-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
1/44
Natural Vegetation and Wild Life
1 marks questions
Q 1 What does the word "forest" denote?
A group of trees grown in a particular place or in a region,
without the help of mankind is called forest.
Q 2 Mention the two factors on which the growth of vegetation
mostly depends?
The two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends
on are :
1. Temperature
2.Rainfall
Q 3 Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical
evergreen forests.
Rosewood and Mahogany arethe two hardwood trees commonly found
in tropical evergreen forests.
Q 4 In which part of the world, the tropical deciduous forests
are found?
They are found in India, North Australia and Central
America.
Q 5 In which climatic conditions, citrus fruits are
cultivated?
Hot dry summer and rainy mild winter.
Q 6 In which part of the world seasonal grassland is found?
Mid latitude and the interior parts of the continents are the
parts where most of the grasslands are
found.
Q 7 What is meant by conservation?
Conservation is the preservation, protection and effective use
of the natural resources.
Q 8 Which regions are also known as the Orchards of the
world?
The Mediterranean regions are known as the Orchard of the
World.
Q 9 Where in India do tropical evergreen forests occur?
The main areas of tropical evergreen forestfound inIndia are:
Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Q 10 Name the main trees of tropical deciduous forests?
The main trees ofdeciduous forests are:teak, sal, shisham,
neem.
Q 11 Name 2 factors responsible for scanty vegetation in desert
area.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
2/44
The desert area has scanty vegetation due to:
1) Scanty rainfall
2) Scorching heat.
Q 12 Why do animals in tundra region have thick fur and
skin?
Tundra region is a very cold area. The animals have thick fur or
skin to protect themselves from extreme
temperature conditions.
2 marks questions
Q 13 Mention the use of coniferous forests.
These types of forests are commonly used in making match boxes,
making pulp, making news print
papersetc. As, theyhave soft wood and they are not used in the
timber industries in general.
Q 14 Mention the two major human activities which are
responsible for degradation of bio-diversity
in different parts of the world?
The major cause for degradation ofbio-diversity by human
activities is the urbanization and
industrialization. These are the two major activities which are
causing large scale degradation of
biodiversity.
Q 15 Match the following with the code given below:
Column A Column B
A. Tropical Evergreen Forest (i) Composed of rich mix of grasses
and forbs
B. Tropical Deciduous Forest (ii) They comprise both hard and
soft wood trees.
C. Temperate grassland (iii) They are also called tropical
rainforest.
D. Temperate Deciduous Forest (iv) They are the monsoon forests,
which are found
in the large part of India, Northern Australia and in
Central America.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
3/44
A - (iii),B - (iv),C - (i),D - (ii)
Q 16 Define virgin vegetation.
The area of natural vegetation which has not been exploited or
interfered by humans till date are known
as areas of virgin vegetation.
Q 17 Name the 2 adaptations of Mediterranean trees that help
them in summers.
Mediterranean trees adapt themselves to dry summers with the
help of their thick barks and wax
coated leaves, which help them to reduce transpiration.
Q 18 Grasses grow in regions where the rainfall is not
sufficient for the growth of most other plants.
Why?
In the regions of low precipitation, the main vegetation are
consists only of grasses. The deep and
extensive root system of grass is able to absorb water from soil
even in dry months. The thin blades of
grass conserve water by reducing transpiration.
Q 19 Name some of the animals found in tundra vegetation.
The main animals of tundra vegetation are: Polar bear, Arctic
owl, musk-oxen, seal, walruses and foxes.
Q 20 Why do monsoon forests give a barren look?
Monsoon forest of India is also called deciduous forest, which
have same variety of species. All the trees
have same time period for shedding their leaves. In a year
during a particular time, the trees shed their
leaves. So, the branches become bare and the forest looks
barren.
Q 21 What is the other name for coniferous forest? Name the main
trees of this forest.
The other name for coniferous forest is Taiga. The main trees of
this forest are: chir, pine, cedar.
Q 22 Why do tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry
season?
Tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry season to
conserve water as otherwise the loss of
water through transpiration is quite high and the moisture
content is also limited.
Q 23 Why are tropical rainforests called evergreen forests?
The tropical evergreen are called evergreen forests because as
there is no particular dry season, thetrees do not shed their
leaves altogether. Hence, they give a picture of a forest
completely filled with
leaves throughout the year.
Q 24 Why wildlife is less in the Mediterranean region?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
4/44
The wildlife is less in the Mediterranean region because people
have removed the natural vegetation in
order to cultivate what they want to. So, as the natural habitat
is lost; therefore, number of animals
have also declined.
Q 25 Why does biodiversity varies as we move from equator to the
poles?
The diversity of life found in an area depends on many things,
including its climate and vegetation.
Warm and humid areas support a great variety of life. Tropical
areas are home to a great variety of living
organisms whereas, the temperateregions have thelimited variety
of flora and fauna.
3 marks questions
Q 26 Define eco-system, food chain and food web.
Eco-system: A mutual and interdependent relationship between the
biotic and abiotic organism.
Food chain: The transfer of energy between the different trophic
level is calledfood chain, e.g. rose
plant -- aphids -- beetle -- chameleon -- hawk.
Food web: In an ecosystem there arevarious food chains and many
of these are cross-linked to each
other. Ultimately all plants and animals in an ecosystem are
part of this complex food web.
Q 27 Describe the ecological efficiency.
A measure of the amount of energy in the biomass that is
produced by one trophic level and is
incorporated into the biomass produced by the next (higher)
trophic level is termed as the ecological
efficiency. In other words the percentage of energy transfer
from one trophic level to other is called
ecological efficiency.
Q 28 What do you mean by wildlife sanctuary?
Wildlife sanctuary is the area protected through the management
of human activities, to provide and
maintain habitat to wildlife and the ecosystem that supports
them. In other words, an area, usually in
natural condition, which is reserved by a governmental or
private agency for the protection of particular
species of animals or birds.
Q 29 Differentiate between the desert type of vegetation and
tundra type of vegetation.
The basic differences between the two types of vegetation are as
follows:
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
5/44
Desert vegetation Tundra vegetation
1. Climatic Conditions: High
temperature and low rainfall, have
mainly dry conditions.
2. Location: Found mainly in the
Tropical desert areas such as North
Africa.
3. Important Vegetation: Cacti,
thorny bushes and coarse grasses are
the example of this type of
vegetation.
1. Climatic conditions: Snow covered
area.
2. Location: This type of vegetation is
found around North Pole in Asia and
in North America.
3. Important vegetation: Mosses,
lichens and wild flowering shrubs are
the example of this type of
vegetation.
Q 30 How would you define tropical evergreen forests?
The Tropical evergreen forests are extended from 10 N to 10 S of
the equator. As they are situated in
the tropical areas on the earth these forests receive more
rainfall and temperature thanothers. They do
not shed their leaves in same time.In India Western Ghats and
the Assam hills are the areas where these
types of forests are found.
Q 31 Define Temperate Grassland?
The temperate grasslands are found in the interior of the
continents. These grasslands are found in the
40 45 latitudes in both the hemispheres. In the middle latitudes
these grasslands are knownbydifferent names such as Prairies inthe
North America, Pampas in the South America etc. These
grasslands are best suited forcattle rearing.
Q 32 Write a note on wildlife of India?
There is wide variety of wildlife found in India. Gir forests in
Gujarat are the home of Asiatic lions. In the
forests of Assam, we find one-horned rhinoceroses and elephants.
The Great Indian Desert and the Rann
of Kachchh are home of wild ass and camel. Wild goats, snow
leopards and bears are found in the
Himalayan region.
Q 33 How does cutting of trees affect the ecosystem?
Harm to plants and animals of an ecosystem can be disastrous.
For example, grassland ecosystem
supports antelopes and lions. If all the lions are killed, there
would be no animal to kill antelope. As a
result, the population of antelopes will increase unnaturally.
They will eat up all the vegetation making
the area a desert.
Q 34 Give the various names of tropical grasslands along with
their areas?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
6/44
Tropical grasslands are called by different names in different
areas, for e.g., they are called
Savanna in East Africa
Campos in Brazil
Llanos in Venezuela.
Q 35 Why are tropical rainforests dark throughout the year?
The trees of tropical rainforests have very wide and thick
canopies. The canopies are so huge that it is
difficult to identify the trees and they protrude into each
other; as a result, the sunlight cannot
penetrate and reach the ground. They form a huge cover;
therefore, the forests remain dark all the
time.
