Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary
2,706,710,685 visitors served.
T E X T
TheFreeDictionary Google Bing
?
Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text
Dictionary/thesaurus
Medicaldictionary
Legaldictionary
Financialdictionary
Acronyms
IdiomsEncyclopediaWikipediaencyclopedia ?
Pharmacist
(redirected from Pharmacists)
Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia
0.04 sec.
Ads by GooglePharmacy EducationContinue your education with free ACPE accredited coursesPharmacyTimes.comAnti Dandruff SolutionHead & Shoulders Rids More Dandruff In Just One Wash. Order Sample Now!www.HeadandShoulders.co.inMaster of PharmacyGet your MPharm Degree from India's Top Pharmacy Institute. Apply TodayManipal.edu/Pharma_Admissions_OpenJobs in Pharma2-10 years Exp. Salary 3-15 Lakhs. Register and Apply on Shine.comShine.com/PharmaHealth Economics ResearchAccess Through Evidence Global Market Access Serviceswww.pharmerit.comPharmacist
?Page toolsPrinter friendlyCite / link
EmailFeedback
Advertisement (Bad banner? Please let us
know)Related Ads
▪ Pharmacy Course▪ Vicodin Pharmacy▪ Pharmacy Jobs▪ Vacancies Jobs▪ Pharmacist
▪ Salary▪ Medical Jobs▪ Nursing License▪ Pharmacy Law▪ Care Jobs
?My Word ListAdd current page to the list
The pestle and mortar is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies.
Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the science of pharmacy. Pharmacists also participate in disease-state management, where they optimize and monitor the drug therapy or interpret medical laboratory results – in collaboration with physicians and/or other health professionals. Advances into prescribing medication and in providing members of the public with health advice and services are occurring in many countries. Pharmacists have many areas of expertise and are a critical source of medical knowledge in clinics, hospitals, medical laboratories and community pharmacies throughout the world. Pharmacists also hold positions in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in pharmaceutical education and research and development institutions.
HistoryIn ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.[1]
Advertisement (Bad banner? Please let us
know)?Charity
Feed a hungry child - donate to school
feeding program
Nature of the workHistorically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner is to distribute drugs that have been prescribed by a prescriber to patients. In more modern times pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice compounding (mixing ingredients to form medications); however, most medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In many jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol.[2]
Pharmacists are educated in pharmacology, pharmacognosy, chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, microbiology, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, physiology, anatomy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum covers diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient).
One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care.[3] Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and the management of each in order to improve the outcome for each individual patient. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that include but are not limited to:
Decreased medication errors Increased patient compliance in medication
regimen Better chronic disease state management Strong pharmacist-patient relationship Decreased long-term costs of medical care
Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. This means that pharmacists have large roles in the assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:
clinical medication management the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or
diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical medication management required.
specialized monitoring of disease states reviewing medication regimens monitoring of treatment regimens delegating work general health monitoring compounding medicines general health advice providing specific education to patients about
disease states and medications oversight of dispensing medicines on
prescription provision of non-prescription medicines counseling and advice on optimal use of
medicines advice and treatment of common ailments referrals to other health professionals if
necessary dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure pharmacokinetic evaluation education of physicians and other health care
providers on medications and their proper use limited prescribing of medications only in
collaboration with other health care professionals
providing pharmaceutical information promoting public health by administering
immunizations
UK peculiarity
In much of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth pharmacists are customarily sometimes referred to as chemist (or dispensing chemists),[4] a usage which can, especially without a context relating to the sale or supply of medicines, cause confusion with scientists in the field of chemistry. This term is a historical one, since some pharmacists passed an examination in Pharmaceutical Chemistry (PhC) set by the then Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1852 and these were known as "Pharmaceutical Chemists". This title is protected by the Medicines Act 1968 section 78.
The 1852 Pharmacy Act, June 30 established a Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists in Great Britain , restricted to those who had taken the Society’s exams. However, the Act did not restrict the practice of pharmacy to examined and registered people, nor provide a legal definition for the trade and practice of pharmacy. This was first done by the Pharmacy Act of 1868.[5]
In the near future it is proposed by the Draft Pharmacy Order 2009 that the title "pharmacist" be restricted to those who register with a new Regulatory body - the General Pharmaceutical Council - due to be established to take this role over from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 2010.
Qualifications and registrationMain article: Pharmacy school
The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing and graduate continuing education vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, prospective pharmacists study pharmacy at a pharmacy school or related institution. Upon graduation, they are licensed either nationally or by region to dispense medication of various types in the settings for which they have been trained.
In the United States, a pharmacist must complete 4 years of graduate level training at a pharmacy school, usually after receiving a bachelors degree. A bachelors degree is not required as most pharmacy schools only require two years of undergraduate education and the completion of a list of prerequisites. Competition to obtain entry into pharmacy school, however, limits the number of students admitted without a bachelors degree. There are currently 116 accredited pharmacy schools in the United States, ( late 2009 ) and 6 of these schools offer "accelerated" 3 year PharmD programs by attending school almost year round - with less breaks for summer and holidays. There also is one fully accredited "distance/online" 4 year PharmD program offered by Creighton University. Pharmacists receive a PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy) upon graduation, and licensure after passing the NAPLEX and MPJE.
