SHORT RANGE TV TRANSMITTER (AMATEUR TV TRANSMITTER)

SUKRI BTN SHEIKH SALTMULLAH

11lt UNIVERSITJ MALAY IA SARA WAK 6630 S948 2002 2002

Borang Penyerahan Tesis Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Rl3a

BORA G PE YERAHAN TESIS

Judui SHORT RA GE TV TRANSMITTER (A TV TRANSMlTTER)

SESI PENGAJIA 2001 2002

Saya SUKRJ BIN SHEIKH SALlMULLAH (HURUF DESAR)

mengaku membcnarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akadcmik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syaral kegunaan seperti bcriku

1 Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersarna dan dib iayai oleh UNIMAS hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS

2 Naskhah salinan di dalam bcntuk kertas alau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebcnaran bertulis da ripada penulis

3 Pusat Khidmal Maklumat Akademik UNIMAS dibcna rkan membual salinan Illlluk pengaj ian mercka 4 Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbiikan dengan kcbertaran penulis Bayaran royalti adalah mcngikut

kadar yang dipcrsclujlli kelak 5 Saya mem6eft8fkA IItidak membenarkan Perpustakaan mcmbuat salinan kenas projck ini sebagai

bahan pertukanm di an tara instirusi pengajian tinggi 6 bullbull Slla tandakan ()

r=J SULlT (Mengandungi maklwnat yang berda~ah keselamatan atau kcpenringan Malaysia sepcrti yang tennaklub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

r=J TERHAD (Menga ndungi maklumat TERHAD yang Idah ditenlUkan olch organisasiJ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

rn TIDAK TERHAD

Di altkan oleh ) lv----r ~

(TANDATANGAN PENUUS) [IANUATANG AN PElYUIA)

Alamat Tetap LOT 2863 LORONG MELA TI I FASA 3 KAMPUNG EN WAN AZLAN B WAN ZAINAL ABI DIN ASSY AKIRIN 97007 BINTULU SARAWAK Nama Pcnyelia

Tarikb _d5-J1JJN-200u2~_____ _ Tarikb 5 JlIN 2002

CATATAN bull Potong yang I idlk ~rkenaan Jika kerts Projck ini SULIT alau TERHAD sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasM orgallisasi berkellaan dengan menycrtakan sekali tempoh kertas projek Ini pcrlu dikelaSkan sebagai SUUT atou TERHAD

ltI

Borang Penyerahan Tesis Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Rl3a

BORA G PE YERAHAN TESIS

Judui SHORT RA GE TV TRANSMITTER (A TV TRANSMlTTER)

SESI PENGAJIA 2001 2002

Saya SUKRJ BIN SHEIKH SALlMULLAH (HURUF DESAR)

mengaku membcnarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akadcmik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syaral kegunaan seperti bcriku

1 Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersarna dan dib iayai oleh UNIMAS hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS

2 Naskhah salinan di dalam bcntuk kertas alau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebcnaran bertulis da ripada penulis

3 Pusat Khidmal Maklumat Akademik UNIMAS dibcna rkan membual salinan Illlluk pengaj ian mercka 4 Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbiikan dengan kcbertaran penulis Bayaran royalti adalah mcngikut

kadar yang dipcrsclujlli kelak 5 Saya mem6eft8fkA IItidak membenarkan Perpustakaan mcmbuat salinan kenas projck ini sebagai

bahan pertukanm di an tara instirusi pengajian tinggi 6 bullbull Slla tandakan ()

r=J SULlT (Mengandungi maklwnat yang berda~ah keselamatan atau kcpenringan Malaysia sepcrti yang tennaklub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

r=J TERHAD (Menga ndungi maklumat TERHAD yang Idah ditenlUkan olch organisasiJ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

rn TIDAK TERHAD

Di altkan oleh ) lv----r ~

(TANDATANGAN PENUUS) [IANUATANG AN PElYUIA)

Alamat Tetap LOT 2863 LORONG MELA TI I FASA 3 KAMPUNG EN WAN AZLAN B WAN ZAINAL ABI DIN ASSY AKIRIN 97007 BINTULU SARAWAK Nama Pcnyelia