Q 36 What are the advantages deciduous forests have over the
other forests?
The deciduous forests are commercially most exploited forests.
These forests have same species of treesin a row so, thecutting
becomes easier. The wood of these treesare generally hard wood and
is used for
making furniture, for transport purpose, in construction
purposes. Also they are accessible as they lack
any kind of undergrowth.
Q 37 What are the special features of desert plants?
Most of the desert plants have special features to help them
survive in the harsh conditions. Some of
them have long roots that penetrate deep into the ground in
search of water, while some have waxy,
spiny, hairy leaves to reduce the loss of waterthrough
transpiration. Some plants like cacti, store
moisture in their thick fleshy stems.
4 marks questions
Q 38 Examine the significance of Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to
chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of
sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants need
only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make
sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the
green pigment involved in photosynthesis.
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
is the chemical equation ofphotosynthesis.
Q 39 What are the steps taken by the government to protect
wildlife?
The government has taken many steps to preserve wildlife
like:
1. Many national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, zoological gardens
have been set up.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
7/44
2. Hunting of animals has been banned.
3. The government has started many projects to protect the
endangered species, such as Project Tiger,
Project elephant etc.
4. It is also observing wildlife week, vanmahotsavto create
awareness among people.
Q 40 Discuss the ill effects of deforestation?
The ill effects of deforestation are:
1. Cutting of trees contribute to global warming
2. It reduces the rainfall because in the absence of
transpiration from plants, the water vapour available
for cloud formation reduces.
3.Destruction of plants harms the soil also, as the roots of the
trees bind the soil together.
4. Cutting of trees has adverse effect on the population of wild
life, as their number reduces withthe loss
of their natural habitat.
Q 41 Name various temperate grasslands with their areas?
rasslands are known by different names in different regions.
Temperate Grasslands are known as:
1. Pampas in Argentina
2. Prairie in North America
3. Veld in South Africa
4. Steppe in Central Asia
5. Down in Australia
5 marks questions
Q 42 What are the basic characteristics of Mediterranean type of
forests?
These types of forests are generally found on the western part
of the continent, mostly in the temperate
region of both the hemisphere. The basic and major
characteristic of these types of forests are as
follows:
1.Rainfall: There is moderate type of rainfall in summer
months.
2.Vegetation characteristics: Broad leaves, long roots and thick
bark forests are found in these areas.
They do not shed their leaves in the summer.
3.Major trees: Oaks, olives, figs, firs, ceders and cypress are
the main trees of these forests.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
8/44
4.Major products: Some of the products from theses forests are
nuts, olives, citrus fruits and cork.
Q 43 Distinguish between tropical rainforests and tropical
deciduous forests?
Tropical Rainforest Tropical Deciduous
1) They are known as evergreen forest.
2) They are found in areas of rainfall havingmore than
200cm.
3) Trees are very tall.
4) Trees have very thick canopies that are joined together.
5) Thick undergrowth is found
6) Trees do not have same time for shedding leaves.
7) They are never barren, so they are called evergreen
forest.
8) They have large varieties of species.
9) Commercially non- exploitable
1) They are known as monsoon forest.
2) They are found in areas of rainfall 50-
200cm
3) Trees are of medium height.
4) Trees do not have very wide canopies.
5) No undergrowth
6) Trees shed their leaves at the same time.
7) They give a look of a barren forest.
8) They have trees of same variety.
9) Commercially exploitable
Q 44 Distinguish between temperate and tropical Grasslands?
Temperate Grassland Tropical Grassland
1) Found in the interiors of the continents
2) The amount of precipitation is inadequate for
growth of trees.
3) Grasses are shorter and less dense
4) Trees are almost absent.
5) They are colder and drier.
6) They are known as steppes, pampas, prairies
etc.
7)Grasslands are home to flight less birds, rabbits,
bears etc.
1) They are found on either side of the equator till
tropics
2) They have rainy season in which the grasses grow.
3) Grasses are long and dense
4) Trees are present.
5) They have long wet season followed by a dryperiod.
6) They are known as Campos, llanos, savanna
7)Animals found are elephant, tiger, antelopes etc.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
9/44
Most important questions
Q 13 Which regions are also known as the Orchards of the
world?
The Mediterranean regions in the world map are known as the
Orchards of the World.
Q 15 Define Temperate Grassland? Describe the climatic condition
for the development of these types
of forest.
The temperate grasslands are found in the interior of the
continents. These grasslands are found in the
40 45 latitudes in both the hemispheres. In the middle latitudes
these grasslands are known by the
different names such as, Prairies in the in the North America,
Pampas in the South America etc. these
grasslands are best suited for the cattle rearing.
Towns, Traders And Craftspersons
1 mark questions
Q 1 Why was Dhaka famous?
Dhaka was famous for its muslin.
Q 2 When did Ibn-Battutah visit India and in whose court he
served?
Ibn-Battutah visited India in the 14th century and he lived in
the court of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq for
eight years.
Q 3 How many sections the karkhanas of Firoz Tughlaq were
divided into?
Firoz Tughlaq divided his karkhanas into 36 sections. They were
placed under the leading nobles.
Q 4 What were the precious material crafts during this
period?
There were various crafts inter-related with the use of gold,
silver, lead, brass and precious stones or
jewels etc.
Q 5 Which places were famous for fine quality of fabrics?
Bengal and towns in Gujarat were famous for fine quality of
fabrics.
Q 6 Why was the Cambay of Gujarat famous in the medieval
period?
Cambay in Gujarat was famous for its textiles and for gold and
silver work.
Q 7 What was the comment made by French traveller Bernier on
Indian merchants?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
10/44
Bernier said that the merchants tried to look poor because they
were scared that they would be used
like 'filling sponges' by the ruling class.
Q 8 Why was Bengal an important center for trade with China?
Bengal was the main center of trade with China because of its
close location on the southern boundary
of China.
Q 9 Which places were famous for indigo production?
The best quality indigo was produced in Sarkhej in Gujarat and
at Bayana near Agra. Indigo was a major
industry.
Q 10 What did Ralph Fitch assume about Fatehpur Sikri and
Agra?
Ralph Fitch came to India in the Mughal period and he said that
both Fatehpur Sikri and Agra were larger
than London.
Q 11 "Lahore was second to none of the cities in Europe and
Asia" Whose comment was this?
Monserrate had made this comment on Lahore.
Q 12 How many qasbas and big towns were there during Akbars
reign?
There were around 3200 qasbas and 120 big towns during Akbars
reign.
Q 13 Which hills dominated the religious life of people
according to the myths?
The Matanga, the Malyavanta and the Hemkuta hills dominated the
religious life of its inhabitants.
Q 14 Name the famous city which served as the capital of
Vijayanagar Empire?
The famous city of Hampi served as the capitalof Vijayanagar
Empire for 220 years,from 1346 to 1565
A.D.
2 marks questions
Q 15 What did Ibn Battutah say about cash crops and industries
based on them?
Ibn Battutah said that the Indian soil is so fertile that it
produced rice, sugarcane, sesame and cotton in
abundance. They founded the base of various village industries
such as oil-processing, making of jaggery,
weaving, etc.
Q 16 What do you understand by the term 'karkhanas'?
'Karkhanas' were factories or organised groups of people
manufacturing articles; they were the most
important centers ofproduction. These karkhanas supplied
material for the royal household.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
11/44
Q 17 In Muhammad Tughlaq's reign how many silk weavers and
craftsmen were engaged in
embroidery work?
In the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, four thousand silk weavers
were engaged in manufacturing
material for robes of honour and around five hundred craftsmen
were engaged in golden embroidery
work.
Q 18 What was the status of Kashmir in the field of crafts
during the medieval period?
Kashmir's status in crafts was very good as Kashmir became an
important centreof making paper and
wood binding trades. Various crafts such as stone cutting, stone
polishing, bottle making, window
cutting and gold beating also developed in Kashmir and other
regional art and craft centers.
Q 19 Name the Sultanate rulers who introduced silver tanka and
bronze coin respectively?
The Silver 'tanka' was introduced by the first legitimate ruler
of Delhi Sultanate Illtutmish and bronze
coin was introduced by Mohammad bin Tughlaq as token money.
Q 20 Why did Muhammad bin Tughlaq's token currency fail?
Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced bronze coins as token currency
due to the scarcity of silver coin.
These coins had the same value as the silver coin so traders,
businessmen and people startedminting
duplicate coins. At last Muhammad bin Tughlaq withdrew the token
currency.
Q 21 Vorah community was the most impressive trading community-
Explain.
The trading communities in India were fairly large in number and
incorporated some of the richestmerchants in the world. The name of
Virji Vorah, who dominatedGujarat trade for several decadeshad
a
large fleet of ships, Malaya Chetti on the Coromandal Coast and
Abdul Gaffar Vohara were some of the
noteworthy big merchants.
Q 22 Which were the main industries during the medieval
period?
The main industries of medieval period were textiles, dying,
silk-weaving, shawls and carpet weaving.
Also,calico painting, sugar industry, metal works, stone and
brick work, armaments and paper industries
embraced the bulk of industrial activity.
Q 23 Which were the main centers of cotton manufacturing?
The key centers of cotton manufacturing were- Patna, Cambay and
Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Burhanpur in
Kahandesh, Bengal, Kashmir, Lahore and United Provinces.
Q 24 What was the use and importance of indigo?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
12/44
Indigo was used to colour the woolen garments. With the advent
of foreign traders the demand for
indigo increased and it was an important article for
Indo-European trade.
Q 25 Why there was a sudden rise in crafts and townships during
the medieval period?
The production of cash crops and growth of grain markets led to
the rise of small townships or qasbas.
The demand of all types of bourgeoisie led to the expansion of
handicrafts and growth of towns. There
was peace and security prevailing which boosted the external and
internal trade.
Q 26 Bernier visited almost every big city in India and
mentioned that in his account. What was his
observation?
Bernier said that Agra was larger than Delhi, Ahmedabad was a
big manufacturing hub, Multan,
Burhanpur, Dhaka and Rajmahal were bigger towns and Patna was an
undersized town.
3 marks questions
Q 27 Write a short note on the Mughal karkhanas.
The karkhanas in the Mughal period were known as Buyutat also.
Together with storing and
manufacturing articles for the royal household and nobles'
requirements, the mint, public treasury,
treasury, department of construction of monuments, repairing,
roads and artillery also came under
Buyutat.
Q 28 Give details about Masulipattinam and its important trade
activities.
Masulipattinam was a known port city and occupied a grand
economic status in the time of GolcondaSultanate. It was connected
with two trade cycles-those in the Bay of Bengal in the east and in
the
Arabian Sea in the west and worked as export and import port for
vast hinterland. Main items of exports
were textiles, iron and steel, indigo, rice, pepper, spices and
salt while main items of import were tin,
aromatic woods, wines, bullions and elephants.
Q 29 Describe the trading community of the medieval period.
The middle classes in medieval India consisted mainly of
merchants, proficient classes and officials.
There was high class professionalism among Indian merchants.
They were experts in wholesale and
retail trade. The wholesale traders were called Seth or Vorah
and the retailers were Beoparies or Baniks.
In south India, the Chettis formed the trading community. There
was a special class called Banjaras who
moved from place to place carrying food grains, salt, ghee
etc.
Q 30 Why was Delhi the biggest market in India during the
medieval period?
Delhi was an administrative and cultural center of India during
the medieval period because of the ruling
class and nobility. It was the center for making money, so the
goods flowed in Delhi from all the
directions. Delhi received huge quantities of rice from east,
sugar from Kanauj, wheat from Doab and
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
13/44
fine silk from south, cotton textiles, metal wares, ornaments,
ivory etc. Apart from these cargos from
Arab, east Africa, Sri Vijaya (Indonesia) and China reached
Delhi.
Q 31 The rise in trade and commerce increased the prosperity of
Indian cities. Explain?
The mounting crafts and commerce and the increased use of money
propped up the economy and
prosperity of several towns during the medieval period.
Important towns in North India were- Agra,
Delhi, Gwalior, Kanauj,and in East India- Dhaka, Rajmahal and
Patna. In South India- Malabar, Tamil
Nadu, Daulatabad, Dabhol, and further in west India- Ahmedabad,
Cambay and most parts of Gujarat
got prosperous.
Q 32 Mentions any three distinct type of urban centres in the
medieval period. Give details.
The three distinct types of urban centres can be identified
as:
1.Administrative towns- Delhi, Agra, Lahore, etc.
2.Commercial and manufacturing towns- Daulatabad, Patna,
Ahmadabad, Muziris, etc.
3.Pilgrim towns- Banaras, Kanchipuram, Mathura, etc.
4 marks questions
Q 33 Read the following passage and answer the questions given
below: (4 Marks)
In the fifteenth century European sailors undertook
unprecedented explorations of sea routes. They
were driven by the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian
subcontinent and obtaining spices.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, was one of those who sailed
across the Atlantic to the African
coast, went round it, crossing over to the Indian Ocean. His
first journey took more than a year; hereached Calicut in 1498, and
returned to Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, the following year. He
lost
two of his four ships, and of the 170 men at the start of the
journey, only 54 survived. In spite of the
obvious hazards, the routes that were opened up proved to be
extremely profitable and he was
followed by English, Dutch and French sailors.
1. In the fifteenth century, why did the European sailors
undertake unprecedented explorations of
sea routes?
2. Which Portuguese sailor reached India in 1498?
3. What were the causalities in this journey?
4. Who followed this Portuguese sailor?
1. European sailors undertook unprecedented explorations of sea
routes because they were driven by
the desire to find ways of reaching the Indian subcontinent and
obtaining spices.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
14/44
2. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached India in
1498.
3. He lost two of his four ships and of 170 men at the start of
the journey and only 54 survived.
4. Vasco da Gama was followed by English, Dutch and French
sailors.
Q 34 Read the following passage and answer the questions given
below:
This is a description of Masulipatnam by William Methwold, a
Factor of the English East India
Company, in 1620: This is the chief port of Golconda, where the
Right Worshipfull East India Company
have their Agent. It is a small town but populous, unwalled, ill
built and worse situated; within all the
springs are brackish. It was first a poor fisher town
afterwards, the convenience ofthe road (a place
where ships can anchor) made it a residence for merchants and so
continues since our and the Dutch
nation frequented this coast.
1. Where was the town of Masulipatnam located?
2. Why did the English and the Dutch decide to establish
settlements in Masulipatnam?
3. Who built the fort at Masulipatnam?
4. How did William Methwold describe Masulipatnam?
[1+1+1+1=4]
1. The town of Masulipatnam or Machlipatnam lay on the delta of
the Krishna river.
2. Both the Dutch and English East India Companies attempted to
control Masulipatnam as it became
the most important port on the Andhra coast.
3. The Dutch built the fort at Masulipatnam.
4. William Methwold described Masulipatnam as a small but
populous town. It was unwalled, ill built
and worse situated. All the springs in the town were
brackish.
Q 35 This is a picture of a bronze statue of Krishna subduing
the serpent demon Kaliya.
Answer the questions related to this picture:
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
15/44
1. Which technique was used in Chola bronze statues?
2. How is bronze made?
3. How is bell metal different from bronze? [1+1+2=4]
1. wax technique was used in Chola bronze statues.
2. Bronze is an alloy containing copper and tin.
3. Bell metal contains a greater proportion of tin than other
kinds of bronze. This produces a bell-like
sound.
5 marks questions
Q 36 Why was Surat termed as Gateway to the west in Medieval
India?
Surat was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal
period. People in Surat used to trade with
West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz. There were a number of
religious pilgrims who used to set sail on ships
to Mecca from Surat. It was a cosmopolitan city and people of
all castes lived in the city. Portuguese and
the Dutch had their factories and warehouses at Surat.
According to an English chronicler, on an average a hundred
ships of different countries could be found
anchored at the port at a given time. There were several retail
and whosale shops selling textiles to the
western traders in the city. The Surat hundis were honoured in
far off places like Egypt, Iraq and
Belgium.
Q 37 Describe the life of various trading communities in
Medieval India.
i. There were many kinds of traders in Medieval India.
ii. Several traders, especially horse traders, formed
associations with headmen who negotiated on their
behalf with warriors who bought horses.
iii. There were also communities like the Chettiars and the
Marwari Oswal who went on to become the
principal trading groups of the country.
iv. Gujarati traders, including the communities of Hindu Baniyas
and Muslim Bohras, traded extensively
with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa,
Southeast Asia and China.
v. They sold textiles and spices in these ports and, in
exchange, brought gold and ivory from Africa, and
spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia
and China.
