s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k'l:tsf

afv|fkfng

cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP

;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gcfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{

cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gcfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{

@)^^

afv|fkfngs[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k'l:tsf

k|sfzs;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn

cfly{s ;xof]u:k]g ;/sf/ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_

k|sfzg ldlt M @)^^ d+l;/

k|sfzgflwsf/©o; k|sfzgdf cleJoQm ljrf/, tYo÷tYof°, tyf hfgsf/Lx?n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g -PkmPcf]_ sf] cflwsfl/s ljrf/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ . ;fy} o;sf] clek|fo s'g} /fi6« jf To;sf] k|fb]lzs v08÷e"efu, ;x/, cyjf ;Ldfsf] j}wflgs Pj+ ljsf;ut l:ylt O+lut ug'{ klg xf]Og . ;do / k|;Ëjz k|sfzgdf pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} sDkgL jf ltgsf pTkfbg, rfx] tL k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|fKt (patented) x'g\ jf gx'g\, af/]sf] rrf{n] of] 7xb}{g ls tL pTkfbgx? cGo / p:t} vfnsf pTkfbgx?sf] t'ngfdf PkmPcf]sf] :jLs[lt–k|fKt x'g\ jf l;kmfl/;df k/]sf x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgdf k|ltljlDjt ljrf/x? PkmPcf]sf cflwsfl/s wf/0ff geO{ n]vssf cfkm\gf lghL wf/0ff / ljrf/x? x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgsf] sf] ;jf{lwsf/© PkmPcf]df ;'/lIft 5 . u}/gfkmfd"ns Pj+ z}lIfs k|of]hgsf] nflu o; k|sfzgsf]] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs efu k'gp{Tkfbg ug{, k|;f/ ug{ / k|of]u÷ljt/0f ug{ PkmPcf]sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' h?/L kg]{ 5}g, t/ To;f] ubf{ ;|f]t eg] clgjfo{?kdf v'nfpg'kg]{ 5 . k"j{ cg'dlta]u/ Jofj;flos jf Jofkfl/s p4]Zosf nflu o;sf] ;fdu|L k'gMpTkfbg ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]sf nflu k|sfzsaf6 k"j{ lnlvt ;xdlt lng'kg]{ 5 . o;sf nflu kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf o;k|sf/ 5M Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: copyright@fao.org

;fh;Hhf tyf d'b|0fM WPS, eMail: printnepal@gmail.com

cfef/

g]kfndf ;~rflnt vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g -PkmPcf]_ sf] cNksfnLg kl/of]hgf cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP -cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kg ;dGjo OsfO{åf/f ;~rflnt OSRO/NEP/801/SPA _ …cfGtl/s åGå, af9L / ;'Vvfaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf u|fdL0f ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff lglDt ;xof]uÚ (Emergency Assistance to Improve Food and Nutrition Security of Vulnerable Rural Communities Affected by Internal Conflicts, Flood and Drought in Nepal) cGtu{t of] afv|fkfng k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . k':ts o;} kl/of]hgfsf /fli6«o kz'kfng ljz]if1 >L /fddl0f kf}8]nn] tof/ kfg'{ePsf] xf] . k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu k|fKt :k]g ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu klg xfdL xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ .

k':tsdf k|of]u ul/Psf clwsf+z /]vflrqx? kz';]jf ljefuåf/f k|sflzt kz'kfng k'l:tsfaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] w]/}h;f] tl:a/x? g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, v'dn6f/sf al/i7 j}1flgs 8f= >L/fdk|;fb Gof}kfg]sf] ;f}hGoaf6 k|fKt ePsf x'g\ . o;sf nflu kl/of]hgf pxfFx?k|lt ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5 .

k':ts tof/Lsf] qmddf sa'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|f ljsf; sfof{no tyf ljleGg JolQmx?af6 k|fKt ;Gbe{–;fdu|Lut ;xof]u, k/fdz{ tyf ;'emfjsf nflu xfdL cToGt cfef/L 5f}+ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn

uafv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

kl/ro

afv|fkfngdf nfu]sf jf nfUg rfxg] ;fgf ls;fg Pj+ afv|fkfng k|j4{g sfo{df nfu]sf kz'kfng tyf ljsf; sfo{stf{x?sf nflu ;xof]u k'uf];\ eg]/ of] xft] k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf tYo–tYof° tyf hfgsf/Lx? n]vssf] cfg} cg'ej, :ynut cjnf]sg, afv|fkfns ls;fgx?;Fu ul/Psf tt\;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg;DaGwL 5nkmn / pxfFx?n] k|ToIf ef]Ug'ePsf Jofjxfl/s kIfx?df cfwfl/t 5g\ .

k':tsnfO{{ ;s];Dd ;/n, /fd|f];Fu n]Vg k9\g g;Sg] jf sd lzlIftx?n] klg lrq / tl:a/s} dfWodaf6 a'em\g ;Sg]u/L tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afv|fkfngdf k"j{1fg / cg'ej gePsfx?sf nflu klg cfwf/e"t hfgsf/Lx? lbg ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon] o;sf x/]s kf7x?sf] ;+/rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsnfO{ hDdf * v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\M afv|fsf k|d'v hftx?, k|hgg, bfgfkfgLsf] Joj:yf, vf]/sf] Joj:yf, k/hLjLx?, kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?, k|d'v ;+qmfds /f]ux? / lgoGq0fsf pkfox?, tyf afv|fsf nflu 3fF;sf] Joj:yf . oL v08x?sf] qmda4 k|:t'ltn] s'g} klg afv|fkfns g]kfnL s[ifsnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ d'Vo hfgsf/Lx? / cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;3fpl;4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

/fddl0f kf}8]n/fli6«o kz'kfng ljz]if1

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts#

ljifo ;"rL

cfef/ u

kl/ro 3

! afv|fsf hft -gZn_ x? !!=! g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f l;kmfl/; ePsf afv|fsf hftx? !!=@ :yfgLo÷/}yfg] hft (Indigenous/Local) sf afv|fx? !!=# aflx/af6 NofOPsf (exotic) hftx? #!=$ /}yfg] / jfx\o k|hfltsf afv|faLr k|hgg u/fO{ lgsflnPsf j0f{z+s/x? #!=% g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_df k/LIf0f cj:yfdf /x]sf hftx? #!=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf g} g]kfnsf sltko 7fpFdf kfng ub}{

cfOPsf hftx? $

@ afv|fsf] k|hgg k|lqmof %@=! xf8gftfdf x'g] k|hgg -Ogla|l8ª_ sf c;/x? %@=@ j0f{z+s/ -qm;_ k|hggsf kmfObfx? %@=# gsf/fTds 5gf}6sf k|efjx? ^@=$ u|fdL0f If]qdf ckgfpg'kg]{ k|hggsf] ;a}eGbf pQd tl/sf ^@=% k|hggsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/g] af]sf / afv|fdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? &@=^ k|hggsf nflu af]sfsf] 5gf]6 *@=& k|hggsf nflu afv|Lsf] 5gf]6 (@=* k|hgg !)@=( k|hggsf nflu kflng] af]sfsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !!@=!) ule{0fL afv|Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !!@=!! ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !@@=!@ v;L kfg]{ !#@=!# bfFtsf] cfwf/df afv|fsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf !$

# cfxf/ Joj:yfkg !^#=! afv|fsf] kfrg–k|0ffnL !^#=@ afv|fsf nflu cfxf/ slt rflxG5 < !^#=# ;fgf] pd]/sf kf7f–kf7L -# dlxgfeGbf sd pd]/sf_ nfO{ v'jfOg]

cfxf/ (Creep Feed) agfpg] tl/sf !&#=$ ax'kf]if0fo'Qm l9Ssf agfpg rflxg] ;fdu|L !&

ªafv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

#=% pks/0f / cf}hf/x? !&#=^ cfjZos ;fdu|L / dfqf -%–% lsnf]sf * j6f Ans agfpgsf nflu_ !*#=& agfpg] k|lqmof !*#=* Ans s;/L vfg lbg] < @)#=( olb w]/} vfP/ la/fdL k/]sf] nIf0f b]vfP eg] s] ug]{ < @)

$ afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yf @!$=! :j:y afv|f kfNg] tl/sf @!$=@ afv|fkfng k4ltdf ;'wf/ s;/L ug]{ < @!$=# g/fd|f] vf]/ ePdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ < @@$=$ vf]/sf nflu s:tf] 7fpF pQd x'G5 < @#$=% c;n k|sf/sf] vf]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf @#$=^ vf]/sf s]xL gd"gfx? # b]lv % j6f afv|fsf nflu @#

% afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLjLx? @^%=! afv|fdf nfUg] jfx\o k/hLjLx? (External Parasites) @^%=@ afv|fdf nfUg] cfGtl/s k/hLjLx? (Internal Parasites) @(

^ kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? ##^=! bfgf jf ef]h et]/df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/f a9L vfPdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx? ##^=@ 3fF;kftaf6 x'g] ljifsf] c;/ (Plant Poisoning) / pkrf/ #$^=# afh/f÷;f]3{d÷h'g]nf]sf] 3fF; vfFbf pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljif / pkrf/ #%^=$ cFu]/L, bz{glkkn, gLnf] k'mNg] uGw], wf]q]m, cf?kft], /ftf] lz/Lif vfPdf nfUg] ljif #^^=% e'F8L k'mNg] ;d:of #&^=^ 5]/f}6L #*^=& 5]/f}6L jf cfpFn] afv|fnfO{ ;tfpFbf s] s] x'G5 < #(

& k|d'v ;?jf (Contagious) /f]ux? $)&=! ;LkLkL -;g]{ vfnsf] k'/fgf] lgdf]lgof_ $)&=@ kLkLcf/ /f]u $)&=# ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ulj?4 lbOg] vf]ksf gfd / dfqf $@&=$ pkrf/ lsg k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 < $@