In Australia, a pharmacist must complete 4 years of university at a Bachelor level or, alternatively, an undergraduate degree in a science or health field followed by a 2-year graduate entry Masters level course. At the completion of the entry level qualification, a one-year compulsory pre-registration year of at least 1824 hours is undertaken in hospital or community. There are two specified post-graduate level units at university, three written exams during this year, culminating in an oral exam with two examiners. It is only after at least 4 years of undergraduate study, and the pre-registration year that a person is entitled to use the protected title, pharmacist.
Australian pharmacists have the option to complete further postgraduate qualifications. In particular, those working in the hospital sector often choose to do so. Common postgraduate qualifications include the Master of Clinical Pharmacy (MClinPharm), an MBA, or a PhD.
Earnings and WageUnited States of America 2010 Pharmacy Compensation Survey"[6]
Directors of Pharmacy $125,200
Retail Staff Pharmacists $113,600 Hospital Staff Pharmacists $111,700 Mail Order Staff Pharmacists $109,300 Clinical Pharmacists $113,400
(United States Bureau of Labor Statistics - Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition):
Median annual wages of wage and salary pharmacists in May 2008 were $106,410. The middle 50 percent earned between $92,670 and $121,310 a year. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $77,390, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $131,440 a year.
Australia
Wages for pharmacists in Australia appear to have stagnated [7]. The award wages for a pharmacist is $812 a week [8]. Pharmacist graduates are the lowest paid university graduates most years. Most pharmacists do earn above the award wage; the average male pharmacist earns $65,000, a female pharmacist averages $56,500 [9]. Over recent years, wages have stagnated, and even gone backwards[10] . This is due to the large numbers of pharmacy graduates in recent years, and government desire to lower PBS costs [11]. Contract and casual work is becoming more common [12]. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. There are accounts of underemployment and unemployment emerging recently [13].
Specialties
Practice specialization
Specialties include:
Academic pharmacist Clinical pharmacist (consisting of many
subspecialties such as critical care, nephrology, cardiology, pediatrics, geriatrics, toxicology, etc.)
Community pharmacist Compounding pharmacist
Consultant pharmacist Drug information pharmacist Home Health pharmacist Hospital pharmacist Industrial pharmacist Informatics pharmacist Locum Pharmacist Military Pharmacist Nuclear Pharmacist Oncology Pharmacist Regulatory-affairs pharmacist Veterinary pharmacist Pharmacist Clinical Pathologist
Speciality practice accreditation
Australia
In Australia, accreditation exists only for certain specialties and is provided by professional bodies for the following:
Consultant Pharmacist (AACPA), by the Australian Association of Consultant Pharmacy (AACP)
Certified Geriatric Pharmacist (CGP), by the Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy in conjunction with the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia [1]
France
Biological pharmacist Hospital pharmacist
Portugal
In Portugal a pharmacist can become certified in recognized professional specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by the Order of Pharmacists. The Order of Pharmacists certifies pharmacists in five specialties:
Pharmaceutical Industry Hospital pharmacy Comunitary pharmacy
Clinical Analysis Regulatory Affairs
Spain
In Spain a pharmacist can become certified in recognized professional specialty practice areas by passing an examination in addition to spent two to four years of residency period in accredited hospital services and/or academic departments. The Minister of Health certifies pharmacists in eight specialties:
Hospital pharmacy after four years residency period
Industrial Pharmacy after two years residency period
Pharmaceutical Analysis after two years residency period
Clinical Analysis after four years residency period
Nuclear Pharmacy after two years residency period
Other specialities include Clinical Microbiology, Biochemistry and Inmunology
United States
In the United States, a pharmacist can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards.
The Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties[14] certifies pharmacists in six specialties:
o Ambulatory Care pharmacy (starting 2011)
o Nuclear pharmacy o Nutrition support pharmacyo Oncology pharmacyo Pharmacotherapy , which has two
subspecialties: Cardiology Infectious disease
o Psychiatric pharmacy The Commission for Certification in Geriatric
Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatrics
specialty practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology [15]
certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.
See also Apothecary Chemist Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic
Referrals Dispensing chemist List of pharmacists List of pharmacy associations List of pharmacy schools Pharmaconomist Pharmacy Pharmacy Automation - The Tablet Counter Pharmacy technician Resident in pharmacy
References1. ̂ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs
du japon, p. 434. 2. ̂ Pharmacist prescribing RPSGB.org3. ̂ Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC.
Pharmaceutical care practice. 2nd ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill; 2004.
4. ̂ Definition of chemist on Dictionary.com retrieved 2008 December 28.