Most important questions
Q 1 What were the functions of the medieval town?
Medieval towns combined several functions they were
administrative centers, temple towns, as well
as centers of commercial activities and craft production.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
16/44
Q 2 Name the architect who designed Rajarajeshvara temple?
Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan was the architect who
designed Rajarajeshvara temple and had
proudly carved his name on the temple wall.
Q 3 What were the main crafts of Thanjavur?
The weavers of Thanjavur produced cloth for flags, fine cottons
for the king and the sculptors made
exquisite bronze idols and tall metal lamps.
Q 4 Name two pilgrimage centers which slowly developed into
townships?
Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) and Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu) are
examples of two pilgrimage centres
which slowly developed into townships.
Q 5 How did Ajmer become a pilgrimage center?
In the twelfth century, when the Sufi saint Khwaja Muinuddin
Chishti, settled there, he attracteddevotees from all creeds. Also
lake Pushkar, near Ajmer attracted pilgrims from ancient times.
Q 6 What kind of market did the small towns have?
Small towns had mandapika (mandi) and hatta (haat) for the
villagers to sell their products. Besides,
there were streets for different kinds of artisans. Traders came
from far to buy local articles and sell
products of distant places.
Q 7 What was the role of a Samanta or a zamindar?
A Samanta or a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near
these towns. They levied taxes on traders,
artisans and articles of trade and sometimes donated the right
to collect these taxes to local
temples, which had been built by themselves or by rich
merchants.
Q 8 What were guilds ? Name two famous guilds?
Guilds were a group of traders who usually traveled in caravans
to protect their interests. The most
famous guilds were the Manigramam and Nanadesi.
Q 9 Write a short note on trade pattern of Indian communities
and trading groups?
Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal communities became the principal
trading groups. Gujarati traders,
Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras, traded with the ports of the
Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa,
Southeast Asia and China. They sold textiles and spices and,
brought gold and ivory from Africa; and
spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia
and China.
Q 10 Why did European traders come to India?
Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports reached
European markets, and became an important
part of European lifestyle. This drew European traders to
India.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
17/44
Q 11 What is Bidri ? How did it get its name?
Bidri is inlay work in gold and silver done by the famous craft
persons of Bidar. That is how it got its
name.
Q 12 How was Hampi different in its construction techniques?
No mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction of
walls of Hampi and the technique
followed was to wedge them together by interlocking.
Q 13 What were the cultural activities in Hampi?
Temples were the hub of cultural activities and devadasis
(temple dancers) performed before the deity,
royalty and masses in the Virupaksha (Shiva) temple. The
Mahanavami festival was one of the most
important festivals celebrated at Hampi.
Q 14 What was noteworthy about Surat Hundis?
Surat hundis were honored in far off markets of Cairo in Egypt,
Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium.
Q 15 Who tried to play off Dutch and English against each
other?
The Mughal governor Mir Jumla who was also a merchant, began to
play off Dutch and English against
each other.
Q 16 What happened to the craftspersons after the expansion of
Indian crafts?
The period of expansion of Indian crafts also saw the decline of
the independence of craftspersons. They
had to weave cloth which was already promised to European
agents. Weavers no longer had the liberty
of selling or weaving their own patterns. They had to reproduce
the designs supplied to them by the
Company agents.
Understanding Media
1 mark questions
Q 1 Give two examples of print media.
Two examples of print media are newspapers and magazines.
Q 2 Give two examples of digital media?
Two examples of digital media are television and internet.
Q 3 What is local media?
Local media is run by local groups who start their own media in
local/regional languages. It covers the
local issues of people in remote areas which often get neglected
by the national media.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
18/44
Q 4 When did India experience censorship of media?
India experienced media censorship during the national emergency
(imposed by Indira Gandhi) between
1975 -1977.
Q 5 Which is the earliest form of mass media?
Print media is the earliest form of media.
Q 6 What is a signature campaign?
It is a letter or a petition signed by many people to show
support for a cause or an action.
Q 7 Who owns the Hindustan Times Group?
It is owned by the Birla Group, one of the foremost business
houses in India.
Q 8 Who owns the Times of India Group?
It is largest media group in India owned by Bennet, Coleman
& Co. Ltd.
Q 9 What is TRP in media?
Television Rating Points (TRP) is a tool provided to judge which
television programmes are viewed the
most.
Q 10 What is broadcasting?
Broadcasting is a method of transmitting audio and/or video
programs to a large audience.
Q 11 Define public protests.
Public protests mean a strong opposition to or disapproval of
something in the form of a public
demonstration or other mass action.
Q 12 Define censorship.
Censorship is the suppression of speech and any other
information by the government which may be
considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive.
Q 13 Define media bias.
Media bias is the tendency of journalists and news producers to
approach particular stories and the
choice of which stories to cover, with an bias viewpoint.
Q 14 Which are the two largest selling newspapers in India
published in Hindi?
According to 2009 Indian Readership Survey, Dainik Jagran and
Dainik Bhaskar are the two most widely
read newspapers in Hindi.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
19/44
Q 15 Who is a journalist?
A journalist collects and reports information about current
events, people, trends and issues.
Q 16 Give examples of two countries with media censorship?
In Saudi Arabia and Cuba, print and electronic media are under
strict state control.
Q 17 Which country has employed internet police?
In China, internet police is employed to monitor the internet
and popular search engines like Google and
Yahoo.
Q 18 When was the Right to Information Act passed?
Indian government passed the RTI Act in 2005, to give people
access to information relating to public
authorities. The act came into force in October 2005.
Q 19 Which government body in India is responsible for
developing, regulating and sending out
information?
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is the main body for
formulation and implementation of laws
relating to information, broadcasting, press and films in
India.
Q 20 Name the media units of the Government of India.
The media units of the Government of India are: Press
Information Bureau, the Publications Division and
the Prasar Bharati which includes All India Radio and
Doordarshan.
Q 21 Name the state in India where Right to Information Act is
not implemented.
The act has effect all over India, except in Jammu and
Kashmir.
Q 22 Define media propaganda.
Media propaganda refers to manipulation of public opinion by
reporting news in a manner that it
influences people and effectively persuades them for or against
a cause.
Q 23 Name the four types of media.
Types of media are Print, audio, audio-visual and digital.
Q 24 When was the first printing press invented and by whom?
In 1440,a German inventor, Johannes Gutenberg invented a
printing press that remained the principal
means of printing until the late 20th century.
2 marks questions
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
20/44
Q 25 What is media?
Media refers to the different channels we use to communicate
information in our daily lives. Media is
the plural form of the word medium. The word collectively refers
to the radio, TV, newspapers,
internet and several other forms of communication.
Q 26 How does mass media make money?
Mass media always tries to find out ways for making money. One
way in which the mass media earns
money is by advertising different products of different
companies and industries. Since there are large
number of brands in the market, companies advertise their
products again and again to have it stick in
the people's mind.
Q 27 What is a balanced report?
A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a
particular story and expects the readers to
ponder over it. To give a balanced report the media needs to be
independent i.e., no one should tell the
media what can be included and what should not be included in a
news story.
Q 28 According to you, what is the first and foremost function
of media?
Medias greatest role is to create awareness among masses which
is the backbone of the democratic
process in a country. Information given by the media allows
discussion and debates and helps in shaping
public opinion. Media also conveys public opinion on various
issuesto the government.
Q 29 Why is there a need for media code of ethics?
Such a code of ethics would ensure that the media presents news
correctly and fairly, respects people's
privacy, protects the interests of nation and the society,
avoids vulgarity and shows caution while
criticising judicial bodies.
Q 30 Why is it important to know different versions of the same
story?
It is important to read different versions of the same story
from different sources as they involve varied
perspectives. This helps in taking a balanced view of the
situation and an informed decision.If the report
is one-sided, public opinion will also be bias.
Q 31 Give an example of constructive role played by media in
society.
In 2003, Indian media drew attention towards alarming levels of
pesticides in cola drinks. This createdawareness on the need to
regularly monitor these colas according to international quality
and safety
standards. Thus, media helped us focus on an issue that affects
our health.
Q 32 What is the role of News Broadcasters Association in
India?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
21/44
The News Broadcasters Association (NBA) aims to improve the
quality of broadcasting on Indian
Television by setting a code of ethics and broadcasting
standards. NBA is the united voice of the news
and current affairs broadcasters in India.