* afv|fsf nflu 8fn]3fF; tyf cGo e'OF3fF;x? $#*=! ux|f–sfGnf tyf 8Lnx?df 8fn]3fF; tyf e'OF3fF;x? nufpg] $#*=@ 8fn]3fF; / e'O{3fF;x? sf6\g] pko'Qm cj:yf $$

;Gbe{–;fdu|Lx? $$

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':tsr

!=! g]kfn;/sf/åf/fl;kmfl/;ePsfafv|fsfhftx?

qm=;+= hft l;kmfl/; ePsf] ef}uf]lns If]q s}lkmot! t/fO{ afv|f t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z -#)) ld6/;Dd_

@ v/L÷kxf8L afv|ftNnf] Pj+ dWo–kxf8L If]q -#)) ld6/b]lv !%)) ld6/;Dd

# l;Gxfn afv|fpRr kxf8L If]q -!%)) ld6/b]lv @%)) ld6/;Dd_

$ Rofª\u|f lxdfnL If]q -@%)) ld6/eGbf dfly_

%:yfgLo afv|f / hd'gfkf/L afv|faLr k|hgg -qm;_ u/fP/ lg:s]sf] j0f{z+s/ hft

t/fO{, kxf8 / pRr kxf8L If]q

^:yfgLo afv|f / afa{/L hftsf] afv|f aLr k|hgg u/fP/ lg:s]sf] j0f{z+s/ hft

t/fO{, kxf8 / pRr kxf8L If]q

& hd'gfkf/L t/fO{ tyf dWo–kxf8 -!%)) ld6/;Dd_j0f{z+s/ pTkfbg ug{ aLpsf] nflu

* afa{/L t/fO{ tyf dWo–kxf8 -!%)) ld6/ ;Dd_j0f{z+s/ pTkfbg ug{ aLpsf] nflu

!

!=@ :yfgLo÷/}yfg]hft(Indigenous/Local)sfafv|fx?

t/fO{ afv|f -afv|L_

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

t/fO{ afv|f -af]sf_

tl:a/M /fddl0f k

f}8]n

afv|fsf hft -gZn_ x¿

�afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�

v/L afv|f kxf8L afv|f -af]sf_

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

tl:a/M >

L /fdd

l0f kf}8]n

kxf8L afv|f kxf8L afv|f

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

l;Gxfn afv|f -af]sf_ Rofªu|f

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

tl:a/M 8

f= >L/fdk|;

fb g

]pkfg], g

fs{ v

'dn6f/

�afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

hd'gfkf/L afa{/L

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

sa'lnot

L jg

tyf kz

' ljs

f; s

fo{qmd_

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

sa'lnot

L jg

tyf kz

' ljs

f; s

fo{qmd_

!=# aflx/af6NofOPsf(exotic)hftx?

v/L / hd'gfkf/LaLr]sf] j0f{z+s/ v/L / afa{/LaLr]sf] j0f{z+s/

tl:a/M /fddl0f k

f}8]n

tl:a/M /fddl0f k

f}8]n

!=$ /}yfg]/jfx\ok|hfltsfafv|faLrk|hggu/fO{lgsflnPsfj0f{z+s/x?

af]o/ afv|f lssf] afv|f

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

s]Gb|Lo e

]8fafv

|f k|j

4{g

sfof{no_

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

s]Gb|Lo e

]8fafv

|f k|j

4{g

sfof{no_

!=% g]kfns[lifcg';Gwfgkl/ifb\-gfs{_dfk/LIf0fcj:yfdf/x]sfhftx?

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�

la§n afv|f -af]sf_ la§n afv|f -afv|L_

!=^ g]kfn;/sf/sf]l;kmfl/;lagfg}g]kfnsfsltko7fpFdfkfngub}{cfOPsfhftx?

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

s]Gb|Lo e

]8fafv

|f k|j

4{g

sfof{no_

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

s]Gb|Lo e

]8fafv

|f k|j

4{g

sfof{no_

sfnf] a+ufnL afv|f ;fgg afv|f -afv|L_

tl:a/M /fddl0f k

f}8]n

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

sa'lnot

L jg

tyf kz

' ljs

f; s

fo{qmd_

PËnf] Go"laog afv|f

tl:a/ ;|f]tM afv|fkfng, @)^%÷^^ -kz

';]jf lje

fu,

s]Gb|Lo e

]8fafv

|f k|j

4{g

sfof{no_

�afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

@

kf7f] / kf7L h'DNofxf hGdfPsL afv|L

ltg} h'DNofxf kf7f / kf7LaLrsf] k|hgg

To;/L xf8gftfdf k|hgg u/L hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lx? sdhf]/ cj:yfdf hGdg], a[l4 ljsf; l9nf] x'g] / z/L/ klg sdhf]/ x'g] x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF ;fg} pd]/df g} d[To'

;d]t x'g] u5{ .

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

afv|fsf] k|hgg k|lqmof

@=! xf8gftfdfx'g]k|hgg-Ogla|l8ª_sfc;/x?

@=@ j0f{z+s/-qm;_k|hggsfkmfObfx?

h'DNofxf kf7f–kf7L hGd]sf 5g\M logLx? l56f] a9\5g\, ;fg} pd]/df w]/} tf}nsf aG5g\, :j:y / tGb'?:t -;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_ klg x'G5g\ .

:yfgLo / pGgt hftsf kf7f / kf7LaLr tyf kf7L / kf7faLr k|hgg

pGgt hftsf afv|fsf kf7f÷kf7L

:yfgLo afv|faf6 hGd]sf] kf7f÷kf7L

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�

@=# gsf/fTds5gf}6sfk|efjx?

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

o; afv|Ln] h'DNofxf kf7f hGdfPsL 5]

;fgf] z/L/ ePsf, lgliqmo / l9nf] a9\b} u/]sf n't]nfª\u|] vfnsf kf7f–kf7L

aLrsf] k|hgg

:j:y, tGb'?:t, df]6f], ;lqmo kf7f] 5 eg] To:tfnfO{ df;sf nflu kz';]jf s]Gb|x?df rfF8} g} nu]/ v;L kfg]{

rng 5

To;f] ePdf gofF hGdg] kf7f–kf7Lx? emg\ ;fgf, n't]nfª\u|], c:j:y k|sf/sf hGdg] x'G5g\, slxn]sfxLF

;do g} gk'uL hGdg] jf t'lxg] klg x'g;S5 .

@=$ u|fdL0fIf]qdfckgfpg'kg]{k|hggsf];a}eGbfpQdtl/sf

�afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

j0f{z+s/ k|hgg /fd|f] x'g] x'gfn] Pp6f ufpF / csf]{ ufpFaLr jf r/g–If]qdf ayfg gldl;g] ufpFaLr af]sfx? ;f6k]m/ ub}{ k|hgg u/fpg] rng rnfpg' ;fx|} pQd x'G5 . -xf8gftfsf] k|hgg x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu x/]s @–@ jif{df o;/L cfk;df gftf gkg]{ 7fpFaf6 af]sfx? ;f6f;f6 u/L k|hgg u/fpg'k5{ ._ -;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

@=% k|hggsfnflu5gf]6ul/g]af]sf/afv|fdfx'g'kg]{u'0fx?

;d"xdf ;a}eGbf a9L jhg ePsf] .nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .5f]6f–5f]6f t/ alnof v'§f ePsf] .ub{g nfdf] ePsf] / ;Lwf lhp8fn ePsf] .rf}8f 5ftL ePsf] .;w}+ h'DNofxf hGdfO/xg] / @ jif{df sDtLdf # k6s Aofpg] dfpsf ;Gtfg .klxnf]rf]l6 kf7f–kf7L hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt (permanent teeth) ePsL dfpaf6 hGd]sf aRrf .ub{g / k5fl8sf] efudf nfdf] nfdf] / e'mKk k/]sf] /f}+ ePsf] .x]b}{df alnof], tu8f / 8/nfUbf] cfqmfds (aggresive) b]lvg] .hlGdbfv]l/ @ lsnf]u|fdeGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] .hGd]sf] ^ dlxgf;Dddf sDtLdf !% lsnf] tf}n k'u]sf] .y'g, sNrf}+8f] /fd|f];Fu ljsf; ePsf] .c08sf]ifsf b'a} bfgfx? 7"N7"nf / a/fa/ cfsf/sf] ePsf] .!* dlxgf k'lu;Sbf ;a}eGbf a9L tf}n u|x0f ug{;Sg] / @ j6f :yfoL bfFt cfPsf ./f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf a9L ePsf dfpx?af6 hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L 5fGg] .Pp6} pd]/ ;d"xsf dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf 7"nf]nfO{ 5fGg] .glhssf] gftf kg]{ jf Pp6} j+zaf6 hGd]sfnfO{ g5fGg] .pGgt hftsf] ‑cyf{t\ rfx]sf] jfx\o k|hfltsf] gZnaf6 sDtLdf %)∞ ld>0f ePsf]_ 5fGg] .k|hgg p2]Zos} nflu 5flgPsf af]sf / afv|Lsf] ;+;u{af6 hlGdPsf aRrfdfq lng] .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�

@=^ k|hggsfnfluaf]sfsf]5gf]6

klxnf]rf]l6 Aofpg] a]nfdf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt ePsL cfdfaf6

hGd]sf] af]sf

h'DNofxfdWo] Pp6f af]sf

k|hggsf nflu /fd|f];Fu ljsf; ePsf of}g cËx? ePsf] af]sf

;+;u{sf a]nf clt ;lqmo, km'lt{nf] / cfqmfds 6fOksf] af]sf x'g'k5{

h'DNofxf hGdfpg] cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] af]sfaf6 k|hgg u/fPdfq /fd|f] pTkfbg k|fKt x'g;S5

