicPerspecCves

ExchangebetweenAllahandbelievers

101

Indeed,Allahhaspurchasedfromthebelieverstheirlivesand

theirproperCes[inexchange]forthattheywillhaveParadise.

TheyfightinthecauseofAllah,sotheykillandarekilled.

[Itis]atruepromise[binding]uponHimintheTorahandthe

GospelandtheQur'an.Andwhoistruertohiscovenantthan

Allah?SorejoiceinyourtransacConwhichyouhavecontracted.

Anditisthatwhichisthegreatacainment.

TheQuran,sura9(113th):111

Allahmade a covenantwith theMuslims.He receives their goods and

their persons and promises them paradise. In return,Muslims commit

themselvestotallytoAllah,beingreadytokillandbekilled.

WesternnaConalistparCesarea

mixtureof:

loveforthenaCon,

hatredofcertainstrangers,

scapegoatcreaConmechanism,

lucidity/myopiaaboutcertaindangers.

WesternsocialistparCesareamixture

of:

loveforhumanity,

refusaltohatestrangers,

scapegoatcreaConmechanism,

lucidity/myopiaaboutcertaindangers.

Rela]onsbetweenreligiousandpoli]calcommuni]esare

characterizedbyastruggletoberecognized

TheIslamicState

GulfWars

CreaConoftheStateofIsrael

ShoahandmassacreofJewsintheWest(andtheArabworld)

WesternColonialisms

OcomandominaCon

JerusalemtakenbytheMuslims

RomanoccupaConofPalesCne

OccupaConofPalesCnebytheHebrews

SlaveryoftheHebrewsinEgypt

ConflictbetweenIsaacandIshmael

Abraham,SarahandHagar