Q 33 What do you mean by mass media?
Mediums of communication that reach millions of people across
the country and the world are called
mass media.Examples are:
Print media - newspapers, magazines.
Audio-visual -television, radio.
Digital / web based - internet.
Q 34 Give two examples of local media.
Local media consists of grassroot newspapers, journals and
community radio service. Two examples oflocal media from India
are:
a) Khabar Lahriya is a fortnightly that is run by Dalit women in
Chitrakoot district in UP.
b) Bundeli is a newspaper that reports Dalit issues.
Q 35 State the importance of local media.
a) Considering that national mediadoes not cover small issues in
distant regions,local media reports
issues that often go unnoticed by national media.
b) It is in local language and covers the issues of concern of
ordinary people living in the remote areas ofthe country. Such
issues include farming practices, and violence against dalits and
women.
Q 36 How is local media beneficial to farmers?
Community radio services are used to make farmers learn about
the prices of different crops and they
also get advice on the use of seeds and fertilisers. They can
learn about government schemes introduced
to benefit the farmers.
Q 37 What led to the emergence of New World Information and
Communication Order?
The concept of New World Information and Communication Order
originated in UNESCO debates on
global media 1970s. Major concerns and issues related to mass
media were discussed like the
unbalanced flow of mass media from the developed to the
undeveloped countries.
Q 38 How does media decide which event is newsworthy?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
22/44
Media tends to focus on those events that they believe will make
interesting stories. For example, a
school annual day is not likely to become news but a fashion
show in the city does get media attention.
This is because it involves the elites, their lifestyle, tastes
and big money.
Q 39 What do you mean by media bias?
Media bias is a term used to describe partiality of journalists
and news producers in the selection of
events to be reported and how they are covered. Such biasness in
reporting issues occurs due to media
affiliations to big business houses and political parties.
Q 40 Highlight the key functions of mass media.
Three important functions of media are:
a) Advocacy includes advertising, marketing and political
communication.
b) Entertainment schedule of movies, cultural programmes, sports
events.
c) Public services and announcements Example, deadline for
filing income tax, prevention of Dengue,
polio drops campaign in the city.
Q 41 Why are newspapers priced so low?
News papers are nominally priced because of the advertisements
given in the paper. Advertisements in
the paper are expensive and therefore, cover the cost. There are
various advertisement sections in the
paper like situation vacant, rent and sale of property and
vehicles and various branded goods.
Q 42 If you were a journalist, what would you keep in mind while
reporting a story?
As a journalist I would avoid any influence and control over the
coverage of news.
I would make sure that I collect and report all facts
correctly.
I would ensure that I report a balanced story without any bias
and would present different perspectives
to allow the readers think objectively.
Q 43 What is media consolidation?
Media consolidation is when a single organisation controls
multiple media outlets newspapers, TV and
radio stations. This reduces the diversity of content available
to consumers and kills critical scrutiny of
the information published.
Q 44 What is media imperialism?
It refers to one way flow of information from western countries
to developing countries, characterised
by imposition of western culture and values on the developing
world. As a result, the culture and
identity of smaller nations is endangered.
Q 45 What is mainstream media?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
23/44
The media that reflects the thought, ideology and activities of
majority consumers is known as
mainstream media. It is disseminated through large media groups
including newspapers and television
channels. Mainstream media faces criticism of neglecting the
issues of marginalised sections.
3 marks questions
Q 46 The technology that mass media uses keeps changing. Is that
a positive trend?
Advancements in technology helps media to reach more people.
(a) It also improves the quality of sound and the images that we
see.
(b) Live telecast through satellites and cables allows us to
view news and entertainment channels from
across the world.
(c) Thus, the technology that mass media uses have brought the
world closer to us, which is definitely a
positive trend.
Q 47 What is the difference between media and advertising?
(a) Advertising refers to the means of communication with the
aim of persuading the intended audience
to take a certain action. Media refers to the various mediums
through which information is
disseminated to the mass public.
(b) Media includes radio, TV, magazines and websites, while
advertising may include some of the
content carried in the media types.
Q 48 While the news of the fashion week formed front page
headlines, the demolition of Mumbai
slums was not even noticed. Can you think of the reason why?
Media plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus
on and therefore, decides on what is
newsworthy. Media focuses on issues which are likely to make
sensational headlines. Such news maynot be of any interest to
majority of the common people. The news about the fashion week,
Sania
Mirzas marriage etc. always gets undivided media attention while
the daily struggles of millions of
people go unnoticed.
Q 49 Highlight the principles of code of media ethics.
The following principles are included in the media code of
ethics:
(a) Maintaining accuracy and fairness.
(b) Respecting peoples privacy.
(c) Protecting the interests of nation and the society.
(d) Showing caution while questioning the actions of courts.
(e) Avoiding offensive language, images or expressions.
Q 50 Mass media has led to the shrinking of the world. How?
Mass media like television, radio and internet have led to the
shrinking of the world by reporting events
and happenings live in different parts of the world. News
travels through satellites and cables in a
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
24/44
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
25/44
Q 56 Despite the absence of censorship by the government, most
newspapers still fail to provide a
balanced story. Why is that so?
Newspapers fail to provide balanced news because business houses
control the media. It is in the
interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the
story. Medias continuous need for money
and its links to advertising makes it difficult for media to
report against people who give themadvertisements. Media is not
considered independent because of its close links to corporate.
4 marks questions
Q 57 What is the meaning of independent media?
An independent media means that no one should control and
influence its coverage of news. No one
should tell the media what can be included and what should be
excluded in the news. The news given
bythe media should be reliable and not biased. Only an
independent media can give a balanced report.
Independence of media depends on whether media is able to avoid
the influence of government and
corporates while reporting issues.
Q 58 The media sets the agenda- Explain.
It is said so because the media influences our thoughts,
feelings and actions, and brings various issues to
our attention. Media decides which stories to focus on and what
is 'newsworthy'. Example: a school
annual day function is unlikely to make a news. But if a famous
personality is invited as the Chief Guest,
then the media will cover it. Due to the significant influence
it plays in our lives and in shaping our
thoughts, it is commonly said that the media sets the
agenda.
Q 59 How does media affect our daily life? Give three examples
from your life.
Mass media affects our lives in various ways:
(a) We can watch events taking place in different parts of the
world like live telecast of Olympics in
Beijing.
(b) Internet has brought an information revolution in the world.
Cartoons, programmes, music, movies,
news all can be downloaded from the internet.
(c) E-learning is a popular trend which has changed the way
teaching learning takes place. Students are
learning on the internet in an interactive way.
Q 60 Most television channels and newspapers are a part of big
business houses. Why so?
Mass media uses different technologies that are expensive in
nature. Also, the technology keeps on
changing and is getting advanced day by day, a lot of money is
spent on getting the latest technology.
Due to these costs, mass media needs a great deal of money to do
its work. This money is provided by
big business houses. As a result, most television channels and
newspapers are part of big business
houses.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
26/44
Q 61 The efficacy of media depends on the political context in
which it is located. Explain the
statement.
The efficiency of media depends on the type of political system
and the independence enjoyed by media
in any country. In a democracy with free press and multiple
sources of information like television
channels, newspapers and internet, citizens have free access to
information and can also scrutinise anyinformation by comparing
different perspectives. In an authoritarian system with strict
government
control over media, rulers decide what is to be published. Such
media maintains the status quo and is
never critical of the government. Example, Cuba, North Korea,
Burma, Syria.
Q 62 Democracy is largely dependent on freedom of press. Do you
agree with this statement? Give
reasons for your answer.
Free press is quintessential in any democracy. In the absence of
free press, free and fair elections are
meaningless. People will not be able to make a choice between
different candidates from different
political parties unless the records of those candidates are
reported by an independent media.
Media helps people to actively engage in a democracy by forming
public opinion.
Media maintains accountability and transparency in a
democracy.
The needs and desires of the electorate also flow from the media
to the decision makers.
5 marks questions
Q 63 What are the reasons that prevent the media from being
independent?
The factors that prevent media from being independent are: i)
The first is the control that the
government has on media. When the government prevents a news
item, or scenes from a movie, or the
lyrics of a song, from being shared with the larger public,it is
censorship. ii) The second reason is that the
media also wants to focus on a particular aspect of a story,
because they believe that this will make the
story interesting and attract the attention of the masses. (iii)
Also media faces pressure from the
business houses. It is in the interest of these businesses to
focus on only one side of he story to keep a
clean public image.