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

�afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

@=& k|hggsfnfluafv|Lsf]5gf]6

k6s–k6s t'lxg] ;d:of ePsf] afv|f

k|To]s a]tdf Pp6f dfq} aRrf hGdfpg] afv|f k|To]s a]tdf h'DNofxf

aRrf hGdfpg] afv|f

klxnf]rf]l6 aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt cfPsf]

klxnf] a]tdf hGd]sf h'DNofxf kf7f–kf7L

# dlxgfdf dfp k'gM afnL nfUg'k5{

* dlxgfkl5 g} bf];|f]k6s Aofpg] afv|f jf @ jif{df # a]t Aofpg ;Sg] dfp x'g'k5{

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

!@

# $ % ^&

*

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�0

5gf]6ul/g]afv|Ldfs:tfu'0fx'g'k5{<nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .jyfgdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]lvg] .k|hggsf nflu rflxg] ljz]if u'0fx? :ki6 b]Vg ;lsg] .;kmf lhp8fn ePsf] / ;lqmo vfnsf] .( dlxgfsf] pd]/kl5 klxnf]k6s ule{0fL ePsf] cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] aRrf .nfdfnfdf v'§f ePsf] / sNrf}+8f] el/gsf nflu k|z:t vfnL 7fpF b]lvg] .k'i6 k/]sf] sNrf}+8f] / l7Sssf cfsf/sf] y'g ePsf] .klxnf]rf]l6 aRrf hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt ePsf] .lhp8fnsf] ef/ rf/j6} v'§fdf a/fa/ ePsf] .aRrf t'lxg] /]s8{ gePsf] .k5fl8kl§ t'ngfTds?kn] km's]sf] b]lvg] .@ jif{sf] cjlwdf # k6s aRrf hGdfpg ;Sg] .h'DNofxf hGd]sf] dWo]af6 x'g'kg]{ .cfk\mgf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ k|z:t b"w lbg ;Sg] .ztk|ltzt jf w]/} kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg] Ifdtf ePsf] .hlGdg]a]nfdf sDtLdf @ lsnf]u|fd tf}n ePsf] .l56f] l56f] zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'g] vfnsf] jf ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df !% lsnf]u|fdeGbf a9L tf}n x'g] ./f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf pRr ePsf] .ljleGg vfnsf] :yfgLo jftfj/0f;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g;Sg] .

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@=* k|hgg

ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L

( dlxgfsf] pd]/kl5 k|ydk6s af]sf nfu]sf]

Psbd alnof tGb'?:t / :j:y aRrfsf] hGd ePsf]

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

k|hggslxn]/s;/Lu/fpg]<klxnf]k6s afnL nufpFbf af]sfsf] pd]/ ( dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g'k5{ .klxnf]k6s ule{0fL x'g] afv|Lsf] pd]/ klg ( dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g'k5{ .b'O{ leGgleGg hftsf afv|fsf] ;+;u{af6 hGd]sf j0f{z+s/ aRrfsf] aLrdf k|hgg u/fpg] .cfk;df gftf gkg]{ vfnsf jf leGbfleGb} ufpFsf af]sf / afv|LaLr jf afv|L / af]sfaLr k|hgg u/fpg'k5{ .pGgt hftsf] af]sf -OR5fOPsf] hftsf] sDtLdf %) k|ltzt /Qm ldl;Psf]_ / :yfgLo afv|LaLrsf] k|hggaf6 hGd]sf]_ 5fGg'k5{ .

@=( k|hggsfnflukflng]af]sfsf]x]/rfx/Joj:yfkg

5'§} uf]7÷vf]/sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .aFw'jf k|0ffnLdf x'sf{Og] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ jf cnu r/g–If]q x'g'k5{ .sd;]sd lbgsf] #–$ 306f zf/Ll/s cEof; x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . 3fF;, bfgf / kfgL k|z:tdfqfdf jf rflxFbf]dfqfdf lbg'k5{ .k|To]s ^ dlxgfdf /f]u lg/f]ws cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg] -l8lkª / 8«]lGrª_ ug'{k5{ .;do–;dosf /f]ula?4sf vf]kx? lbg'k5{ .k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sf k|To]s @–@ jif{df x6fO{ ;f]sf] ;§fdf gofF af]sf Nofpg'k5{ .

@=!)ule{0fLafv|Lsf]x]/rfx/Joj:yfkg

d'Vo ayfgaf6 ule{0fL afv|LnfO{ cnUu} /fVg] .aFw'jf–k|0ffnL ckgfO{ kfNg] .r/fpg] ePdf ;lhnf] / ;dy/ 7fpFx?df dfq r/fpg] .uef{j:yfdf k|ltlbg sl/a @)) u|fd cGg -bfgf_ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .;'Ts]/L x'g] cj:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx? cjnf]sg ug]{ .;'Ts]/L x'g] qmddf aRrf hGdg @ 306feGbf j9L ;do nfUof] eg] k|fljlwssf] ;xof]u lng] .3fF; / bfgfkfgL lbFbf lgolGqt tl/sf ckgfpg], o;f] ubf{ eF8fNgf] kms{g] -k|f]n]lK;;_ ;Defjgf 36\5 .;'Ts]/L ePkl5 lbOg] bfgfkfgLsf] dfqf klxnf] lbgaf6 qmdzM a9fpFb} nfg] / l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/sf] k"0f{ dfqf 5}7f}+ lbg b]lvdfq lbg] ug'{k5{ .;fngfnnfO{ /fd|f];Fu uf8\g'k5{, o;sf nflu slDtdf ! ld6/ ulx/f] vfN8f] vGg] / To;}leq ;fngfn /fvL /fd|f];Fu k'g]{ .;fngfn ;'Ts]/L afv|L cfk}+mn] vfPdf To;kl5 b"w pTkfbg sd x'g] / ;Gtfg hGdfpg] Ifdtf;d]t sd x'b} hfG5 .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

;kmf / g/d sk8fsf] k|of]u u/L k"/} z/L/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ul/lbg], gfssf Kjfn ;kmfOdf cem a9L Wofg lbg] .

ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5fl8sf b'a} v'6f ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L prfNg] / lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd h:t} s]xL

;do x'O{ v]nfpg] .

klxnf]rf]l6 y'gaf6 aRrfnfO{ b"w r';fO{lbFbf b'a} y'gnfO{ z'?df % k6s lgrf]/]/ klxnf] lauf}tL b"w kmfNg'k5{, To;kl5

aRrfx?nfO{ k|z:tdfqfdf lauf}tL b"w r';fpg'k5{ .

;kmf / ljliff0f'/lxt kfl/Psf jf lgd{nLs/0f -:6]l/nfOH8_ ul/Psf pks/0f k|of]u u/L /fd|f];Fu gfn sfl6lbg]Ù gfn

sf6\bf z/L/;Fu sl/a @ OGr 5f]8]/ sf6\g'k5{ .

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

hlGdgf;fy kf7f–kf7LnfO{ ;'Vvf / Gofgf] 7fpFdf nfg] .;kmf / g/d sk8fsf] ;xfotfn] gfssf Kjfn / k'/} z/L/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ul/lbg] .ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5fl8sf b'a} v'§f ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L prfNg] / lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd xNn]h:t} $–% k6s otfptf xNnfpg] .gfn sf6\bf ;kmf / :6]l/nfOh u/]sf] rSs", s}+rL jf An]8 k|of]u ug]{ .gfn sf6\bf z/L/eGbf @ OGrdflysf] efuaf6 dfq sf6\g] .sfl6;s]sf] efudf l6~r/ cfof]l8g jf o:t} Pl06;]lK6sx? nufOlbg] .sNrf}+8f] / y'gx?nfO{ tftf]kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ / ;'Sg lbg] .aRrfnfO{ klxnf]k6s b"w r':g lbg'eGbf klxn] b'j} y'gnfO{ %–% k6s lgrf]/]/ afSnf] lauf}tL b"w k\mofFSg] .To;kl5dfq aRrfx?nfO{ oy]i6dfqfdf b"w r'l;/xg lbg'k5{ .Gofgf] / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ / cGo lx+;|s hLjhGt'af6 hf]ufpg'k5{ .kf7f–kf7L @ xKtfsf ePkl5 vfg x'g], g/d / tfultnf] 3fF;x? vfg lj:tf/} lbg'k5{ .To:t} # xKtfsf ePkl5 lj:tf/} c? bfgfkfgL / kf}li6s cfxf/x? klg lbF+b} ug'{k5{ .

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@=!!ev{/hGd]sfkf7f–kf7Lsf]x]/rfx/Joj:yfkg

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

k|hggsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g] vfnsf kf7fx?nfO{ ! dlxgfsf] pd]/ ePkl5 v;L kfg'{k5{ .kf7f–kf7Lx? # dlxgf pd]/ k'Ugf;fy cfdfaf6 5'6\ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sfnfO{ klg # dlxgfb]lv cGo kf7f–kf7Lx?;Fu g/fvL 5'§} 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .kf7f–kf7Lx? ! dlxgfsf ePkl5 klxnf]k6s cfjZos cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg] -8«]l~rª ug]{_ ug'{k5{ .xNsf vfnsf] a|'; -sfk]{6 a|';_ n] b}lgs?kdf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ sf]/]/ ;kmf ug]{ ug'{k5{ .cfjZostfg';f/ a]nfa]nfdf v'/ klg sfl6lbg'k5{ .

