SIGNIFICANT FLOODS ON THE UPPER TISZA/TISA AND …riscurisicatastrofe.reviste.ubbcluj.ro/Volume/XV...Tisza V.namény 831 876 843 830 764 943 825 818 888 Szamos Csenger 524 476 626

RISCURI ŞI CATASTROFE, NR. XV, VOL. 18, NR. 1/2016

45

SIGNIFICANT FLOODS ON THE UPPER TISZA/TISA

AND ALONG THE LOWER SZAMOS/SOMEŞ RIVER

(FROM 1876 ONWARDS)

K. KONECSNY1

ABSTRACT. - Significant floods on the Upper Tisza/Tisa and along the lower

Szamos/Someş river (from 1876 onwards). Dealing with floodwave propagationon

rivers, as well as flooding related phenomena, planning of engineering works to

moderate the dangers of flooding, dealing with flood hazard and risk, necessitates

the knowledge of the affected rivers in terms of historical hydrological regime,

hydrological patterns and specifically of data pertaining to significant flood events

and their consequences. Several of the older but alsothe more recent scholarly

articles about the left side tributaries of the Tisa river published incomplete or false

figures about the major flood events of the period covered by systematic

hydrometric flow records. The afore mentioned issues inspired the collation and

analysis of data published in Hungarian and Romanian hydrological yearbooks and

the relevant professional publications and the creation of a flood chronology. The

continuous and reliable hydrometric data collection on the basin of the Upper Tisa

and the lower Someş basin goes back to 1876 the publication of the first Hungarian

hydrological yearbook. Based on this information we have highlighted the

significant flood events, charted their occurance patterns, and the changes of the

flood trends. We discussed the pecularities of the greatest flood waves and their

consequences in greater detail.

Keywords: significant flood events, floodwave, hydrometric data, historical

maximum water level, flood control activity

1. INTRODUCTION

It is fundamental for the understanding of flood risk and hazards on

particular rivers to posess a knowledge of the historical water regimes, and of the

significant flood events and their consequences.

The data published so far about major floods in relevant publications

remained incomplete.

For example the most compehensive study of the hydrology ofmajor

Romanian floodings (Mustățea 2005), discussing the Upper-Tisa and Somes omits

several of the most damaging floods that occurred in the 1876-1919 period covered

bydaily water level recordings.

K. KONECSNY

46

The VULMIN study of 33 historical floods covers the 1960-2012 period.

The EM-DAT International Disaster Database, and similarly the Dartmouth Flood

Observatory database as well as the 2007 EU Flood Directive studies evaluating

potential flood hazard, discussing Romanian flood events only included data

starting with the 1970 flood (ABA Someş-Tisa 2015). Consequently we have tried

to assemble a full timeline of the 1876-2014 period and particularly of the pre 1970

era flood events.

Fig. 1. Number of flood events in Romania and main consequences included in EM-

DAT database (Chendes et al. 2015)

2. A CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UPPER TISA AND SOMEŞ

HIDROMETRIC REGIME

Our article examines the stretch of the River Tisza/Tisa between Tiszabecs

and Vásárosnamény (Hungary) and the lowlandpart of the River Szamos/Someş

(Romania and Hungary). The Upper Tisa springs from the North Eastern

Carpathians the Subcarpathia region of Ukraine being created by the confluence of

the White and Black Tisa. Its streamflow is significantly increased by the addition

of its left side tributaries the Visó/Vişeu and Iza/Iza flowing from Romania. It then

reaches the Hungarian border at Tiszabecs.

The strech reaching to Vásárosnamény is also where the Túr/Tur,

Borzsa/Borşava, Someş, and Kraszna/Crasna flow into the Tisa. Its catchment area

accordingly increases from 9707 km2 at Tiszabecs, to 29057 km

2 at the Someş

confluence, finally to 32200 km2 after the Crasna‟s inflow (Table 1).

Before the regulation and flood control works of the 6279 km2

area of

Szabolcs county, 1080 km2

on the left side, and 990 km2

on the right side,were

more or less flooded during sudden snowmelt, substantial or persistent

rains.Flooding often more than once a year covered land with water for weeks or

months (Nyárády 1908).

SIGNIFICANT FLOODS ON THE UPPER TISZA/TISA AND ALONG THE LOWER SZAMOS/SOMEŞ RIVER …

47

Table 1. The hydrographic yearbooks water level from the main stations (1876-1915)

Station Distance from the

mouth

(river/chainge km)

Water level data

Observation Data deficit

Tisza Tivadar 707,80 1876-1920 1876.I-X, 1888-91,

1893, 1917-20

Tisza Vásárosnamény 684,45 1876-1920 1919.X-XII.