Q 64 What impact does the changing technology have on media and
the minds of people?
Changing technology helps media to reach millions of people. It
also improves the quality of sound and
images that we see. It is because of advancements in technology
that we can watch live matches from
any part of the world. Technological changes in the media,
moulds and changes the minds of people.
Through technology we can communicate with people in any part of
the world on webcams and
internet, information is disseminated in fraction of seconds.
Thus, media has made us think of ourselves
as members of a larger global world.
Q 65 What role does media play in a democracy?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
27/44
In a democracy, the media plays a vital and important role in
providing news and discussing events
taking place in the country and the world. It is on the basis of
this information that citizens can learn
how the government works.
People can take action on the basis of these news stories. Some
of the ways in which they can do this is
by writing letters to the concerned ministers, organising a
public protest, starting a signature campaign,
showing people's response to a government plan, hence asking the
government to rethink its
programme.
Q 66 Explain the meaning of the following terms:
a) Publish b)Censorship c)Broadcast d)Public protestPublish:This
refers to news reports, articles, interviews, stories, etc., that
are printed in
newspapers, magazines and books for a wide audience to read.
Censorship: This refers to the power that the government has to
disallow media from publishing
or showing certain stories.
Broadcast: This word is usually used to refer to a TV or radio
programme that is widely
transmitted.
Public protest: When a large number of people come together and
openly state their opposition
to some issue.
Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking
roads etc. are some of the ways in
which this is done.
Q 67 Television gives us a partial view of the world. Explain
with example.
A lot of our impressions about the world are formed by what we
see on TV. It shapes our view of the
world, our beliefs, attitudes and values. However, what we see
on TV may be only one side of the story.
Example, we see various fashion shows on television where
celebrity designers showcase their clothes.
But there are number of small and marginal workers like weavers,
tailors and craftsmen who actually
make these exclusive clothes. These people are never covered on
television or given any recognition.
We must be active viewers and think critically about these
issues.
Q 68 Mainstream media and advertising lead to exclusion. Explain
with an example.
Media plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus
on, and therefore, decides what is
newsworthy. There are several cases when the media fails to
focus on issues that are significant in ourlives. To make
interesting stories, media often covers the life of rich and the
famous, while ignoring the
issues of ordinary people, especially the poor and the
marginalised. Example, a century made by Sachin
Tendulkar in test cricket is covered on the front page, while a
young soldier who lost his life on the
border is ignored by the media.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
28/44
Q 69 Television channels rarely show us how children are dying
of hunger and malnutrition in African
countries or how farmers commit suicides due to water crisis.
Why is the focus more on
entertainment?
This is a case of Media bias. Media bias is a term used to
describe partiality of journalists and news
producers in the selection of events to be reported and how they
are covered. To make sensationalstories, media often covers the
life of successful and the famous, while ignoring the issues of
ordinary
people, especially the poor and the marginalised. The deaths of
those in developing countries are
insignificant as it does not get the eyeballs rolling. However,
if a Hollywood personality adopts a child
from a distant village in Africa, it becomes front page
news.
Q 70 What is the social responsibility of the media?
The media has an enormous social responsibility. It provides an
accurate and detailed account of events.
The media also provides a forum of people to share their views
and ideas. It upholds the values of the
society. Sometime media may become centre of economic and
political power. In such cases, it is likely
to place its private interests above public interests. There is
a need to regulate media so that it gives
priority to public interests. For this purpose, the media has
evolved a set of principles or code of conduct
for itself.
Q 71 What do you think will be the role of the media in an
undemocratic country?
In an undemocratic country, the entire media (almost) is
controlled by central authorities and at the
same time, local media is strictly administered by local
government. Media is allowed to focus only on
the positive aspects of the ruling government. If any media
criticises the functioning of the political
parties or the government, then it is censored. Thus, in
undemocratic countries, media becomes the
mouthpiece of the government in actual sense. We can easily
conclude that media is used by thegovernment for propaganda
politics in undemocratic countries and it hardly gets any chance to
play
constructive role in the state.
Most important questions
Q 1 What is the meaning of media?
Media describes the various ways by which we communicate with
each other in a society.
Q 2 Define the term mass media?
Media refers to all means of communication; from a phone call to
the evening news on TV is called asmedia. The communication that
reaches millions of people in the country and in the world
through
different types of media (TV, Newspapers, mobile, movies, and
radio) is called as mass media.
Q 3 What are the two classifications of media? Give two examples
of each?
Print media and the electronic media are the two classifications
of media. Examples of print media are:
Newspapers and magazines. Examples of electronic media are: TV,
radio and mobile.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
29/44
Q 4 How does television link people of a country to the other
parts of the world?
Television images travel long distances through satellites and
cables. Television allow people to watch
news from one part of the world to the other parts of the world.
Example: Most of the cartoons that we
see on the television from India are telecast from China and the
United States.
Q 5 What is the meaning of Censorship?
When the government prevents either a news item or a part of
movie from being shared with the larger
public, it is called as censorship.
Q 6 What are the different technologies used in the television
studio to telecast a news?
Lights, cameras, sound recorders and transmission satellites are
used to telecast news in the television
studio.
Q 7 Why does the mass media need a lot of money to do its
work?
In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who is to be
paid but also a number of people, who put
the broadcast together, namely the cameraman, the lights man,
the video editor and the audio editor.
Q 8 How does the mass media make money to meet its expenses?
The mass media makes money by advertising different things like
cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile
phones, television, refrigerator, furniture, plastic items
etc.
Q 9 On the television, while watching cricket match,
advertisements are shown repeatedly. Why is it
so?
The reason to show the advertisements repeatedly on the
television is to make the people aware of the
products shown in the television and people will buy the items
needed by them. The media in turn earns
some money for showing the advertisements.
Q 10 How much cost the business people has to pay if their
product has to be advertised on a news
channel?
The cost to advertise in the news channel varies from Rs 500 to
Rs 8,000 per ten seconds depending on
the popularity of the channel.
Q 11 In what ways the media play an important role in a
democracy?
In a democracy the media plays an important role in providing
news and discussing events taking place
in the country and the world.
It is on the basis of this information that the citizens learn
about the working of the government and if
the people wish they can take action on the basis of these news
stories. So it is important for the news
channels to provide balanced news to the people of the
country.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
30/44
Q 12 How do people take action against the government's decision
on public issues?
People take action by writing letters to the concerned minister,
organising a public protest, starting a
signature campaign and asking the government to rethink its
programme, etc.
Q 13 What is called as a balanced media report?
A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a
particular story and then leaves it to the
readers to make up their minds.
Q 14 What are the several issues the media fails to focus?
Drinking water is a major problem in the country. Thousands of
people suffer and die because they do
not get safe drinking water but media seldom discuss this
issue.
Next is several slums were being demolished in Mumbai, and this
was not noticed by the media.
But in contrary they focus on the Fashion Week, in which
clothes' designers show their new creations to
rich people.
Q 15 Explain the term public protest?
When a large number of people come together and openly state
their opposition to some issue.
Organising a rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking
roads etc, are some of the ways in which this
is done.
Markets Around Us
1 mark questions
Q 1 Who are traders?
The people in between the producer and the final consumer are
the traders.
Q 2 What is a market?
A market is an environment that allows buyers and sellers to
exchange goods, services and information.
Market interactions are defined by demand and supply.
Q 3 What are the factors that determine the price of a commodity
in the market?
The price of a good depends on its demand and supply. If the
demand is more and the supply is less, the
price is likely to be high and vice versa.
Q 4 Define credit.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
31/44
Credit is the lending of money/resources by a party to another.
It is a loan for which the lending person
or agency may charge an interest (i.e., commission).
Q 5 Define auctioning.
Auctioning is a public sale in which property or goods are sold
to the highest bidder (i.e., person offering
the maximum price).
Q 6 What is the basis on which a shopkeeper decides which brand
to sell and which not?
The main consideration for a retailer while keeping a brand is
profit. He would emphasise on selling a
brand that gives him maximum profit. The percentage of profit
differs from brand to brand.
Q 7 Define inflation.
Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time.
It is a decline in the value of money.
Q 8 Who is a street vendor?