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@=!@v;Lkfg]{

skf;, lrD6f / l6~r/ cfof]l8gv;L kfg]{ ;xL tl/sf

ev{/ hGd]sf 5g\ ! dlxgf ePkl5 v;L kfg]{ -o;f] ubf{ l5§} df]6fpF5g\÷a9\5g\_

! dlxgf

-;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

af]l8{hf]–Sof:6]«6/

z'qmaflxgL gnLnfO{ RofKg] 7fpF

v;L kfbf{ hlxn] klg bIf k|fljlwssf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq kfg{'{k5{ . ;fy} v'Nnf tl/sfaf6 v;L gkf/L ;w}+ aGb tl/sf (Closed Castration) cyf{t\ g;f RofKg] k4ltaf6 g} v;L kfg'{k5{ .

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

v;Lkfbf{Wofglbg'kg]{s'/fx?tnlbOPsf]5kf7f] ! dlxgfsf] x'gf;fy v;L kfg'{k5{ .v;L kfg'{eGbf cl3 g} To;sf nflu clt cfjZos j:t' / pks/0fx? h:t}M af]l8{hf]–Sof:6]«6/, Pl06;]lK6s emf]n, ;kmf skf;, lrD6fx? cflb l7s kfl//fVg'k5{ .Pl06;]lK6s k|of]u u/]/ af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ / v;L kfg]{ dfG5]sf xft /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug]{ .kf7f]nfO{ -lrqdf b]vfPh:t}_ /fd|f];Fu cF7\ofP/ ;dfpg'k5{ .xftnfO{ lrNnf] agfpg Pl06;]lK6s ld;fOPsf] n'la|s]G6\; nufpg], c08sf]ifsf b'a} bfgfnfO{ a'9L cf}+nf / dflxnL cf}+nf k|of]u u/]/ lj:tf/} tGsfpg] .z'qmjflxgL gnL kQf nufO{ /fd|f];Fu ;dfP/ 5]pkl§ Nofpg] .cF7\ofpg] bfFtLsf] efu dflykl§ kg]{u/L af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;dfpg] .RofKg'kg]{ g;fdf af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ /flv;s]kl5 ;fgf y'g ePsf] 7fpF (rudimentary teats) eGbf -!÷@Æ_ cfwf OGr tn -hldgkl§_ l7s 7fpFdf /fvL a]:;/L bafpg], o;f] ubf{ g;f /fd|f];Fu RoFflkO{;S5 / RoFfk]sf] g;fsf] efudfly sl/a @) ;]s]08hlt Roflk/fVg] .To;kl5 ToxL g;fsf] sl/a rf}yfO OGr -)=@%Æ_ tnaf6 af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ /fvL cl3s} k|lqmof ckgfO{ g;f RofKg] .o;/L Psfkl§sf] g;f RoflklbPkl5 l7s To:t} k|lqmof ckgfO{ csf]{kl§sf] g;f klg b'O{k6s Roflklbg] .g;f Roflk;s]kl5 Tof] efudf ;kmf skf; / lrD6fsf] k|of]u u/L l6~r/ cfof]l8g jf cGo Pl06;]lK6s nufOlbg] .

@=!#bfFtsf]cfwf/dfafv|fsf]pd]/kQfnufpg]tl/sf

hGdg]lalQs} @ j6f b"w]bfFt x'G5g\ .

! dlxgfsf] x'Fbf * j6f b"w]bfFt x'G5g\ .

!* dlxgfdf aLrsf @ j6f b"w]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g\ .

@$ dlxgfdf aLrsf $ j6f b"w]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g\ .

#) dlxgfdf aLrsf ^ j6f b"w]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g\ .

#^ dlxgfdf ;a} * j6f b"w]bfFtsf] ;§f :yfoL bfFt cfpF5g\\ .

$* dlxgfdf ;a} bfFt sDhf]/ x'g], xlNng] / l5b| kg]{ x'g yfN5g\ .

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

hGdbfsf avt jf ! dlxgfdf ;j} * j6} b"w]bfFt 5g\ .

! @

8]9 jif{sf] pd]/df cufl8sf @ j6f b"w]bfFt x6\5g\ / @ j6f gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g\ .

! @# $! @# $% ^

@ jif{sf] pd]/df cufl8sf $ j6f b"w]bfFt em/]/ $ j6f gofF :yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g\ .

;f9] b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/df ^ j6f b"w bfFt em/L ^ j6f gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g\ .

! @# $% ^*&

# jif{sf] x'Fbf ;a} * j6f b"w]bfFt v;]/ ltgsf 7fpFdf * j6} gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g\ .

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

#

l;sd

cf]dfhd Paf]d]hd -vf; e'F8L_

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cfxf/ Joj:yfkg

#=! afv|fsf]kfrg–k|0ffnL

#=@ afv|fsfnflucfxf/sltrflxG5<-;fwf/0ftof@%b]lv#)lsnf]tf}nsf]afv|fsfnflu_

cfxf/sf] k|sf/ OsfO{;fdfGo afFRgsf nflu

df]6fpgsf nflu

ule{0fLsf nflu

k|hggsf nflu /flvPsf]

af]sfsf nflu

a9\bf] pd]/sf kf7f–kf7Lsf

nflu

cGgsf];] u|fd @%=)) !))=)) !%)=)) !))=)) @%=))csf];] u|fd &%=)) !%)=)) @))=)) !%)=)) &%=))

8fn]3fF;sf];] s]=hL= )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=@%csf];] s]=hL= !=)) !=)) !=)) !=)) )=%)

e'OF3fF;sf];] s]=hL= )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=@%csf];] s]=hL= !=)) !=)) !=)) !=)) )=%)

8fn]3fF;sf];] u|fd @%=)) !))=)) !%)=)) !))=)) @%=))csf];] u|fd &%=)) !%)=)) @))=)) !%)=)) &%=))

cGo 3fF;sf];] u|fd )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%)csf];] u|fd )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%)

g'g u|fd !)=)) !)=)) !)=)) !)=)) !)=))nj0fx? u|fd )=@% )=@% )=@% )=@% )=@%le6fldgx? –kfgL ln6/ @=)) @=)) @=)) @=)) @=))

hDdf s]= hL= ^=) ^=% ^=% ^=% $=)

b|i6JoM afv|fnfO{ 3fF; lbg] 7fpFdf hlxn] klg 3fF;x? tyf :ofpnf jf cGo afnLgfnLsf 8fF7, e';, sf];fsf af]qmf, 9'6f] cflbh:tf rLhaLh vfnL gu/L /flvlbg'k5{ . ;fy} kfgL vfg] efF8fdf ;w}+ kfgL /flvlbO/xg'k5{ .

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

;s];Dd rf}aL;} 306f afv|fn] 3fF; vfg] 7fpF÷6f6\gf] -x]–¥ofs_ df xl/of] 3fF; x'g'k5{ .pknAw x'g;S5 eg] nj0fsf nflu v'jfOg] Ansdf jx'–kf]ifs tTj ldl;Psf] v'jfpg'k5{ .g'g tyf cGo nj0fx? ;s];Dd xKtfsf] Psk6s v'jfpg'k5{ .;kmf kfgL k|z:tdfqfdf lkpg lbg'k5{ .@% lsnf] jf ;f]eGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] afv|fnfO{ b}lgs sl/a @%) u|fd bfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .

#=# ;fgf]pd]/sfkf7f–kf7L-#dlxgfeGbfsdpd]/sf_nfO{v'jfOg]cfxf/(Creep Feed) agfpg]tl/sf

bfgfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?

-!)) lsnf]u|fd cfxf/ tof/ kfg{sf nflu rflxg] kl/df0f–s]=hL= df_

ds} ^) $) @) @@

hf}÷h} ) @) $% )

abfdsf] lkgf @) @) @) #%

df5fsf] l;b|f !) !) !) )

ux'Fsf] rf]s/ & & @ @)

rgf ) ) ) @)

nj0fsf] ld>0f @ @ @ @=%

g'g -cfof]g'g_ ! ! ! )=%

hDdf !)) !)) !)) !))

;|f]tM afv|fkfng k'l:tsf, @)^%÷^^

#=$ ax'kf]if0fo'Qml9Ssfagfpgrflxg];fdu|L

afv|fkfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ax'kf]if0fo'Qm -dlN6Go"l6«;g_ Ans÷l9Ssf agfpgsf nflu lgDg ;fdu|Lx? cfjZos k5{M

o'l/of dn, g'g, pmFv'sf] df]nf;];÷vF'bf] ÷;Vv/÷e]nL, r'gf, nj0fx?, le6fldgx?, l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f] -hldgsf] ;txeGbf @ ld6/ tn vf8naf6 lgsflnPsf] /ftf] df6f]nfO{ xfF8Ldf e'6]/ dfq k|of]u ug]{_, /]zfbf/ j:t'÷3fF;kft -h:t}M e";÷rf]s/, rfdn, ux'F cyjf ;'sfPsf] x]–3fF; jf cGo gn÷k/fn cflb_

#=% pks/0f/cf}hf/x?

o:tf] Ans agfpgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ pks/0f÷cf}hf/÷;fdu|L rflxG5M;fFrf] (mould) cyjf Knfli6s÷kf]lnlygsf emf]nf÷af]/f jf afN6L jf sf7sf] afs;, tf}ng] -d]zLg÷t/fh'_, gfkf] ePsf] efF8f] -hf/_, j:t'x? ld;fpgsf nflu 7"nf] efF8f], rnfpg] ;fa]n, kfgL, kftf cflb .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