Tarikb _d5-J1JJN-200u2~_____ _ Tarikb 5 JlIN 2002

CATATAN bull Potong yang I idlk ~rkenaan Jika kerts Projck ini SULIT alau TERHAD sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasM orgallisasi berkellaan dengan menycrtakan sekali tempoh kertas projek Ini pcrlu dikelaSkan sebagai SUUT atou TERHAD

ltI

SHORT RANGE TV TRANSMJTTER (AMATEUR TV TRANSMITTER)

SUKRI BIN SHEIKH SALIMULLAH

Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada Faku lti Kej uruteraan Unilersili Malaysia Sarawak

Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian daripada Syarat Penga nugerahan Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan

Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruleraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi) 2002

Untuk ayah ibu dan abangabang tersayang

PE GI-IARGAAN

Denga n Nama ALLAH Yang Maha Pem urah Lagi Maha Mengasihani Segala

puji dan syu kur dirafakan ke hadraLmiddotNya kera na denga n izinmiddotNya projek ini

dapaL dilaksana ka n se rta dise lesai ka n dengan baik

Oi sini penuli s ingin merakamkan penghargaan ikhlas ke pad a pe nyelia Lesis

8n Wan Azla n di aLas sega la bimbingan perbinca ngan sokongan di sa mping

komiLmennya sepanjan g pe nyeJidika n Lesis ini

1idak dilupai En Wan Abu Bakar KeLua Makma l ElckLronik kerana aLas

usa hanya dalam me mberika n panduan dalam me nj ayaka n projek in i

8n The laha Masri juga diucapkan tc nma kasi h aLas nasi hat Le knikal sebagai

sokongan kepada penye lia Lesis yang dihormati

Pe nghargaan juga ditujuka n kepada man a- mana pihak ya ng memha ntu daJam

projek ini sama ada secara langsung atau tidak

JlI

ABSTRACT

Amateur TV Transmitter (Short Range) is actually a kind of broadcasting

equipme nt that is very useful for broadcasting event involving a coverage area of

less than 10 miles and on the other hands it is portable and this will make the

process of assembling the equipment becoming much faster The frequency being

used is in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) range 47725 MHz based on the

crystal that is used and at frequency which would not interfere the LO mme rcia l

broadcasting frequency through negotiation with the Malaysia Radio a nd

Television (RTM) For the usage in UNlMAS this system may be used for live

telecast (wireless) during the Convocation event to the Lecture J-fall 1 (DKJ) so

this will enable other stude nts to see the event Besides fh i~ system cou ld also be

allplieci to remole control aircraft and unmanned car as the vi sua li zation agent

tV

ABSTRAK

Pe ma ncarTV Ama tur (Jara k Deka t) adala h me rup akan se]enis pe ra la tan sisLem

pe ma ncar siaran ya ng a mat be rgun a bagi penyiaran ya ng me liba tka n sa tu

ka wasa n liputa n ya ng kura ng da ripada 10 batu se rta a ntara lai nnya rnu da h

un tuk dibawa da n ini rnempercepatka n proses persediaa n pe nyia ra n F re kue nsi

yang diguna kan aela la h dala m julat UHF (Fre kue nsi Ultra Ti nggi) ia i tu 47725

MHz be rdasarkan ke pada nil ai krislal ya ng cligu naka n da n pada fre kue nsi yang

tidak aka n oJ e ngganggu fre kuensi pe nyia ran komersil melalui perundinga n

de ngan piha k RTM Dari seg pe nggunaa nnya eli UNIM AS siste m ini bo leh

di gun akan bagi penyia ra n siaran lan gs ung Majlis Konvokesyen (tanpa wayar) ke

Dewa n Kuliah I aga r pa ra pelaja r yang lain dapa t menynksikan Illfljlis

konvokesyen Se la in itu s istem ini boleh d iap likasika n kepada pesawat kawaill n

jara k ja uh mah upun kere ta la npa pema ndu sebagai agen pe ngli hata n

v

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

Untuk ayah ibu dan abangabang tersayang

PE GI-IARGAAN

Denga n Nama ALLAH Yang Maha Pem urah Lagi Maha Mengasihani Segala

puji dan syu kur dirafakan ke hadraLmiddotNya kera na denga n izinmiddotNya projek ini