A street vendor is a person who offers goods or services for
sale to the public without having a
permanent built up, but with a mobile stall. They are mobile in
the sense that they move from place to
place carrying their wares on push carts or on cycles.
Q 9 Highlight the objective of National Policy for Urban Street
Vendors.
The objective of National Policy for Urban Street Vendor is to
provide a supportive environment for
earning livelihoods to the street vendors, as well as ensure
absence of congestion and maintenance of
hygiene in public spaces and streets.
Q 10 Who are the key players in the chain of market?
Producers, wholesale traders, retailers and the consumer are the
key players in the chain of market.
Q 11 What is Minimum Support Price (MSP)?
It is the minimum price for a product, fixed by the government
and supported by payments to small
producers in case the market price falls below the specified
minimum price.
Q 12 What is the main function of the Confederation of Indian
Industry?
The main function of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is
to create and sustain an environment that
fosters industrial growth. It also seeks to establish
partnership between industry and government in
different sectors.
Q 13 What is profit?
Profit is the gain from selling a commodity. It is the
difference between revenue and cost.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
32/44
Q 14 What is the difference between domestic and international
goods?
Domestic goods are manufactured in ones own country, while
foreign goods are bought from other
countries. Domestic goods are exported abroad while foreign
goods are imported from abroad.
Q 15 Name the successful Indian entrepreneur who gave the
following quote.
Think big, think fast, think ahead. Ideas are no ones
monopoly.
Ans. The above quote is by Dhirubhai Ambani. He was Indias
business tycoon who started the Reliance
Industries in Mumbai in 1966.
Q 16 The price of a product increases every time the product
changes hands. Why so?
This happens because every time the product is sold, the seller
tries to make a profit. Example: a
producer usually sells to a wholesaler at a price which is
usually higher than the production cost.
Q 17 Can you name three food retail players in the Indian
market?
Godrej foods, Reliance and Subhiksha are some of the major food
retail players in the Indian market
Q 18 What is the motto adopted by Confederation of Indian
Industry for 2010-2011?
Business for livelihood is CIIs motto for the year 2010-2011.
For faster and inclusive growth, the focus
is on four key enablers, i.e., education, employment, innovation
and entrepreneurship.
Q 19 What do you mean by Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (FICCI)?
FICCI is an association of business organisations in India.
Established in 1927, it is the voice of Indias
business industry and works closely with the government on
policy issues related to business and
economy.
Q 20 State the importance of Retailers Association of India.
a) It strives to adopt best practices in the retail industry to
the benefits of both the retailers and
customers.
b) It provides one voice to the Indian retailers and seeks to
create an environment fit for the growth of
retail industry.
Q 21 Why do traders form associations?
From medieval times, traders formed associations or groups based
on common interests. It gives them
unified voice and enables them to bargain collectively as a
group with the government and other
stakeholders in the industry.
Q 22 What are fair price shops?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
33/44
Fair price shops are government regulated shops which sell
essential items like grains and kerosene.
These shops sell goods at reasonable prices to people below
poverty line.
Q 23 Does market only involve exchange of goods?
There are several exchanges that take place in the market,
besides goods. Services like transport,
banking and information technology are crucial to the
functioning of any market.
Q 24 Is there any advantage of urban vending?
Studies have shown that street vendors constitute approximately
2% of the population of a metropolis.
Urban vending is an important source of employment. It provides
affordable services to the majority of
urban population.
Q 25 Why is a wholesale trader necessary?
The people between the producer and the final consumer are
wholesale traders. They buy goods in
large quantities and sell them to different retailers. It is
with the help of wholesale traders that goods
reach faraway places.
Q 26 What are the essentials of entrepreneurship?
Planning, market research, generate wealth, foreseeing the risk
involved are some of the things to be
kept in mind by an entrepreneur.
Q 27 What is purchasing power?
2 marks questions
Q 28 Who is a whole sale trader?
Purchasing power is the buying power of the consumer. It is the
quantity and quality of goods and
services that people can afford to buy. The purchasing power of
people declines over time as the living
cost increases.
Q 29 Who is a retailer?
The trader who purchases goods from the whole sale trader
andthensells to consumers is called retailer.
This could be a trader in a weekly market, a hawker in the
neighbourhood shop or a shop ownerin a
shopping complex. Retailer is the actor in the chain of market
who directly deals with the consumer.
Q 30 Retail price is higher than the wholesale price. Why
so?
The wholesaler sells to a retailer at a price higher than that
charged by the producer. The retailer sells to
the ultimate consumer at a price higher than the wholesale
price. Hence, prices are usually higher in
retail markets than in wholesale markets.
Q 31 What are shopping complexes?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
34/44
Inurban areas, there are markets that have many shops, such a
group of shops iscalled a shopping
complex. These shopping complexes are multi-storeyed,
air-conditionedbuildings with shops on
different floors, known as malls. Shopping complexes are growing
in cities, since they offer everything
under one roof.
Q 32 What is a weekly market?
A weekly market is held on a specific day of the week. Weekly
markets do not have permanent shops.
Traders set up shops for the day and then close them up in the
evening. They may set up their shopsat a
different place the next day.
Q 33 Name one successful entrepreneur from India.
Mr. Sunil Bharti Mittal, a successful entrepreneur from India,
took the risk and started mobile services
with the brand name Airtel in 1995 when there was no player in
the market. Today, Airtel is the largest
private telecom company in India.
Q 34 Who acts as intermediaries between the producers and
consumers in the market?
The link between producers and consumers is established through
intermediaries (middlemen). The
middlemen may be wholesalers and retailers who buy and resell
goods for profit. They may be agents,
who help in making deals, arrange for storage of goods and so
on, for a commission.
Q 35 If you are a retailer selling Chinese goods, would you go
to China every month? Where would
you get these goods from?
There are several wholesale traders who visit China every month
and bring goods in bulk. These
wholesale traders are located in specific markets known for
certain goods. Retailers can buy from these
wholesale traders and save their time. These wholesale traders
have contacts with producers in
different countries and get good deals from them.
Q 36 What are the various expenses incurred by permanent
shops?
Permanent shops incur a lot of expenditure they have to pay
rent, electricity, taxes to the government.
They also have to pay wages to workers and spend on maintenance.
There is also accidental cost
involved which reduces the profit of the trader.
Q 37 What is the difference between retail and wholesale?
Wholesale involves buying goods in large quantities and selling
them in large quantities usually to
customers who buy goods to resell in the retail market to the
ultimate consumer.
Retail involves buying products in large quantities and selling
them to consumers in small quantities for
personal and household use.
Q 38 Who is an entrepreneur? What is his most important
trait?
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
35/44
Any person who starts and operates a business is an
entrepreneur. The most important trait of an
entrepreneur is profit maximisation. Profit is the main driving
force in any business. Other traits include
risk taking and competitiveness.
Q 39 If you are a wholesale trader, what would be your necessary
business requirements?
Wholesale involves buying goods in large quantities and selling
them in large quantities. For this, a
wholesale trader needs fairly large investment and transport
facility. He also requires a storehouse to
store the goods and some helpers as guards.
Q 40 What is the difference between branded and non-branded
goods?
Branded goods are standardised goods with uniform price and
quality. Whereas non-branded goods are
not standardised and there may be variation in price and
quality. As compared to non-branded goods,
fewer people can afford branded goods. Branded goods are often
promoted by advertising, unlike non-
branded.
Q 41 Why are goods cheaper in the weekly market?
Things in weekly markets are available at cheaper rates. This is
because the expenses incurred in weekly
markets are much less as compared to permanent shops. Traders in
the weekly markets do not have to
pay taxes, hire workers and pay for electricity. Thus, the
investment is less, so is the price of goods. Also,
prices are low because of close competition.
Q 42 Sumit is suffering from jaundice and he cant go out. He
wants to buy a leather bag for himself. Is
there any way that he can buy one without leaving his home?
With the advancement in technology, a number of branded goods
can be bought and sold without going
to the market. Sumit can select the brand online and place an
order over the phone or visit the company
website and book the product. He can use his credit card to make
an online purchase.
Q 43 The Delhi government passed an order to the MCD and NDMC to
remove all street vendors and
hawkers before the Common Wealth Games. Is there any right that
the vendors can invoke to get
justice?
Right to livelihood is an important part of fundamental right to
life. Article 39 (a) of the Indian
Constitution provides that all citizens have equal right to
livelihood. The Supreme Court ruled that any
displacement of street vendors must also make provisions for
their rehabilitation.