#=^ cfjZos;fdu|L/dfqf-%–%lsnf]sf*j6fAnsagfpgsfnflu_

;fdu|L tf}n ;fdu|L tf}n

o'l/of $ s]=hL= g'g @ s]=hL=

df]nf;]; @) s]=hL= x8\8L r"0f{ @ s]=hL=

l;d]G6÷/ftf] df]6f @ s]=hL= nj0f ld>0f !)) u|fd

8f]nf]ldl6s r'gf @ s]=hL= ax'le6fldg kfp8/ % u|fd

/]zfbf/ j:t' * s]=hL= kfgL ! ln6/

#=& agfpg]k|lqmof

! ln6/kfgLdf @ lsnf] l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f] ld;fpg] / /fd|f];Fu d'5\g] .To;df $ lsnf] o"l/of / @ lsnf] g'g /fv]/ /fd|f];Fu dNg] .To;dfk]ml/ @) lsnf] df]nf;]; /fv]/ dNg] .k]ml/ @ lsnf] r'gf ld;fpg] .x8\8Lsf] r"0f{ klg @ lsnf] ld;fpg] -pknAw ePsf] v08df_ .njg–ld>0f / cGo le6fldgx? ld;fpg] .To;df % lsnf] /]zfbf/ j:t' e";f–rf]s/ jf ;–;fgf 6'qmf agfP/ sf6]sf] ;'s]sf] Æx]Æ -3fF;_ ld;fpg] ./fd|f];Fu rnfO/xg], ha;Dd ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x? /fd|f] / Psgf;;Fu ldl;Psf] h:tf] b]lvFb}g, ha;Dd /fd|f] n]bf] (Paste) aGb}g .Ans agfpg] ;fFrf]df n]bf] vGofpg] / ;fx|f] aGgsf nflu ! lbg TolQs} 5f]8\g] .@$ 306fkl5 ;fFrf] lgsfNg] / ;fx|f] aGgsf nflu ! lbg TolQs} 5f]8\g] .

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

/]zfbf/ j:t' ÷ 3fF;sf 6'qmf÷ rf]s/ cflb

ax' kf]if0f vlgh / le6fldgx?

e]nL÷df]nf;];

r'gf

g'g

l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f]

hf]Vg] d]lzgl9Ssf agfpg] ;fFrf] -Ans_

o'l/of

kfgL

;Dk"0f{ j:t'x? /fd|f];Fu ldl;P–gldl;Psf] hfFr ug]{ / dn]/ uhasf] n]bf] -k]i6_ agfpg]

rfx] cg';f/sf ;fOhsf Ansx?df n]bf] /fvL l9Ssf aGg lbg] / l9Ssfx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'Sg lbg]

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�0

o;/LagfPsfAnsdflgDgu'0fx?x'g'k5{;Dk"0f{ j:t'÷tTjx? /fd|f];Fu 3'nldn÷ld;df; ePsf] x'g'k5{ .o'l/of / r'gfsf 8Nnf–8Nnf b]lvg] x'g'x'Fb}g ./fd|f];Fu ;'s]sf], s8f / ;dfpFbf RofkRofk nfUg] x'g'k5{ .tof/ ePsf Ansx?nfO{ ;'Vvf 7fpFdf 5f]k]/ ;'/lIft tj/n] e08f/ u/L /fVg'k5{ .

#=* Anss;/Lvfglbg]<

5fofF kg]{ 7fpF sl/a ! ld6/ jf # lkm6sf] pFrf] 7fpFdf Ans /flvlbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .o;/L afv|fx?nfO{ s]xL l5g Ans rf6\g -vfg_ lbg'k5{, t/ Psk6sdf jf ! lbgdf !%) u|fd eGbf a9L vfg lbg'x'Fb}g .

b|i6JoM Pp6f x's]{sf] afv|fnfO{ lbgsf] !%) u|fdeGbf a9L Ans vfg lbOof] eg] To;n] g/fd|f] (intoxicate) ug{ klg ;S5 .

#=( olbw]/}vfP/la/fdLk/]sf]nIf0fb]vfPeg]s]ug]{<

nIf0fx?d'vjl/kl/ ufh÷lkmFh b]lvg] .afofFkl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvg] (Tympani/bloat)dflQPh:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg] .

pkrf/tl/sfdflysf nIf0fx? b]lvPdf t'?Gt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

lgDgfg';f/sfpkrf/x?ug'{k5{Ans vfg /flvlbPsf] 7fpFaf6 x6fpg] -yk vfg gkfcf]; eg]/_ .k|z:t kfgLdf em08} cfwf ln6/ cldnf] -leg]u/_ ld;fP/ v'jfpg] .

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afv|fsf] 6fpsf]n] k'Ug] 7fpF -! ld6/ jf # lkm6sf] prfOdf_ df Ans e'm08\ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ vfg lbg]

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

$afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yf

$=! :j:yafv|fkfNg]tl/sf

;'ljwfo'Qm vf]/sf] Joj:yf 3fF;kftsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf g'g, nj0fx? / le6fldg ;do ;dodf v'jfpg] Joj:yf

pRr÷pGgt k|sf/sf] efn]÷af]sf k|hgg Joj:yf

3fF; vfg] /fd|f] 6f6\gf]sf] Joj:yf

;do – ;dodf EoflS;gx? nufpg] Joj:yf

lgoldt?kn] cf}ifwL v'jfpg] -8]«l~rª ug]{_ Joj:yf

lgoldt?kn] g'xfOlbg] (Dipping) sf] Joj:yf

$=@ afv|fkfngk4ltdf;'wf/s;/Lug]{<

;Gt'lnt cfxf/ pknAw u/fpg] .pGgt vf]/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .nj0fx?, g'g / le6fldgx? lgoldt?kn] lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

af]sf, afv|L ;fgf kf7f–kf7L, v;L / ao:sx?nfO{ /fVg] cnu–cnu Joj:yf ldnfpg] jif{sf] @ k6s jfx\o k/hLjLla?4 cf}ifwL kfgLn] g'xfOlbg]÷8'afpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .cf}ifwLx? lgoldt?kn] Vjfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .;do–;dodf EoflS;gx? lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .wfg–v]t / wfk, bnbn If]qdf rg{ hfg glbg] .

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km/s hftsf kz'x?nfO{ Pp6} vf]/df /fVg' x'Fb}g -ufO{, e}+;L, e]8f cflb hgfj/sf km/s

hftx? Pp6} uf]7df g/fVg"_

5]/f}6L nfUg] / cfpFn] ;tfpg]

t'lxg]

lemFufx?n] hgfj/ / dfG5]df /f]ux? k}mnfpg ;S5g\

ljleGg ;?jf /f]u / k/hLjLx?n] ;tfpg] dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d]t

g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ug]

Zjf;–k|Zjf;;DjGwL /f]u -h:t}M lgdf]lgof_ n] ;tfpg]

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .

$=# g/fd|f]vf]/ePdfs:tf]c;/k5{<

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

$=$ vf]/sfnflus:tf]7fpFpQdx'G5<

v'Nnf, ;'Vvf / yf]/} p7]sf] efu .blIf0f–k"j{ jf blIf0f–klZrd df]x8f kms]{sf] .dnd"q ;lhn} aflx/ lg:sg] vfnsf] vf]/ .;kmf kfgL, 3fF;x? kfOg] jf r/g–If]qsf] kfos kg]{ 7fpF .

$=% c;nk|sf/sf]vf]/lgdf{0fug]{of]hgf

vf]/ agfpFbf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx?sf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{ .ljleGg pd]/–;d"xsf afv|fnfO{ cnu–cnu /fVg ldNg] u/L k|z:t 7fpF xf];\ .k|z:t k|sfz / xfjf v]Ng] -e]lG6n];g_ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .3fF; vfgsf nflu /fd|f] 6f6\gf] agfOlbg'k5{ .k|z:t kfgL lbg] k|aGw ug'{k5{ .a8\Sof}+nf / lk;fa emg]{ /fd|f] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{, tf ls vf]/ ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ .vf]/ agfpFbf j}1flgsx?n] l;kmfl/; u/]cg';f/sf] df]8]n / gfk–;fOhdf agfpg'k5{ .

$=^ vf]/sfs]xLgd"gfx?#b]lv%j6fafv|fsfnflu

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& lkm6 jf @ ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6

/

* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

cfFvLe\mofnsfh:t} ;–;fgf Kjfnx?

# lkm6 jf )=( ld6/ hldgsf] ;txeGbf tn

@ j6f afF; aLrsf] efudf )=% OGrsf] vfln 7fpF 5f]8]sf]

-a8\Sof}nf emg{sf nflu_

@ lkm6 jf )=^ ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/

* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

! lkm6

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

@ lkm6 jf )=^ ld6/ @ j6f afF; aLrsf] efudf )=%

OGrsf] vfln 7fpF 5f]8]sf] -a8\Sof}nf emg{sf nflu_

# lkm6 jf )=( ld6/ hldgsf] ;txeGbf tn

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

! lkm6

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

!) lkm6 jf # ld6/% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/# lkm6 jf ! ld6/

hldgd'gL # lkm6 jf )=* ld6/

@ lkm6 jf )=^ ld

^ lkm6 jf !=^ ld=

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

! lkm6

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

@ lkm6 jf )=^ ld6/

# lkm6 jf )=( ld6/ hldgsf] ;txeGbf tn

% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

@ lkm6 jf )=^ ld

* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

%afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLjLx?

%=! afv|fdfnfUg]jfx\ok/hLjLx?(External Parasites)

lsgf{

gfsdf k:g] h"sf

p8';

n'tf] ;fg]{ sL/f plkofFlemFuf

6f]Sg] h'd|f

;'n;'n] jf ud]

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

%=!=!jfx\ok/hLjLsf]pkrf/tyflgoGq0fug]{pkfox?afv|fsf] vf]/sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO ePsf] x'g'k5{ .ljleGg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf -kz';]jf sfof{noåf/f_ cf}ifwLx? ld;fOPsf] kfgLn] g'xfOlbg] jf jif{sf] @ k6s 8'afOlbg] .a'|;n] /f}+ sf]l/lbg] ugf{n] klg k/hLjLsf c08f / ao:s lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k'U5 .