dapaL dilaksana ka n se rta dise lesai ka n dengan baik

Oi sini penuli s ingin merakamkan penghargaan ikhlas ke pad a pe nyelia Lesis

8n Wan Azla n di aLas sega la bimbingan perbinca ngan sokongan di sa mping

komiLmennya sepanjan g pe nyeJidika n Lesis ini

1idak dilupai En Wan Abu Bakar KeLua Makma l ElckLronik kerana aLas

usa hanya dalam me mberika n panduan dalam me nj ayaka n projek in i

8n The laha Masri juga diucapkan tc nma kasi h aLas nasi hat Le knikal sebagai

sokongan kepada penye lia Lesis yang dihormati

Pe nghargaan juga ditujuka n kepada man a- mana pihak ya ng memha ntu daJam

projek ini sama ada secara langsung atau tidak

JlI

ABSTRACT

Amateur TV Transmitter (Short Range) is actually a kind of broadcasting

equipme nt that is very useful for broadcasting event involving a coverage area of

less than 10 miles and on the other hands it is portable and this will make the

process of assembling the equipment becoming much faster The frequency being

used is in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) range 47725 MHz based on the

crystal that is used and at frequency which would not interfere the LO mme rcia l

broadcasting frequency through negotiation with the Malaysia Radio a nd

Television (RTM) For the usage in UNlMAS this system may be used for live

telecast (wireless) during the Convocation event to the Lecture J-fall 1 (DKJ) so

this will enable other stude nts to see the event Besides fh i~ system cou ld also be

allplieci to remole control aircraft and unmanned car as the vi sua li zation agent

tV

ABSTRAK

Pe ma ncarTV Ama tur (Jara k Deka t) adala h me rup akan se]enis pe ra la tan sisLem

pe ma ncar siaran ya ng a mat be rgun a bagi penyiaran ya ng me liba tka n sa tu

ka wasa n liputa n ya ng kura ng da ripada 10 batu se rta a ntara lai nnya rnu da h

un tuk dibawa da n ini rnempercepatka n proses persediaa n pe nyia ra n F re kue nsi

yang diguna kan aela la h dala m julat UHF (Fre kue nsi Ultra Ti nggi) ia i tu 47725

MHz be rdasarkan ke pada nil ai krislal ya ng cligu naka n da n pada fre kue nsi yang

tidak aka n oJ e ngganggu fre kuensi pe nyia ran komersil melalui perundinga n

de ngan piha k RTM Dari seg pe nggunaa nnya eli UNIM AS siste m ini bo leh

di gun akan bagi penyia ra n siaran lan gs ung Majlis Konvokesyen (tanpa wayar) ke

Dewa n Kuliah I aga r pa ra pelaja r yang lain dapa t menynksikan Illfljlis

konvokesyen Se la in itu s istem ini boleh d iap likasika n kepada pesawat kawaill n

jara k ja uh mah upun kere ta la npa pema ndu sebagai agen pe ngli hata n

v

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

PE GI-IARGAAN

Denga n Nama ALLAH Yang Maha Pem urah Lagi Maha Mengasihani Segala

puji dan syu kur dirafakan ke hadraLmiddotNya kera na denga n izinmiddotNya projek ini

dapaL dilaksana ka n se rta dise lesai ka n dengan baik

Oi sini penuli s ingin merakamkan penghargaan ikhlas ke pad a pe nyelia Lesis

8n Wan Azla n di aLas sega la bimbingan perbinca ngan sokongan di sa mping

komiLmennya sepanjan g pe nyeJidika n Lesis ini

1idak dilupai En Wan Abu Bakar KeLua Makma l ElckLronik kerana aLas

usa hanya dalam me mberika n panduan dalam me nj ayaka n projek in i

8n The laha Masri juga diucapkan tc nma kasi h aLas nasi hat Le knikal sebagai

sokongan kepada penye lia Lesis yang dihormati

Pe nghargaan juga ditujuka n kepada man a- mana pihak ya ng memha ntu daJam

projek ini sama ada secara langsung atau tidak

JlI

ABSTRACT

Amateur TV Transmitter (Short Range) is actually a kind of broadcasting

equipme nt that is very useful for broadcasting event involving a coverage area of

less than 10 miles and on the other hands it is portable and this will make the

process of assembling the equipment becoming much faster The frequency being

used is in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) range 47725 MHz based on the