Túr/Tur Túrterebes/Turulung* 49,50 1911-1916 1876-1910, 1917-20

Szamos Csenger 49,40 1876-1920 1919.XII.

Kraszna/Crasna

Nagymajtény/Moftinu Mare**

71,20 1892-1916 1893, 1917-20

*Túr/Tur Túrterebes/Turulung 1911-1916; 1958-2014;

**Kraszna/Crasna Nagymajtény/Moftinu Mare 1901-1916, Kismajtény/Moftinu Mic 1963-1981,

Domahida/Domanesti 1982-2014,

Table 2. Hidrometric and hydrologic data of the examined river stretches after the

regulation works

Stream, Station

Distance from the

mouth

(river/chainge

km)

Catchment

area (km2)

Gauge "0"

(above Balti

sea level)

HmaxHist

(cm)

Tisza/Tisa Tiszabecs 744.2 9 707 114.34 736/2001

Tisza/Tisa Tivadar 705.7 12 540 105,40 1014/2001

Tisza/Tisa Vásárosnamény 684.5 29 057 101.98 943/2001

Szamos/Someş

Sülelmed/Ulmeni 154.5 11 752 158.12 656/1970

Szamos/Someş

Szatmárnémeti/Satu Mare 63.9 15 262 118.07 816/1970

Szamos/Someş Csenger 49.4 15 283 113.56 902/1970

The rivers burst their banks, changed their curse, left their old beds, split into

more branches, searching for new channels. The most flooded area of the Tisa

valley with 73 floods and approximately 200 breaching events were the flats at the

meeting of the Tisa, Someş and Tur rivers (Nagy 2013).

The first comprehensive river engineering and flood control works on the

Upper Tisa were started in the mid 19th century. Until 1855 the length of the

Vásárosnamény-Tiszaújlak/Vilok stretch was of 85 km, by 1897 this was cut to

60,6 km (28.7% decrease) that increased the stream gradient of the river.

K. KONECSNY

48

The waters of the Someş are mainly gathered in Romania and to a smaller extent in Hungary. The Nagy-Szamos/Someşul Mare is created by the confuence of the Kis-Szamos/Someşul Mic former and the Lesser – Szamos/Someş at Dés/Dej reaching the plains after the confluence of Lápos/Lăpuş, then merging the Tisa at Vásárosnamény. Its catchment area is greater than that of the Tisa before their confluence.

Until the mid 18th century the Someş was only effected by small scale engineering works that hardly influenced its hydrology or flood security. At this pre-regulation stage the Tur and the Crasna were both tributaries of the Someş (Ihrig 1973). Since the regulation both tributaries flow directly into the Tisa.

The raising of the embankments was started in 1750 on the left bank between Szatmárberence/Băbăşeşti and Szamossályi continuing in 1775-1780 with the stretch outside Szamoskrassó/Cărăşeu. The „Szamos Regulating Company” engineered 19 cuts (16,65 km), on the river stretch above Szatmárnémeti/Satu Mare and 10 (5,66 km) under it.

Until 1902 altogether 36 cuts have been dug thereby the original pre 1777 225,9 km length of the Nagysikárló/Cicârlău – Tisa confluence (Vásárosnamény) river stretch was shortened to 118,5 only 53% of the original.

Due to the works the gradient of the river on the Satu Mare -Vásárosnamény stretch increased from 96-144 cm/km to 150-336 cm, between Sikárló-Szatmárnémeti from 306 cm/km- to 466 cm/km (Nyárády 1908).

The Ecsed Marsh Draining Company and the Szamos left-bank Flood Alleviating and Drainage Company raised embankments on the left bank in 1894-1895 next to Vetés/Vetiş–Óvári/Oar-Angyalos (Körösmezei 2013). The right bank of the Someş s was embanked in 1926-1929 between Panyola and Olcsvaapáti.

Between 1864 and 1896 the embankments were breached 160 times but the flood defenses established by the end of the period improved the flood safety.

3. THE HIDROMETRIC RECORDS OF THE UPPER TISA AND

SOMES RIVERS

Systematic hydrometric data observations in the examined area started in the mid 19th century. On the Tisa the water level of the 1842 low water event was used to set the zero water level providing the baseline used at all other newly established gauge stations.