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

8'jfOlbgsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] 6\ofª\sL -P/f]n] b]vfOPsf 7fpFx? 8'afPkl5sf afv|f /fVg] 7fpF x'g\_

k/hLjL lgoGq0fsf nflu afv|fx?nfO{ kfgLdf 8'afPsf] lrq

8'jfpg'eGbf cl3 afv|f /fVg] 7fpF

%=!=@ljleGgk/hLjLlgoGq0fsfnfluafv|f8'afpgsfnfluagfOg]3f]ndfld;fpg'kg]{ljiffbL÷sL6gfzscf}ifwLsf]dfqf

cf}ifwLsf] gfd 3f]ndf ljiffbLsf]] dfqf

aLPr;L %∞ kfp8/ )=$–!∞

dfnflyog (Malathin) )=%∞

;fOlyg (Cythine) )=%∞

g'efg (Nuvan) )=@∞

a'6f]S; (Butox) )=$∞

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

%=!=#sL6gfzsljiffbLsf]gfd,dfqf/afv|fsf]vf]/df5g]{;do

ljiffbL] gfd 3f]ndf /fVg'kg]{ ljiffbLsf] k|ltzt / 5g]{ ;dofjlw÷cGt/

;]j]g (Seven) )=*∞ k|To]s !% lbgdf

c;Gtf]n (Asantol) )=@%∞ ,,

ln08]n (Lindel) )=@%∞ ,,

g'efg (Nuvan) !=)∞ ,,

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

)=&% ld6/ )=&% ld6/!=% ld6/

!=% ld6/

cfjZostfg';f/ cfjZostfg';f/

8'afO{ ;s]kl5 kfgL tsf{pg] 7fpF

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

%=!=$jfx\ok/hLjLlgoGq0fdfk|of]ux'g]u/]sfs]xL:yfgLoljlwx?

k/hLjLn] c;/ k'¥ofPsf 7fpFx?sf] /fd|f] ;/;kmfO ug]{

lsgf{, h'd|f, h"sf cflbh:tf k/hLjLnfO{ xft}n] l6k]/ cfuf]df hnfpg]

c;/ k'u]sf] 7fpFdf g'gsf] afSnf] 3f]n blnlbg]

;"tL{sf] kft, gLdsf] kft / g'gsf] ld>0f agfP/ 3fpdf blnlbg]

gfsdf h"sf k/]df gLdsf] kftsf] /;

gfssf] Kjfndf r'xfOlbg]r/gdf uPsf] a]nf afv|fsf gfsdf h"sf k;]/ c;/ k'¥ofpF5

afv|fn] kfgL vfg nfu]sf] a]nf h"sfx?, gfsaflx/

lg:sFbf xft}n] tfg]/ lgsfNg] jf Pp6f s}++rLsf]

d2tn] sf6]/ 6'qmf kfl/lbg]

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

uf]nf] h"sf

afv|fsf] cfGb|fdf nfUg]] lkmQ] h"sf (Tape-Worm)

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

kl/kSj ePsf] Pp6f gfDn] h"sf (Liver Fluke)

%=@ afv|fdfnfUg]cfGtl/sk/hLjLx?(Internal Parasites)

Pp6f kl/kSj ePsf] lkmQ]h"sf

lkmQ]h"sfsf ;–;fgf 6'q]m efu (segments) x? afv|fsf] lb;faf6 hldgdf k'U5g\

o:tf] 7fpFdf rg]{ :j:y afv|fx?df tL lkmQ]h"sfsf 6'qmfx? leq k:g ;S5g\

lkmQ]h"sfsf]hLjg–rqm

;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�0

c? :j:y hgfj/df k/hLjL g;?g\ eGgsf nflu v;L afv|f sf6\bf kmflng] rLhx?dWo] hNg] j:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu hnfpg] ug'{k5{ eg] lnbL tyf cGo kmfNg'kg]{ rLhx? (offal) nfO{ /fd|f];Fu uf8L lbg'k5{ .

á

gfDn]h"sfsf]hLjg–rqm

afv|fsf] z/L/leq kfgL / af]6 la?jfdf z+v]sL/fsf] z/L/leq

s's'/nfO{ h'sf lj?4 cf}ifwL v'jfpg]

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

uf]nh"sfsf]hLjg–rqm

afv|fn] 3fF; vfFbf nfef{x? klg vfP/ k]6df k'U5g\

lb;f;Fu} c08fx? Aflx/ cfpF5g\k"mnaf6 nfef{ aG5g\ / ToxLF

ljsl;t x'Fb} hfG5g\

%=@=!cfGtl/sk/hLjLsf]pkrf//lgoGq0fljlwafv|fsf] a8\Sof}+nf÷lb;fsf] lgoldt k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f u/fpg] ug'{k5{ .kz';]jf sfof{non] l;kmfl/; u/]sf cf}ifwLx? jif{df @ k6s v'jfpg] ug'{k5{ .k/hLjL af]Sg] dfWodx? –h:t}M z+v]sL/fÙ 9fk÷bnbn] / a9\tf lr;f] hldgdf a9L kfOg] x'Fbf To:tf] 7fpFdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpg' nfg'x'Fb}g .k/fn v'jfpg}kg]{ xf] eg] wfg yGSofPsf] sDtLdf ^ dlxgf ePkl5 dfq To:tf] k'/fgf] k/fn v'jfpg'k5{ . -;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

%=@=@afv|fnfO{h"sfgfzscf}ifwLv'jfpg]lgb]{lzsf

/;fog÷cf}ifwLuf]nf]h"sfsf] nflu-k|lt lsnf]u|fd

zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_

gfDn]h"sfsf] nflu-k|lt lsnf]u|fd

zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_

lkmQ]h"sfsf] nflu-k|lt lsnf]u|fd

zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_

cNj]G8fhf]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

k]mGa]Ghf8f]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

cS;k]m08fhf]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

/;fog÷cf}ifwL uf]nf] h"sfsf] nflu lkmQ]h"sfsf] nflu gfsdf nfUg] h"sf

n]jfljhf]n Pj+ /]kmf]S;fgfO8 &=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

n]jfldhf]n Pj+ clShSnf]hfgfO8

&=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

n]jfldhf]n &=% ld=u|f= – –

n]jfldhf]n Pj+ ljlycf]gf]n &=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

cfOe/d]lS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=

cfOe/d]lS6g Pj+ snf];'{nf]g )=@ ld=u|f== )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=

df]lS;8]lS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=

8f]/flS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=

gfO6f]lShlgn !) ld=u|f= x]df]ª\s;nfO{ dfq !) ld=u|f= @ ld=u|f=

/]kmf]S;fgfO8 &=% ld=u|f= x]df]ª\s;nfO{ dfq &=% ld=u|f= &=% ld=u|f=

clS;Snf]gfgfO8 – &=% ld=u|f= –

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

%=@=# kf7f–kf7Lsf]pd]/cg';f/lbg'kg]{cf}ifwL/dfqfpd]/ cf}ifwLsf] gfd Dffqf

!) lbgdf a]gfldGy cfwf 6\ofAn]6

#) lbgdf lkk|flhg b}lgs @=% u|fdsf b/n] @ lbg

$% lbgdf a]gfldGy % ldlnln6/

^) lbgdf cf]efdf/ !) s]=hL= kfgLdf ! rDrf

;|f]tM afv|fkfng, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|fkfng ljsf; sfof{no, @)^%÷^^

%=@=$cfGtl/skl/hLjLn]k'¥ofPsf]c;/sfcfwf/dfk|of]uug'{kg]{cf}ifwL/dfqf

k/hLjLsf] gfd cf}ifwLdfqf -zf/L/s tf}nsf

b/n]_s}lkmot

uf]nf] h"sflkk|flhg !) u|fd ÷$% s]=hL= klxnf]k6s v'jfPsf] @) lbgkl5 k]ml/ v'jfpg]

x]Ndfl;8 $ ld=ln=÷!) s]=hL= klxnf]k6s v'jfPsf] @) lbgkl5 k]ml/ v'jfpg]

lkmQ] h"sfhgfOn !)–!% ld=u|f=÷!) s]=hL= k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf v'jfpg]

cDn];g !% u|fd÷afv|f k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf v'jfpg]

gfDn] h"sf

kfgfs'/ ! u|fd÷afv|fcf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/ bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]

6flgn ! u|fd÷afv|fcf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/ bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]

l8lh:6n ! u|fd÷afv|fcf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/ bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]

slS;l8of]l;; ;Nkmfd];flyog ! 6\ofAn]6÷afv|f # lbg;Dd nuftf/ v'jfpg]

Pk|f]lnod !)) u|fd÷ k|To]s $ lbgdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] v'jfpg]

;|f]tM afv|fkfng, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|fkfng ljsf; sfof{no, @)^%÷^^

afF;sf] 9'ª\u|f]af]tngfKg] efF8f] ef]hg–gnL h:t} kfOk cf}ifwL Vjfpg] aGb"s -8]«lGrª–ug_

cf}ifwL v'jfpg] tl/sf

;f]nL

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

^kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?

vfgdf ?lr gb]vfpg] .k]6 km'Ng]÷9fl8g] .kvfnf nfUg]÷slAhot x'g]÷uf]6f kg]{ .ckr x'g] .ljiffQm (food poisoning) x'g] .

^=! bfgfjfef]het]/dfkmflnPsfvfg]s'/fa9LvfPdfb]vfkg]{;d:ofx?