crystal that is used and at frequency which would not interfere the LO mme rcia l

broadcasting frequency through negotiation with the Malaysia Radio a nd

Television (RTM) For the usage in UNlMAS this system may be used for live

telecast (wireless) during the Convocation event to the Lecture J-fall 1 (DKJ) so

this will enable other stude nts to see the event Besides fh i~ system cou ld also be

allplieci to remole control aircraft and unmanned car as the vi sua li zation agent

tV

ABSTRAK

Pe ma ncarTV Ama tur (Jara k Deka t) adala h me rup akan se]enis pe ra la tan sisLem

pe ma ncar siaran ya ng a mat be rgun a bagi penyiaran ya ng me liba tka n sa tu

ka wasa n liputa n ya ng kura ng da ripada 10 batu se rta a ntara lai nnya rnu da h

un tuk dibawa da n ini rnempercepatka n proses persediaa n pe nyia ra n F re kue nsi

yang diguna kan aela la h dala m julat UHF (Fre kue nsi Ultra Ti nggi) ia i tu 47725

MHz be rdasarkan ke pada nil ai krislal ya ng cligu naka n da n pada fre kue nsi yang

tidak aka n oJ e ngganggu fre kuensi pe nyia ran komersil melalui perundinga n

de ngan piha k RTM Dari seg pe nggunaa nnya eli UNIM AS siste m ini bo leh

di gun akan bagi penyia ra n siaran lan gs ung Majlis Konvokesyen (tanpa wayar) ke

Dewa n Kuliah I aga r pa ra pelaja r yang lain dapa t menynksikan Illfljlis

konvokesyen Se la in itu s istem ini boleh d iap likasika n kepada pesawat kawaill n

jara k ja uh mah upun kere ta la npa pema ndu sebagai agen pe ngli hata n

v

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

ABSTRACT

Amateur TV Transmitter (Short Range) is actually a kind of broadcasting

equipme nt that is very useful for broadcasting event involving a coverage area of

less than 10 miles and on the other hands it is portable and this will make the

process of assembling the equipment becoming much faster The frequency being

used is in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) range 47725 MHz based on the

crystal that is used and at frequency which would not interfere the LO mme rcia l

broadcasting frequency through negotiation with the Malaysia Radio a nd

Television (RTM) For the usage in UNlMAS this system may be used for live

telecast (wireless) during the Convocation event to the Lecture J-fall 1 (DKJ) so

this will enable other stude nts to see the event Besides fh i~ system cou ld also be

allplieci to remole control aircraft and unmanned car as the vi sua li zation agent

tV

ABSTRAK

Pe ma ncarTV Ama tur (Jara k Deka t) adala h me rup akan se]enis pe ra la tan sisLem

pe ma ncar siaran ya ng a mat be rgun a bagi penyiaran ya ng me liba tka n sa tu

ka wasa n liputa n ya ng kura ng da ripada 10 batu se rta a ntara lai nnya rnu da h

un tuk dibawa da n ini rnempercepatka n proses persediaa n pe nyia ra n F re kue nsi

yang diguna kan aela la h dala m julat UHF (Fre kue nsi Ultra Ti nggi) ia i tu 47725

MHz be rdasarkan ke pada nil ai krislal ya ng cligu naka n da n pada fre kue nsi yang

tidak aka n oJ e ngganggu fre kuensi pe nyia ran komersil melalui perundinga n

de ngan piha k RTM Dari seg pe nggunaa nnya eli UNIM AS siste m ini bo leh

di gun akan bagi penyia ra n siaran lan gs ung Majlis Konvokesyen (tanpa wayar) ke

Dewa n Kuliah I aga r pa ra pelaja r yang lain dapa t menynksikan Illfljlis

konvokesyen Se la in itu s istem ini boleh d iap likasika n kepada pesawat kawaill n

jara k ja uh mah upun kere ta la npa pema ndu sebagai agen pe ngli hata n

v

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

ABSTRAK

Pe ma ncarTV Ama tur (Jara k Deka t) adala h me rup akan se]enis pe ra la tan sisLem

pe ma ncar siaran ya ng a mat be rgun a bagi penyiaran ya ng me liba tka n sa tu

ka wasa n liputa n ya ng kura ng da ripada 10 batu se rta a ntara lai nnya rnu da h

un tuk dibawa da n ini rnempercepatka n proses persediaa n pe nyia ra n F re kue nsi

yang diguna kan aela la h dala m julat UHF (Fre kue nsi Ultra Ti nggi) ia i tu 47725