The height of the zero level points of the stations was determined in relation to the mean sea level of the Adriatic Sea (mAf). In Vásárosnamény the water level gauge was by the road bridge (102,76 mAf) providing data from 1851 onwards.

The longterm daily streamflow records of this station are almost complete

between 1876-1920. The data for January 1879 and April-December 1919 went


49

missing. The station is now located at the 684,450 river kilometer profile, its 0

point is 101,98 mBf. The recorded extreme points of the water level at the station

fluctuated between 103 cm/2014 and 943 cm/2001.

Observations on the Someş in Satu Mare started in 1868, but the low water

level was only established in 1871 providing the zero point of the gauging stations.

Gauging points were set up in Csenger (114,26 mAf) on the road bridge in

Satu Mare (120,31 mAf), in Cicârlău by the Balotafalu/Aciua-Cicârlău road

(144,66 mAf).

The recordings for the Csenger station on the Szamos are available in the

hydrological yearbooks since 1876. Recordings for January 1879, October 1917,

December 1919 went missing (Konecsny 2015).

The Csenger hydrometric station is now located at the 49.4 km left bank

profile, the elevation of its "0" point is 113,56 mBf. The recorded extreme points of

the water level at the station fluctuated between 122 cm/1961 and 902 cm/1970.

4. MAJOR FLOODS OF THE TWO RIVERS

In the 18th century 1715, 1720, 1740/41, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1789, 1792 were

noted as floodig years. (Cernovodeanu-Binder 1993, Réthly 1998; 2009).

Preceding the large scale regulation and flood defense engineering works large

scale flooding occurred in 1815, 1841, 1847, and 1855.

During the great flood of 1855 the Szamos burst its banks on its left and

flooded the valleys of the Balkány/Balcaia and Homoród/Homorod streams. Lower

down it‟s breached the embankment on both sides causing extended flooding. The

area of Amacz/Amaţi, Zsadány/Sătmărel, Szamosdob/Doba, Kismajtény/Moftinu

Mic, Domahida/Domăneşti, Csengerbagos/Boghiş, Csengerújfalu was submerged

(Nyárády 1908).

Table 3. Highest water levels recorded at the two gauging stations (cm)

Stream, station

18

76

18

77

18

79

18

81

18

84

18

85

18

87

18

88

18

95

19

12

Tisza V.namény 869 850 843 869 883 813 735 900 840 750

Szamos Csenger 632 651 649 675 694 672 633 743 735 592

Stream, station

19

13

19

15

19

19

19

32

19

40

19

48

19

70

19

74

19

79

19

81

Tisza V.namény 785 830 850 848 802 885 912 848 870 834

Szamos Csenger 686 614 698 680 680 530 902 748 746 736

K. KONECSNY

50

Stream, station

19

85

19

93

19

95

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

06

20

08

20

10

Tisza V.namény 831 876 843 830 764 943 825 818 888

Szamos Csenger 524 476 626 601 657 668 510 354 521

At the time of the 1869 flood the right side embankments of the Tisa gave

way 15000 hectares were submerged, causing serious damage in roads and bridges

(Reiszig 1908).

The 1876 floods broke the maximum recorded water levels (Table 2, Fig. 1,

Fig. 2). On the 3rd February the Someş flooded due to sudden snowmelt waters.

On the 26th February the floodbanks gave way at 49 points. Due to the breach at

Óvárinál/Oar 55478 hectares of 60 localities were flooded, 37 bridges were

damaged, 27 houses collapsed in Oar (Nagy 2007).

Floodwaves were triggered by coinciding snowmelt and widespread rain in

February 1879. On the Tisa and Someş the maximum water level was only 20-30

cm short of the 1876 level. The flood lasted for a very long time (Table 2, Fig. 2).

The embankments were breached at 7 points along the Tisa, 48917 hectares were

flooded (Reiszig 1908).

On 11th March 1880 the water level of the Szamos surpassed the maximum

levels of the 1876 and 1879 floods. The defenses were breached between

Szatmárnémeti and Szamosdara /Dara, the lower part of Szamosköz was

submerged. The waters also breached the road and rail embankments linking

Nagykároly/Carei and Satu Mare (Reiszig 1908).

In March 1881 the waters of the Szamos damaged roads on the left bank. A

new maximum peaking was recorded on 9th March at Csenger.