Uof; pTkGg x'g], k]6 k'mNg] -l6DKofgL÷Anf]6 x'g]_ .;f; k]mg{ cK7]/f] x'g] .l56f] l56f], yf]/} yf]/} lk;fa ug]{ .s/fpg] / 56\k6fpg] .lb;f ubf{ ufx|f] eP/ sGg] / af/Daf/ lb;f ug{ vf]Hg] .dflQPem}+ ug]{ / 3l/3l/ e'OFdf n8\g] .o:tf] x'Fbf ;dod} pkrf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] afv|f dg{ klg ;S5 .

pkrf/ljlwpkrf/sf nflu :yfgLo ?kdf pknAw ljleGg a:t'x?sf] k|of]u ug]{, h:t}M lx+u, vfg];f]8f, ufFhf, cb'jf, tf]/Lsf] t]n, l6d'/ cflb v'jfpg] .DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 k|of]u ug]{ .;dod} :yfgLo k|fljlws jf u|fdL0f kz':j:Yo sfo{stf{;Fu ;Dks{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

ljz]if;ts{tfckgfpg'kg]{s'/fx?lj:s'g ;'sfPsf] 7fpF jf cGg /fv]sf] 7fpFaf6 afv|fx?nfO{ 6f9f /fVg] .afv|fx?nfO{ cGg÷bfgf lbFbf a9\tf x'g]u/L glbg] .ef]h–et]/x?df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/fx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu gksfO{ glbg] . ;fy} w]/} kl/df0f vfg klg glbg] .k|f]l6gsf] dfqf a9L x'g] vfnsf 3fF;x? klg w]/} vfg glbg] .afv|fnfO{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'g] vfnsf 3fF;x? dfq vf]h]/ Nofpg] . cnUofP/ Vjfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

afv|fnfO{ pgLx?n] krfpg ;Sg]eGbf a9L cGg÷bfgf vfg lbg'x'Fb}g, gq k]6 k'mNg]÷9fl8g], 9':; eO{ ;f;

km]g{ g;Sg] eP/ ;dodf pkrf/ lbg ;lsPg eg] afv|f dg{ klg ;S5g\

ef]h–et]/af6 pa|]sf] vfg]s'/fx? lsg kmfNg] eg]/ hah{:tL w]/} kl/df0fdf vfg lbFbf klg afv|fx? k]6 9fl8g], ckr x'g]

Joyf nfu]/ dg{;d]t ;S5g\ .

^=@ 3fF;kftaf6x'g]ljifsf]c;/(Plant Poisoning)/pkrf/

^=@=!s]xLljiffn'3fF;kftx?w]/} vfnsf afnLx?, 3fF;kft tyf 8fn]3fF;x?df ljiffn' tTj x'g] u5{ . To:tf j:t' vfPdf afv|fx?nfO{ ljifn] c;/ kfb{5 . sltko afnL÷ jf]6 la?jf / 3fF;kft w]/} slnnf] cj:yfdf v'jfpFbf ljiffn' k|s[ltsf x'G5g\, h:t}M hO{3fF;, ux'F, ds}, ;'8fg 3fF;, :jL6–Snf]e/÷;]tf]–Snf]e/ cflb . oL 3fF;kft slnnf] v'jfOof] eg] gfO{6]«6 gfds ljifsf] c;/ k'Ub5 .

ljifnfUbfb]lvg]nIf0fx?d'vjl/kl/ ufh÷kmLFh el/g]k]6 b'Vg]56\k6fpg] ule{0fL afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfFbf ue{ t'lxg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g;S5df+;k];L a9L v'lDrg]÷yy{/fpg]yf]/}–yf]/} lk;fa k6s–k6s ug]{b"wfn' afv|fn] b"wsf] dfqf 36fpg]b]a|]kl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvg] .

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlwssf] ;xof]uaf6 ldyfOlng An'–@) gfds cf}ifwL $) ld=ln= lbgsf] rf/k6s g;fdf ;"O{ lbg] .t/n Koflkmg cf}ifwL v'jfpg] .pk/f]Qm cf}ifwLx? pknAw gePsf] v08df :yfgLo?kdf pknAw j:t'÷ ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ .

^=@=@c1ftaf]6la?jfvfFbfnfUg]ljif/pkrf/

nIf0fx?afv|f rg{ 5f]8\5 / pu|fpg klg 5f]8\5 .afv|f Psbd lgl:qmo ÷emf]sfpg] / pbf; h:tf] b]lvG5 .d'v jl/kl/ ufh lgsfN5 .k]6sf] b]a|]kl§sf] efu k'mn]sf] b]lvG5 .kvfnf nfUg klg ;S5 .

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<pGo" vfFbf afv|fn] /ftf] /Ësf] lk;fa u5{g\ .

ljifnfu]–gnfu]sf]klxrfgug]{tl/sfljiffn'/lxt kf/]sf] -:6]l/nfOH8 u/]sf]_ lunf;df lk;fa /fVg], @$ 306f;Dd Tof] lunf;nfO{ s;}n] g5'g]÷grnfpg] / @$ 306fkl5 /fd|f];Fu cjnf]sg ug]{ .olb lunf;sf] lkFwdf s]xL lylu|Psf] h:tf] (sediments) b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf afv|fdf k|f]6f]hf]cfaf6 x'g] /f]u nfu]sf] x'g;S5, t;y{ Tof] lunf;sf] lk;fa glhssf] kz':jf:Yo k|of]uzfnfdf nuL k/LIf0f u/fpg] .olb Tof] lk;fadf Psgf;sf] /Ë b]lvG5 eg] Tof] pGo" vfPsf sf/0fn] ljif pTkGg ePsf] x'g;S5 .

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<pGo" knfPsf] r/g–If]qdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpg nfg'x'+Fb}g .

^=# afh/f÷;f]3{d÷h'g]nf]sf]3fF;vfFbfpTkGgx'g;Sg]ljif/pkrf/

oL afnLsf 3fF;x? slnnf] cj:yfdf v'jfOof] eg] afv|fnfO{ ljif nfUg;S5 . o:tf 3fF; slnnf] x'Fbf ltgdf ;fOgfO8;\ (cyanides) gfds ljiffn' tTj pRrdfqfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL 3fF;x? v'jfpg' k/]df Ps/ft cf]OnfP/dfq v'jfpg] .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

nIf0fx?/utn] clS;hg lng] Ifdtf 36\5 / /utdf clS;hgsf] dfqf Go"g x'g hfG5 .;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] x'G5 / aNn aNn Zjf;–k|Zjf; rn]sf] b]lvG5 .d'vsf] jl/kl/ ufh÷lkFmh b]lvG5 .cfFvfsf gfgLx? 7"N7"nf b]lvG5g\ .df+;k];Lx? v'lDrPsf] / sDkg ePsf] b]lvG5 .

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<!) u|fd ;f]l8od yfof];Nk]m6 gfds cf}ifwL !)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ v'jfpg] .?d]g af]n; gfds cf}ifwL ;f]xL Kofs]6df l;kmfl/; ePcg';f/ v'jfpg] .DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 @ b]lv % lrofrDrf !)) ld=ln= -Ps lrof lunf;_ kfgLdf ld;fO{ v'jfpg] / lb;f u/fpg] .g;faf6 gd{n ;nfOg lbg] .

^=$ cFu]/L,bz{glkkn,gLnf]k'mNg]uGw],wf]q]m,cf?kft],/ftf]lz/LifvfPdfnfUg]ljif

nfdf] ;'Vvf ofdkl5 klxnf]k6s kfn'jf nfUg] pko'{Qm jg:kltsf d'06f÷3fF; afv|fn] vfPdf t'?Gt ljif nfUg ;S5 . o:tf]df b]lvg] nIf0fx?, o; k|sf/ 5g\

nIf0fx?d'vjl/kl/ ufh lgsfNg]d'vaf6 ¥ofn alu/xg]afv|fn] …dflQPsf]Ú h:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg yfN5 b]a|]kl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvG5 af/Daf/ afGtf ug]{5]/f}6L nfU5÷kftnf] lb;f u5{emf]qmfpg]÷pbf; b]lvg]cfFvfsf gfgLx? /ftf–/ftf b]lvG5g\z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eGbf 36\5

pkrf/k|lt ao:s afv|f # b]lv % ln6/ kfgL v'jfpg] .k|lt ao:s afv|f vfgf ksfpg] t]n @%) ld=ln= sf b/n] v'jfpg] .pdfn]sf] cldnf] !)) ld=ln= nfO{ cfwf ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ao:s afv|fnfO{ v'jfpg]

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

^=% e'F8Lk'mNg];d:of

o:tf] ;d:of vf;u/L lgDg sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] ub{5cfsl:ds?kdf 7fpF÷jftfj/0f / cfxf/df kl/jt{g ePdfw]/} k|f]l6gldl>t vfB kbfy{x? vfPdfljiffn' 3fF;kft vfPdfcfGtl/s k/hLjLx?n] ;+qmd0f u/]df3fF6Ldf vfgf c8\lsP/ ;f; k]mg{ cK7]/f] ePdfcGo /f]ux?sf sf/0faf6 klg x'g ;S5 .

nIf0fx?k]6df Uof; pTkGg x'g], vf;u/L afofF k]6df o:tf] x'G5 ;f; k]mg{ sl7g x'g]56\kl6g]lb;flk;fa ug{ g;Sg]÷aGb x'g];dodf pkrf/ gkfPdf dg]{ ;Defjgf x'g] .

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afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfPsf

afGtf ug]{, 5]/f}6L nfUg] / k]6 k'mNg] ;d:of

;dodf pkrf/ geP/ kz' dg{ ;S5

ljif x6fpg] cf}ifwL -Pl068f]6_ ;'O{ lbP/ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5

;Dej eP;Dd :yfgLo?kdf pknAw x'g] ljleGg 3/]n' cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg

;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .

@–% lrof rDrf DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 #)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ao:s afv|fnfO{ v'jfpg]dflysf pkfox? ckgfpFbf klg ljif vfPsf] afv|fdf s'g} ;'wf/ b]lvPg eg] glhssf] kz' k|fljlws;Fu t'?Gt ;Dks{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

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afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<l6Dkf]n jf Anf6f]l;nåf/f pkrf/vfg] t]n / tflk{gsf] t]n a/fa/ dfqf ldnfP/ v'jfpg]PlenÙ k|lt ls=u|f= afv|fsf] hLljt tf}nsf nflu ! ld=ln= sf b/n] df;'df jf g;fdf ;"O{ lbg] DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 cfwf ln6/ kfgLdf ! lrofrDrf cf}ifwL /fv]/ v'jfpg] .

^=^ 5]/f}6L

5]/f}6LnfUgfsfsf/0fx?vfgf, 7fpF / jftfj/0fdf cfsl:ds kl/jt{g ePdfw]/} k|f]l6 ldl>t vfB kbfy{ vfPdfljiffn' 3fF;kft vfPdfcfGtl/s k/hLjLx?n] ;+qmdg u/]dfcGo /f]ux? nfUbf klg 5]/f}6L nfUg ;S5 .

nIf0fx?kftnf] lb;f x'g]z/L/sf] tf}n 36\b} hfg]b"w pTkfbg 36\b} hfg]a9L Kof;÷ltvf{ nfUg] / z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'g] -l8xfO8]«;g_

pkrf/s;/Lug]{<g]Anf]g kfp8/ / ;Nkmf ju{sf cf}ifwL;Fu} k|ofu] ug]{ .olb cfGtl/s k/hLjLsf sf/0faf6 5]/f}6L nfu]sf] xf] eg] ;f]sf nflu cf}ifwL v'jfpg} k5{ .vf]/ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f, e'OF, kfgL cflbsf] ;/–;kmfO / :j:ytfdf a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ .z/L/df kfgL sd x'g] x'Fbf ;f]sf nflu hLjghn agfO{ v'jfpg], hLjnhn agfpbf %)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ! lrof rDrf g'g / # lrof rDrf lrgL /fVg] .;fy} :yfgLo kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ / ;xof]u lng] .

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��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

5]/f}6L jf cfpFaf6 lj/fdL ePsf] afv|f

Hj/f] b]lvof], tfkqmd w]/} a9]sf] 5

Hj/f] gfKbf Hj/f] b]lvPg

/f]ux?n] cfqmd0f ul/;s]sf 5g\

kLkLcf/

nx'd't]

Eofu't]

lb;f k/LIf0f ug]{

ljiff0f' / hLjf0f'af6 x'g] /f]ux?

:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

cfGtl/s k/hLjL tyf c08f, z/L/sf 6'qmfx? kQf nfU5g\ -h:t}M gfDn]h"sf,

uf]nf]h"sf, lkmQ]h"sf cflb_

k/LIf0f ubf{ k/hLjLsf c08f, z/L/sf efux? b]lvPgg\, zfob vfgfsf] sdL, ljiffn' 3fF;kft

cflbaf6 klg o:tf] ePsf] x'g;S5 .

:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .

^=& 5]/f}6LjfcfpFn]afv|fnfO{;tfpFbfs]s]x'G5<

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts�0

&

&=! ;LkLkL-;g]{vfnsf]k'/fgf]lgdf]lgof_

hLjf0f'sf sf/0faf6 x'g]d[To'b/ cTolws a9L x'G5 -^) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd_

nIf0fx?afv|f ;fx|} sdhf]/ b]lvG5vfgdf ?lr gb]vfpg]cTolws Hj/f] cfpg]a]nfa]nfdf vf]Sg]Zjf;k|Zjf;df sl7gfO x'g]sltko hgfj/df d'6'sf] w8\sgdf clgoldttf b]lvg], hf]gL{ tyf dl:tisdf ;d]t km/skg b]lvg ;S5 .

/f]u;g]{dfWodx?/f]uL kz' / :j:y kz'aLr ;Dks{ ePdf/f]uL kz'n] vfPsf] bfgf–kfgL jf uf]7÷vf]/, r/g–If]q k|of]u ePdf .

lgoGq0fsfpkfox?ufpFsf ;a} k|sf/sf afv|fx?nfO{ /f]ula?4 ;"O{ nufpg'k5{ .ufpFdf gofF kz'÷afv|f Nofpg' k¥of] eg] pQm kz'÷afv|fn] /f]u lj?4sf] ;"O{ lnPs} x'g'k5{ .ayfgaf6 /f]uL kz'nfO{ t'?Gt cnUofP/ /fVg'k5{ ./f]uL kz'sf] ;Dks{÷;+;u{df cfPsf ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x? gi6 ug'{k5{ .

pkrf/tl/sf6fOnf]l;g (Tylosine) gfds cf}ifwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] dfqf cg';f/ v'jfpg] jf df;'df ;"O{ lbg] .

&=@ kLkLcf//f]u

ljiff0f'af6 x'G5 Psbd} ;+qmfds÷l56f] l56f] ;g]{ k|j[lQsf] x'G5o;nfO{ …afv|fsf] x}hfÚ eg]/ klg lrlgG5 .

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k|d'v ;?jf (Contagious) /f]ux?

��afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

kLkLcf/nfUbfk|f/lDescj:yfdfb]lvg]nIf0fx?cTolws Hj/f] cfpg] -!)$ l8u|L ;]l06u|]8b]lv !)^ l8u|L ;]l06u|]8;Dd_d'v / y't'gf]sf] efu ;'Vvf x'g]z/L/sf] ;tx v;|f] b]lvg]÷lhª\l/Ë k/]sf] b]lvg]cfFvfsf gfgLx? /ftf–/ftf x'Fb} hfg]vfgdf k6Ss} ?lr gb]vfpg] .

a9L;+qmd0fePsf]cj:yfdfb]lvg]nIf0fx?gfsaf6 kfgL h:tf] l;Fufg alu/xg] / kLk ldl;Ph:tf] klg b]lvG5 .gfssf Kjfnx?sf] leqkl§ 3fp;d]t x'G5 .luhf, lha|f] / d'v jl/kl/ ;–;fgf 3fp cfpF5g\ .vf]/]t /f]u nfu]sf] h:tf] nIf0f b]lvG5 / uf9f sfnf] / kftnf] vfnsf] lb;f u5{ .z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd eP/ cTolws Kof; nfU5 .z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;fdfGoeGbf klg tn 36\5 .#–$ lbg kl5 kz'df lgdf]lgof, vf]sL / Zjf;–k|Zjf;sf] ;d:of pTkGg x'g yfN5 .afv|L ule{0fL 5] eg] ue{ t'lxg] ;d:of klg x'g;S5 .kf7f–kf7L / jo:s afv|fx?df d[To'b/ a9L x'g;S5;+qmd0f ePsf] % b]lv !) lbgdf pkrf/ kfPg eg] kz' dg{ klg ;S5 .

/f]u;g]{dfWodx?/f]uL / :j:y afv|faLr ;Dks{÷;+;u{ ePdf/f]uL kz'n] vfPsf bfgf–kfgL–3fF; lg/f]uLn] vfPdf jf /f]uLn] k|of]u u/]sf] uf]7, vf]/ tyf r/g–If]qdf r/]df

lgoGq0fsfpkfox?k|To]s @–@ jif{df ufpFsf ;Dk"0f{ afv|fx?nfO{ vf]k lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .gofF afv|f ufpFdf Nofpg'k5{ eg] vf]k nufP–gnufPsf] lglZrt u/L vf]k nufP/dfq Nofpg] .

pkrf/kz'df ;+qmd0f eO;s]kl5 pkrf/ ug{ sl7g 5 . t;y{ /f]u nfUg glbg' g} ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo ePsfn] /f]syfdsf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ .

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gfs / d'vdf ufh lgsfn]sf] luhf / leqkl§ 3fp cfPsf]

afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts��

&=# ljleGgk|sf/sf/f]ulj?4lbOg]vf]ksfgfd/dfqf

dlxgf /f]udfqf÷k|lt k"0f{ jo:s afv|fsf nflu

dfqf÷kf7f–kf7L ev{/sf] jo:ssf nflu

hgj/L – k]ma|'c/L -df3_ ;LkLkL)=@ ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg]_

)=@ ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg]_

k]ma|c/L – dfr{ -kmfNu'g_ kLkLcf/!=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf -5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg]_

!=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf -5fnfdf ;"O{ lbg]_

dfr{ – clk|n -r}t_ lakm/ (Pox);"O{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d df;'df ;"O{ nufpg]

;"o{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d df;'df ;"O{ nufpg]

clk|n – d] -j}zfv_ OG6]/f]6f]lS;ldof% ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ nufpg_

@=% ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ nufpg]_

clk|n – d] -j}zfv_ vf]/]t (FMD)@ ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ nufpg]_

! ld=ln= -5fnfdf ;"O{ nufpg]_

&=$ pkrf/lsgk|efjsf/Lgx'g;S5<

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Aryal, IK., Kuwar, BS., Bista KS., and Kandel RN (B.S. 2065). Padhupalan Pusthika (Animal Health). Department of Livestock Services, Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Development Program, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.

Aryal, IK., Kuwar, BS., Bista KS., and Kandel RN (B.S. 2065). Padhupalan Pusthika (Livestock Management). Department of Livestock Services, Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Development Program, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.

DLS (F/Y-2065/066). Bakharapalan; Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Central Sheep and Goat development Office, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.

Koirala, PK; Saha. RB and Das RP (F/Y-2065/66). Bakhara Palan Pusthiks; Department of Livestock Services, Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Development Program, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.

Paudyal Ram Mani (2047 B.S). An Introduction to Animal Health, Vol -1; Pakhribas Agriculture Centre, Dhankuta, Nepal

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