MHz be rdasarkan ke pada nil ai krislal ya ng cligu naka n da n pada fre kue nsi yang

tidak aka n oJ e ngganggu fre kuensi pe nyia ran komersil melalui perundinga n

de ngan piha k RTM Dari seg pe nggunaa nnya eli UNIM AS siste m ini bo leh

di gun akan bagi penyia ra n siaran lan gs ung Majlis Konvokesyen (tanpa wayar) ke

Dewa n Kuliah I aga r pa ra pelaja r yang lain dapa t menynksikan Illfljlis

konvokesyen Se la in itu s istem ini boleh d iap likasika n kepada pesawat kawaill n

jara k ja uh mah upun kere ta la npa pema ndu sebagai agen pe ngli hata n

v

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

CONTE NTS

bull

Page

1)(DIAGRAlvI LIST

APPE NDIX LJST XI

Chapte r

1 ELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIO S

J1 Introduction

J2 The im po rtance of comm wlication 2

13 TIle e le ments of a communication system 4

13 1 Transmitter 5

I 32 Communication ch annel 5

2 TELEVISIO TRANSMISSION 7

2 1 Television broadcasting 7

22 VIdeo modulation 9

23 Ch rominance modulation 10

10 24 The FM sound

1325 FM advantages in TV aural carrier

VI

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

26 Channel frequency -]4

3 SMALL A TV TRANSMITTER

3 1 Range effects

4 ATVTRA SMITTER SYSTEMDE IGN

41 ATV transmitter project

42 A TV block diagram

43 Ci rcuit di agram

44 ATV transmi tter operation

45 PCB design built the transmitter

5 EXPERJMENT

51 Set-up

52 Test procedure

53 Results

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 1 Conclusion and recommendations

15

15

21

21

23

24

24

44

46

46

47

48

54

54

Vll

70

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

VIJI

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

Jt Time line of milestone in human and

e lectronic communication 3

12 The basic e le ments of any comm unication

system 4

2 1 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasti ng a n object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which s bows the usage of freque ncies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l II

41 lTV block diagra m 2)

42 First part of ci rcuit 24

43 LC ci rcuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Filter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

4 10 Ma tchi ng ne twork 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

4 12 RF choke 3 t

4 l 3 Matching network 3 32

IX

414 Keying circui t 33

415 ICI 34

416 RC filter ne twork 35

417 Audio inpu t 36

418 55 MHz tune circuit 37

419 Co upler 3A

420 Video gain co ntrol 39

42 1 Cla mp ci rcui t 40

422 Qll a nd Q12 42

42 3 Power source 43

424 Compone nts arrangeme nt 44

425 Bottom of PCB layout (solder area) 45

5 1 Setmiddotup method during experiment 46

52 TPI 1R

53 1P2 49

54 TP3 50

55 TP4 51

56 1P5 52

5 7 From antenna 53

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

11 Time line of mi lestone in human and

electronic commu nication 3

12 The basic elements of any com munication

syste m 4

21 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasting an object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which shows the usage of frequencies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l 11

4 1 ATV block diagram 23

42 First part of circuit 24

43 LC circuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Fil ter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

410 Matching network 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

412 RF choke 31

413 Matching network 3 32

IX

APPE NDIX LIST

APPENDIX Page

A F requency Standards

Cha nnel Designations for VHF and UHF TV stations

Type of Antenna and the Related Effects

56

57

58

B Parts lists

Schema tic diagram

60

62

C Checklist 64

XI

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

Jt Time line of milestone in human and

e lectronic communication 3

12 The basic e le ments of any comm unication

system 4

2 1 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasti ng a n object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which s bows the usage of freque ncies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l II

41 lTV block diagra m 2)

42 First part of ci rcuit 24

43 LC ci rcuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Filter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