On 22nd June 1884 a new maximum level was recorded on the Szamos. The

flood covered 115000 hectares and several localities. Buildings collapsed in

Szamosszeg (Reiszig 1908).

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

01

,I

31

,I

01

,III

31

,III

30

,IV

30

,V

29

,VI

29

,VII

28

,VIII

27

,IX

27

,X

26

,XI

26

,XII

Csenger Vásárosnamény

1876

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

01

,I

31

,I

01

,III

31

,III

30

,IV

30

,V

29

,VI

29

,VII

28

,VIII

27

,IX

27

,X

26

,XI

26

,XII

Csenger Vásárosnamény

1888

Fig. 2 Water levels between 1876 and 1888 at the Tisza/Vásárosnamény and

Szamos/Csenger stations


51

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

12

,II

17

,II

22

,II

27

,II

03

,III

08

,III

13

,III

18

,III

23

,III

28

,III

02

,IV

07

,IV

12

,IV

17

,IV

22

,IV1876 Csenger

1876 Vásárosnamény

869 cm/16,III

632 cm/28,II

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

05

,II

10

,II

15

,II

20

,II

25

,II

02

,III

07

,III

12

,III

1879 Csenger


843 cm/15,II

649 cm/14,II

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

13

,VI

18

,VI

23

,VI

28

,VI

03

,VII

08

,VII

13

,VII

18

,VII

1884 Csenger


883 cm/25,VI

694 cm/22,VI

Fig. 3. Flooding of 1876, 1879 and 1884 at the Tisza/Vásárosnamény and Szamos/Csenger

stations

In December 1885 60 localities were flooded by the flood of the Someş. On 24th January 1886 the Someş flooded and submerged Sályi with its 900

families losing their homes (Reiszig 1908). On 16th March 1887 the waters of the Someş overtopped the defenses and

flooded 27 streets in Szatmárnémeti. In the early spring of 1888 new maximum levels were reached (Table 2,

(Fig. 1, Fig. 3.). The streamflow of the Tisa at was 3300 m3/s (Bogdánfy 1904).

Along the Someş 60 localities, parts of Satu Mare were flooded. On 17th March to save the city the Carei road was cut across (Fejér 1997), leading to a sudden 1,5 m drop of water levels.

In the autumn of 1894 the highest ever water levels were recorded in Máramarossziget/Sighetu-Marmaţiei and Tiszaújlak (400 cm, 2300 m

3/s). As it was

not reinforced by floods on other rivers, the floodwave flattened out on the lower parts of the catchment area, at Vásárosnamény it was 247 cm below the maximum 1888 water level.

During the April 1895 flood the water levels came close but did not reach the 1888 level (Fig. 3).

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

17

,II

22

,II

27

,II

03

,III

08

,III

13

,III

18

,III

23

,III

28

,III

02

,IV

07

,IV

12

,IV

17

,IV

22

,IV

1888 Csenger


900 cm/22,III

743 cm/20,III

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

04

,III

09

,III

14

,III

19

,III

24

,III

29

,III

03

,IV

08

,IV

13

,IV

18

,IV

23

,IV

28

,IV

03

,V

08

,V

1895 Csenger


840 cm/06,IV

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

24

,IV

29

,IV

05

,V

10

,V

15

,V

20

,V

698 cm/05,V

1919 Csenger

Fig. 4. Flooding of 1888, 1895 and 1919 at the Tisza/Vásárosnamény and Szamos/Csenger

stations

K. KONECSNY

52

On 14-17 June 1902 flood threatened the city of Satu Mare, but the new

defensive works saved the city.

The March 1907 and July 1913 floods did not cause much damage.

The amount of rainfall between 24th April 1919 and 7 May is shown by the

200 mm recorded in Satu Mare (Tellyesinszki 1923). Two quick floodwaves

followed eachother on the Someş (Fig. 3). The waters caused significant damage to

the embankments along Szamosbecs, Szamoskér and Olcsvaapáti.

26

5

39

2

25

0

18

0

19

0

27

5

28

1

38

0

27

5

23

5

16

6

44

0

19

13

-52

0

35

6 41

5

23

6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

19

01

19

03

19

05

19

07

19

09

19

11

19

13

19

15

Szamos Dés/Dej

Fig. 5. Yearly maximum peakes on the Szamoson/Dés (1901-1916)

The floodwave of 1932 peaked on 5th April with 394 cm at the

Kolozsvár/Cluj gauging station supassing the previous maximum by 164 cm

(Mustăţea 2005). On the lower part of the Someş at Csenger and at the Upper Tisa

at Vásárosnamény the waters peaked on the 7th April.