5. ̂ "The History of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society". Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
6. ̂ 2010 Pharmacy Compensation Survey - Spring Edition PharmacyOneSource.com
7. ̂ http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/article/pressure-on-pharmacists-wages-a-global-trend/503997.aspx Pressure on pharmacists wages
8. ̂ http://beta.guild.org.au/uploadedfiles/wa_branch/services_to_members/pharmacists%20wage%20rates%2021.07.05.pdf Pharmacist Wage
Rates9. ̂ http://www.psa.org.au/site.php?id=121 PSA
article10. ̂
http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/article/pressure-on-pharmacists-wages-a-global-trend/503997.aspx Pressure on Pharmacists wages a global trend
11. ̂ http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/article/Slow-start-to-pay-race/520873.aspx Slow start to pay race
12. ̂ http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/article/Slow-start-to-pay-race/520873.aspx Slow start to pay race
13. ̂ http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/article/Hospital-pharmacy-jobs-under-threat/524670.aspx Hospital pharmacy jobs under threat
14. ̂ Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties15. ̂ ABAT Certification Examination
Credentialing Information
(Japanese) Asai,T. (1985). Nyokan Tūkai. Tokyo: Kōdan-Sha.
(French) Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
External links Association of Community Pharmacists of India
(ACPI) Pharmacy council of India (PCI) Pharmacy at the Open Directory Project International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) RPSGB Veterinary Pharmacist Education
Programme (VPEP) International Pharmaceutical Students
Federation (IPSF) Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Bangladeshi Pharmacist Association
(BDPHARM) Canadian pharmacy technicians (rxpt.ca) Canadian Pharmacist Journal United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association
(UKCPA)
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.
Allied health professions
Anesthesia Technology · Athletic training · Audiology ·technicians · Emergency medical services · Hemodialysis technicianscoder · Medical physics · Medical technologist · Medical transcriptiontechnology · Nutrition (clinical) · Occupational therapy Physical therapy · Psychology · Public health · Radiation therapyRespiratory therapy · Social work · Speech and language pathologyThis article is copied from an article on Wikipedia® - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the Wikipedia® encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Ads by GooglePharma Job VacanciesTop Pharmaceutical Companies Hiring Grads w/ 2 Yrs Experience EligibleHTJobs.in/BioTechnology_JobsB. Braun Melsungen AGProducts and services for hospital, private practice and at home.www.bbraun.comJob Openings in TCSExp: 0 to 13 Yrs.Sal: 25k to 95k PM Apply Now & get Multiple InterviewsTimesJobs.com/TCSPharmacist JobsFind Pharmacist jobs here, the most complete job site online.indeed.co.in/Pharmacist
Dual Monitor for LawyersFind the Best way to use your Dual Monitor for comfortable workactualtools.com/multiplemonitors/? Mentioned in
? References in periodicals archiveClinical pharmacyConsultant pharmacistList of pharmacy associationsList of pharmacy organizations in the United KingdomMedical prescription
Pakistan Pharmacists SocietyPharmacyTed Leo and the PharmacistsThe Tyranny of Distance (album)
As the role of pharmacists evolved in the healthcare industry, this medical career has become much more flexible and lucrative.Does a Pharmacist Career Offer Flexibility? by A Nutt / Business communityPharmacists can not only be found working in Pharmacies, but also in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, home health centers, pharmaceutical research institutions, educational institutions, community organizations, and government agencies.Different Career Options Available to Pharmacists by Amy Nutt / Jobs and Careers communityThere are benefits to working in Healthcare System as opposed to a retail environment Stable working hours - Pharmacists in an intuitional setting will work the normal amount of hours but may be required to work evenings, nights and weekends as medications are required around the clockBenefits of Working as a Health System Pharmacist by Amy Nutt. / Food/cooking/nutrition communityMore results
Wikipedia browser ? ? Full browserPharmaceuticals in ChinaPharmaceuticals in IndiaPharmaceuticsPharmaciaPharmaciens Sans FrontièresPharmacisPharmacistPharmacistsPharmacists for Life InternationalPharmacists' Defence Association
pharmaceuticspharmaceuticsPharmaceutistPharmaceutistPharmaceutistPharmachemicalPharmachemicalPharmachemicalPharmaciPharmaciPharmaciPharmacia and UpjohnPharmacie Humanitaire
pharmaciespharmaciespharmacistpharmacistpharmacistpharmacistPharmacist in ChargePharmacist Services Technical Advisory CoalitionPharmacistsPharmacists for Life InternationalPharmacists for Life International Canada
pharmacodiagnosisPharmacodymanicspharmacodynamicpharmacodynamicpharmacodynamicpharmacodynamicpharmacodynamicallypharmacodynamicallypharmacodynamicallypharmacodynamicspharmacodynamicspharmacodynamicsPharmacoEconomic CenterPharmacoeconomics
PharmacodePharmacodynamicsPharmacoeconomicsPharmacogeneticsPharmacogenomics
InternationalePharmaciens Sans Frontierespharmaciespharmacies
Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.Pharmacists Society of the State of New Yorkpharmaco-pharmaco-Pharmaco-dynamicspharmacoangiography
pharmacoepidemiologypharmacogenetic
Wikipedia (TheFreeDictionary.com mirror)
TheFreeDictionary Google
?
Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text
Free Tools:
For surfers: Free toolbar & extensions | Word of the Day | Bookmark | Help For webmasters: Free content | Linking | Lookup box | Double-click lookup | Partner with us
Terms of Use | Privacy policy | Feedback | Copyright © 2011 Farlex, Inc.Disclaimer
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be
considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