4 10 Ma tchi ng ne twork 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

4 12 RF choke 3 t

4 l 3 Matching network 3 32

IX

414 Keying circui t 33

415 ICI 34

416 RC filter ne twork 35

417 Audio inpu t 36

418 55 MHz tune circuit 37

419 Co upler 3A

420 Video gain co ntrol 39

42 1 Cla mp ci rcui t 40

422 Qll a nd Q12 42

42 3 Power source 43

424 Compone nts arrangeme nt 44

425 Bottom of PCB layout (solder area) 45

5 1 Setmiddotup method during experiment 46

52 TPI 1R

53 1P2 49

54 TP3 50

55 TP4 51

56 1P5 52

5 7 From antenna 53

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

11 Time line of mi lestone in human and

electronic commu nication 3

12 The basic elements of any com munication

syste m 4

21 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasting an object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which shows the usage of frequencies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l 11

4 1 ATV block diagram 23

42 First part of circuit 24

43 LC circuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Fil ter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

410 Matching network 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

412 RF choke 31

413 Matching network 3 32

IX

APPE NDIX LIST

APPENDIX Page

A F requency Standards

Cha nnel Designations for VHF and UHF TV stations

Type of Antenna and the Related Effects

56

57

58

B Parts lists

Schema tic diagram

60

62

C Checklist 64

XI

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

414 Keying circui t 33

415 ICI 34

416 RC filter ne twork 35

417 Audio inpu t 36

418 55 MHz tune circuit 37

419 Co upler 3A

420 Video gain co ntrol 39

42 1 Cla mp ci rcui t 40

422 Qll a nd Q12 42

42 3 Power source 43

424 Compone nts arrangeme nt 44

425 Bottom of PCB layout (solder area) 45

5 1 Setmiddotup method during experiment 46

52 TPI 1R

53 1P2 49

54 TP3 50

55 TP4 51

56 1P5 52

5 7 From antenna 53

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

11 Time line of mi lestone in human and

electronic commu nication 3

12 The basic elements of any com munication

syste m 4

21 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasting an object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which shows the usage of frequencies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l 11

4 1 ATV block diagram 23

42 First part of circuit 24

43 LC circuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Fil ter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

410 Matching network 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

412 RF choke 31

413 Matching network 3 32

IX

APPE NDIX LIST

APPENDIX Page

A F requency Standards

Cha nnel Designations for VHF and UHF TV stations

Type of Antenna and the Related Effects

56

57

58

B Parts lists

Schema tic diagram

60

62

C Checklist 64

XI

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

DIAGRAM LIST

Figure Page

11 Time line of mi lestone in human and

electronic commu nication 3

12 The basic elements of any com munication

syste m 4

21 TV broadcasting syste m block diagram 7

22 Sequence of broadcasting an object on scree n 9

23 A diagram which shows the usage of frequencies

in the standard 6MHz TV broadcast channe l 11

4 1 ATV block diagram 23

42 First part of circuit 24

43 LC circuit 25

44 Filter I 25

45 Further doubling 26

46 Fil ter 2 27

47 Q7 28

48 Matching network I 28

49 Q8 29

410 Matching network 2 30

411 RF transistor Q9 31

412 RF choke 31

413 Matching network 3 32

IX

APPE NDIX LIST

APPENDIX Page

A F requency Standards

Cha nnel Designations for VHF and UHF TV stations

Type of Antenna and the Related Effects

56

57

58

B Parts lists

Schema tic diagram

60

62

C Checklist 64

XI

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

APPE NDIX LIST

APPENDIX Page

A F requency Standards

Cha nnel Designations for VHF and UHF TV stations

Type of Antenna and the Related Effects

56

57

58

B Parts lists

Schema tic diagram

60

62

C Checklist 64

XI

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

CHAPTER 1

~ LECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Jl NTRODUCON

In the technology era nowadays communications is one of the most

pervasive human activities Communications has become the most prominent

matter in life as new technologies have been deve loped such as the telephone and

the telegraph especia lly whenever dis tance communication is required for

airplane

In the twentieth ce ntury communication equipments have iorre3 00d Oul

ability to communicate Through communication technologie s i l has ease our lir(~