Q 44 Are there any rights of the consumers?
Consumer rights help to ensure fair trade practices and
consumers access to correct information in the
marketplace. These include:
a) Right to be protected from hazardous goods and services.
b) Right to be fully informed about the performance and quality
of the goods and services.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
36/44
Q 45 Is there any disadvantage suffered by the traders in the
weekly market?
Weekly markets have a large number of shops selling the same
goods which means there is competition
among them. If some trader charges a high price, people would
move to another shop where the same
thing may be available more cheaply or where the buyer may
bargain and bring the price down.
Q 46 Profits are not equally distributed in the market.
Explain.
This is because a retailer who sells to the ultimate consumer
makes the largest profit. The
manufacturers and farmers/producers earn the least. This unequal
distribution of profits increases
economic and social inequality among the people in the chain of
market.
Q 47 Which player in the chain of market understands the
consumers needs best?
In a market, the retailers interact directly with the consumers.
They understand and respond to the
consumers needs for goods and services. The price of a commodity
depends on its demand and how
much the consumers are willing to spend for a certain quality of
good.
Q 48 What is media imperialism?
It refers to one way flow of information from western countries
to developing countries, characterised
by imposition of western culture and values on the developing
world. As a result, the culture and
identity of smaller nations is endangered.
3 marks questions
Q 49 Explain the meaning of following terms:
a)Mall b)Wholesale c)Chain of markets
Mall: This is an enclosed shopping space. This is usually a
large building with many floors that has shops,
restaurants and, at times, even a cinema theatre. These shops
most often sell branded products.
Wholesale: This refers to buying and selling in large
quantities. Most products, including vegetables,
fruits and flowers have special wholesale markets.
Chain of markets: A series of marketsare connected like links in
a chain because products pass from one
market to another.
Q 50 What is the purpose of setting the Minimum Support
Price?
The government buys from farmers at a minimum support price,
even if the market price is lower. This
assures farmer producers of fair earnings.
Every year MSPs for major agricultural products are announced,
which are fixed after taking into
account factors such as cost of production, change in prices of
inputs, demand and supply and cost of
living.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
37/44
Q 51 Imagine your birthday around the corner and you have
invited 30 friends. You want to buy 30
pencil boxes as return gifts for your friends. Recalling the
chain of market, who would you buy these
gifts from to get a reasonable price?
When one has to buy large quantities of the same product, it is
always better to buy from wholesale
traders since they sell in bulk. As we buy more quantities of a
product, the price can be bargained andhence, the consumer can get
a good deal and save money. Also, the retailer would have added his
own
profit in the price charged, which is now eliminated.
Q 52 Internet has brought a revolution in the way market
functions. Comment giving example.
With advancements in technology, the functioning of market has
changed. In urban areas, people can
enter the markets without stepping out of their homes via the
internet. They can compare and select
the product by visiting the companys website. They use their
credit cards to make online purchases.
This phenomenon of buying and selling over the internet is
called e- commerce.
Q 53 What are the various challenges faced by Indias domestic
market?
Domestic market sells goods produced in the country, i.e.,
domestic goods, like India produces large
quantities of cotton which is a domestic good. Domestic market
faces competition from international or
foreign goods, especially when these goods are cheaper in price.
Example: Indian markets are flooded
with Chinese toys because of which the demand for toys made by
Indian manufacturers has declined.
Q 54 Why do people prefer to go to a weekly market?
A weekly market is so called because it is held on a specific
day of the week. These are set up in the
neighbourhood streets and sell essential goods like groceries
and other household items at cheaper
prices. People prefer going to these markets to buy things of
daily use. They are usually located atwalking distance and the
customers do not have to go different areas to buy different
things.
Q 55 Can economically marginalised and poor be restricted from
entering in malls? Give reason for
your answer.
India is a democratic country and gives equal rights and respect
to all citizens irrespective of their social
and economic status. According to Article 15 of the Indian
Constitution, no one can be restricted from
entering any public place like parks, restaurants, malls and
temples. Such restriction is a form of
discrimination which is unfair and undemocratic.
4 marks questions
Q 56 What is the difference between weekly markets and permanent
shops? Give three points.
Following are the three points of differences between weekly
market and permanent shops:
a) In weekly markets, traders set up shops only once a week,
while shops in authorised buildings make
permanent markets.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
38/44
b) In weekly markets, goods are non-branded, while in permanent
shops one can find both branded and
non-branded goods.
c) Shops in permanent markets incur more expenses since they
hire workers, pay rent and various taxes.
All these taxes are transferred to the customers. Therefore,
their goods are also expensive as compared
to weekly markets.
Q 57 What is the role of banks in markets?
Banks plays a very important role in any market and caters to
all the actors in the chain of market -
producers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The first three
may need loan from banks for various
purposes to expand their business, while the consumers also take
loans to buy heavy goods like vehicles,
computers etc. Banks also offer online banking services for
making online purchases and other business
transactions.
Q 58 Is the system of credit offered by the shops in the
neighbourhood useful? Are there any
problems faced?
Shops in the neighbourhood are near our homes. Because of
frequent acquaintances, the shopkeepers
also provide goods on credit. But the problem involved in the
system of credit is that the shopkeeper
faces a risk of losing his money. The customers identification
proof may not be correct. Many people
who live as tenants may shift without notice and without
clearing their dues with the shopkeeper. The
shopkeeper will have to keep an account of all the purchases of
each customer during the month.
Q 59 Why do think superstores like Big Bazaar and More sell the
same goods at a relatively lower
price?
Superstores are large retail stores that sell wide range of
goods like groceries, clothes, toys, utensils, etc.
They buy goods in bulk, and therefore get them at a reasonable
price from their suppliers. It is a known
fact that when you buy a certain commodity in large numbers, you
are likely to get a better bargain on
the price. As a result, these stores also offer various schemes
and discounts to their consumers to gain
attention and consumer loyalty.
Q 60 Is it fair to bargain in a weekly market?
Weekly markets consist of small and marginal traders from poor
backgrounds. Their profit is very
marginal since weekly markets have a large number of shops
selling the same goods and this means
there is lot of competition. Bargaining with them is not fair
since their goods are already very cheap. If
customers further demand slashes in price, traders in such
markets will not be able to survive.
Q 61 People often bargain in weekly markets but never in a mall.
Why so?
People often bargain in a weekly market but not in a mall, since
goods in the weekly markets are non-
branded. In malls where goods are branded and standardised,
customers refrain from bargaining. Also in
a weekly market, large number of shops are selling the same
goods, which means there is competition.
Consumers take advantage of the situation and bargain by pitting
one trader against the another.
-
8/2/2019 shri fa 4
39/44
5 marks questions
Q 62 The role played by the hawkers in the economy needs to be
given due credit. Do you agree?
The role played by hawkers in the economy needs to be given due
credit, but they are considered
unlawful entities and are subjected to continuous harassment by
police and civic authorities.This is
reported to be continuing even after the ruling of the Supreme
Court that if properly regulated, the
small traders on the sidewalks can add to the convenience of the
general public by making available
ordinary articles of everyday use for a comparatively lesser
price. Forced eviction of hawkers
constitutes violation of right to livelihood.
Q 63 Across the country, various tribes visit Delhi every year
to showcase and sell their exclusive crafts
in exhibitions. However, the urban buyers often bargain with
them. Is this fair?
Tribes are categorised as economically marginalised and backward
group. However, their craftsmanship
is incredible. Tribal groups in India are famous for their
intricate weaving and painting. At exhibitions in
urban cities, people are often seen bargaining for tribal
products. They do not appreciate thecraftsmanship and take
advantage of the ignorance among tribes and seek bargains. Because
of such
unfair trade practices, many NGOs are now supporting these
tribes and help them to sell their goods at
deserving prices.
Q 64 When you go to restaurants, you are often asked whether you
would like bottled water or tap
water. What is the difference between the two? Should you be
paying extra for bottled water?
Bottled water is branded while tap water is same as water
available at home. Bottled water promises
high quality of safe drinking water. It is priced more than the
tap water in restaurants. Restaurants
should serve purified tap water for safety of consumers. Safe
drinking water is a human right and
restaurants must follow the quality norms. Therefore, both tap
water and bottled water are same
except that bottled water is branded, so we have to pay more for
it.
Q 65 How is the shopping experience in a mall different from
that