At the time of the 1940 spring floodwave on the Someş the land drainage

issues were compounded by a burst dam on the Romanian side which resulted in

flooding on the other side of the border (Pichler 1941).

Table 4. Monthly and annual maximum water levels between the years of 1876-1920

Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year

Vásárosnamény 834 843 900 838 836 883 785 743 712 745 793 835 900

Csenger 650 705 743 735 698 694 686 370 592 591 572 672 743

In December 1947-1948 January the Upper Tisa saw four floodwaves. At

Tivadar the water levels surpassed the historic maximum by 58 cm reaching 848

cm. On the Someş at Csenger the peak was on 17th January.

Dams burst in Ukraine between Tiszaújlak and Tiszabökény/Bobove, in

Hungary above Tivadar on the right bank. This lead to the flooding of 25 500 ha

land, with 4500 houses inundated. The flood also took three human lives.


53

y = -3,991x + 17,74

y = -5,166x + 266,8

y = -5,345x + 810,6

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

12001

87

6

18

81

18

86

18

91

18

96

19

01

19

06

19

11

19

16

Hmin Hmed Hmax

y = -1,300x + 67,17

y = -2,904x + 223,4

y = -4,678x + 681,8

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

18

76

18

81

18

86

18

91

18

96

19

01

19

06

19

11

19

16

Hmin Hmed Hmax

Fig. 6. The maximum, medium and minimum water levels (cm) per year in the Tisza

Vásárosnamény (left) and Somes Csenger (right) stations (1876-1920)

18

69

-85

6

18

76

-86

9

18

84

-88

31

88

8-9

00

19

70

-91

2

19

98

-92

32

00

1-9

43

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

18

54

18

59

18

64

18

69

18

74

18

79

18

84

18

89

18

94

18

99

19

04

19

09

19

14

19

19

19

24

19

29

19

34

19

39

19

44

19

49

19

54

19

59

19

64

19

69

19

74

19

79

19

84

19

89

19

94

19

99

20

04

20

09

20

14

Tisza Vásárosnamény - 800 cm

1888-743

1895-735

1970-902

1974-748

1979-746

1981-736

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

12001

87

61

88

11

88

61

89

11

89

61

90

11

90

61

91

11

91

61

92

11

92

61

93

11

93

61

94

11

94

61

95

11

95

61

96

11

96

61

97

11

97

61

98

11

98

61

99

11

99

62

00

12

00

62

01

1

Szamos Csenger - 700 cm

Fig. 7. Yearly maximum peakes over 800 cm on Tisza/Vásárosnamény and over 700

cm maximums on the Szamos/Csenger

On the two investigated river reaches the particulars of the post 1948 major

floods (1970, 1974, 1979, 1981, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2010)

thus we do not treat these in detail (Újvári 1971, Mustățea 2005, VULMIN 2013,

Chendeş et al. 2015, ABA Someş-Tisa 2015).

5. CONCLUSION

On the Tisa in the 139 examined years 29 produced maximum water levels

of over 800 cm (level III alert) on the Someş at Csenger 6 years produced over 700

cm maximum water levels (Fig. 4). Of these 16 floods happened before 1950 many

of them (1876, 1884, 1888, 1895, 1919, 1932) causing extensive flooding and

damage, but they were not included in the flood databases (VULMIN 2013, ABA

Someş-Tisa 2015, EM-DAT - Chendeş et al. 2015). For an improved evaluation of

the hydrological regimes of the discussed rivers we would recommend including

the lessons of mentioned floods.

K. KONECSNY

54

REFERENCES

1. Bogdánfy Ö. (1904), A Tisza vízjárása. Földrajzi Közlemények. XXXII. kötet. 1904.

január-december. pp. 275-283.

2. Borovszky S. (1908), Szatmár vármegye monográfiája. In: Magyarország vármegyéi

és városai. http://mek.oszk.hu/09500/09536/html/0020/5.html

3. Cernovodeanu, P., Binder P. (1993), Cavalerii apocalipsului. Calamitățile naturale

din trecutul României (până la 1800). Silex – Casa de Editura, Presa și impresariat

SRL. București. 255.