in many aspects especially whenever in the recent years more radlO or WIre less

a pplications have bee n developed

Due to the enha ncemen t in the se miconducto r industry sophi ticated

portable equipment lor wirelessoommunication and computing can be deve loped

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

12 TIU IMPORTANCE OF COMMU NICATIONS

Communication is the basic process of information exchange something

that human being does most of time Communication lead to the understanding

of the second party in order to receive the message which can be shown through

signal or body language fa ci a I exp ression Although the bulk of human

communication today is still oral a huge volume of information is exchanged by

means of the written word

As we all know the main barriers to communication betwee n human are

language and distance When human of differe nt races tribes or nations come

togeth er a problem regarding the language will arise and can only be overcome

people learn the languages of others and can se rve as inte rpreter

Once upon a time ago the co mmunication between two parties some ti mes

we rp using d rllm ~ or smoke signals In addition a signal fire lJ lowi ng a hom Or

waving a flag a part oflo ng dis tance communication

In the late nineteenth century whenever the e lectricity was discovered

man y applica tions were explored The telegraph and the telephone were inve nted

in 1844 and 1876 respectively Radio was invented in 1887 The sequence of the

electronic and human telecommunication milestone is as below

2

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

1 ~40 Gu Lc nbe rg invents the printing press

1844 Morse pate nts the telegraph

1866 First successful use of a transatlantic teleg raph cable

1876 Bell inve nts and patents the telep hone

1879 Eastma n develops photographic film

18R7 Hertz discovers radio waves

1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy

190 1 Marco ni makes first tra nsa tlantic radio transmission

1902 The Fleming valve is invented

1906 De rarest inve nts the triode vacuum tube and the first

radiotelephone broadcas t

1923 Television is invented

1931 Radio astronomy is disco vered

1940 45 Radar is perfected a nd helps win World War II

1948 The transistor is invented

1850s Cable tel evision first appears

1954 Color te levision hroadcast ng b gins

1959 The integrated circuit is inven ted

1962 Fir st commumca tion satellite

1969 The internet is inven tecl

19758 I Personal compu te rs come into use

1981 85 Mode ms in PCs become widespread

1983 Fi rst cellular telephone system becomes operatIO nal

1989 The GPS is llsed for commercial and personal applications

1989 The World Wide Web is invented

1998 The 5 rst co m mercial usc of digitalhigh deftni ti on television

takes place

Fig 11 Time line of milestone in human and e lectronic communication

3

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

After all the new-era communication eq uipments have play it

major Iole in order W increase peoples ability w share mformation_ For

instance e-mail is one of the elements that co uld allow individuals with

PCs to communicate with others over networks at anywhere_

Through internet any information that is required co uld be

obta ined that is blought w the user via the co mmunication network s All

information a re at our fingertips and this change the buying habits a nd

methods a s we ll a s the way to get Information_

We won t know how OUf live will be if we don t have a ny knowledge

a nd information from around the world through electro nic

com munica tion It seems that this kind of communication is plaYI ng Its

major role in wdays life

13 TilE 1middotLBMENTS OF A COMMU N ICATI ON SYSrIM

Human message Inpu t (voice code

Transmitter (Tx)

Noise

Communicati on channel or medium

Receiver (Rx)

Message for Human Communication

fig 12 The basic elements of any communica ti on sys te m

4

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

All electronic co mmunica tion systems have the basic form as shown above

that con sist of a transmitter a co mmunica tion channe l or mecilum and a

receiver The input Information is mostly from human and this input is a lso

called as inte llige nce si gnal The signal is be ing inputted to the transmitter

which the n transmit the message over the communication channel The receiver

will pick up the message and it will be relayed to another human Noise is an

ele ment tha t is applied to any interference that degrades the tran smitted

information

13 1 Tr ansm itter

A transmitter is designed to convert the information into a signal h

transmission over the communication medium and it might be a microphone up

to a microwave radio tran smitte r

132 Communi ca tion Chann el

A medium for the electronic signal being sent from one place to anothe r It

may be as SI mple as a paIr of wires t hat carry a voice signal from a microphone

to a headset The co mmunication medium may also be a fiber optic cable

In additio n the medium may be wireless or radio Radio makes use of

e lectromagne tic spectrum where signa ls a re communica ted from point to point by

conver ting them into electric and magnetic fields that propaga te readily ove r long

dis ta nces

5

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

Although the medium suports the transmission olinformation it al so attenuates

It At the rece ive r the s ignal appear much lower in a mpli tude due to the

degradation of s igna l Considerable a mplification of the sign al both a t the

transmitter and the rece iver is required for sucressful communication

6

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

CHAPTER 2

TELEVISION TRANSMTSSION

21 TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Broadcast means send out in all direction s The receiving antenna will pick

up the electromagnetic radio waves radia te by the transmi tting antenna as

shown in Fig 21 The te le vision transmitter has two fun ctions visual and aural

(audio) transmission From the radiating antenna both the FM sound signa l and

the AM picture signal are em i tted

eolllltl

VI~O~ Sop ~i--IA~ ~ o=nn

ScunngL I shywrpr

IIIlaapixtrt SOJOd

~lQ 1) s~l---1 1-1 jlraquoH M ~MI~~~

litlt P~J

~cle ()r+ Sitf1l1 for IIrltIraquo ~fv

paiure ud ollld LJY ~~

ioJ rpr

4 SOllld pI r

1004 otk

Fig 2 1 bull TV Broadcas ting System Dlock Diagram

7

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

In visual transmissio n the ca mera tube converts the li ght image to a

video signal The cathode ray tube (CRT) with a photoelectric image plate a nd an

electron gun enclosed in a vacuum glass envelope is actua ll y the came ra tube

The vidicon is a common type of camera Basically the camera tube ta kes an

optica l im age of the scene on its photoelectric image plate which is scanned in

hori zontal lines by the electron beam The scanning goes from left to right a nd

top to bottom as viewed by the camera The entire pictu re frame comprising a

total of 525 scan ning lines takes 1130 s to scan Hence a sequence of e lectrica l

va riatio ns is the o utp ut of the ca me ra tube which corresponds to the picture

informatio n (v ideo signal)

The video signal is a mplifi ed and synch roniSlOg pulses are added

AmpliLLlde modulation of the picture carrier results in AM picture s ignal

In co lor televis ion the system use a color camera and a color pictUle tu bp

The video signa ls for the red blue and green inform ation are provided by the

color camera Similarly t he image in green red and blue with all their color

mixtures including whi te a re reproduce by the co lor picture tuhe

For video a nd a udio s igna l t ransmissio n the band offreque ncies used is ca lled a

te lev ision channeL A GMHz wide channel with a specific ca rrie r freq ue ncy is

assigned to each te levision s ta tion by the Federal Com munications Com mission

8

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

Opposite polarity rcpresent thc video signal va riations corresporld to

visua l informatio n with black and white Fig 32 shows a video signal as a result

of a black and white picture being scanned which is called as the lu minance or

the Y signa l

I

2 3 4 5

(B) 6

2 4 6

~ ~ 0 1 J II I ~ ~ 10 (C)

(D)

F ig 22 (A) Scene to tran smit (B) Scene on ca me ra scree n

( C) Scene sca nned seq uentially (0) Resulting electrical signal

22 VlDEO MODULATION

For the picture ca rrie r signal the 6MHz bandwidth is mai nl y rle eded The

vId eo signal with a wide range of video frequencies up 10 ap proxim ate ly 4MHz

modulate the a mplitude of the ca rrier signa The highest video mod ulating

frequencies of 2 Lo lt MHz lOrrespond to the smallest hori zonta l details in the

picturc

9

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10

23 CHlW M1 NANCE MODULATION

The color mformation for broadcast in color is conta in in the 358MfIz

chrominance signal In order UJ form one video signal that mod ulates the picture

carrier wave for transmission to the receiver the co lor signal is combined with

the luminance signaL C signal or the chroma signal is another name for the

chrominance signal

24 T H E FM SOUND

Associated sou nd or the sound carrier signal for the picture also included

in the 6 MHz chan nel The audio frequencies which are in the range of 50 to

15000 Hz modulating the sound carrier Th is audio frequency range is the same

8 that for stalio ns in the commercial FM broadca st band of 88 to 108 l111z In

the TV sound sig nal the maximum freq uency swing of the carfle J 25

kilohertz (kHz) for 100 percent modula tion This swing is less than the plusmn75 kH z

for 100 perce nt modulation in the commercial FM broadcast ba nd The FM

so und system has all the advantages compared with AM including less noise and

in te rference

AM is better for the picture signal because the ghosts resulting from

multipa th reception are less obvious By using the FM system the ghosts will

flu lter compared to AM

10