4. Chendeş V., Bălteanu D., Micu Dana, Sima Mihaela, Ion B., Grigorescu Ines, Persu

Mihaela, Dragotă Carmen (2015), A Database design of major past flood events in

Romania from national and international inventories. In: Air and Water Components

of the Environment. Conference proceedings. 20-22 martie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Presa

Universitară Clujană. pp 25-32. http://aerapa.conference.ubbcluj.ro/

5. Fejér L. (2001), Vizeink Krónikája. A magyar vízgazdálkodás története. Vízügyi

Múzeum, levéltár és Könyvgyűjtemény. Budapest. p. 307.

6. Ihrig D. szerk. (1973), A magyar vízszabályozás története. OVH-VIZDOK, Budapest.

7. Konecsny, K, (2015), Szatmár vármegye folyóinak vízjárása 1876-1920 között.

Történeti Földrajzi Közlemények. 3. évf., 2. szám, Nyíregyházi Főiskola Turizmus és

Földrajztudományi Intézete. pp. 175-190.

8. Körösmezei A. (2013), A Szamos szabályozása a XVIII. században, a XIX. század

végén és a XX. században, különös tekintettel a Szatmárnémeti alatti szakaszra. MHT

XXXI. Országos Vándorgyűlés Gödöllő, 2013. július 3-5.

http://www.hidrologia.hu/vandorgyules/31/dolgozatok/dolgozatok.html

9. Mustăţea, At. (2005), Viituri excepţionale pe teritoriul României. Geneza şi efecte.

Editor Atanase Mustăţea. Bucureşti. p. 408.

10. Nagy L. (2007), 1876. évi árvizek. Források a vízügy múltjából 11. kötet. A

Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Minisztérium kiadványa, Budapest. p. 348.

11. Nagy L. (2013), Az elöntött öblözetek a mai Magyarország területén. MHT XXXI.

Országos Vándorgyűlés Gödöllő, 2013. július 3-5.

www.hidrologia.hu/vandorgyules/31/dolgozatok/.../049_nagy_laszlo.do

12. Nyárády L. (1908), Vízszabályozás és ármentesítés. In: Borovszky Samu (szerk.),

Szatmár vármegye monográfiája. Magyarország vármegyéi és városai. pp. 278-294.

13. Pichler J. (1941), A társulatok és az árvíz (1940), Vízügyi Közlemények. 1-2. pp. 59-

69.

14. Reiszig E. (1908), Az utolsó negyven év története. In: Borovszky Samu (szerk.),

Szatmár vármegye monográfiája. Magyarország vármegyéi és városai. pp. 531-565.

15. Réthly A. (1998), Időjárási események és elemi csapások Magyarországon 1801-

1900-ig. I. kötet. OMSZ, Budapest.

16. Réthly A. (2009), Időjárási események és elemi csapások Magyarországon 1701-

1800-ig. Kiadja: az Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat. Budapest. 622 p.

17. Tellyesinszki J. (1923), A Tisza-völgy árvizei és árvízmentesítése. Vízügyi

Közlemények IX. évf. 1. füzet. pp. 10-21.

18. Újvári I. (1972), Geografia apelor României. Editura Stiinţifică. Bucureşti. p. 590.


55

19. *** (1887), A Közmunka- és Közlekedésügyi Magyar Királyi Ministerium Vízrajzi

Osztályának Évkönyvei. I-IV. kötet. (az V. kötettől „Vízrajzi Évkönyvek”)

20. *** (2007), Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of

23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks, Official Journal of

the European Union, L 288/27.

21. *** (2015), Raport – Evaluarea preliminară a riscului la inundaţii Administraţia

Bazinală de Apă Someş–Tisa. Cluj-Napoca.

http://www.rowater.ro/EPRI%20Rapoarte/RO9_ABA_Somes_Tisa_PFRA

_Report.pdf

22. *** (2013), Vulnerabilitatea aşezărilor şi mediului la inundații în România în

contextul modificărilor globale ale mediului – VULMIN. ETAPA 2. Identificarea

arealelor expuse la inundații la nivel național şi local şi crearea sistemului de

indicatori de vulnerabilitate. Cod proiect: PN‐II‐PT‐PCCA‐2011‐3.1‐1587. Institutul

de Geografie. Bucureşti

http://www.igar-vulmin.ro/atasuri/RST_VULMIN_Nov2013.pd

Documents

SIGNIFICANT FLOODS ON THE UPPER TISZA/TISA AND …riscurisicatastrofe.reviste.ubbcluj.ro/Volume/XV...Tisza V.namény 831 876 843 830 764 943 825 818 888 Szamos Csenger 524 476 626